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href="#Inddeling_og_karakterisering_af_plantesamfund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Inddeling og karakterisering af plantesamfund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inddeling_og_karakterisering_af_plantesamfund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassificering_af_et_plantesamfund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassificering_af_et_plantesamfund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Klassificering af et plantesamfund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassificering_af_et_plantesamfund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksempelsamfund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksempelsamfund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eksempelsamfund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksempelsamfund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plantesamfund</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 33 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzengesellschaft" title="Pflanzengesellschaft – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pflanzengesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="مجتمع نباتي – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجتمع نباتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitosenoz" title="Fitosenoz – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fitosenoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Фітацэноз – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фітацэноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Фітацэноз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фітацэноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фитоценоза – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фитоценоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaci%C3%B3_vegetal" title="Formació vegetal – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Formació vegetal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostlinn%C3%A9_spole%C4%8Denstvo" title="Rostlinné společenstvo – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rostlinné společenstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzengesellschaft" title="Pflanzengesellschaft – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflanzengesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_community" title="Plant community – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plant community" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantokomunumo_(ekologio)" title="Plantokomunumo (ekologio) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plantokomunumo (ekologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidad_de_plantas" title="Comunidad de plantas – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunidad de plantas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCtots%C3%B6noos" title="Fütotsönoos – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fütotsönoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="جامعه گیاهی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه گیاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyt%C3%A1rsul%C3%A1s" title="Növénytársulás – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Növénytársulás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Ֆիտոցենոզ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիտոցենոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="植物群落 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="植物群落" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Өсімдік бірлестігі – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өсімдік бірлестігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Фитоценоз – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фитоценоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitocenoz%C4%97" title="Fitocenozė – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fitocenozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Растителна заедница – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Растителна заедница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Ургамлын нийгэмлэг – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ургамлын нийгэмлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantengemeenschap" title="Plantengemeenschap – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plantengemeenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbiorowisko_ro%C5%9Blinne" title="Zbiorowisko roślinne – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zbiorowisko roślinne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitocenoz%C4%83" title="Fitocenoză – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fitocenoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Фитоценоз – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фитоценоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_community" title="Plant community – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plant community" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuniteti_i_bim%C3%ABve" title="Komuniteti i bimëve – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komuniteti i bimëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Биљна заједница – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биљна заједница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Фитоценоз – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фитоценоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Фітоценоз – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фітоценоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitotsenoz" title="Fitotsenoz – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fitotsenoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="植物群落 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="植物群落" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1418712#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plantesamfund" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Plantesamfund" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flowering-garrigue4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flowering-garrigue4.JPG/220px-Flowering-garrigue4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flowering-garrigue4.JPG/330px-Flowering-garrigue4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flowering-garrigue4.JPG/440px-Flowering-garrigue4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Plantesamfundet ved en vejkant på Korsika i slutningen af april. Dette samfund, en <a href="/wiki/Garrigue" title="Garrigue">garrigue</a> med blomstrende <a href="/wiki/Sol%C3%B8jetr%C3%A6" title="Soløjetræ">soløjetræ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sommerfuglelavendel" title="Sommerfuglelavendel">sommerfuglelavendel</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hvid_affodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hvid affodil (ikke skrevet endnu)">hvid affodil</a>, er resultatet af omlægning fra oprindelig skov til korndyrkning.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Plantesamfund</b> er betegnelsen for naturligt forekommende, økologiske samfund af planter med en forudsigelig <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">artsammensætning</a> og en sammenlignelig <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fysionomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fysionomi (ikke skrevet endnu)">fysionomi</a> (strukturelt udseende), som opstår på en bestemt <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitattype</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - eller som det også kan udtrykkes: "en kombination af arter, der forekommer sammen på et økologisk ensartet område"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Studiet af plantesamfunds kendetegn, organisering og gensidige afhængighed samt af deres udvikling, geografiske fordeling og <a href="/wiki/Plantesociologisk_klassificering" title="Plantesociologisk klassificering">klassificering</a> kaldes samlet <a href="/wiki/Plantesociologi" title="Plantesociologi">plantesociologi</a>. </p><p>Det er <a href="/wiki/Konkurrence" title="Konkurrence">konkurrence</a> og <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_selektion" title="Naturlig selektion">udvælgelse</a> samt de stedlige miljøvilkår, der gør, at der opstår samfundsdannelser af <a href="/wiki/Plante" class="mw-redirect" title="Plante">plante</a><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populationer</a>. Sammensætningen af et plantesamfund er konstant, så længe der ikke opstår nye <a href="/wiki/Konkurrence" title="Konkurrence">konkurrencevilkår</a> på grund af <a href="/wiki/Klima" title="Klima">klimaforandringer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologiske</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Jordbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordbund">jordbundsmæssige</a> udviklinger, menneskelige indgreb eller indvandring (og <a href="/wiki/Udd%C3%B8d" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddød">uddøen</a>) af bestemte arter. Sådanne nye, ydre vilkår skaber nye <a href="/wiki/Niche_(%C3%B8kologi)" title="Niche (økologi)">nicher</a> i plantesamfundet, men det gør <a href="/wiki/Plante%C3%A6der" title="Planteæder">planteædere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantesygdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantesygdom">plantesygdomme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rovdyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovdyr">rovdyr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">parasitter</a> samt forholdet mellem to eller flere plantearter også. Derfor kan plantesamfund være ganske kortvarige (fx <a href="/wiki/Ruderat" title="Ruderat">ruderatsamfund</a>), eller de kan overleve i millioner af år (fx <a href="/wiki/Regnskov" title="Regnskov">regnskov</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inddeling_og_karakterisering_af_plantesamfund">Inddeling og karakterisering af plantesamfund</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Inddeling og karakterisering af plantesamfund" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Inddeling og karakterisering af plantesamfund"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plantesamfund kan overordnet inddeles i tre typer, som bestemmes af den måde, arterne er fordelt på: </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaiksamfund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosaiksamfund (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mosaiksamfund</a> (f.eks. plantesamfundet på toppen af <a href="/wiki/Mont_Ventoux" title="Mont Ventoux">Mont Ventoux</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etagesamfund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etagesamfund (ikke skrevet endnu)">Etagesamfund</a> (f.eks. de forskellige etager i en skov)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zonationssamfund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zonationssamfund (ikke skrevet endnu)">Zonationssamfund</a> (f.eks. vegetationsbælterne fra havstokken og ind mod den grå klit)</li></ol> <p>Når man dernæst skal placere et plantesamfund mere præcist, er det ikke tilstrækkeligt at fastslå, hvilke arter, der findes på stedet. Man må også opgøre, hvor hyppigt arterne findes, og hvor dominerende de er. I den forbindelse kan man udskille nogle bestemte arter, som gør det lettere at placere plantesamfundet. Det drejer sig om: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakterart" title="Karakterart">Karakterart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skilleart" title="Skilleart">Skilleart</a></li> <li>Ledsageart</li></ul> <p>Desuden inddrager man i undersøgelsen, om bestemte forventelige artsgrupper findes eller mangler. Artsgrupper dannes på grund af ensartede økologiske egenskaber (f.eks. salttolerance, mineralbehov, konkurrencekraft), ensartede måder at leve sammen med andre på (se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livsformer_(botanik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livsformer (botanik) (ikke skrevet endnu)">livsformer</a>) eller en fast, fælles optræden under samme vilkår (f.eks. højmoseplanter, skovbundsplanter, hedeplanter). </p><p>I den forbindelse er det blevet nødvendigt at skelne mellem naturlige og menneskepåvirkede plantesamfund. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassificering_af_et_plantesamfund">Klassificering af et plantesamfund</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Klassificering af et plantesamfund" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Klassificering af et plantesamfund"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Skov" title="Skov">Skov</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpino-Fagetea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpino-Fagetea (ikke skrevet endnu)">Carpino-Fagetea</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Naturskov" title="Naturskov">Løvskov</a> – en <i>klasse</i> inden for plantesamfundet med flere <i>ordener</i> (her: <i><a href="/wiki/Querco-Fagetea" title="Querco-Fagetea">Querco-Fagetea</a></i>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8geskov_(plantesamfund)" title="Bøgeskov (plantesamfund)">Bøgeskov</a> – en <i>orden</i> med flere <i>forbund</i> (her: <i><a href="/wiki/Fagetalia_sylvaticae" title="Fagetalia sylvaticae">Fagetalia sylvaticae</a></i>) <dl><dd>Kalk-bøgeskov – et <i>forbund</i> med flere <i>grupper</i> (her: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cephalanthero-Fagion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cephalanthero-Fagion (ikke skrevet endnu)">Cephalanthero-Fagion</a></i>) <dl><dd>Orkidé-bøgeskov – en gruppe, der findes på tørre steder (her: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carici-Fagetum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carici-Fagetum (ikke skrevet endnu)">Carici-Fagetum</a></i>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Heraf kan man se, at plantesamfundene kan underopdeles. De bliver benævnt efter den eller de dominerende arter, og betegnelserne følger disse regler: </p> <ul><li>Klasse, der ender på <i>-etea</i>: <i>Carpino-Fagetea</i> (løvskov) <ul><li>Orden, der ender på <i>-alia</i>: <i>Carpino-Fagetalia</i> <ul><li>Forbund, der ender på <i>-ion</i>: <i>Cephalanthero-Fagion</i> <ul><li>Gruppe, der ender på <i>-etum</i>: <i>Carici-Fagetum</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksempelsamfund">Eksempelsamfund</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksempelsamfund" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Eksempelsamfund"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I det følgende beskrives forskellene mellem de naturlige plantesamfund og de menneskeskabte ud fra to eksempler: naturskov og eng. </p> <dl><dt>Skov (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpino-Fagetea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpino-Fagetea (ikke skrevet endnu)">Carpino-Fagetea</a>)</dt></dl> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Naturskov" title="Naturskov">Naturskov</a></span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bison_live_in_Bialowieza_forest_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bison_live_in_Bialowieza_forest_2.jpg/220px-Bison_live_in_Bialowieza_forest_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bison_live_in_Bialowieza_forest_2.jpg/330px-Bison_live_in_Bialowieza_forest_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bison_live_in_Bialowieza_forest_2.jpg/440px-Bison_live_in_Bialowieza_forest_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Den sidste rest af de europæiske urskove findes i <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owieska_Skoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Białowieska Skoven">Białowieska Skoven</a>. Her ses en <a href="/wiki/Europ%C3%A6isk_bison" title="Europæisk bison">europæisk bison</a> forlade en græsset lysning.<br />Foto: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Herr_stahlhoefer" class="extiw" title="commons:User:Herr stahlhoefer">Felipe Stahlhoefer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Som klima og jordbund er i Danmark, blev den blandede løvskov var den <a href="/wiki/Dominans_(%C3%B8kologi)" title="Dominans (økologi)">dominerende</a> vegetationsform, indtil skovrydning, kvæghold og opdyrkning satte sit præg på naturen. Der findes endnu enkelte smårester på steder, som er så stejle eller på anden måde utilgængelige, at der kun har været drevet meget <a href="/wiki/Ekstensivt_landbrug" title="Ekstensivt landbrug">ekstensiv skovdrift</a> på dem. Det er karakteristisk for disse naturprægede skove), at de består af mange <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arter</a>, at individerne inden for disse arter står med stor indbyrdes afstand, og at træerne findes i alle aldersgrupper. Det skyldes, at biotopen også rummede det sidste led i skovens <a href="/wiki/Succession_(%C3%B8kologi)" title="Succession (økologi)">succession</a>, hvor de gamle kæmpetræer vælter og skaber større eller mindre <a href="/wiki/Skovlysning" title="Skovlysning">lysninger</a>. </p><p>Der er endnu to forhold, som har gjort den helt naturlige løvskov anderledes end nutidens <a href="/wiki/Skovbrug" title="Skovbrug">dyrkede</a> skov. Det ene har med <a href="/wiki/Vand" title="Vand">vandet</a> at gøre. Forskerne er enige om, at vore skove var fyldt med vandlidende områder, dvs. <a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">sumpede</a> områder med dele, der blev oversvømmet hvert <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A5r" title="Forår">forår</a>. Det er et ret sent fænomen, at skovfolkene har <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A6ning" title="Dræning">drænet</a> skovparterne og skabt fast bund i skoven<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Også dette meget våde miljø har præget <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8vtr%C3%A6er" title="Løvtræer">løvskoven</a>, sådan at der har været åbne eller tyndt bevoksede partier i den. </p><p>Det andet – og måske afgørende – er de store græssere: <a href="/wiki/Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison">bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urokse" title="Urokse">urokse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elsdyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsdyr">elsdyr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kronhjort" title="Kronhjort">kronhjort</a>. Alle er enige om, at <a href="/wiki/Husdyr" title="Husdyr">husdyrenes</a> græsning i skovene igennem mange århundreder gjorde dem åbne og bidrog til, at der blev skabt store, vedvarende lysninger. Derimod har det været overset, hvad der var de vilde <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8vtygger" title="Drøvtygger">drøvtyggeres</a> virkning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Når man konstaterer, at blandet løvskov er det naturlige plantesamfund for Danmark, er det altså med det <i>in mente</i>, at skoven så ganske anderledes ud end de skove, vi kender i dag. </p> <dl><dt>Eng (<a href="/wiki/Molinio-Arrhenatheretea" title="Molinio-Arrhenatheretea">Molinio-Arrhenatheretea</a>)</dt></dl> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Eng" title="Eng">Eng</a></span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:WiesenschaumkrautSumpfdotterblume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WiesenschaumkrautSumpfdotterblume.jpg/220px-WiesenschaumkrautSumpfdotterblume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WiesenschaumkrautSumpfdotterblume.jpg/330px-WiesenschaumkrautSumpfdotterblume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WiesenschaumkrautSumpfdotterblume.jpg/440px-WiesenschaumkrautSumpfdotterblume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Typisk engflora, her med <a href="/wiki/Engkarse" title="Engkarse">engkarse</a> og <a href="/wiki/Engkabbeleje" class="mw-redirect" title="Engkabbeleje">engkabbeleje</a> i forgrunden.<br />Foto: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:XN" class="extiw" title="commons:Benutzer:XN">Guido Gerding</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Det var først højt oppe i <a href="/wiki/Middelalderen" title="Middelalderen">Middelalderen</a>, at man begyndte at udnytte de våde jorde. Indtil da lå disse våde, ofte oversvømmede arealer hen som <a href="/wiki/Ellesump" title="Ellesump">ellesump</a>. Da man opdagede, at kreaturerne kunne klare sig gennem vinteren på et foder af tørrede urter, fik man sat slåning, tørring og bjergning af hø i system. I mange tilfælde satte man dyrene ud på engen, når høet var bjerget. De kunne så gå derude og æde løs af den sprøde nyopvækst til hen på efteråret. De to påvirkninger: slåning af hø og eftergræsning med kreaturer, betød efterhånden en sortering af engenes vegetation. Slåning begunstiger planter som hurtigt skyder frem igen, og græsning begunstiger dem, som dyrene undgår (se under <a href="/wiki/Overdrev" title="Overdrev">overdrev</a>). Den kunstigt skabte eng<a href="/wiki/Biotop" title="Biotop">biotop</a> blev efterhånden til et artsrigt sted med et stort antal lavtvoksende, blomstrende planter, og årsagen er et kulturtryk, som bl.a. består af følgende elementer: </p> <ul><li>slåning</li> <li>slåningshyppighed pr. år</li> <li>græsning</li> <li>græsningstryk</li> <li>kreatursammensætning</li> <li>jordbundstype</li> <li>klimaforhold</li> <li>oversvømmelse</li> <li>sammensætning af aflejret mudder</li></ul> <p>Engene betegner i virkeligheden et fastfrosset <a href="/wiki/Succession_(%C3%B8kologi)" title="Succession (økologi)">successionstrin</a> midt mellem den rå jord og plantesamfundet <a href="/wiki/Ellesump" title="Ellesump">ellesump</a>. På én måde er der tale om ren natur, for engene er led i det, som er den karakteristiske danske vegetationsrækkefølge. Men på en anden måde er eng en kulturskabt naturtype, som kun kan eksistere i få år uden det kulturtryk, som er dens forudsætning. </p> <dl><dt>Andre samfund i Danmark</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mose" title="Mose">mose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8" title="Sø">sø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hede" title="Hede">hede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrev" title="Overdrev">overdrev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klit" title="Klit">klit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand" title="Strand">strand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Se også"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox sisterproject"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50px; height:45px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/75px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/100px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:5px;">Se <a href="https://da.wiktionary.org/wiki/Forside" class="extiw" title="wikt:Forside">Wiktionarys</a> definition på ordet: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://da.wiktionary.org/wiki/plantesamfund" class="extiw" title="wikt:plantesamfund">plantesamfund</a></b></i></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantesociologi" title="Plantesociologi">Plantesociologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maki_(plantesamfund)" title="Maki (plantesamfund)">Maki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturskov" title="Naturskov">Naturskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturtyper_i_Danmark" title="Naturtyper i Danmark">Naturtyper i Danmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5leskov" title="Nåleskov">Nåleskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnskov" title="Regnskov">Regnskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanne" title="Savanne">Savanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_(biotop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe (biotop)">Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi">Økologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98rken" title="Ørken">Ørken</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Litteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFDieter_Heinrich,_Manfred_Hergt1992" class="citation book cs1">Dieter Heinrich, Manfred Hergt (1992). <i>Munksgaards atlas – økologi</i>. København: Munksgaard. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-16-10775-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-16-10775-6">87-16-10775-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munksgaards+atlas+%E2%80%93+%C3%B8kologi&rft.place=K%C3%B8benhavn&rft.pub=Munksgaard&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Dieter+Heinrich%2C+Manfred+Hergt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3APlantesamfund" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPott_Richard1995" class="citation book cs1">Pott Richard (1995). <i>Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/3-8252-8067-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/3-8252-8067-5">3-8252-8067-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pflanzengesellschaften+Deutschlands&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Pott+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3APlantesamfund" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eugen Warming: <i>Plantesamfund</i>; København 1895;</li> <li>Eugen Warming: <i>Oecology of Plants</i>; Oxford 1909</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/19/0241.html"><i>Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon</i>, 2. udgave, bind XIX, s. 227-228; opslag: Plantesamfund (ved </a><a href="/wiki/Martin_Vahl_(1869-1946)" title="Martin Vahl (1869-1946)">Martin Vahl</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dmu.dk/Pub/FR728.pdf">Bettina Nygaard, Rasmus Ejrnæs, Annette Baattrup-Pedersen, Jesper Fredshavn: "Danske plantesamfund i moser og enge – vegetation, økologi, sårbarhed og beskyttelse" (<i>Faglig rapport fra DMU nr. 728</i>; Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser 2009</a>; <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-87-7073-111-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-87-7073-111-9">978-87-7073-111-9</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael G. Barbour, Jack H. Burk, Wanna D. Pitts, Frank S. Gilliam og Mark W. Schwartz: <i>Terrestrial Plant Ecology</i> (3. udg.), 1998, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0805300048" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0805300048">978-0805300048</a> <span style="cursor: default; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.84em; color: #555555; position: relative; bottom: 0.08em">(engelsk)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Milan Petersen og Peter Vestergaard: <i>Vegetationsøkologi</i>, 2006 <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-02-04706-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-02-04706-3">87-02-04706-3</a>, side 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intern.stenhus-gym.dk/forsoeg/Lille%20Skovhistorie10.doc">Stenhus Gymnasium: <i>Lille Skovhistorie</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209185430/http://intern.stenhus-gym.dk/forsoeg/Lille%20Skovhistorie10.doc">Arkiveret</a> 9. december 2006 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> adgangsbegrænsning</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awsassets.wwfdk.panda.org/downloads/dansk_skovnatur.pdf">Karsten Thomsen: <i>Dansk skovnatur</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11759279">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4045563-4">4045563-4</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjekkisk_nationalbibliotek" title="Tjekkisk nationalbibliotek">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116064&CON_LNG=ENG">ph116064</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//denstoredanske.lex.dk/plantesamfund">plantesamfund</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra "<a dir="ltr" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&oldid=11611923">https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantesamfund&oldid=11611923</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Kategorier" title="Speciel:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Plantesamfund" title="Kategori:Plantesamfund">Plantesamfund</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Botanik" title="Kategori:Botanik">Botanik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:%C3%98kologi" title="Kategori:Økologi">Økologi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skjulte kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sider_med_Webarchive-skabelon_som_henviser_til_Wayback_Machine" title="Kategori:Sider med Webarchive-skabelon som henviser til Wayback Machine">Sider med Webarchive-skabelon som henviser til Wayback Machine</a></li><li><a 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