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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old-growth_forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Old-growth forest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old-growth_forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Climate and forests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Distribution of forests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 List of forests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Benefits of forests </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Benefits_of_forests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Benefits of forests subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Benefits_of_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forest_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Forest products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Threats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regeneration_and_reforestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeneration_and_reforestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Regeneration and reforestation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeneration_and_reforestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 People and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For orchards, see <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Turkey" title="Agriculture in Turkey">Agriculture in Turkey</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_Yedig%C3%B6ller_asv2021-10_img02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TR_Yedig%C3%B6ller_asv2021-10_img02.jpg/220px-TR_Yedig%C3%B6ller_asv2021-10_img02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TR_Yedig%C3%B6ller_asv2021-10_img02.jpg/330px-TR_Yedig%C3%B6ller_asv2021-10_img02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TR_Yedig%C3%B6ller_asv2021-10_img02.jpg/440px-TR_Yedig%C3%B6ller_asv2021-10_img02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption>Autumn in <a href="/wiki/Yedig%C3%B6ller_National_Park" title="Yedigöller National Park">Yedigöller National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">Forests</a> cover almost a third of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. They are almost all <a href="/wiki/State_forest" title="State forest">state-owned</a>, and vary from <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforest</a> in the north-east to <a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">maquis</a> in the south and west. <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> are common. After the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_glacial_retreat" title="Holocene glacial retreat">glaciers retreated</a> over ten thousand years ago, woods grew to cover most of the land which is now Turkey; however over thousands of years, people cut down many of the trees. <a href="/wiki/Reforestation#Turkey" title="Reforestation">The country is slowly reforesting</a>, which is good both for <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">its wildlife</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">absorb carbon</a> to help limit <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">climate change</a>. As of the mid-2020s the main forest income is from wood, and they are also important for recreation. Unfortunately, almost half the forest is badly <a href="/wiki/Degraded_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Degraded forest">degraded</a> and woodlands are also threatened by <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Turkey" title="Drought in Turkey">drought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_Turkey" title="Wildfires in Turkey">wildfire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Turkey">mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pests and diseases</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_cover">Definition and cover</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and cover">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, forests covered about 30% of the country,<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a>: 9  almost the global average. <a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">Legally</a> in Turkey, a piece of woodland of less than three <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares (ha)</a> cannot be labelled "forest".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>: 3  However, the national <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_inventory" title="Greenhouse gas inventory">greenhouse gas inventory</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> definition: forests must cover 1 ha or more and be at least 5m high. There are forest–subcategories of <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, mixed, and ‘other forested land’ which has a <a href="/wiki/Crown_closure" title="Crown closure">crown closure</a> between 1 and 10 percent.<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 299, 301  Forests with a crown closure of over 10% are classed as productive.<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 292  Trees <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Turkey" title="Agriculture in Turkey">grown for crops</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_production_in_Turkey" title="Hazelnut production in Turkey">Turkey’s hazelnuts</a>) are not classified as forests.<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 301  A 2024 study said that deforestation caused by other uses of forest land (such as mining) is not reflected in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">official statistics</a> (the land may be leased for up to 49 years but in theory would return to forest so is still officially forest land) and that these uses cause <a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">forest degradation</a> by fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> As of 2024 almost half of forest in Turkey was heavily degraded,<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> that is with less than 10% <a href="/wiki/Canopy_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy cover">canopy cover</a>.: 64 <a href="#cite_note-:14-6">[6]</a> In 2024 preparations for a new <a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a> continued,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and the Turkish National Forestry Program (2024-2043) is being prepared.<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a> Since a change to the Forestry Law in 2018 the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">president</a> has been able to reclassify land as not being forest.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bursa_Forestry_Museum_walk_in_the_woods_7515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bursa_Forestry_Museum_walk_in_the_woods_7515.jpg/220px-Bursa_Forestry_Museum_walk_in_the_woods_7515.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bursa_Forestry_Museum_walk_in_the_woods_7515.jpg/330px-Bursa_Forestry_Museum_walk_in_the_woods_7515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bursa_Forestry_Museum_walk_in_the_woods_7515.jpg/440px-Bursa_Forestry_Museum_walk_in_the_woods_7515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Painting in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> Forestry Museum showing <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a> in woods</figcaption></figure> As <a href="/wiki/Turkey%CA%BCs_glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkeyʼs glaciers">Turkeyʼs glaciers</a> almost all <a href="/wiki/Holocene_glacial_retreat" title="Holocene glacial retreat">melted</a> over ten thousand years ago, more <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> (both deciduous, such as <a href="/wiki/Quercus_cerris" title="Quercus cerris">Turkey oak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quercus_ilex" title="Quercus ilex">evergreen oak</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>) grew in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a> Ten thousand years ago, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was mostly forested,<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a> but forest cover before the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">formation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923</a> is not well documented.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> That period and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">prehistory</a> can, however, be studied from <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">tree rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">palynology</a> (ancient particles such as <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 214  <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> had increased sharply by 4000 BC, when wood was used for fuel and construction, for example in the settlement of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 214  In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, at around 3500 BC, humans began to significantly impact forests, for example by transporting wood from remote areas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 215  In the last two thousand years, especially in the last five hundred, much <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old growth forest</a> has been cut down. Wooden ships were built, sometimes armies at war burnt forests to expose their enemies, and forests were cleared for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Turkey" title="Agriculture in Turkey">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 214  As well as oak, there were <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinus_nigra" title="Pinus nigra">Black pine</a> (Pinus nigra) in these forests.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 215  <a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_orientalis" title="Liquidambar orientalis">Turkish sweetgum</a> (Liquidambar orientalis) was formerly widespread, but is now restricted to Southwest Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> From sources such as <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> we know that <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mediterranean">Ancient Mediterranean civilisations</a> used wood as a fuel in houses, bakeries, bathhouses, and for metalwork. <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedar</a> was used for temples, such as at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> were used for <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 217  The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman navy</a> built ships from timber from the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Seas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 214  Typically, armies used more wood than navies.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 218  As part of <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">late Ottoman Empire reforms</a> a Forest Charter was issued in 1840 and the Forestry Directorate established, but according to one study it was too top-down and lacked public engagement.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> After the formation of the republic in the 1920s, forestry and <a href="/wiki/Wood_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood production">wood production</a> were increased.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Forests were nationalised in 1938,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and the first large <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> project in Turkey was in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old-growth_forest">Old-growth forest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old-growth forest">edit</a>]</div> There are <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forests</a> and over 500 <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> of trees and <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a> Old-growth-forests are defined as “A primary or natural/near natural forest area containing tree species, whose existence can be traced back from hundreds of years to <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Anatolia">neolithic</a> ages.” Degraded ancient woodlands are sometimes very scattered.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 219  According to a 2018 study by Turkish and British academics, both local support and national policy are needed to <a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">rehabilitate them</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 213  <a href="/wiki/Heritage_tree" title="Heritage tree">Heritage trees</a> include the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0nkaya" title="İnkaya">İnkaya</a> Plane Tree,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and some are called <a href="/wiki/Natural_monuments_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural monuments of Turkey">natural monuments</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_forests">Climate and forests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate and forests">edit</a>]</div> Although forests cover 23 million (almost 30%)<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> of Turkey's 78 million ha, 3 million ha have less than 10% crown cover,<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 301  and almost 10 million ha were <a href="/wiki/Degraded_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Degraded forest">degraded forest</a> as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>: 63  Almost all forests are state owned and managed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Forestry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Forestry (page does not exist)">General Directorate of Forestry</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orman_Genel_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="tr:Orman Genel Müdürlüğü">tr</a>](GDF)<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Forestry_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Turkey)">Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry</a>;<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> the GDF plan to <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">increase the amount of forests</a> so as to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">remove more carbon from the atmosphere</a>, and thus reabsorb a little more of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">Turkey’s greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a>: 27  The GDF has 28 Regional Directorates of Forestry and 12 Forestry Research Institutes.<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkish constitution</a> prohibits existing forests being transferred from state ownership, but state land is sometimes leased for <a href="/wiki/Private_forest" title="Private forest">private reforestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-22">[22]</a> Reforestation by the private sector varies around five thousand ha a year.<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a>: table 24  A 2020 study suggested that incentives for private afforestation should be increased.<a href="#cite_note-:12-22">[22]</a> There is a strategic plan for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation to climate change</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and Turkey is taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Bonn_Challenge" title="Bonn Challenge">Bonn Challenge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Industry_and_Business_Association" title="Turkish Industry and Business Association">Turkish Industry and Business Association</a> (TÜSİAD) recommends that afforestation should be better planned, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">carbon offsets and credits</a> should be available, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon storage">carbon storage</a> should be included in the Forest Law.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[25]</a>: 18  Snow, and to a lesser extent rain, has decreased in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[25]</a>: 18  TÜSİAD predicts a 90% reduction in habitats suitable for <a href="/wiki/Pinus_nigra" title="Pinus nigra">Black pine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[25]</a>: 18 TÜSİAD says that the mega <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_Turkey" title="Wildfires in Turkey">forest fires</a> that burned in 2021, and the shrinkage and even drying of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia">Central Anatolia</a> are the most obvious examples of <a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">aridification</a>. The severity of <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Turkey" title="Drought in Turkey">drought</a> and the area affected will increase with the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>; it is predicted that this will be bad for forests. In a climate that becomes more arid, efforts to increase <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink areas</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>, will become less efficient.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[25]</a>: 17  Drought is a threat both directly and by encouraging <a href="/wiki/Bark_beetle" title="Bark beetle">bark beetles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_of_forests">Distribution of forests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution of forests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anatolia#Ecoregions" title="Anatolia">Anatolia § Ecoregions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliffs_on_both_sides_of_Aksu_stream,_Giresun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cliffs_on_both_sides_of_Aksu_stream%2C_Giresun.jpg/220px-Cliffs_on_both_sides_of_Aksu_stream%2C_Giresun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cliffs_on_both_sides_of_Aksu_stream%2C_Giresun.jpg/330px-Cliffs_on_both_sides_of_Aksu_stream%2C_Giresun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cliffs_on_both_sides_of_Aksu_stream%2C_Giresun.jpg/440px-Cliffs_on_both_sides_of_Aksu_stream%2C_Giresun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea Region</a>, which is the most forested region.<a href="#cite_note-:9-27">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> Forests are mainly on the mountain ranges parallel to the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> 4% of forests are <a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">coppice</a> while the rest are <a href="/wiki/High_forest" title="High forest">high forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a>: 9  and there are six million ha of <a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">maquis</a>, mostly in the south and west.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> High rainfall in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea Region</a> sustains <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> 15% of forest area is in protected areas and the rest in managed forest.<a href="#cite_note-:14-6">[6]</a>: 63  Eight <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> are officially defined,<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 291  all of which contain woodland: <a href="/wiki/Euxine%E2%80%93Colchic_deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine–Colchic deciduous forests">Euxine-Colchic deciduous forest</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_deciduous,_coniferous_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="North Anatolian deciduous, coniferous and mixed forest">North Anatolian deciduous, coniferous and mixed</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_coastal_zone_deciduous_and_coniferous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean coastal zone deciduous and coniferous forest">Mediterranean coastal zone deciduous and coniferous</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Mountain_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Mountain zone">Mediterranean Mountain zone</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Inland_deciduous_and_coniferous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Inland deciduous and coniferous forest">Aegean Inland deciduous and coniferous</a>; <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolian_deciduous_forests" title="Central Anatolian deciduous forests">Central Anatolian steppe</a>; <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_deciduous_forest_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anatolian deciduous forest zone">East Anatolian deciduous</a>; and <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anatolian steppe">East Anatolian steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> However others include <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests" title="Balkan mixed forests">Balkan mixed forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">Caucasus mixed forests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Turkey" title="List of ecoregions in Turkey">World Wide Fund for Nature lists</a> 13 <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">ecozones</a> with woodland. Almost all the forests are in a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 305  A quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea Region</a> is forested, while other regions with over 10% forest include <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Region">Marmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a> and East <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_Turkey" title="Wildfires in Turkey">Wildfires</a> are increasing in some regions due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">climate change in Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Because of <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Turkey" title="Drought in Turkey">droughts</a> in 2008, 2020, and 2021, more forests burned in those years.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Large areas of forest can be inventoried by satellite to hectare scale,<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 288 and small areas by <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The national “EVANIS” database uses the national legal definition of forest and is very accurate for <a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stands</a>, but not as good at estimating how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">land use, land-use change, and forestry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 293  Most forests are natural and semi-natural, with some being on mountains and having a lot of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, hosting most species of the <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Turkey" title="Flora of Turkey">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">fauna of Turkey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">flagship species</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Leopard">Anatolian leopards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-36">[36]</a> Deciduous forests can be found along the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea</a>. Species in various <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Turkey" title="List of ecoregions in Turkey">ecoregions in Turkey</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Irano-Turanian_Region" title="Irano-Turanian Region">Irano-Turanion</a>, Mediterranean and <a href="/wiki/Eurosiberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosiberian">Euro-Siberian</a>, belong to about 800 woody taxa. As of 2020 the predominant species are <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> (Quercus spp. 29%), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Pine">Turkish pine</a> (Pinus brutia 23%), <a href="/wiki/Pinus_nigra" title="Pinus nigra">black pine</a> (Pinus nigra 18%), <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Beech" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Beech">Oriental beech</a> (Fagus orientalis 8%), <a href="/wiki/European_red_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="European red pine">European red pine</a> (Pinus silvestris 6%), <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a> (Juniperus spp. 6%), <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a> (Abies spp. 2%), <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian spruce">Caucasian Spruce</a> (Picea orientalis 2%), <a href="/wiki/Cedar_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar of Lebanon">Cedar of Lebanon</a> (Cedrus libani 2%): other species include <a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</a> (Pinus pinea), <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean cypress">Mediterranean cypress</a> (Cupressus sempervirens), <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo pine">Aleppo pine</a> (Pinus halepensis), <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a> (Alnus spp.), <a href="/wiki/Sweet_chestnut" title="Sweet chestnut">sweet chestnut</a> (Castanea sativa), and <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a> (Carpinus betulus).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>: 29  The 2023 GDF activity report says “In addition, with the aim of planning and implementing forest areas in an organized and sustainable manner under the name of "Nation Forest" with a new recreation approach, Amasya National Forest, Izmir National Forest, Kastamonu National Forest, Kayseri National Forest, Mersin National Forest, Kocaeli National Forest, Batman National Forest. Forest, Manisa National Forest and Siirt National Forest facilities were realized.”,<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a>: 43  but what this means in practice is unclear. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_forests">List of forests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of forests">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Province </th> <th>Area (sq km) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acarlar_Floodplain_Forest" title="Acarlar Floodplain Forest">Acarlar Floodplain Forest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a> </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akbelen_Forest" title="Akbelen Forest">Akbelen Forest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrad_Forest" title="Belgrad Forest">Belgrad Forest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> </td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1%C4%9Fl%C4%B1kara_Nature_Reserve" title="Çığlıkara Nature Reserve">Çığlıkara Nature Reserve</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a> </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Memorial_Forest_in_Silifke" title="Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke">Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a> </td> <td>0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C4%9Fneada_Floodplain_Forests_National_Park" title="İğneada Floodplain Forests National Park">İğneada Floodplain Forests National Park</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a> </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karabucak_Forest" title="Karabucak Forest">Karabucak Forest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> Over half the volume of forest in Turkey is from the three species of Turkish pine, Black pine and Scots pine.<a href="#cite_note-:14-6">[6]</a>: 62  <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bears</a> sometimes leave the forest and enter urban areas - there is a fine for shooting them.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_of_forests">Benefits of forests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Benefits of forests">edit</a>]</div> Forests are the country's main carbon sink, especially in western Turkey where most are living <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil organic carbon">soil organic carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Forests are estimated to have absorbed 34 million tonnes of the 600 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey</a> in 2021, less than in previous years due to both forest fires and a lot of wood being harvested.<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 287  The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> says that, "Increasing forest cover and improving forest health can help prevent <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> and landslides and reduce the impacts of floods."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In the mid-2020s the World Bank is supporting a project to make the forests more resilient against <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">climate change in Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-41">[41]</a> Eight million ha of forests are certified by the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council" title="Forest Stewardship Council">Forest Stewardship Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a>: 4  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_an_old_house_in_%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Detail_of_an_old_house_in_%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y.JPG/220px-Detail_of_an_old_house_in_%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Detail_of_an_old_house_in_%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y.JPG/330px-Detail_of_an_old_house_in_%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Detail_of_an_old_house_in_%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y.JPG/440px-Detail_of_an_old_house_in_%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Detail of an old house in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y" title="Çengelköy">Çengelköy</a> in Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_road_sign_B-31.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Turkey_road_sign_B-31.svg/220px-Turkey_road_sign_B-31.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Turkey_road_sign_B-31.svg/330px-Turkey_road_sign_B-31.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Turkey_road_sign_B-31.svg/440px-Turkey_road_sign_B-31.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Road sign</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_In_Belgrad_Forest_1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Spring_In_Belgrad_Forest_1920s.jpg/220px-Spring_In_Belgrad_Forest_1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Spring_In_Belgrad_Forest_1920s.jpg/330px-Spring_In_Belgrad_Forest_1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Spring_In_Belgrad_Forest_1920s.jpg/440px-Spring_In_Belgrad_Forest_1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Foreigners visiting <a href="/wiki/Belgrad_Forest" title="Belgrad Forest">Belgrad Forest</a> in Istanbul in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> Some forests, such as <a href="/wiki/Belgrad_Forest" title="Belgrad Forest">Belgrad Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, are important for recreation and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">tourism</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">national parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature parks of Turkey">nature parks of Turkey</a> contain forest, and there is an <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> plan to 2025.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Forest_school_(learning_style)" title="Forest school (learning style)">forest schools</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and preschooling.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> As of the early 2020s, there is no regulation encouraging more use of <a href="/wiki/Plyscraper" title="Plyscraper">wood in buildings</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, which are carbon-intensive.<a href="#cite_note-:11-47">[47]</a> And there is no standard <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle assessment</a> of the sustainability of buildings.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> There are no plans to reduce <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> burning,<a href="#cite_note-:11-47">[47]</a> although it emits <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>, which is bad for health.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_products">Forest products</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forest products">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_brutia_forestry_Taurus_Mts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pinus_brutia_forestry_Taurus_Mts.jpg/220px-Pinus_brutia_forestry_Taurus_Mts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pinus_brutia_forestry_Taurus_Mts.jpg/330px-Pinus_brutia_forestry_Taurus_Mts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pinus_brutia_forestry_Taurus_Mts.jpg/440px-Pinus_brutia_forestry_Taurus_Mts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkish_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish pine">Turkish pine</a> forestry in the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%AAzingvan%C3%AAn_Ehmed%C3%AEy%C3%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/H%C3%AAzingvan%C3%AAn_Ehmed%C3%AEy%C3%AE.jpg/220px-H%C3%AAzingvan%C3%AAn_Ehmed%C3%AEy%C3%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/H%C3%AAzingvan%C3%AAn_Ehmed%C3%AEy%C3%AE.jpg/330px-H%C3%AAzingvan%C3%AAn_Ehmed%C3%AEy%C3%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/H%C3%AAzingvan%C3%AAn_Ehmed%C3%AEy%C3%AE.jpg/440px-H%C3%AAzingvan%C3%AAn_Ehmed%C3%AEy%C3%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Transporting firewood in the early 21st century</figcaption></figure> About half of forest in Turkey is directly part of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">the economy</a>, with most of the rest functioning as <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> 29 million m3 of standing trees,<a href="#cite_note-50">[note 1]</a> 23 million m3 industrial wood, and five million <a href="/wiki/Stere" title="Stere">steres</a> of <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> were sold in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a>: 42  As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a>, wood production is the main source of profit from forests.<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a> 25 million m3 of wood was harvested in 2022, including 9 million m3 of <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, 9 million m3 of <a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">fibre-chip wood</a>, 5 million m3 of paper wood, and 1 million m3 of industry wood.<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a>: 13  Most wood is used to make <a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">Lidar</a> can estimate wood volume.<a href="#cite_note-:10-51">[50]</a>: 34  70% of timber is used in construction, 20% is used in furniture and 10% is used in packaging and other industries. Timber consumption per person per year is about 0.08 m3.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feebate" title="Feebate">Feebates</a> for landowners have been suggested, especially for land at the agriculture/forest boundary: [CO2 rental price] × [carbon storage on their land in a baseline period ─ stored carbon in the current period].<a href="#cite_note-:10-51">[50]</a>: 33–34  <a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a> include <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)#Turkey" title="Mastic (plant resin)">resin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, mushrooms, <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffles</a>, and honey.<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a>: 43  <a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar hunting</a> (sometimes in fields rather than forest) <a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">deer hunting</a>, and hunting some other species<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> is regulated by the ministry.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The value of exports of wood products is more than twice that of imports, and the value of both exports and imports increased from 2020 to 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a>: 3  In 2022 the country from which the most wood products were imported was <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Russia</a> (over 20%) and that to which the most was exported was Iraq (about 10%).<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Threats">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues in Turkey</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmaris_forest_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marmaris_forest_fire.jpg/220px-Marmaris_forest_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marmaris_forest_fire.jpg/330px-Marmaris_forest_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marmaris_forest_fire.jpg/440px-Marmaris_forest_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marmaris" title="Marmaris">Marmaris</a> forest fire in 2021</figcaption></figure> Some non-native insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insects</a> (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha),<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> are pests.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_Turkey" title="Wildfires in Turkey">Wildfires in Turkey</a>, such as in 2021, affect the economy, such as <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Sometimes the public is banned from entering forests in summer, to try to prevent fires.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The 2021 mega fires are estimated to have emitted 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from 135 million ha burnt,<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 366  but over years (at least up to the mid-2020s) the area of forest gain tended to be more than that burnt.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> is helping to increase resilience to wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-:13-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Foundation_for_Combating_Soil_Erosion" title="Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion">Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion</a> said that from 2012 to 2022, too many licenses were being granted for non-forest uses, such as mining.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> However in 2024 extension of <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">coal mining</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akbelen_Forest" title="Akbelen Forest">Akbelen Forest</a> was eventually refused after protests,<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> and a 2020 study said that 2010s legislation had made mining in forests more sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Satellites such as <a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel</a> can be used to study fire damage.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> As of 2021 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_northern_forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul northern forest (page does not exist)">Istanbul northern forest</a> is threatened by urban growth.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Recreation projects can also be controversial.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regeneration_and_reforestation">Regeneration and reforestation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regeneration and reforestation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">Forest dynamics</a></div>As of 2022, how much of the Central Anatolian <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> was originally forested was not certain, but in some lower regions, it is thought that it has always been steppe and too dry for trees due to <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadows</a> of mountains.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> A 2006 study suggested that 50 million ha (64%) of land was potential forest.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a>: 344  For steppe, it has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> should be stopped, but that full recovery to woodland should be prevented so as to have both steppe and woodland wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(ecology)" title="Regeneration (ecology)">Regeneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_woodland" title="Ancient woodland">ancient woodland</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forest</a>) may be possible, if local needs are properly considered.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a>: 236  As some reforestation attempts have suffered due to a lack of water, <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppices</a> have become high forests,<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 305  and <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> in and around forest has become forests.<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 308  Anatolian black pine is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Reforestation#Turkey" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Foundation_for_Combating_Soil_Erosion" title="Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion">Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion</a> is an involved <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Foresters%27_Association_of_Turkey" title="Foresters' Association of Turkey">Foresters' Association of Turkey</a>, established in 1924, is one of the country’s oldest <a href="/wiki/Civil_society_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil society organisations">civil society organisations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> It takes twenty years to convert to forest.<a href="#cite_note-2021report-3">[3]</a>: 311  Salt, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and very <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> ground can hinder forest growth.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Although companies donate some saplings, memorial forests, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Memorial_Forest_in_Silifke" title="Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke">Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke</a>, are not usually <a href="/wiki/Corporate_forest" title="Corporate forest">corporate forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Belts and lines of trees are planted to combat <a href="/wiki/Wind_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind erosion">wind erosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Turkey’s 12th development plan (2024 to 2028) says that “carbon sink areas will be increased by improving the adaptation capability of our forests to climate change.“<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a>: 51  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_and_culture">People and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: People and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore#Tree_worship" title="Turkish folklore">Turkish_folklore § Tree_worship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WunschbaumKappadokien.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/WunschbaumKappadokien.JPG/220px-WunschbaumKappadokien.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/WunschbaumKappadokien.JPG/330px-WunschbaumKappadokien.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/WunschbaumKappadokien.JPG/440px-WunschbaumKappadokien.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wish_tree" title="Wish tree">Wish tree</a> in late 20th century <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></figcaption></figure> Regulations say that the nearest “forest villagers” must do all forestry work. However, younger people are moving to towns and cities, and new equipment is expensive for the villagers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> As of 2024 there are 25 thousand <a href="/wiki/Forest_rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest rangers">forest rangers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> 1.2 billion <a href="/wiki/Lira" title="Lira">lira</a> (49,000,000 USD) support was provided to eleven thousand families in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a>: 68  Trees and forest are important in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkish culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a> include <a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacı</a>, who may have descended from <a href="/wiki/Agacheri" title="Agacheri">Ağaçeri</a> and are documented in the short documentary <a href="/wiki/Fatma_of_the_Forest" title="Fatma of the Forest">Fatma of the Forest</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a> may have included the tree of life <a href="/wiki/Ulukay%C4%B1n" title="Ulukayın">Ulukayın</a>, and forest <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ye" title="İye">spirits</a> <a href="/wiki/Archura" title="Archura">archura</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%84b%C3%A4d%C3%A4" title="Äbädä">äbädä</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> dikili damga has been mistranslated as “sewn stamp” [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] but perhaps means <a href="/wiki/Lumber#Timber_mark" title="Lumber">timber mark</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link 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colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools" title="List of forestry technical schools">Technical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">Timber mafia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Africa" title="Category:Forestry in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chad" title="Forestry in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Ethiopia" title="Forestry in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Ghana" title="Forestry in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sudan" title="Forestry in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Uganda" title="Forestry in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:GrouseMountainBC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/120px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/180px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/240px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Argentina" title="Forestry in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Canada" title="Forestry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Asia" title="Category:Forestry in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bhutan" title="Forestry in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan#Forestry" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Syria" title="Forestry in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Europe" title="Category:Forestry in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Estonia" title="Forestry in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_industry_in_Finland" title="Forest industry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Germany" title="Forests of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Poland" title="Forests of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Oceania" title="Category:Forestry in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Tasmania" title="Forestry in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_New_Zealand" title="Forestry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forest_Service" title="Canadian Forest Service">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_Corporation_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Forest Corporation (Chile)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Forest_and_Nature_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Forest and Nature Agency">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Forest_Service" title="Kenya Forest Service">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Forestry_Commission_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="National Forestry Commission of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Forestry_Authority" title="Papua New Guinea Forestry Authority">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romsilva" title="Romsilva">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Forest_Service" title="Korea Forest Service">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Forest_Conservation_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Department of Forest Conservation (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_and_Nature_Conservation_Agency" title="Forestry and Nature Conservation Agency">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_by_country" title="Category:Forestry by country">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_by_continent" title="Category:Forestry by continent">by continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_agencies" title="Category:Forestry agencies">agencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ogm.gov.tr/en">General Directorate of Forestry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbs.ogm.gov.tr/vatandas/">Official map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra-data.fao.org/TUR/fra2020/home/">Global Forest Resources Assessment at Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/cb0081en/cb0081en.pdf">Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 country report at Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ormuh.org.tr/">Orman Mühendisleri Odası (Chamber of Forest 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