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class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History:_The_Beginning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History:_The_Beginning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History: The Beginning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History:_The_Beginning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History: The Beginning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History:_The_Beginning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Memorandum_of_Understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Memorandum of Understanding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Memorandum_of_Understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Registrar_Accreditation_Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registrar_Accreditation_Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Registrar Accreditation Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registrar_Accreditation_Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Further Developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-gTLD_Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#gTLD_Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>gTLD Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-gTLD_Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Round_of_Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Round_of_Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Second Round of Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Round_of_Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Physical Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_Zone_Database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_Zone_Database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Time Zone Database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_Zone_Database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IANA_Functions_Stewardship_Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IANA_Functions_Stewardship_Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>IANA Functions Stewardship Transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IANA_Functions_Stewardship_Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_New_Approach_to_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_New_Approach_to_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>A New Approach to Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_New_Approach_to_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UDRP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UDRP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>UDRP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UDRP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Review_and_Transparency_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_and_Transparency_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Review and Transparency Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_and_Transparency_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICANN_Organizational_Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICANN_Organizational_Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ICANN Organizational Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ICANN_Organizational_Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ICANN Organizational Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ICANN_Organizational_Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Board_of_Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Board of Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ombudsman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ombudsman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ombudsman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ombudsman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNSO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNSO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>GNSO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNSO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ccNSO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ccNSO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>ccNSO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ccNSO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>ASO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>GAC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>ALAC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SSAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>SSAC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RSSAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RSSAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>RSSAC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RSSAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Process</span> </div> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fellowships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fellowships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fellowships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fellowships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Accountability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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background"></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From ICANNWiki</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table cellpadding="2" style="float: right; border: 1px solid darkgray; padding: 5px; margin-left: 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Logo-ICANN-Alpha.png&filetimestamp=20250215223919&" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/1/19/Logo-ICANN-Alpha.png/150px-Logo-ICANN-Alpha.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/1/19/Logo-ICANN-Alpha.png/225px-Logo-ICANN-Alpha.png 1.5x, /images/thumb/1/19/Logo-ICANN-Alpha.png/300px-Logo-ICANN-Alpha.png 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1977"></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#FFCC00;"><a href="/Sponsorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsorship">ICANNWiki Partner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Type: </td> <td>Private, Non-Profit </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industry: </td> <td>Internet Protocol Management </td></tr> <tr> <td>Founded: </td> <td>September 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="65px">Headquarters: </td> <td>12025 Waterfront Drive, Suite 300 <br>Los Angeles, CA 90094-2536 USA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Employees: </td> <td><a href="/Category:ICANN_Staff" title="Category:ICANN Staff">140 employees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revenue: </td> <td>$217 million (2015) </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Website: </td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://icann.org/">icann.org</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blog: </td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.icann.org/">blog.icann.org</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Facebook: </td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/icannorg">icannorg</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LinkedIn: </td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/icann">ICANN</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twitter: </td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/File:TwitterIcon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/2/24/TwitterIcon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/ICANN">@ICANN</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ADDFFF;">Key People </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/Sally_Costerton" title="Sally Costerton">Sally Costerton</a>, Interim CEO and President<br> <p><a href="/Tripti_Sinha" title="Tripti Sinha">Tripti Sinha</a>, Chair of the Board<br> <a href="/John_Crain" title="John Crain">John Crain</a> VP and Chief Technology Officer <br> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>ICANN</b>, or the <b>Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</b>, is a global multi-stakeholder organization that was created by the U.S. government and its <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">Department of Commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-icann-mou_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icann-mou-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It coordinates the Internet <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a>, <a href="/IP" title="IP">IP</a> addresses, and <a href="/ASN" class="mw-redirect" title="ASN">autonomous system numbers</a> and involves the continued management of these evolving systems and the protocols that underlie them. </p><p>While ICANN began in the U.S. government, it is now and continues to be, an international, community-driven organization independent of any one government.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN's management of an interoperable Internet covers over 330 million domain names, the allocation of more than 4 billion network addresses, and the support of approximately 95 million <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> look-ups every day across 240 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICANN collaborates with a variety of stakeholders including companies, individuals, and governments to ensure the continued success of the Internet. It holds <a href="/ICANN_Meetings" title="ICANN Meetings">meetings</a> three times a year, switching the international location for each meeting; one of these serves as the annual general meeting, during which the new <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a> members take their seats.<sup id="cite_ref-meetings_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meetings-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History:_The_Beginning"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History: The Beginning</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_Memorandum_of_Understanding"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Memorandum of Understanding</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Registrar_Accreditation_Process"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Registrar Accreditation Process</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Further_Developments"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Further Developments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#gTLD_Expansion"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">gTLD Expansion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Second_Round_of_Applications"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Second Round of Applications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Physical_Expansion"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Physical Expansion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Time_Zone_Database"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Time Zone Database</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#IANA_Functions_Stewardship_Transition"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">IANA Functions Stewardship Transition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#A_New_Approach_to_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">A New Approach to Africa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#UDRP"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">UDRP</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Review_and_Transparency_Development"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Review and Transparency Development</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#ICANN_Organizational_Issues"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">ICANN Organizational Issues</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Board_of_Directors"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Board of Directors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ombudsman"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ombudsman</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#GNSO"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">GNSO</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#ccNSO"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">ccNSO</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#ASO"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">ASO</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#GAC"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">GAC</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#ALAC"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">ALAC</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#SSAC"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">SSAC</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#RSSAC"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">RSSAC</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Process"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Process</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Policy_Development"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Policy Development</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Meetings"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Meetings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Fellowships"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Fellowships</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Accountability"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Accountability</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Reviews"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Reviews</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Conflicts_of_Interest"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Conflicts of Interest</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Manwin_Anti-Trust_Lawsuit"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Manwin Anti-Trust Lawsuit</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Employ_Media_Arbitration"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Employ Media Arbitration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#.JOBS_Charter_Compliance_Coalition_Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">.JOBS Charter Compliance Coalition Criticism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History:_The_Beginning">History: The Beginning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History: The Beginning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History: The Beginning"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>On July 1, 1997, U.S. President Bill Clinton directed the Secretary of Commerce to privatize the management of the <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a>, which had been managed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>), the National Science Foundation (<a href="/NSF" class="mw-redirect" title="NSF">NSF</a>) and other U.S. research agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goals were to open the Internet to greater international participation and bolster it as a new medium of commercial competition and exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-icann-mou_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icann-mou-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 2, the <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">Department of Commerce</a> requested public input regarding <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> administration and structure, policy input regarding new registrars, the creation of new <a href="/TLD" class="mw-redirect" title="TLD">TLDs</a>, and concerns regarding trademarks. More than 1,500 pages of comments were received.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1998, an agency of the <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">Department of Commerce</a> (<a href="/NTIA" class="mw-redirect" title="NTIA">NTIA</a>) issued what has become known as the "<a href="/Green_Paper" title="Green Paper">Green Paper</a>." The document was a proposal that made clear that the agency intended to empower a non-profit entity to take control of the Internet and its <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal drew criticism from some American lawmakers and other concerned individuals who saw the American-fostered Internet about to be handed over to the IAHC, a Swiss entity.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwhite_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwhite-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised "<a href="/White_Paper" title="White Paper">White Paper</a>" addressed some of those concerns but still posited the need for an Internet organization which could respect and foster stability, competition, bottom-up coordination, and international representation, while also establishing appropriate protocol and administrative mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/White_Paper" title="White Paper">White Paper</a>" did not clarify all of the divisive issues but instead called for the proposed entity to utilize its self-governance to decide on the issues at hand itself. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Memorandum_of_Understanding">The Memorandum of Understanding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Memorandum of Understanding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: The Memorandum of Understanding"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>On November 25, 1998, The U.S. <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">Department of Commerce</a> and ICANN entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (<a href="/MoU" title="MoU">MoU</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-icann-mou_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icann-mou-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which officially recognized ICANN as the entity that would: </p> <ol><li>Establish policy for and direct the allocation of IP number blocks;</li> <li>Oversee the operation of the authoritative root server system;</li> <li>Oversee the policy for determining the circumstances under which new <a href="/TLD" class="mw-redirect" title="TLD">TLDs</a> would be added to the root system;</li> <li>Coordinate the assignment of other Internet technical parameters as needed to maintain universal connectivity on the Internet; and</li> <li>Oversee other activities necessary to coordinate the specified <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> management functions, as agreed by the Department of Commerce and ICANN.</li></ol> <p>Once again, these responsibilities would be undertaken and guided by the principles of stability, competition, private bottom-up coordination, and representation.<sup id="cite_ref-icann-mou_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icann-mou-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement established ICANN as an entity that would encourage transparency and create room for appeals for any binding decisions it would make. The Department of Commerce later noted that it was comfortable ceding its control to ICANN, as it seemed like the best step towards true privatization while still binding the authority of the institution to the American policies found within the <a href="/MoU" title="MoU">MoU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original agreement was set with an expiration of September 30th, 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-icann-mou_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icann-mou-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/MoU" title="MoU">MoU</a> has been amended several times. </p><p>ICANN's bottom-up focus and its periodic structural reviews lead to a revision of its <a href="/ICANN_Bylaws" title="ICANN Bylaws">bylaws</a> and the introduction of new entities and policies. One such rush of changes happened in and around the year 2000, when the prospective changes and the discussions surrounding them spurned people to talk of "ICANN 2.0".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Registrar_Accreditation_Process">Registrar Accreditation Process</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Registrar Accreditation Process" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Registrar Accreditation Process"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>On February 8th, 1999, ICANN posted its Draft Guidelines for <a href="/Registrar" title="Registrar">Registrar</a> Accreditation for public commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidelines were formed through consultation with the <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">DOC</a> and <a href="/NSI" class="mw-redirect" title="NSI">NSI</a>, and further tailored after the session of public commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some issues raised during the period of public commentary include: concerns regarding the inherent bureaucracy, inadequate protections for intellectual property, and the reasoning behind accrediting registrars before the <a href="/DNSO" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSO">DNSO</a> was constituted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICANN board accepted the revised <a href="/Registrar_Accreditation_Agreement" title="Registrar Accreditation Agreement">Statement of Registrar Accreditation Policy</a> at their March, 1999 meeting in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial policy called for <a href="/Registrar" title="Registrar">registrars</a> to provide secure access to the <a href="/Registry" title="Registry">registry</a>, be operationally capable of handling significant registration volume, maintain electronic transaction records, handle and provide prompt service to <a href="/SLD" class="mw-redirect" title="SLD">SLD</a> requests, provide security, handle seamless transfers of customers who desire to switch registrars, employ an adequately sized staff, and have measures in place to protect the interests of their customers should the registrar fail. The registrar would also have to demonstrate that it had a sufficient liability insurance policy and store of liquid assets. A concern over creating and maintaining a valid registry service is evidenced in the requirement that information regarding each registrant of a <a href="/SLD" class="mw-redirect" title="SLD">SLD</a> would have to be submitted by the registrar to <a href="/NSI" class="mw-redirect" title="NSI">NSI</a> for inclusion in its registry. Providing a searchable <a href="/Whois" title="Whois">Whois</a> service was also required. Application fees for those applying to be included in the Phase 1 testbed cost $2,500, the general application fee was $1,000. Annual accreditation fees, amounting to $5,000, would also be assessed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/Registration_Accreditation_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Registration Accreditation Agreement">Registration Accreditation Agreement</a> was unanimously amended by the ICANN board in May, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_Developments">Further Developments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further Developments" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Further Developments"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/index.php?title=IDN_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IDN Committee (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">IDN Committee</a> is established, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The approval of <a href="/LACNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="LACNIC">LACNIC</a> as a <a href="/RIR" class="mw-redirect" title="RIR">RIR</a>, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Approval of <a href="/RegistryPro" title="RegistryPro">RegistryPro</a>'s <a href="/.pro" title=".pro">.pro</a> <a href="/TLD" class="mw-redirect" title="TLD">TLD</a>, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-accra_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accra-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Creation of <a href="/index.php?title=Executive_Search_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Executive Search Committee (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">Executive Search Committee</a>, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-bucharest_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bucharest-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New <a href="/TLD" class="mw-redirect" title="TLD">TLD</a> evaluation process began, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/Board_Governance_Committee" title="Board Governance Committee">Board Governance Committee</a> was created, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/CcNSO" class="mw-redirect" title="CcNSO">ccNSO</a> was officially created, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/AfriNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="AfriNIC">AfriNIC</a> provisionally recognized as a <a href="/RIR" class="mw-redirect" title="RIR">RIR</a>, 2004; officially recognized, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="gTLD_Expansion"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> Expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: gTLD Expansion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: gTLD Expansion"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">gTLD</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The discussion of creating new <a href="/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">Generic Top-Level Domains</a> has been around since the inception of ICANN; there was no set number fixed, and the fact that the <a href="/.com" title=".com">.com</a> extension has long been the most widely used and recognizable top-level domain was encouraged by ICANN's slow policy development process. It was underwritten in the 2001 amendments to their <a href="/MoU" title="MoU">MoU</a> with the U.S. <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">Department of Commerce</a> that ICANN was to "collaborate on the design, development and testing of a plan for creating a process that will consider the possible expansion of the number of <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, a number of Working Groups that had been created the year before submitted reports on their take on the introduction of new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="e800122d43583e63e1740a15d5fa5183">TLDs</a>; most notably, Working Group C called for a limited number of extensions to be introduced. The Board continued to move ahead with new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> introduction, creating <a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/application-process-03aug00.htm">this</a> application process. The task force that worked with the process helped <a href="/.aero" title=".aero">.aero</a>, <a href="/.biz" title=".biz">.biz</a>, <a href="/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a>, <a href="/.info" title=".info">.info</a>, <a href="/.museum" title=".museum">.museum</a>, <a href="/.name" title=".name">.name</a>, and <a href="/.pro" title=".pro">.pro</a> all become recognized extensions in 2000. </p><p>At the October 2003 meeting in Carthage, <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">the Board</a> passed its most significant resolution to date on fully opening the <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> creation process. In it they recognized their obligation to develop new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a> in an effective, transparent, and stable manner, the overdue nature of a formal process for <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> expansion, and the problems they faced when introducing the last round of extensions in 2000. Thus, they resolved to begin to dedicate significant resources to the issue and to establish a public forum in order to receive community input.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, important new <a href="/STLD" class="mw-redirect" title="STLD">sTLDs</a> began being proposed. While these domains are different from <a href="/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">gTLDs</a> in that they are sponsored by a given constituency, this can be seen as another way in which the wider community was pressing for a greater variety of domain space. Applications came from <a href="/.asia" title=".asia">.asia</a>, <a href="/.xxx" title=".xxx">.xxx</a>, <a href="/.net" title=".net">.net</a>, <a href="/.cat" class="mw-redirect" title=".cat">.cat</a>, <a href="/.mobi" title=".mobi">.mobi</a>, <a href="/.jobs" title=".jobs">.jobs</a>, and <a href="/.travel" title=".travel">.travel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; they all went on to approval in 2005-2006, except for the controversial <a href="/.xxx" title=".xxx">.xxx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which went through a much more contentious and drawn out process but was still approved in March, 2011 at <a href="/ICANN_40" title="ICANN 40">ICANN 40</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/New_gTLD_Program" title="New gTLD Program">New gTLD Program</a></i></dd></dl> <p>After the results of the 2000 and 2003 expansions of new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a>, a <a href="/PDP" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP">Policy Development Process</a> in connection with the introduction of new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a> was developed by the <a href="/Generic_Names_Supporting_Organization" title="Generic Names Supporting Organization">Generic Names Supporting Organization</a> (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="2f683b5182eb1639ef9b5e7eb65ee54f">GNSO</a>), which lasted from 2005 until 2007. During this Policy Development Process, the <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="2f683b5182eb1639ef9b5e7eb65ee54f">GNSO</a> conducted extensive and detailed consultations with all constituencies within the ICANN global internet community. In 2008, 19 Specific Policy Recommendations were adopted by the ICANN Board for the implementation of new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a>, which describe the specifics of allocation and the contractual conditions. ICANN involved the global internet community in an open, inclusive and transparent implementation process to comment, review and provide their input toward creating the Applicant Guidebook for New <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a>. The protection of intellectual property, community interests, consumer protection, and DNS stability were addressed during the process. Different versions and multiple drafts of the Applicant Guidebook were released in 2008. By June 2011, the ICANN Board launched the New <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> Program, at the same time approving the <a class="external text" href="https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/agb">New gTLD Applicant Guidebook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board announced the possibility of a 9th version of the Guidebook in January 2012, but the industry speculated that there was little chance that the changes would be more than clarification, as opposed to new rules and policies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2012, ICANN, <a href="/Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a>, and <a href="/NTIA" class="mw-redirect" title="NTIA">NTIA</a> all confirmed that they were prepared with enough resources to begin launching 100 new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a> per week.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/about/financials/investment-policy-new-gtld">Investment Policy re: New gTLDs, Adopted Dec. 2012</a></li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_Round_of_Applications">Second Round of Applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Round of Applications" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Second Round of Applications"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>On February 7, 2012, the <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a> approved the implementation of a second round and application window for the new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> program in response to the request of the global Internet community, particularly the members of <a href="/CADNA" class="mw-redirect" title="CADNA">CADNA</a>. The board delegated the <a href="/ICANN_CEO" title="ICANN CEO">ICANN CEO</a> to work with the Internet community to develop a work plan and the needed prerequisites to open the second round of applications for new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_Expansion">Physical Expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physical Expansion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Physical Expansion"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In September 2011, the <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a> approved resolutions to secure new office space for the organization. It is possible they will negotiate for more space at their current location, or that they find a new space at their headquarters of Marina Del Rey. It was also decided to begin permanently leasing its office space in Brussels instead of continuing to rent its space month-to-month. Much of its expansion is related to the new <a href="/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">gTLD</a> program. At the time of the board's decision, ICANN staff numbered 124, with 21 open positions to be filled. The 2012 budget includes $2.1 million for office space acquisition and maintenance for its offices in Marina Del Rey, Brussels, Sydney, Paolo Alto, and Washington D.C..<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sydney office went on to be closed in 2012. </p><p>In February 2013, former CEO Fadi Chehadé announced that ICANN's office in L.A. would diminish in importance while two new "hubs" would be created to fill the gap and provide new means of outreach to ICANN's international constituents. The hubs are to be located in Singapore and Istanbul, and are to act with far more authority and purpose than a stand-alone office; it is clear that many senior staff from the L.A. office will be asked to move, and the CEO himself said he will be based in Singapore once that office is up and running.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news was announced during Mr. Chehadé's first comprehensive tour of Asia, with trips to South Korea, China, Japan, and Singapore. He noted that ICANN needed to apologize to Asia, as it had long not been given the attention it deserved within the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, ICANN has offices in Los Angeles, Singapore, Montevideo, and Brussels. It has engagement centers in Geneva, Beijing, Nairobi, and Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Time_Zone_Database">Time Zone Database</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Time Zone Database" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Time Zone Database"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>On October 14th, 2011, ICANN announced that it would take over the management of the <a href="/index.php?title=Internet_Time_Zone_Database&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Time Zone Database (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">Internet Time Zone Database</a>, which contains the code and data that computer programs and operating systems rely on to determine a given location's correct time. It agreed to pick up this new responsibility after a request from <a href="/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. Prior to this, the Time Zone Database was managed by a group of volunteers, namely its coordinator, <a href="/index.php?title=Arthur_David_Olson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur David Olson (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">Arthur David Olson</a> at the US National Institutes of Health.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="IANA_Functions_Stewardship_Transition"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="7a11d20162183065066be0792416c70b">IANA</a> Functions Stewardship Transition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: IANA Functions Stewardship Transition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: IANA Functions Stewardship Transition"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/IANA_Functions_Stewardship_Transition" title="IANA Functions Stewardship Transition">IANA Functions Stewardship Transition</a></i></dd></dl> <p>In March 2014, <a href="/NTIA" class="mw-redirect" title="NTIA">NTIA</a> released a statement saying that they are intent on transitioning their part of the <a href="/IANA" title="IANA">IANA</a> functions away from <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="878ae867e6fee01cf91296a41f5f5370">NTIA</a> and to the global stakeholder community. <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN issued a press release supporting this shift. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICANN created a co-ordination group from nominations among 13 community stakeholder groups, totaling 27 individuals, which produced a draft transition document. On December 2, 2014, ICANN opened the public comment period on the draft transition document produced by the coordination group.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="A_New_Approach_to_Africa">A New Approach to Africa</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A New Approach to Africa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: A New Approach to Africa"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>On August 10, 2012, ICANN, with the support of <a href="/AfriNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="AfriNIC">AfriNIC</a>, announced an initiative to increase African participation in influence within ICANN. The initiative is the result of a meeting between <a href="/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a>, Chairman of ICANN's Board of Directors, ICANN's CEO-Designate <a href="/Fadi_Chehad%C3%A9" title="Fadi Chehadé">Fadi Chehadé</a>, and Interim CEO <a href="/Akram_Atallah" title="Akram Atallah">Akram Atallah</a>, with African community members at <a href="/ICANN_44" title="ICANN 44">ICANN 44</a> in Prague, Czech Republic. Their goal is to develop a framework for ICANN's Africa strategy to be announced at <a href="/ICANN_45" title="ICANN 45">ICANN 45</a> in Toronto, Canada. A <a href="/WG" class="mw-redirect" title="WG">working group</a> was established, led by <a href="/Nii_Quaynor" title="Nii Quaynor">Nii Quaynor</a> of Ghana, to contribute to the development of the strategy. The group is also to work with <a href="/Tarek_Kamel" title="Tarek Kamel">Tarek Kamel</a>, Head of Governmental Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initiative has received strong support from African Internet stakeholders, including former Board Member <a href="/Katim_Touray" title="Katim Touray">Katim Touray</a>. In March 2013, <a href="/Fadi_Chehad%C3%A9" title="Fadi Chehadé">Fadi Chehadé</a>, expressed his desire to raise the number of registrars in Africa from 5 to 25, via personal and business relations with the banking and insurance sectors that would allow the African companies to more easily meet some form of tailored ICANN accreditation. His hope is to accomplish this in just a few months, with something implemented around ICANN 47 in Durban, in July 2013<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="UDRP"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="3509e3d2c36f465021473da07d4543fe">UDRP</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: UDRP" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: UDRP"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p><i>Main article: <a href="/UDRP" class="mw-redirect" title="UDRP">UDRP</a></i> </p><p>On September 29th, 1999, ICANN posted the <a href="/UDRP" class="mw-redirect" title="UDRP">Uniform Domain Name Resolution Policy</a> for public comments. The process aimed to address problems arising from <a href="/Cybersquatting" title="Cybersquatting">cybersquatting</a> and protect intellectual property rights. This process was not solely a concern or product of ICANN, given <a href="/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>'s earlier, and continued, effort on the <a href="/UDRP" class="mw-redirect" title="UDRP">UDRP</a>. The policy asserts that it will transfer, delete, or asses other changes to any domain name held by a <a href="/Domainer" title="Domainer">domainer</a> which: </p> <ol><li>Is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the complainant has rights; and</li> <li>The domainer no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and</li> <li>The domain name in question has been registered and is being used in bad faith.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The same day, ICANN also issued the <a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/udrp/udrp-rules-29sept99.htm">Rules for the UDRP</a>, which set forth the procedure for filing and responding to complaints. This was also open for a period of public commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the public comments can be found <a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/comments-mail/comment-udrp/current/maillist.html">here</a>. </p><p>ICANN adopted the <a href="/UDRP" class="mw-redirect" title="UDRP">UDRP</a> at its November 1999 meeting in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Review_and_Transparency_Development">Review and Transparency Development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Review and Transparency Development" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Review and Transparency Development"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Many of the other developments at ICANN have been accomplished through the introduction of review teams, such as the Committee on ICANN Evolution and Reform. The push for reform was also significantly aided by <a href="/Stuart_Lynn" title="Stuart Lynn">Stuart Lynn</a>'s "President's report: The Case for Reform,"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was credited with starting the dialogue on reform and leading to the creation of a formal committee.<sup id="cite_ref-bucharest_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bucharest-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICANN adopted a new set of by-laws, which were first laid out by the aforementioned Evolution and Reform Committee, before being revised in response to Public Forums. Those by-laws can be read <a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/minutes-appa-31oct02.htm">here</a>. The by-laws more clearly defined ICANN's mission and core values and improved apparatuses for review and greater transparency. The <a href="/index.php?title=Reconsideration_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconsideration Committee (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">Reconsideration Committee</a>, <a href="/IRP" class="mw-redirect" title="IRP">Independent Review Panel</a>, and the <a href="/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a> all were strengthened as a part of this move towards a more transparent organization that is able to defend its actions and decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="ICANN_Organizational_Issues">ICANN Organizational Issues</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: ICANN Organizational Issues" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: ICANN Organizational Issues"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See <a href="/ICANN_Bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="ICANN Bodies">ICANN Bodies</a> for a list of the key players in ICANN's <a href="/Multistakeholder_Model" title="Multistakeholder Model">Multistakeholder Model</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p>It is central to ICANN's mission that the organization is structured in a way that welcomes a variety of voices and seeks to represent diverse constituencies with continued interest in the Internet's development, from <a href="/Registry" title="Registry">registries</a>, to <a href="/index.php?title=Category:Companies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Companies (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">corporations</a>, to individual Internet users. In relation to ICANN's structural development, there have been critics who have taken issue with its closed-door sessions, the role of the <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>, and other structural and procedural rules.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN has been described as being in a contentious oversight situation, with some countries calling for all U.S. influence to be removed from the organization by subordinating it to the U.N.'s jurisdiction, or suggesting similar solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN's structure and process are outlined in the <a href="/ICANN_Bylaws" title="ICANN Bylaws">ICANN Bylaws</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Board_of_Directors">Board of Directors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Board of Directors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Board of Directors"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a></i></dd></dl> <p>ICANN is governed by a <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">Board of Directors</a> made up of 16 voting members (including ICANN's CEO) and four non-voting liaisons.<sup id="cite_ref-bylaws_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bylaws-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From ICANN's inception to December 2011, being a board member was a voluntary position. At that time, the <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a> responded to mounting pressure regarding conflicts of interest and the notion that compensation would create a more professional and accountable body by awarding themselves a $35,000 annual salary.<sup id="cite_ref-dotnxt_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dotnxt-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ombudsman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ombudsman"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a> is required to offer independent, impartial, and neutral informal dispute resolution for those who want to lodge a complaint about ICANN staff, board, or supporting organizations. The independence of this office has been called into question, as the person in this role is hired and fired by the ICANN Board and reports to the ICANN Chair. The length of tenure has also been debated. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="GNSO"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="2f683b5182eb1639ef9b5e7eb65ee54f">GNSO</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: GNSO" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: GNSO"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/GNSO" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSO">GNSO</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/Generic_Names_Supporting_Organization" title="Generic Names Supporting Organization">Generic Names Supporting Organization</a> (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="2f683b5182eb1639ef9b5e7eb65ee54f">GNSO</a>) brings together representatives of constituencies concerning <a href="/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">gTLDs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it has received criticism on its policy development process. Namely, <a href="/Working_Group" title="Working Group">Working Group</a> dynamics and how the <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="2f683b5182eb1639ef9b5e7eb65ee54f">GNSO</a> determines that it has reached <a href="/index.php?title=Consensus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consensus (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">consensus</a> have proved particularly problematic. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ccNSO"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="7293c382937b38e760c35a733ea31c3a">ccNSO</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: ccNSO" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: ccNSO"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/CcNSO" class="mw-redirect" title="CcNSO">ccNSO</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/Country_Code_Names_Supporting_Organization" title="Country Code Names Supporting Organization">Country Code Names Supporting Organization</a> (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="7293c382937b38e760c35a733ea31c3a">ccNSO</a>) was created by and for <a href="/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a> managers, which are the entities that oversee a given nation's own Country Code Top Level Domain.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main issues it faces are a shortage of candidates and a lack of transparency and accountability in its <a href="/PDP" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP">PDP</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ASO"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="825ab011bb32a22228679ca99089333d">ASO</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: ASO" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: ASO"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/ASO" class="mw-redirect" title="ASO">ASO</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/Address_Supporting_Organization" title="Address Supporting Organization">Address Supporting Organization</a> (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="825ab011bb32a22228679ca99089333d">ASO</a>) reviews and develop <a href="/IP" title="IP">Internet Protocol</a> recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been criticized for lacking a single, authoritative description of the process for global numbering policies and a lack of transparency on the difference between the roles of the <a href="/ASO" class="mw-redirect" title="ASO">ASO</a> and the <a href="/NRO" class="mw-redirect" title="NRO">NRO</a>, which is a non-ICANN body that strongly overlaps with the <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="825ab011bb32a22228679ca99089333d">ASO</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="GAC"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="b7f132971fbcdf8e5cb7da5359c2df83">GAC</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: GAC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: GAC"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/GAC" class="mw-redirect" title="GAC">GAC</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="b7f132971fbcdf8e5cb7da5359c2df83">GAC</a> advises the ICANN Board on how governments will react to potential policies. The <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="b7f132971fbcdf8e5cb7da5359c2df83">GAC</a> has come under fire for seemingly allowing the governments they represent a veto power over ICANN decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ALAC"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="039ea4e8bb04948343a7376e44df1c17">ALAC</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: ALAC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: ALAC"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/ALAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALAC">ALAC</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The At-Large Advisory Committee (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="039ea4e8bb04948343a7376e44df1c17">ALAC</a>) advocates for the interests of individual Internet users. <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="039ea4e8bb04948343a7376e44df1c17">ALAC</a> was recently criticized for spending too much time on process and administrative issues, and too little on policy advice, which was also considered of low quality. <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="039ea4e8bb04948343a7376e44df1c17">ALAC</a> is also struggling with an uneven distribution of power.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="SSAC"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="75f645319b77109ce71e44b66c06a155">SSAC</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: SSAC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: SSAC"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/SSAC" class="mw-redirect" title="SSAC">SSAC</a></i></dd></dl> <p><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="75f645319b77109ce71e44b66c06a155">SSAC</a> was originally intended to expand and specialize the role of ICANN, and it received official recognition in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-accra_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accra-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="75f645319b77109ce71e44b66c06a155">SSAC</a> as a body and its individual members have been criticized for their lack of communication and engagement with other ICANN bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="RSSAC"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="6d99f54197c0bb99240fff49dd99a0c6">RSSAC</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: RSSAC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: RSSAC"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/RSSAC" class="mw-redirect" title="RSSAC">RSSAC</a></i></dd></dl> <p><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="6d99f54197c0bb99240fff49dd99a0c6">RSSAC</a> advises ICANN on the operation, administration, security, and integrity of the Internet's Root Server System. It has come under fire for offering minimal, reactionary input rather than offering regular updates and being distrustful of non-RSO stakeholders.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Process">Process</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Process" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Process"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>ICANN generates and relies on a multitude of policies and practices. Some of the policies, such as those that govern <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a>, undergo a formal <a href="/PDP" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP">PDP</a> and must culminate in an <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a> approval. The processes through which ICANN functions are developed through extensive dialogue in an effort to reflect the perspectives of various stakeholders in the ICANN community, but they do not require a <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="d7a8455f90853bae9f15b0ac5c0088cb">PDP</a>. Operational policies and General practices are examples of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Policy_Development">Policy Development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Policy Development" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Policy Development"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/PDP" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP">ICANN Policy Development</a></i></dd></dl> <p>DNS Policies are developed through formal policy development processes (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="6e28b9c6f877278ea598acfb4047299d">PDPs</a>), as set forth by the Bylaws. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance">Governance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Governance" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Governance"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/ICANN_Governance" title="ICANN Governance">ICANN Governance</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Governance refers to the operational policies that define how ICANN operates as an organization. These policies are not subject to <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="6e28b9c6f877278ea598acfb4047299d">PDPs</a> and tend to depend on community input through less formal means. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Meetings">Meetings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Meetings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Meetings"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/ICANN_Meetings" title="ICANN Meetings">ICANN Meetings</a></i></dd></dl> <p>ICANN holds meetings three times per year; one of these meetings serves as the organization's annual general meeting, where new board directors take their appointed seats. These meetings are held in a different location each time, with each global region hosting a meeting before the regional cycle is started anew.<sup id="cite_ref-meetings_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meetings-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next meeting will be the 61st meeting in San Juan, Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meetings are designated as A, B, and C, and each meeting has a varying length and purpose. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fellowships">Fellowships</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fellowships" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Fellowships"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/Fellowship_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship Program">Fellowship Program</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The goal of the ICANN Fellowship Program is to strengthen the diversity of the multistakeholder model by fostering opportunities for individuals from underserved and underrepresented communities to become active participants in the ICANN community. Fellows are exposed to the workings of the ICANN community, are assigned a mentor, and receive training across different areas of knowledge and skill building before, during, and after an ICANN Public Meeting. Travel assistance to attend the meeting is also provided.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Accountability">Accountability</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Accountability" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Accountability"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/ICANN_Accountability" title="ICANN Accountability">ICANN Accountability</a></i></dd></dl> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reviews">Reviews</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Reviews" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Reviews"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/ICANN_Reviews" title="ICANN Reviews">ICANN Reviews</a></i></dd></dl> <p>ICANN has mechanisms in place for any individual or entity to solicit a reappraisal of any board decision that affects them. The <a href="/Board_Governance_Committee" title="Board Governance Committee">Board Governance Committee</a> is in charge of reviewing all reconsideration requests, which are submitted electronically and must be responded to within 30 days. The board's actions are also reviewed by an <a href="/IRP" class="mw-redirect" title="IRP">Independent Review Panel</a>, which has the power to call attention to discrepancies between the <a href="/ICANN_Bylaws" title="ICANN Bylaws">bylaws</a> and actions taken by the board, and recommend that the board readdress certain issues. Furthermore, ICANN's structure and operations, including every supporting organization and committee, are also subject to occasional reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-bylaws_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bylaws-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conflicts_of_Interest">Conflicts of Interest</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Conflicts of Interest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Conflicts of Interest"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>ICANN adopted a Conflict of Interest policy in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy requires that all Board Members, as well as those in various other positions, disclose any and all potential conflicts of interest to the <a href="/Board_Governance_Committee" title="Board Governance Committee">Board Governance Committee</a>. They must then abstain from any ICANN activities related to the conflict of interest,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Board members also may not join a business with a new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> registry until 12 months after the registry's application has been voted on.<sup id="cite_ref-dotnxt_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dotnxt-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the policy, ICANN did not have a clear position. This notably came to a head in 2011, when a prominent staffer and the Chairman of the Board left ICANN for employment in the industry. Both were involved in developing ICANN's new <a href="/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">gTLD</a> program, and both went on the be employed in new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a>-related ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-revolvingdoor_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revolvingdoor-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICANN's CEO, <a href="/Rod_Beckstrom" title="Rod Beckstrom">Rod Beckstrom</a> had previously noted at the opening ceremony of <a href="/ICANN_42" title="ICANN 42">ICANN 42</a>, even before staff members moved on, that he was encouraged by the fact that the ICANN community was moving to fix the lack of clear ethics rules within the organization. Following these developments, ICANN announced it would hire outside ethics experts to review its policies and make recommendations. The decision was made during a September 2011 meeting of the board governance committee.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Manwin_Anti-Trust_Lawsuit">Manwin Anti-Trust Lawsuit</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Manwin Anti-Trust Lawsuit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Manwin Anti-Trust Lawsuit"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Main article: <a href="/STLD" class="mw-redirect" title="STLD">sTLD</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/Manwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Manwin">Manwin</a>, one of the most prominent adult content producers on the Internet, filed an Anti-Trust suit against both <a href="/ICM_Registry" title="ICM Registry">ICM Registry</a> and ICANN over the creation and implementation of the <a href="/.xxx" title=".xxx">.xxx</a> <a href="/STLD" class="mw-redirect" title="STLD">sTLD</a>. This legal action took place in November 2011, well after the <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a>'s approval and just before its general availability.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also filed an <a href="/IRP" class="mw-redirect" title="IRP">Independent Review Panel</a> (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c0566d537a4d675b2ff6e427cf89f8ec">IRP</a>) Request with ICANN, making it only the second company ever to do so (the first being ICM Registry itself). Manwin felt that ICANN did not "adequately address issues including competition, consumer protection, malicious abuse, and rights protection prior to approving the .xxx <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2012, ICANN and ICM both filed motions to dismiss the case. ICANN argued that since it is a not-for-profit organization and it is not engaged in "trade or commerce," the US anti-trust laws are not applicable; additionally, both ICM and ICANN argued that Manwin's filing was essentially complaining about the possible increase in competition. ICM cited that Manwin had approached the company earlier with a supposed mutually-beneficial agreement, in which Manwin would acquire various premium .xxx domains for free, in exchange for sharing the profits of these domains with ICM. When ICM turned down the agreement, Manwin Managing Partner Fabian Thylmann said that he would do whatever he could to stop .xxx.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN's and ICM's motions to dismiss can be found <a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/docs/icann-manwin-motion-to-dismiss.pdf">here</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/docs/manwin-icm-motion-to-dismiss-2.pdf">here</a> respectively. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Employ_Media_Arbitration">Employ Media Arbitration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Employ Media Arbitration" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Employ Media Arbitration"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p><a href="/Employ_Media" title="Employ Media">Employ Media</a> requested an arbitration proceeding to resolve the notice of breach on the <a href="/.jobs" title=".jobs">.jobs</a> registry agreement issued by ICANN on February 27, 2011, in connection with the universe.jobs website. The jobs board website was launched by Employ Media in partnership with the Direct Employers Association, which the registry operator allowed to register more than 40 thousand .jobs domain names used on the jobs board to advertise job opportunities for more than 5,000 leading companies in the United States. ICANN claimed that the universe.jobs appeared to be in competition with other companies offering the same service and Employ Media's actions violated its charter. ICANN directed the .jobs registry operator and the [[SHRM|Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), the sponsoring organization, to resolve the issues mentioned in the notice of breach and to comply with its charter. ICANN threatened to terminate the .jobs registry agreement if the problems were not resolved. Employ Media argued that the universe.jobs was launched in compliance with the Phase Allocation Program, which was approved by ICANN. Although the registry operator was disappointed with ICANN's actions Employ Media agreed to resolve the issue by invoking the cooperative agreement provisions in the registry agreement. During the cooperative negotiations, Employ Media agreed to stop registering non-company name domain names until May 6, 2011. However, the company abandoned the cooperative agreement proceedings when it learned that ICANN posted information about their cooperative negotiations regarding the notice of breach. Employ Media also accused ICANN of "bad faith action." ICANN's legal counsel explained that the internet governing body is just performing its duty to maintain accountability and transparency. When ICANN responded to Employ Media's arbitration request it reiterated its strong position that Employ Media violated its charter and that its decision was appropriate. ICANN asked the court to deny the registry operator's request for relief. At present, both parties are still waiting for the schedule of their arbitration proceedings from the <a href="/ICC" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC">International Chamber of Commerce</a> (ICC) <a href="/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Arbitration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Court of Arbitration (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">International Court of Arbitration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".JOBS_Charter_Compliance_Coalition_Criticism">.JOBS Charter Compliance Coalition Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: .JOBS Charter Compliance Coalition Criticism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: .JOBS Charter Compliance Coalition Criticism"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>One day before the implementation of the <a href="/New_gTLD_Program" title="New gTLD Program">new gTLD program</a>, the <a href="/index.php?title=.JOBS_Charter_Compliance_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".JOBS Charter Compliance Coalition (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">.JOBS Charter Compliance Coalition</a>, sent a letter to ICANN detailing the internet governing body's failure to evaluate and investigate all comments and information submitted by entities against the request of the <a href="/.jobs" title=".jobs">.jobs</a> registry operator to change its charter. It pointed out that ICANN failed to acknowledge its mistake and overturn its decision when complaints and evidence were filed for reconsideration that Employ Media violated its charter. The coalition chairman stated that ICANN was inefficient in dealing with the arbitration proceedings to immediately resolve Employ Media's charter violation, and consequently, the company continues to exploit the .jobs <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> and expand the universe.jobs website. Furthermore, it said that the internet community is concerned that ICANN's new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> program's multiple stakeholder protection mechanisms might end up mismanaged just like the .jobs <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> and ICANN's promises are "empty words." Moreover, Bell requested the ICANN Board to publicly disqualify Employ Media and its partner, the Direct Employers Association,from the <a href="/New_gTLD_Program" title="New gTLD Program">new gTLD expansion program</a> because the registry operator has a "history of abuse." According to its Chairman, this is the only way for ICANN to regain a measure of regulatory authority.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Awards" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Awards"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In May 2012, ICANN was recognized by The Board of Trustees of Sheikh Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah Informatics Award with their 11th 'Informatics Medal'. The medal is given with appreciation for the organization's efforts at maintaining and strengthening the Internet's infrastructure. The Board also expressed gratitude for the role that ICANN has played in developing and deploying Arabic <a href="/IDN" class="mw-redirect" title="IDN">IDN</a>'s, which allow Arabic populations to surf the web without relying on foreign characters or domains. The award has been given out since 2007 and is given to institutions or public figures that are influential in the fields of Informatics and Internet Development. It was received on behalf of ICANN by the company's President and CEO, <a href="/Rod_Beckstrom" title="Rod Beckstrom">Rod Beckstrom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=ICANN&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"> <div style="font-size:.9em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-icann-mou-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icann-mou_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icann-mou_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icann-mou_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icann-mou_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icann-mou_1-4">1.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/general/icann-mou-25nov98.htm">ICANN DOC MoU Memorandum of Understanding, Depart. of Commerce and ICANN</a>. ICANN. Published 1999 December 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2016-10-01-en">Stewardship of <abbr>IANA</abbr> Functions Transitions to Global Internet Community as Contract with U.S. Government Ends</a>. Retrieved 20 Nov 2017. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/about/planning/strategic/strategic-plan-2010-2013-19feb10-en.pdf">ICANN Strategic Plan June 2010 June 2013</a>. ICANN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://blog.verisign.com/domain-names/verisign-domain-name-industry-brief-internet-grows-to-330-6-million-domain-names-in-q1-2017/">VERISIGN DOMAIN NAME INDUSTRY BRIEF: INTERNET GROWS TO 330.6 MILLION DOMAIN NAMES IN Q1 2017</a>. Retrieved 20 Nov 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://system.opendns.com/">OpenDNS</a>. Retrieved 20 Nov 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meetings-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-meetings_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-meetings_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://meetings.icann.org/about">ICANN About Meetings</a>. ICANN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/022098fedreg.htm">Improvement of Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses; Proposed Rule</a>. National Telecommunications & Information Administration. Published 1998 February 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/6_5_98dns.htm">Statement of Policy on the Management of Internet Names and Addresses</a>. National Telecommunications & Information Administration. Published 1998 June 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/general/white-paper-05jun98.htm">ICANN White Paper</a>. ICANN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenwhite-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-greenwhite_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/comments-mail/icann-current/msg00800.html">The Green Paper vs. The White Paper</a>. ICANN. Published 1999 October 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rcs/principles.html">How do the NTIA White Paper and the ICANN By-Laws Impact Membership?</a>. Harvard Law. Published 1999 January 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-congress_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/judiciary/hju63594.000/hju63594_0f.htm">Congressional Hearing</a>.Published 1999 July.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue3/froomkin.pdf">"ICANN 2.0 Meet the New Boss"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ref name="accreditation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/list@ifwp.org/msg01253.html">Press Release: ICANN Releases Draft Accreditation Guidelines</a>. Mail Archive. Published 1999 February 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/icann/singapore-0399/archive/scribe.html">ICANN Public Meeting Details</a>. Harvard Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ref name="accreditation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/registrars/policy_statement.html">Statement of Registrar Accreditation Policy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> ref name="accreditation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/minutes-10sep01.htm#01.94">ICANN.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/prelim-report-31oct02.htm#EvolutionandReform">Regular Meeting of the Board Minutes</a>. ICANN. Published 2001 September 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-accra-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-accra_22-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-accra_22-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/prelim-report-14mar02.htm#EvolutionandReformCommittee">ICANN Meeting in Accra Preliminary Report</a>. ICANN. Published 2002 March 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bucharest-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bucharest_23-0">23.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bucharest_23-1">23.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/prelim-report-28jun02.htm#EvolutionandReform">ICANN Meeting in Bucharest Preliminary Report</a>]. ICANN. Published 2002 June 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/minutes-annual-meeting-15dec02.htm#AmendmentofNewBylaws">Fourth Annual Meeting of the Board Minutes</a>. ICANN. Published 2002 December 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/prelim-report-27mar03.htm">Preliminary Report | Regular Meeting of the Board - Rio de Janeiro</a>. ICANN. Published 2003 March 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/rome-resolutions-06mar04.htm">Resolutions Adopted at Rome ICANN Board Meeting | Regular Meeting of the Board, Rome, Italy</a>. ICANN. Published 2004 March 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-14mar05.htm">AfriNIC Application for Recognition as Regional Internet Registry Public Comment Forum</a>. ICANN. Published 2005 March 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/icann-memorandum.htm">Memorandum of Understanding Between the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a>. National Telecommunications & Information Administration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/advisory-31oct03.htm">ICANN Board Resolutions in Carthage, Tunisia</a>. ICANN. Published 2003 October 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/index-2005.html">2005 Board Meetings</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/stld-apps-19mar04/">Information Page for Sponsored Top-Level Domains</a>. ICANN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agreements/xxx/">.XXX Registry Agreement</a>. ICANN. Published 2011 March 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://newgtlds.icann.org/about/program">About the New gTLD Program</a>. ICANN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/icann-confirms-possible-new-applicant-guidebook/">ICANN Confirms Possible New Applicant Guidebook</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2012 January 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/10961-icann-verisign-and-ntia-ready-for-100-new-gtlds-per-week">ICANN Verisign and NTIA ready for 100 new gTLDs per Week</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2012 November 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-07feb12-en.htm#4">Approved Board Resolutions | Special Meeting of the ICANN Board</a>. ICANN. Published 2012 February 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/as-new-gtlds-loom-icann-expands/">New gTLDs expand ICANN</a> Domain Incite. Published 2011 September 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://nigel.je/2013/02/icann-la-to-be-broken-up-begging-letters-to-stop/">ICANN LA To be Broken Up Begging Letters to Stop, Nigel.je</a> Retrieved 25 Feb 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/11967-icann-to-set-up-hubs-in-singapore-and-istanbul">ICANN to Set up Hubs in Singapore and Istanbul, DomainIncite.com</a> Retrieved 25 Feb 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/sg/icann-ceo-we-owe-asia-a-big-apology-7000011762/">ICANN CEO We Owe Asia a Big Apology, ZDnet.com</a> Retrieved 25 Feb 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://forms.icann.org/en/contact">ICANN Contact Page</a>. Retrieved 22 Nov 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/news/releases/release-14oct11-en.pdf">ICANN to Manage Time Zone Database</a>. ICANN. Published 2011 October 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2014/ntia-announces-intent-transition-key-internet-domain-name-functions">NTIA announces intent to transition key domain name functions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/press-material/release-2014-03-14-en">Press release, March 14 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thedomains.com/2014/12/02/icann-opens-comment-period-for-its-move-out-of-us-control-deadline-is-december-22nd/">ICANN opens comment period for its move out of US control</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-10aug12-en.htm">A New Approach to Africa</a>. ICANN. Published 2012 August 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/12181-chehade-commits-to-grow-the-number-of-domain-registrars-in-africa">Chehade Commits to Grow The Number of Domain Registrars in Africa, DomainIncite.com</a> Retrieved 8 Mar 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/udrp/udrp-policy-29sept99.htm">Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy</a>. ICANN. Published 1999 September 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/udrp/udrp-rules-29sept99.htm">Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy</a>]. ICANN. Published 1999 September 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/udrp/overview.html">Overview of Domain Name Policy Development</a>. Harvard Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/general/lynn-reform-proposal-24feb02.htm">President's Report: ICANN – The Case for Reform</a>. ICANN. Published 2002 February 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/minutes-appa-31oct02.htm">Appendix A to Minutes ICANN Board Meeting in Shanghai</a>. ICANN. Published 2002 October 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://sunburn.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/cs181/projects/the-domain-name-system/icannorg.html">ICANN Organizational Structure</a>. Stanford University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/28/AR2011022803719.html?hpid=topnews">Obama administration joins critics of U.S. nonprofit group that oversees Internet</a>. The Washington Post. Published 2011 March 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bylaws-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bylaws_55-0">55.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bylaws_55-1">55.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/general/bylaws.htm">ICANN Bylaws</a>. ICANN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dotnxt-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dotnxt_56-0">56.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dotnxt_56-1">56.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.dot-nxt.com/2011/12/13/icann-board-dec-minutes">ICANN Board awards itself $35,000, developing countries $138,000, and adds to confusion with secondary timestamp</a>. dotnxt. Published 2011 December 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://gnso.icann.org/">Generic Names Supporting Organization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ccnso.icann.org/about">About</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://aso.icann.org/">The Address Supporting Organization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://cdt.org/insights/icann-must-follow-its-own-rules/">ICANN Must follow its own rules. CDT</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/atlarge-review-final-02may17-en.pdf">2017 At-Large Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/ssac-review-final-17dec18-en.pdf">2018 SSAC Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/rssac-review-final-02jul18-en.pdf">2018 RSSAC Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/policy#what_is_policy">What is Policy?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.icann.org/2011/02/middle-east-developments-interfere-with-icann-41-jordan-meeting/">Middle East Developments Cause Cancellation of ICANN Jordan Meeting</a>. ICANN Blog. Published 2011 February 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="https://www.icann.org/fellowshipprogram">https://www.icann.org/fellowshipprogram</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I<a class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/governance/coi-en">CANN Conflict of Interest Policy</a>. Retrieved 21 Nov 2017. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/committees/board-governance/coi/">ICANN Conflict of Interest Policy</a>. ICANN. Published 2012 May 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revolvingdoor-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-revolvingdoor_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/calls-to-fix-new-gtld-revolving-door-at-icann/">Calls to Fix Revolving Door</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2011 June 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/icann-to-hire-conflict-of-interest-experts/">ICANN to Hire Conflict of Interest Experts</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2011 October 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thedomains.com/2011/11/16/bbreaking-owner-of-youporn-com-plans-to-file-suit-against-icm-icann-over-xxx/">Owner of YouPorn.com Plans to File Suit Against ICM ICANN over XXX</a>. The Domains. Published 2011 November 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/youporn-challenges-new-gtlds-with-review-demand/">YouPorn Challenges New gTLDs with Review Demand</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2011 November 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/icann-antitrust-law-does-not-apply-to-us/">ICANN: Antitrust Law Does Not Apply To Us</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2012 January 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/icann-threatens-to-shut-down-jobs/">ICANN threatens to shut down .jobs</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2011 February 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a class="external text" href="http://goto.jobs/pdf/Response%20to%20ICANN%20Notice.pdf">Employ Media Response to ICANN'S Notice of Breach</a>. dotJobs. Published 2011 February 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/registry-avoids-jobs-shut-down/">Registry avoids .jobs shut-down</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2011 April 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ere.net/tags/dotjobs/">.Jobs Manager Seeks Arbitration by International Court</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/war-of-words-over-jobs-breach-claims/">War of Words Over Jobs Breach Claims</a>. Domain Incite. Published 2011 May 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qMFYxr-vmqIJ:www.icann.org/en/news/litigation/employ-media-v-icann/answer-to-request-for-arbitration-22jul11-en.pdf+ICANN+and+Employ+Media+Arbitration&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjKphDhfLHf-8xZ8E8tqSayBuA1SGJina6mbbyq27szb-P7a_i2V79KHJD6nHhFjxUpYO2Td97VLx1rBkJs-Ht1k7bVuM4WTuqtNgZAAGXUFI5cUfWKjkYethxEPH9QAlGAfveP&sig=AHIEtbSXxXw7kr2bKyU4voSfKp_-UqOl7w">ICANN’s Response to Employ Media’s Request for Arbitration</a>. Google Docs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/news/litigation/employ-media-v-icann">Arbitration: Employ Media vs. ICANN</a>. ICANN. Published 2012 November 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a class="external text" href="http://news.dot-nxt.com/2012/01/11/dot-jobs-could-kill-icann">The case study that could kill ICANN</a>. dotnxt. Published 2012 January 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2237530&language=en">Informatics prize for ICANN - Salem Ali Prize panel</a>. Kuna. Published 2012 May 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.icann.org/2012/05/icann-receives-arab-world-award/">ICANN Receives Arab World Award</a>. ICANN. Published 2012 May 22.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Generic_Top-level_Domain" title="Generic Top-level Domain">Generic Top-level Domain</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Generic_Top-level_Domain" title="Generic Top-level Domain">Generic Top-level Domain</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="e800122d43583e63e1740a15d5fa5183"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Top-Level_Domain" title="Top-Level Domain">Top-Level Domain</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Top-Level_Domain" title="Top-Level Domain">Top-Level Domain</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="2f683b5182eb1639ef9b5e7eb65ee54f"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Generic_Names_Supporting_Organization" title="Generic Names Supporting Organization">Generic Names Supporting Organization</a>. Develops and recommends to the Board substantive policies relating to generic top-level domains and other responsibilities set forth in the Bylaws (<i>ICANN Bylaws</i>). </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="7a11d20162183065066be0792416c70b"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="878ae867e6fee01cf91296a41f5f5370"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="3509e3d2c36f465021473da07d4543fe"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Uniform_Domain_Name_Dispute_Resolution_Policy" title="Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy">Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="7293c382937b38e760c35a733ea31c3a"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Country_Code_Names_Supporting_Organization" title="Country Code Names Supporting Organization">Country Code Names Supporting Organization</a>. Develops and recommends to the Board global policies relating to country-code top-level domains (<i>ICANN Bylaws</i>). </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="825ab011bb32a22228679ca99089333d"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Address_Supporting_Organization" title="Address Supporting Organization">Address Supporting Organization</a>. Advises the Board with respect to policy issues relating to the operation, assignment, and management of Internet addresses (<i>ICANN Bylaws</i>). </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="b7f132971fbcdf8e5cb7da5359c2df83"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Governmental_Advisory_Committee" title="Governmental Advisory Committee">Governmental Advisory Committee</a>. Considers and provides advice on the activities of ICANN as they relate to concerns of governments, particularly matters where there may be an interaction between ICANN's policies and various laws and international agreements or where they may affect public policy issues (<i>ICANN Bylaws</i>). </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="039ea4e8bb04948343a7376e44df1c17"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/At-Large_Advisory_Committee" title="At-Large Advisory Committee">At-Large Advisory Committee</a>. Considers and provides advice on the activities of ICANN related to the interests of individual Internet users (<i>ICANN Bylaws</i>). Not to be confused with the <a href="/Non-Commercial_Stakeholder_Group" title="Non-Commercial Stakeholder Group">Non-Commercial Stakeholder Group</a>. </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="75f645319b77109ce71e44b66c06a155"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Security_and_Stability_Advisory_Committee" title="Security and Stability Advisory Committee">Security and Stability Advisory Committee</a>. Advises the ICANN community and Board on matters relating to the security and integrity of the Internet's naming and address allocation systems (<i>ICANN Bylaws</i>). </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="6d99f54197c0bb99240fff49dd99a0c6"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Root_Server_System_Advisory_Committee" title="Root Server System Advisory Committee">Root Server System Advisory Committee</a>. Advises the ICANN community and Board on matters relating to the operation, administration, security, and integrity of the Internet's <a href="/Root_Server_System" title="Root Server System">Root Server System</a> (<i>ICANN Bylaws</i>). </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="d7a8455f90853bae9f15b0ac5c0088cb"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Policy_Development_Process" title="Policy Development Process">Policy Development Process</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="6e28b9c6f877278ea598acfb4047299d"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Policy_Development_Process" title="Policy Development Process">Policy Development Process</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="c0566d537a4d675b2ff6e427cf89f8ec"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div 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