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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Cole</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84" title="توماس كول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس كول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB" title="Томас Коўл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Коўл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Томас Коул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Коул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB" title="Τόμας Κόουλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Κόουλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="توماس کول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس کول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BD%9C" title="토마스 콜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토마스 콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Թոմաս Քոուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Քոուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="תומאס קול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס קול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Томас Коул – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Коул" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Томас Коул – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Коул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84" title="توماس كول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس كول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="トマス・コール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・コール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="تھامس کول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھامس کول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Коул, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коул, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5" title="ทอมัส โคล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส โคล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Cole" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Томас Коул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Коул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Cole</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Thomas_Cole.jpg/220px-Thomas_Cole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Thomas_Cole.jpg/330px-Thomas_Cole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Thomas_Cole.jpg/440px-Thomas_Cole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="2366" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> of Cole by an unknown photographer, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1845, published within the <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives of American Art Journal">Archives of American Art Journal</a></i></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1801-02-01</span>)</span>February 1, 1801<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bolton_le_Moors" title="Bolton le Moors">Bolton le Moors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 11, 1848<span style="display:none">(1848-02-11)</span> (aged 47)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Catskill_(town),_New_York" title="Catskill (town), New York">Catskill, New York</a>, U.S</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Painting, <a href="/wiki/Oil_on_canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil on canvas">oil on canvas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Titan%27s_Goblet" title="The Titan's Goblet">The Titan's Goblet</a></i> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)" title="The Course of Empire (paintings)">The Course of Empire</a></i> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxbow" title="The Oxbow">The Oxbow</a></i> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_Life" title="The Voyage of Life">The Voyage of Life</a></i> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Thomas_Cole" title="List of paintings by Thomas Cole">among others...</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_(The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg/220px-Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg/330px-Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg/440px-Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Oxbow" title="The Oxbow"><i>The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton)</i></a> (1836)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Course_of_Empire_-_Thomas_Cole_GIF_slow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Course_of_Empire_-_Thomas_Cole_GIF_slow.gif/220px-The_Course_of_Empire_-_Thomas_Cole_GIF_slow.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Course_of_Empire_-_Thomas_Cole_GIF_slow.gif/330px-The_Course_of_Empire_-_Thomas_Cole_GIF_slow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Course_of_Empire_-_Thomas_Cole_GIF_slow.gif/440px-The_Course_of_Empire_-_Thomas_Cole_GIF_slow.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)" title="The Course of Empire (paintings)">The Course of Empire</a></i> (1833–1836), this animated image shows all five paintings in the series as separate frames</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thomas Cole</b> (1 February 1801 – 11 February 1848) was an English-born American artist and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> art movement.<sup id="cite_ref-nga_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cole is widely regarded as the first significant American landscape painter. He was known for his <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> landscape and <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history</a> paintings. Influenced by European painters, but with a strong American sensibility,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was prolific throughout his career and worked primarily with <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil</a> on canvas. His paintings are typically allegoric and often depict small figures or structures set against moody and evocative natural landscapes. They are usually escapist, framing the New World as a natural eden contrasting with the smog-filled cityscapes of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>-era Britain, in which he grew up.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works, often seen as conservative, criticize the contemporary trends of <a href="/wiki/Industrialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialism">industrialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">urbanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">westward expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Bolton_le_Moors" title="Bolton le Moors">Bolton le Moors</a>, Lancashire, in 1801,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cole immigrated with his family to the United States in 1818, settling in <a href="/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohio" title="Steubenville, Ohio">Steubenville, Ohio</a>. At the age of 22, he moved to Philadelphia and later, in 1825, to <a href="/wiki/Catskill,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Catskill, New York">Catskill, New York</a>, where he lived with his wife and children until his death in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cole found work early on as an engraver. He was largely self-taught as a painter, relying on books and by studying the work of other artists. In 1822, he started working as a portrait painter and later on, gradually shifted his focus to landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole,_Thomas_-_Der_Pokal_des_Riesen_-_hi_res_-_1833.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cole%2C_Thomas_-_Der_Pokal_des_Riesen_-_hi_res_-_1833.JPG/220px-Cole%2C_Thomas_-_Der_Pokal_des_Riesen_-_hi_res_-_1833.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cole%2C_Thomas_-_Der_Pokal_des_Riesen_-_hi_res_-_1833.JPG/330px-Cole%2C_Thomas_-_Der_Pokal_des_Riesen_-_hi_res_-_1833.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cole%2C_Thomas_-_Der_Pokal_des_Riesen_-_hi_res_-_1833.JPG/440px-Cole%2C_Thomas_-_Der_Pokal_des_Riesen_-_hi_res_-_1833.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="4552" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Titan%27s_Goblet" title="The Titan's Goblet">The Titan's Goblet</a></i> (1833), Oil on canvas; 49 × 41 cm. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>In New York, Cole sold three paintings to George W. Bruen,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who subsequently financed a summer trip to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> where the artist produced landscapes featuring the <a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountain_House" title="Catskill Mountain House">Catskill Mountain House</a>, the famous <a href="/wiki/Kaaterskill_Falls" title="Kaaterskill Falls">Kaaterskill Falls</a>, the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Putnam" title="Fort Putnam">Fort Putnam</a>, and two views of <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring,_New_York" title="Cold Spring, New York">Cold Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to New York, he displayed five <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscapes</a> in the window of William Colman's bookstore; according to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</a></i> the two views of Cold Spring were purchased by A. Seton, who lent them to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="American Academy of the Fine Arts">American Academy of the Fine Arts</a> annual exhibition in 1826. This garnered Cole the attention of <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asher_B._Durand" class="mw-redirect" title="Asher B. Durand">Asher B. Durand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Dunlap" title="William Dunlap">William Dunlap</a>. Among the paintings was a landscape called <i>View of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> from Gelyna</i>. Trumbull was especially impressed with the work of the young artist and sought him out, bought one of his paintings, and put him into contact with a number of his wealthy friends<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Robert Gilmor of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wadsworth" title="Daniel Wadsworth">Daniel Wadsworth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford">Hartford</a>, who became important patrons of the artist. </p><p>Cole was primarily a painter of landscapes, but he also painted allegorical works. The most famous of these are the five-part series, <a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)" title="The Course of Empire (paintings)"><i>The Course of Empire</i></a>, which depict the same landscape over generations—from a near state of nature to consummation of empire, and then decline and desolation—now in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a> and the four-part <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_Life" title="The Voyage of Life">The Voyage of Life</a></i>. There are two versions of the latter, the 1840 original at the <a href="/wiki/Munson-Williams-Proctor_Arts_Institute" title="Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute">Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a> and the 1842 replicas with minor alterations at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery</a> in Washington, D.C. Among Cole's other famous works are <i>The Oxbow</i> (1836), <i>The Notch of the White Mountains</i>, <i>Daniel Boone at his cabin at the Great Osage Lake</i>, and <i>Lake with Dead Trees</i> (1825) which is at the <a href="/wiki/Allen_Memorial_Art_Museum" title="Allen Memorial Art Museum">Allen Memorial Art Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also painted <i>The Garden of Eden</i> (1828), with lavish detail of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> living amid waterfalls, vivid plants, and deer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, friezes painted by Cole on the walls of his home, which had been decorated over, were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_frieze_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_frieze-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cole influenced his peers in the art movement later termed the Hudson River School, especially Asher B. Durand and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a>. Church studied with Cole from 1844 to 1846, where he learned Cole's technique of sketching from nature and later developing an idealized, finished composition; Cole's influence is particularly notable in Church's early paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cole spent the years 1829 to 1832 and 1841 to 1842 abroad, mainly in England and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_work">Other work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cole is best known for his work as an American landscape artist. In an 1836<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> article on "American Scenery",<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scenery,_text_with_introduction_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scenery,_text_with_introduction-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he described his complex relationship with the American landscape in esthetic, emotional, and spiritual terms. He also produced thousands of sketches of varying subject matter. Over 2,500 of these sketches can be seen at <a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Detroit Institute of Arts">The Detroit Institute of Arts</a>., </p><p>In 1842, Cole embarked on a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> of Europe in an effort to study in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Master" title="Old Master">Old Masters</a> and to paint its scenery. Most striking to Cole was Europe's tallest active volcano, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>. Cole was so moved by the volcano's beauty that he produced several sketches and at least six paintings of it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous of these works is <i>A View of Mount Etna from Taormina</i> which is a 78-by-120-inch (1,980 by 3,050 mm) oil on canvas. Cole also produced a highly detailed sketch <i>View of Mount Etna</i> which shows a panoramic view of the volcano with the crumbling walls of the ancient Greek theater of <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> on the far right. </p><p>Cole was also a poet and dabbled in architecture, a not uncommon practice at the time when the profession was not so codified. Cole was an entrant in the design competition held in 1838 to create the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Statehouse" title="Ohio Statehouse">Ohio Statehouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>. His entry won third place, and many contend that the finished building, a composite of the first, second, and third-place entries, bears a great similarity to Cole's entry.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1827 Cole maintained a studio at the farm called <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cole House">Cedar Grove</a>, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Catskill_(town),_New_York" title="Catskill (town), New York">Catskill, New York</a>. He painted a significant portion of his work in this studio. In 1836, he married Maria Bartow of Catskill, a niece of the owners, and became a year-round resident. Thomas and Maria had five children.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cole's daughter Emily was a botanical artist who worked in watercolor and painted porcelain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cole's sister, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Cole" title="Sarah Cole">Sarah Cole</a>, was also a landscape painter. </p><p>Additionally, Cole held many friendships with important figures in the art world including Daniel Wadsworth, with whom he shared a close friendship. Proof of this friendship can be seen in the letters that were unearthed in the 1980s by the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity College</a> Watkinson Library. Cole emotionally wrote Wadsworth in July 1832: "Years have passed away since I saw you & time & the world have undoubtedly wrought many changes in both of us; but the recollection of your friendship... [has] never faded in my mind & I look at those pleasures as 'flowers that never will in other garden grow-'"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Cole died at Catskill on February 11, 1848, of <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth highest peak in the Catskills is named <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole_Mountain" title="Thomas Cole Mountain">Thomas Cole Mountain</a> in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cedar Grove, also known as the Thomas Cole House, was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Sites (United States)">National Historic Site</a> in 1999 and is now open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-history1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Thomas_Cole" title="List of paintings by Thomas Cole">List of paintings by Thomas Cole</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene-from-the-last-of-the-mohicans-cora-kneeling-at-the-feet-of-tanemund-1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imaginary scene from The Last of the Mohicans (1827), Wadsworth Atheneum"><img alt="Imaginary scene from The Last of the Mohicans (1827), Wadsworth Atheneum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Scene-from-the-last-of-the-mohicans-cora-kneeling-at-the-feet-of-tanemund-1827.jpg/200px-Scene-from-the-last-of-the-mohicans-cora-kneeling-at-the-feet-of-tanemund-1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Scene-from-the-last-of-the-mohicans-cora-kneeling-at-the-feet-of-tanemund-1827.jpg/300px-Scene-from-the-last-of-the-mohicans-cora-kneeling-at-the-feet-of-tanemund-1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Scene-from-the-last-of-the-mohicans-cora-kneeling-at-the-feet-of-tanemund-1827.jpg/400px-Scene-from-the-last-of-the-mohicans-cora-kneeling-at-the-feet-of-tanemund-1827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imaginary scene from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans" title="The Last of the Mohicans">The Last of the Mohicans</a></i> (1827), <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Atheneum" title="Wadsworth Atheneum">Wadsworth Atheneum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1828), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston"><img alt="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1828), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cole_Thomas_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_1828.jpg/200px-Cole_Thomas_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cole_Thomas_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_1828.jpg/300px-Cole_Thomas_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cole_Thomas_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_1828.jpg/400px-Cole_Thomas_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_(Cole)" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (Cole)">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a></i> (1828), <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_Romantic_Landscape_with_Ruined_Tower_1832-36.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower (1832–36), Albany Institute of History & Art"><img alt="Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower (1832–36), Albany Institute of History & Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cole_Thomas_Romantic_Landscape_with_Ruined_Tower_1832-36.jpg/200px-Cole_Thomas_Romantic_Landscape_with_Ruined_Tower_1832-36.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cole_Thomas_Romantic_Landscape_with_Ruined_Tower_1832-36.jpg/300px-Cole_Thomas_Romantic_Landscape_with_Ruined_Tower_1832-36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cole_Thomas_Romantic_Landscape_with_Ruined_Tower_1832-36.jpg/400px-Cole_Thomas_Romantic_Landscape_with_Ruined_Tower_1832-36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower</i> (1832–36), <a href="/wiki/Albany_Institute_of_History_%26_Art" title="Albany Institute of History & Art">Albany Institute of History & Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_The_Consummation_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Course of Empire: Consummation (1835–1836), New-York Historical Society"><img alt="The Course of Empire: Consummation (1835–1836), New-York Historical Society" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cole_Thomas_The_Consummation_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg/200px-Cole_Thomas_The_Consummation_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cole_Thomas_The_Consummation_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg/300px-Cole_Thomas_The_Consummation_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cole_Thomas_The_Consummation_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg/400px-Cole_Thomas_The_Consummation_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7784" data-file-height="5277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)" title="The Course of Empire (paintings)">The Course of Empire: Consummation</a></i> (1835–1836), New-York Historical Society</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cole_-_Architect%E2%80%99s_Dream_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Architect's Dream (1840), Toledo Museum of Art"><img alt="The Architect's Dream (1840), Toledo Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thomas_Cole_-_Architect%E2%80%99s_Dream_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Thomas_Cole_-_Architect%E2%80%99s_Dream_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thomas_Cole_-_Architect%E2%80%99s_Dream_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Thomas_Cole_-_Architect%E2%80%99s_Dream_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thomas_Cole_-_Architect%E2%80%99s_Dream_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Thomas_Cole_-_Architect%E2%80%99s_Dream_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7615" data-file-height="4679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Architect%27s_Dream" title="The Architect's Dream">The Architect's Dream</a></i> (1840), <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" title="Toledo Museum of Art">Toledo Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cole_-_The_Voyage_of_Life_Youth,_1842_(National_Gallery_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Voyage of Life: Youth (1842), National Gallery of Art"><img alt="The Voyage of Life: Youth (1842), National Gallery of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Cole_-_The_Voyage_of_Life_Youth%2C_1842_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/200px-Thomas_Cole_-_The_Voyage_of_Life_Youth%2C_1842_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Cole_-_The_Voyage_of_Life_Youth%2C_1842_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/300px-Thomas_Cole_-_The_Voyage_of_Life_Youth%2C_1842_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Cole_-_The_Voyage_of_Life_Youth%2C_1842_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/400px-Thomas_Cole_-_The_Voyage_of_Life_Youth%2C_1842_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5117" data-file-height="3501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_Life" title="The Voyage of Life">The Voyage of Life: Youth</a></i> (1842), <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_The_Temple_of_Segesta_with_the_Artist_Sketching_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Segesta (1843), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston"><img alt="Temple of Segesta (1843), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cole_Thomas_The_Temple_of_Segesta_with_the_Artist_Sketching_1843.jpg/200px-Cole_Thomas_The_Temple_of_Segesta_with_the_Artist_Sketching_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cole_Thomas_The_Temple_of_Segesta_with_the_Artist_Sketching_1843.jpg/300px-Cole_Thomas_The_Temple_of_Segesta_with_the_Artist_Sketching_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cole_Thomas_The_Temple_of_Segesta_with_the_Artist_Sketching_1843.jpg/400px-Cole_Thomas_The_Temple_of_Segesta_with_the_Artist_Sketching_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Temple of Segesta</i> (1843), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cole_-_A_View_of_the_Two_Lakes_and_Mountain_House,_Catskill_Mountains,_Morning_(1844)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House, Catskill Mountains, Morning (c. 1844), Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House, Catskill Mountains, Morning (c. 1844), Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thomas_Cole_-_A_View_of_the_Two_Lakes_and_Mountain_House%2C_Catskill_Mountains%2C_Morning_%281844%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Thomas_Cole_-_A_View_of_the_Two_Lakes_and_Mountain_House%2C_Catskill_Mountains%2C_Morning_%281844%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thomas_Cole_-_A_View_of_the_Two_Lakes_and_Mountain_House%2C_Catskill_Mountains%2C_Morning_%281844%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Thomas_Cole_-_A_View_of_the_Two_Lakes_and_Mountain_House%2C_Catskill_Mountains%2C_Morning_%281844%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thomas_Cole_-_A_View_of_the_Two_Lakes_and_Mountain_House%2C_Catskill_Mountains%2C_Morning_%281844%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Thomas_Cole_-_A_View_of_the_Two_Lakes_and_Mountain_House%2C_Catskill_Mountains%2C_Morning_%281844%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="3329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House, Catskill Mountains, Morning</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1844), <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_Il_Penseroso_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Il Penseroso (1845), Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><img alt="Il Penseroso (1845), Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cole_Thomas_Il_Penseroso_1845.jpg/200px-Cole_Thomas_Il_Penseroso_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cole_Thomas_Il_Penseroso_1845.jpg/300px-Cole_Thomas_Il_Penseroso_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cole_Thomas_Il_Penseroso_1845.jpg/400px-Cole_Thomas_Il_Penseroso_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Penseroso" title="Il Penseroso">Il Penseroso</a></i> (1845), <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_in_the_Woods_1847_Thomas_Cole.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Home in the Woods (1847), Reynolda House Museum of American Art"><img alt="Home in the Woods (1847), Reynolda House Museum of American Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Home_in_the_Woods_1847_Thomas_Cole.jpeg/200px-Home_in_the_Woods_1847_Thomas_Cole.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Home_in_the_Woods_1847_Thomas_Cole.jpeg/300px-Home_in_the_Woods_1847_Thomas_Cole.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Home_in_the_Woods_1847_Thomas_Cole.jpeg/400px-Home_in_the_Woods_1847_Thomas_Cole.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Home in the Woods</i> (1847), <a href="/wiki/Reynolda_House_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Reynolda House Museum of American Art">Reynolda House Museum of American Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cole_-_Prometheus_Bound_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prometheus Bound (1847), Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco"><img alt="Prometheus Bound (1847), Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thomas_Cole_-_Prometheus_Bound_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Thomas_Cole_-_Prometheus_Bound_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thomas_Cole_-_Prometheus_Bound_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Thomas_Cole_-_Prometheus_Bound_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thomas_Cole_-_Prometheus_Bound_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Thomas_Cole_-_Prometheus_Bound_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4409" data-file-height="2889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound_(Thomas_Cole)" title="Prometheus Bound (Thomas Cole)">Prometheus Bound</a></i> (1847), Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Thomas_Cole" title="List of paintings by Thomas Cole">List of paintings by Thomas Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Hampshire_historical_markers_(26%E2%80%9350)#38" title="List of New Hampshire historical markers (26–50)">New Hampshire historical marker no. 38</a>: White Mountain School of Art</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They were: Theodore Alexander Cole, born January 1, 1838; Mary Bartow Cole, born September 23, 1839; Emily Cole, born August 27, 1843; Elizabeth Cole, born April 5, 1847 (died in infancy); Thomas Cole Jr., born September 16, 1848. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130608/http://www.albanyinstitute.org/collections/library/Research_and_Resources/FindingAids/Cole%20CV553.pdf">"A Guide to the Thomas Cole Collection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Albany Institute of History and Art. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanyinstitute.org/collections/library/Research_and_Resources/FindingAids/Cole%20CV553.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Thomas+Cole+Collection&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Albany+Institute+of+History+and+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanyinstitute.org%2Fcollections%2Flibrary%2FResearch_and_Resources%2FFindingAids%2FCole%2520CV553.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span>) </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nga-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nga_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1155.html">"Thomas Cole"</a>. <i>National Gallery of Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809120136/https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1155.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.atitle=Thomas+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fcollection%2Fartist-info.1155.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenocchio2006" class="citation news cs1">Genocchio, Benjamin (June 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115173036/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/18ctarts.html">"In an Untamed Wilderness, Finding the Serene"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/18ctarts.html">the original</a> on January 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+an+Untamed+Wilderness%2C+Finding+the+Serene&rft.date=2006-06-18&rft.aulast=Genocchio&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F18%2Fnyregion%2Fnyregionspecial2%2F18ctarts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2018" class="citation news cs1">Cotter, Holland (March 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524153553/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/arts/design/thomas-cole-american-moralist.html">"Thomas Cole, American Moralist"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/arts/design/thomas-cole-american-moralist.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Cole%2C+American+Moralist&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F15%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fthomas-cole-american-moralist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornhauser2018" class="citation news cs1">Kornhauser, Elizabeth (January 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/re-examining-thomas-cole/">"Re-examining Thomas Cole"</a>. <i>The Magazine Antiques</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185324/http://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/re-examining-thomas-cole/">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Magazine+Antiques&rft.atitle=Re-examining+Thomas+Cole&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft.aulast=Kornhauser&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themagazineantiques.com%2Farticle%2Fre-examining-thomas-cole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry_III1985" class="citation journal cs1">Parry III, Ellwood C. (Summer 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1594431">"Thomas Cole's "The Hunter's Return"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The American Art Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 2–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1594431">10.2307/1594431</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1594431">1594431</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205230449/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1594431?seq=1">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Thomas+Cole%27s+%22The+Hunter%27s+Return%22&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-17&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1594431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1594431%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parry+III&rft.aufirst=Ellwood+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1594431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tour brochure, Thomas Cole House, Catskill NY.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruettnerWallach1994" class="citation book cs1">Truettner, William H.; Wallach, Alan (1994). <i>Thomas Cole Landscape into History</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cole+Landscape+into+History&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Truettner&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Wallach%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruettner1994" class="citation book cs1">Truettner, William H. (1994). <i>Thomas Cole: Landscape into History</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cole%3A+Landscape+into+History&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Truettner&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble1856" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Louis Legrand (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeworksofthoma00nobl/"><i>The life and works of Thomas Cole</i></a>. New York: Sheldon, Blakeman. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+works+of+Thomas+Cole&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Sheldon%2C+Blakeman&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Louis+Legrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeworksofthoma00nobl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffmann2004" class="citation journal cs1">Effmann, Elise (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107003336/http://www.famsf.org/files/ThomasCole.pdf">"Thomas Cole's View of Fort Putnam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiques_(magazine)" title="Antiques (magazine)">The Magazine Antiques</a></i>: 154–159. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsf.org/files/ThomasCole.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Magazine+Antiques&rft.atitle=Thomas+Cole%27s+View+of+Fort+Putnam&rft.pages=154-159&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Effmann&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsf.org%2Ffiles%2FThomasCole.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014432/http://hamiltonauctiongalleries.com/COLE-T25FP.JPG">"COLE T25FP"</a>. <i>Hamilton Auction Galleries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamiltonauctiongalleries.com/COLE-T25FP.JPG">the original</a> on November 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamilton+Auction+Galleries&rft.atitle=COLE+T25FP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhamiltonauctiongalleries.com%2FCOLE-T25FP.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrophy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brophy, Alfred L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/property_progress_antebellum_landscape_art.pdf">"Property and Progress: Antebellum Landscape Art and Property Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>McGeorge Law Review</i>. <b>40</b>: 605–59<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McGeorge+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Property+and+Progress%3A+Antebellum+Landscape+Art+and+Property+Law&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=605-59&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brophy&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblurblawg.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fproperty_progress_antebellum_landscape_art.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Amon_Carter_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Amon Carter Museum">Amon Carter Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_frieze-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_frieze_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweber2015" class="citation web cs1">Schweber, Nate (July 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/02/arts/design/unknown-thomas-cole-paintings-found-at-his-home.html">"Unknown Thomas Cole Paintings Found at His Home"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unknown+Thomas+Cole+Paintings+Found+at+His+Home&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=Schweber&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F02%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Funknown-thomas-cole-paintings-found-at-his-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowat2005" class="citation book cs1">Howat, John K. (2005). <i>Frederic Church</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 9–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300109887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300109887"><bdi>978-0300109887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederic+Church&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0300109887&rft.aulast=Howat&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museumzero.blogspot.com/2018/12/american-scenery-thomas-cole-vs-nasa.html">"American Scenery--Thomas Cole vs NASA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Scenery--Thomas+Cole+vs+NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseumzero.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F12%2Famerican-scenery-thomas-cole-vs-nasa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Scenery,_text_with_introduction-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Scenery,_text_with_introduction_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1836" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Thomas (January 1836). "American Scenery". <i>The American Monthly Magazine</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=American+Scenery&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1836-01&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Studies on Thomas Cole" Baltimore Museum of Art, Annual II. pp. 123. Baltimore, Maryland 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidmanLibrary2000" class="citation book cs1">Weidman, Jeffrey; Library, Oberlin College (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdICm_W8xKwC&pg=PA174"><i>Artists in Ohio, 1787–1900: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Kent State University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-616-6"><bdi>978-0-87338-616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists+in+Ohio%2C+1787%E2%80%931900%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-616-6&rft.aulast=Weidman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Library%2C+Oberlin+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdICm_W8xKwC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thomascole.org/emilycole/">"The Art of Emily Cole"</a>. <i>Thomas Cole National Historic Site</i>. February 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Cole+National+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Emily+Cole&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthomascole.org%2Femilycole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, T., & Wadsworth, D. (1983). The correspondence of Thomas Cole and Daniel Wadsworth: Letters in the Watkinson Library, Trinity College, Hartford, and in the New York State Library, Albany, New York. Hartford, Conn.: Connecticut Historical Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thomascole.org/biography-of-thomas-cole/">"Biography of Thomas Cole"</a>. <i>Thomas Cole National Historic Site</i>. March 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Cole+National+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Thomas+Cole&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthomascole.org%2Fbiography-of-thomas-cole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106235651/http://www.thomascole.org/learn_history.htm">"Cedar Grove History"</a>. Thomascole.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomascole.org/learn_history.htm">the original</a> on January 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cedar+Grove+History&rft.pub=Thomascole.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomascole.org%2Flearn_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018135826/http://thomascole.org/learn_history.htm">"History of Cedar Grove"</a>. The Thomas Cole National Historic Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomascole.org/learn_history.htm">the original</a> on October 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cedar+Grove&rft.pub=The+Thomas+Cole+National+Historic+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomascole.org%2Flearn_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cole, Thomas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cole,_Thomas">"Cole, Thomas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 665.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cole%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=665&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cole" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" class="extiw" title="commons:Thomas Cole"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Thomas Cole</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cole_-_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thomas_Cole_-_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/210px-Thomas_Cole_-_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thomas_Cole_-_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/315px-Thomas_Cole_-_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thomas_Cole_-_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/420px-Thomas_Cole_-_Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6001" data-file-height="4337" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-americas/us-art-19c/romanticism-us/v/thomas-cole-expulsion-from-the-garden-of-eden-1828">Cole's <i>Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/v/cole-oxbow">Cole's <i>The Oxbow</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomascole.org/">Cedar Grove – The Thomas Cole National Historical Site in Catskill, NY</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9365212">Thomas Cole</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014946/http://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/Search/collectionresultsitemdetail.aspx?OID=44152">Works by Thomas Cole at the Cincinnati Art Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitemountainart.com/ArtistGalleries/gal_tc.htm">White Mountain paintings by Thomas Cole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029171348/http://whitemountainart.com/ArtistGalleries/gal_tc.htm">Archived</a> October 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304151708/http://www.reynoldahouse.org/discover/collections/selected_works.php">Reynolda House Museum of American Art</a></li> <li>Information about Thomas Cole can be found in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130608/http://www.albanyinstitute.org/collections/library/Research_and_Resources/FindingAids/Cole%20CV553.pdf">Thomas Cole Collection</a>, which contains correspondence, financial and legal documents, clippings, exhibition catalogs, poems related to him and his family, in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026013759/http://www.albanyinstitute.org/z-%20AIHA%20website/6-library/library.main.htm">Albany Institute of History & Art Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc10635.htm">Thomas A. Cole Papers, 1821–1863</a>. This finding aid contains biographical information about Cole and describes the collection of his papers (correspondence, journals, notebooks, essays and poetry) held by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Library" title="New York State Library">New York State Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/net/nysl/nysdocs/122519843">Thomas Cole's Journal, 1834–1848</a>. The journal, which was digitized by the New York State Library, contains scattered handwritten entries from November 5, 1834, through February 1, 1848.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/56268/rec/16"><i>Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861</i></a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Thomas Cole (see index)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/38038/rec/39"><i>American paradise: the world of the Hudson River school</i></a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Thomas Cole (see index)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/81636"><i>Hudson River school visions: the landscapes of Sanford R. Gifford</i></a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains paintings by and material on Cole (see index)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museumzero.blogspot.com/2018/12/american-scenery-thomas-cole-vs-nasa.html"><i>American Scenery</i>, by Thomas Cole</a> Full text with introduction</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16419">Works by Thomas Cole</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Cole" title="Template:Thomas Cole"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Cole" title="Template talk:Thomas Cole"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Cole" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Cole"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Cole" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Cole</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightsteelblue;width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Thomas_Cole" title="List of paintings by Thomas Cole">List of paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_with_Dead_Trees" title="Lake with Dead Trees">Lake with Dead Trees</a></i> (1825)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_Fort_Putnam" title="View of Fort Putnam">View of Fort Putnam</a></i> (1825)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaaterskill_Falls_(painting)" title="Kaaterskill Falls (painting)">Kaaterskill Falls</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans:_The_Death_of_Cora" title="The Last of the Mohicans: The Death of Cora">The Last of the Mohicans: The Death of Cora</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1827</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_(Cole)" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (Cole)">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subsiding_of_the_Waters_of_the_Deluge" title="The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge">The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_near_Rome" title="Aqueduct near Rome">Aqueduct near Rome</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Abel" title="The Dead Abel">The Dead Abel</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunset,_View_on_the_Catskill" title="Sunset, View on the Catskill">Sunset, View on the Catskill</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Titan%27s_Goblet" title="The Titan's Goblet">The Titan's Goblet</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)" title="The Course of Empire (paintings)">The Course of Empire</a></i> (1833–1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_Twilight,_A_Recollection_of_a_Scene_in_New-England" title="Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New-England">Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New-England</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxbow" title="The Oxbow">The Oxbow</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_Florence_from_San_Miniato" title="View of Florence from San Miniato">View of Florence from San Miniato</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Architect%27s_Dream" title="The Architect's Dream">The Architect's Dream</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_of_Vaucluse" title="The Fountain of Vaucluse">The Fountain of Vaucluse</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_Life" title="The Voyage of Life">The Voyage of Life</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Campagna_(painting)" title="Roman Campagna (painting)">Roman Campagna</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Penseroso_(painting)" title="Il Penseroso (painting)">Il Penseroso</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Nero_(painting)" title="Arch of Nero (painting)">Arch of Nero</a></i> (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesee_Scenery" title="Genesee Scenery">Genesee Scenery</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound_(Thomas_Cole)" title="Prometheus Bound (Thomas Cole)">Prometheus Bound</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cross_at_Sunset" title="Cross at Sunset">Cross at Sunset</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1848</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightsteelblue;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole_National_Historic_Site" title="Thomas Cole National Historic Site">Thomas Cole House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightsteelblue;width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_Spirits_(painting)" title="Kindred Spirits (painting)">Kindred Spirits</a></i> (1849 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightsteelblue;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Cole" title="Sarah Cole">Sarah Cole (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole_Mountain" title="Thomas Cole Mountain">Thomas Cole Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hudson_River_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hudson_River_School" title="Template:Hudson River School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hudson_River_School" title="Template talk:Hudson River School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hudson_River_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hudson River School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hudson_River_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hudson_River_School_artists" title="List of Hudson River School artists">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baker_(artist)" title="Charles Baker (artist)">Charles Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bliss_Baker" title="William Bliss Baker">William Bliss Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dodgson_Barrow" title="John Dodgson Barrow">John Dodgson Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_M._Barstow" title="Susie M. Barstow">Susie M. Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Hart_Beers" title="Julie Hart Beers">Julie Hart Beers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fitch_Bellows" title="Albert Fitch Bellows">Albert Fitch Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Renwick_Brevoort" title="James Renwick Brevoort">James Renwick Brevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thompson_Bricher" title="Alfred Thompson Bricher">Alfred Thompson Bricher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mason_Brown" title="William Mason Brown">William Mason Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Carmiencke" title="Johann Hermann Carmiencke">Johann Hermann Carmiencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Casilear" title="John William Casilear">John William Casilear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colman" title="Samuel Colman">Samuel Colman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Francis_Cropsey" title="Jasper Francis Cropsey">Jasper Francis Cropsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moore_Davis" title="William Moore Davis">William Moore Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockwood_de_Forest" title="Lockwood de Forest">Lockwood de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Doughty_(artist)" title="Thomas Doughty (artist)">Thomas Doughty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Duncanson" title="Robert S. Duncanson">Robert S. Duncanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_Brown_Durand" title="Asher Brown Durand">Asher Brown Durand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Fuechsel" title="Hermann Fuechsel">Hermann Fuechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Robinson_Gifford" title="Sanford Robinson Gifford">Sanford Robinson Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Gignoux" title="Régis François Gignoux">Régis François Gignoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Pratt_Greatorex" title="Eliza Pratt Greatorex">Eliza Pratt Greatorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Charles_Grose" title="Daniel Charles Grose">Daniel Charles Grose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDougal_Hart" title="James McDougal Hart">James McDougal Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hart_(painter)" title="William Hart (painter)">William Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Haseltine" title="William Stanley Haseltine">William Stanley Haseltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Johnson_Heade" title="Martin Johnson Heade">Martin Johnson Heade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ottomar_Herzog" title="Hermann Ottomar Herzog">Hermann Ottomar Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(painter)" title="Thomas Hill (painter)">Thomas Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransome_Gillett_Holdridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ransome Gillett Holdridge">Ransome Gillett Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Inness" title="George Inness">George Inness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Johnson_(American_artist)" title="David Johnson (American artist)">David Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Kensett" title="John Frederick Kensett">John Frederick Kensett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._L._Leonori" title="Robert G. L. Leonori">Robert G. L. Leonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Darch_Lewis" title="Edmund Darch Lewis">Edmund Darch Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Dodge_Martin" title="Homer Dodge Martin">Homer Dodge Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McCord" class="mw-redirect" title="George McCord">George McCord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervis_McEntee" title="Jervis McEntee">Jervis McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Blood_Mellen" title="Mary Blood Mellen">Mary Blood Mellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_R%C3%A9my_Mignot" title="Louis Rémy Mignot">Louis Rémy Mignot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Moore" title="Charles Herbert Moore">Charles Herbert Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moran" title="Thomas Moran">Thomas Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelina_Mount" title="Evelina Mount">Evelina Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sidney_Mount" title="William Sidney Mount">William Sidney Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Cany_Peale" title="Harriet Cany Peale">Harriet Cany Peale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trost_Richards" title="William Trost Richards">William Trost Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Richardt" title="Ferdinand Richardt">Ferdinand Richardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prichard_Rossiter" title="Thomas Prichard Rossiter">Thomas Prichard Rossiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Augustus_Silva" title="Francis Augustus Silva">Francis Augustus Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Louis_Sonntag_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Louis Sonntag Sr.">William Louis Sonntag Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Augustus_Suydam" title="James Augustus Suydam">James Augustus Suydam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Talbot" title="Jesse Talbot">Jesse Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Guy_Wall" title="William Guy Wall">William Guy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Josephine_Walters" title="Mary Josephine Walters">Mary Josephine Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weber_(artist)" title="Paul Weber (artist)">Paul Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walter_Weir" title="Robert Walter Weir">Robert Walter Weir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worthington_Whittredge" title="Worthington Whittredge">Worthington Whittredge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Helwig_Wyant" title="Alexander Helwig Wyant">Alexander Helwig Wyant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art#American_paintings_and_sculpture" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Atheneum" title="Wadsworth Atheneum">Wadsworth Atheneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Historical" title="New York Historical">New York Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newington-Cropsey_Foundation" title="Newington-Cropsey Foundation">Newington-Cropsey Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_Museum_of_Art" title="Tuscaloosa Museum of Art">Tuscaloosa Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountain_House" title="Catskill Mountain House">Catskill Mountain House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Notch" title="Crawford Notch">Crawford Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croton_Point_Park" title="Croton Point Park">Croton Point Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Rest" title="Ever Rest">Ever Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaterskill_Clove" title="Kaaterskill Clove">Kaaterskill Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaterskill_Falls" title="Kaaterskill Falls">Kaaterskill Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaterskill_High_Peak" title="Kaaterskill High Peak">Kaaterskill High Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mohonk" title="Lake Mohonk">Lake Mohonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Lake" title="North–South Lake">North–South Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olana_State_Historic_Site" title="Olana State Historic Site">Olana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_Clove" title="Platte Clove">Platte Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_Bridge" title="Rip Van Winkle Bridge">Rip Van Winkle Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_King_Mountain_(New_York)" title="Storm King Mountain (New York)">Storm King Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole_National_Historic_Site" title="Thomas Cole National Historic Site">Thomas Cole National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Mansion_National_Historic_Site" title="Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site">Hyde Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Among_the_Sierra_Nevada,_California" title="Among the Sierra Nevada, California">Among the Sierra Nevada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Catskills_(painting)" title="The Catskills (painting)">The Catskills</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)" title="The Course of Empire (paintings)">The Course of Empire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_the_Andes" title="The Heart of the Andes">The Heart of the Andes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Icebergs" title="The Icebergs">The Icebergs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_Spirits_(painting)" title="Kindred Spirits (painting)">Kindred Spirits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niagara_(Frederic_Edwin_Church)" title="Niagara (Frederic Edwin Church)">Niagara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxbow" title="The Oxbow">The Oxbow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Mountains,_Lander%27s_Peak" title="The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak">The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_in_the_Rocky_Mountains,_Mt._Rosalie" title="A Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mt. Rosalie">A Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mt. Rosalie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_in_the_Wilderness" title="Twilight in the Wilderness">Twilight in the Wilderness</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334001#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081297459">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51697901">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/8849/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8TXRXRV4YqtwdxCxdQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119181274">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50026811">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952623p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952623p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cole, Thomas <1801-1848>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V251642">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2003188639&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1708606">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074483471">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1512647520689">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674167805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007603857305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620334906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06255886?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500028323">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/87a3b0c8-8894-47ff-b113-3561440de8b4">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/17625">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/63087">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/thomas-cole">National Gallery of Canada</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119181274.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02750008X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6251m91">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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