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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_accelerators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_accelerators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>From accelerators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_accelerators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In astronomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_astronomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In astronomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History of detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_supermassive_black_holes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_supermassive_black_holes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>From supermassive black holes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_supermassive_black_holes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulsar_wind_nebulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulsar_wind_nebulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pulsar wind nebulae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulsar_wind_nebulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstellar_and_intergalactic_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstellar_and_intergalactic_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Interstellar and intergalactic media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstellar_and_intergalactic_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_supernovae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_supernovae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>In supernovae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_supernovae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Synchrotron radiation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="إشعاع سنكروتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إشعاع سنكروتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_de_sincrotr%C3%B3n" title="Radiación de sincrotrón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radiación de sincrotrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="সিনক্রোট্রন বিকিরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিনক্রোট্রন বিকিরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сінхратроннае выпрамяненне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінхратроннае выпрамяненне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Синхротронно лъчение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синхротронно лъчение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_de_sincrotr%C3%B3" title="Radiació de sincrotró – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radiació de sincrotró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Синхротронла пайăркалав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синхротронла пайăркалав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkrotronstr%C3%A5ling" title="Synkrotronstråling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Synkrotronstråling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotronstrahlung" title="Synchrotronstrahlung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synchrotronstrahlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnkrotronkiirgus" title="Sünkrotronkiirgus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sünkrotronkiirgus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ακτινοβολία συγχρότρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακτινοβολία συγχρότρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_de_sincrotr%C3%B3n" title="Radiación de sincrotrón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiación de sincrotrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkrotroi-erradiazio" title="Sinkrotroi-erradiazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinkrotroi-erradiazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="تابش سنکروترون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تابش سنکروترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnement_synchrotron" title="Rayonnement synchrotron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rayonnement synchrotron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada%C3%ADocht_sincreatr%C3%B3in" title="Radaíocht sincreatróin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Radaíocht sincreatróin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%B1%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%A0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC" title="싱크로트론 방사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="싱크로트론 방사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सिंक्रोट्रॉन विकिरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंक्रोट्रॉन विकिरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkrotronsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Sinkrotronsko zračenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sinkrotronsko zračenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiasi_sinkrotron" title="Radiasi sinkrotron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radiasi sinkrotron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiazione_di_sincrotrone" title="Radiazione di sincrotrone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radiazione di sincrotrone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಸಿಂಕ್ರೊಟ್ರಾನ್ ವಿಕಿರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಂಕ್ರೊಟ್ರಾನ್ ವಿಕಿರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinchrotroninis_spinduliavimas" title="Sinchrotroninis spinduliavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinchrotroninis spinduliavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szinkrotronsug%C3%A1rz%C3%A1s" title="Szinkrotronsugárzás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szinkrotronsugárzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സിങ്ക്രോട്രോൺ പ്രസരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിങ്ക്രോട്രോൺ പ്രസരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सिंक्रोट्रॉन प्रारण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंक्रोट्रॉन प्रारण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotronstraling" title="Synchrotronstraling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synchrotronstraling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%85%89" title="放射光 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放射光" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkrotronstr%C3%A5ling" title="Synkrotronstråling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Synkrotronstråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkrotronstr%C3%A5ling" title="Synkrotronstråling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Synkrotronstråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinxrotron_nurlanishi" title="Sinxrotron nurlanishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sinxrotron nurlanishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promieniowanie_synchrotronowe" title="Promieniowanie synchrotronowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Promieniowanie synchrotronowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_s%C3%ADncrotron" title="Radiação síncrotron – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radiação síncrotron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electromagnetic radiation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the physical phenomenon. For details on its production and applications in laboratories, see <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">Synchrotron light source</a>.</div> <p><b>Synchrotron radiation</b> (also known as <b>magnetobremsstrahlung</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> emitted when <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativistic</a> charged particles are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity (<span class="texhtml"><b>a</b> ⊥ <b>v</b></span>). It is produced artificially in some types of <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> or naturally by fast electrons moving through magnetic fields. The radiation produced in this way has a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a>, and the frequencies generated can range over a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiacao_escalar_SdS.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radiacao_escalar_SdS.pdf/page1-220px-Radiacao_escalar_SdS.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radiacao_escalar_SdS.pdf/page1-330px-Radiacao_escalar_SdS.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radiacao_escalar_SdS.pdf/page1-440px-Radiacao_escalar_SdS.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Pictorial representation of the radiation emission process by a source moving around a <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild black hole</a> in a <a href="/wiki/De_Sitter_universe" title="De Sitter universe">de Sitter universe</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Em_perp_field.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Em_perp_field.png/220px-Em_perp_field.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Em_perp_field.png/330px-Em_perp_field.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Em_perp_field.png/440px-Em_perp_field.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Electromagnetic field observed far from the source (in arbitrary unit) of a positive accelerated point charge. When the velocity increase, the radiation concentrates along the trajectory. This field can be calculated using <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential" title="Liénard–Wiechert potential">Liénard–Wiechert potential</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Synchrotron radiation is similar to <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung radiation</a>, which is emitted by a charged particle when the acceleration is parallel to the direction of motion. The general term for radiation emitted by particles in a magnetic field is <i>gyromagnetic radiation</i>, for which synchrotron radiation is the ultra-relativistic special case. Radiation emitted by charged particles moving non-relativistically in a magnetic field is called <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">cyclotron emission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For particles in the mildly relativistic range (≈85% of the speed of light), the emission is termed <i>gyro-synchrotron radiation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, synchrotron emission occurs, for instance, due to ultra-relativistic motion of a charged particle around a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the source follows a circular <a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">geodesic</a> around the black hole, the synchrotron radiation occurs for orbits close to the <a href="/wiki/Photon_sphere" title="Photon sphere">photosphere</a> where the motion is in the <a href="/wiki/Ultrarelativistic_limit" title="Ultrarelativistic limit">ultra-relativistic</a> regime. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syncrotron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Syncrotron.svg/220px-Syncrotron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Syncrotron.svg/330px-Syncrotron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Syncrotron.svg/440px-Syncrotron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>Synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Undulator_(numbers).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Undulator_%28numbers%29.svg/220px-Undulator_%28numbers%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Undulator_%28numbers%29.svg/330px-Undulator_%28numbers%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Undulator_%28numbers%29.svg/440px-Undulator_%28numbers%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Synchrotron radiation from an undulator</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmaalexander_synchrotron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Emmaalexander_synchrotron.png/220px-Emmaalexander_synchrotron.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Emmaalexander_synchrotron.png/330px-Emmaalexander_synchrotron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Emmaalexander_synchrotron.png/440px-Emmaalexander_synchrotron.png 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Synchrotron radiation from an astronomical source</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synchrotron radiation was first observed by technician Floyd Haber, on April 24, 1947, at the 70 MeV electron synchrotron of the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> research laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this was not the first <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> built, it was the first with a transparent vacuum tube, allowing the radiation to be directly observed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As recounted by Herbert Pollock:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On April 24, Langmuir and I were running the machine and as usual were trying to push the electron gun and its associated pulse transformer to the limit. Some intermittent sparking had occurred and we asked the technician to observe with a mirror around the protective concrete wall. He immediately signaled to turn off the synchrotron as "he saw an arc in the tube". The vacuum was still excellent, so Langmuir and I came to the end of the wall and observed. At first we thought it might be due to <a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a>, but it soon became clearer that we were seeing <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanenko" title="Dmitri Ivanenko">Ivanenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Pomeranchuk" title="Isaak Pomeranchuk">Pomeranchuk</a> radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A direct consequence of <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a> is that accelerated charged particles always emit electromagnetic radiation. Synchrotron radiation is the special case of charged particles moving at relativistic speed undergoing acceleration perpendicular to their direction of motion, typically in a magnetic field. In such a field, the force due to the field is always perpendicular to both the direction of motion and to the direction of field, as shown by the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force law</a>. </p><p>The power carried by the radiation is found (in <a href="/wiki/SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI units">SI units</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Larmor_formula#Relativistic_generalization" title="Larmor formula">relativistic Larmor formula</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\gamma }={\frac {q^{2}}{6\pi \varepsilon _{0}c^{3}}}a^{2}\gamma ^{4}={\frac {q^{2}c}{6\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\beta ^{4}\gamma ^{4}}{\rho ^{2}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\gamma }={\frac {q^{2}}{6\pi \varepsilon _{0}c^{3}}}a^{2}\gamma ^{4}={\frac {q^{2}c}{6\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\beta ^{4}\gamma ^{4}}{\rho ^{2}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fda43d2633ce432d7d00f69315797ef541400f3d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.638ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\gamma }={\frac {q^{2}}{6\pi \varepsilon _{0}c^{3}}}a^{2}\gamma ^{4}={\frac {q^{2}c}{6\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\beta ^{4}\gamma ^{4}}{\rho ^{2}}},}"></span> where </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acb0a8377db20e42274444cb181d51b5532b5844" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_permittivity" title="Vacuum permittivity">vacuum permittivity</a>,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> is the particle charge,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span> is the magnitude of the acceleration,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> is the speed of light,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_factor" title="Lorentz factor">Lorentz factor</a>,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =v/c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =v/c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6c09197ac61cf6c55baab7eaaf25cbde57010efd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.727ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =v/c}"></span>,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Radius_of_curvature" title="Radius of curvature">radius of curvature</a> of the particle trajectory.</li></ul> <p>The force on the emitting electron is given by the <a href="/wiki/Abraham%E2%80%93Lorentz%E2%80%93Dirac_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac force">Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac force</a>. </p><p>When the radiation is emitted by a particle moving in a plane, the radiation is <a href="/wiki/Linearly_polarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Linearly polarized">linearly polarized</a> when observed in that plane, and <a href="/wiki/Circularly_polarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Circularly polarized">circularly polarized</a> when observed at a small angle. Considering quantum mechanics, however, this radiation is emitted in discrete packets of photons and has significant effects in accelerators called <a href="/wiki/Quantum_excitation_(accelerator_physics)" title="Quantum excitation (accelerator physics)">quantum excitation</a>. For a given acceleration, the average energy of emitted photons is proportional to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma ^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma ^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1797fc3b40ebb14370202ca05adeb99e4e87e78" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.334ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma ^{3}}"></span> and the emission rate to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_accelerators">From accelerators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From accelerators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">Synchrotron light source</a></div> <p>Circular accelerators will always produce gyromagnetic radiation as the particles are deflected in the magnetic field. However, the quantity and properties of the radiation are highly dependent on the nature of the acceleration taking place. For example, due to the difference in mass, the factor of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma ^{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma ^{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29facd992f1457962cb0e25caba7fbcd0eebc4a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.334ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma ^{4}}"></span> in the formula for the emitted power means that electrons radiate energy at approximately 10<sup>13</sup> times the rate of protons.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy loss from synchrotron radiation in circular accelerators was originally considered a nuisance, as additional energy must be supplied to the beam in order to offset the losses. However, beginning in the 1980s, circular electron accelerators known as <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">light sources</a> have been constructed to deliberately produce intense beams of synchrotron radiation for research.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_astronomy">In astronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M87_jet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/225px-M87_jet.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/338px-M87_jet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/450px-M87_jet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">Messier 87</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">astrophysical jet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> image. The blue light from the jet emerging from the bright <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">AGN</a> core, towards the lower right, is due to synchrotron radiation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Synchrotron radiation is also generated by astronomical objects, typically where relativistic electrons spiral (and hence change velocity) through magnetic fields. Two of its characteristics include <a href="/wiki/Power-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-law">power-law</a> energy spectra and polarization.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be one of the most powerful tools in the study of extra-solar magnetic fields wherever relativistic charged particles are present. Most known cosmic radio sources emit synchrotron radiation. It is often used to estimate the strength of large cosmic magnetic fields as well as analyze the contents of the interstellar and intergalactic media.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_detection">History of detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of radiation was first detected in the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a> in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Oort" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Hendrik Oort">Jan Hendrik Oort</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Walraven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Walraven (page does not exist)">Theodore Walraven</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few months later in a jet emitted by <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">Messier 87</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge" title="Geoffrey Burbidge">Geoffrey R. Burbidge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was confirmation of a prediction by <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Samuilovich_Shklovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky">Iosif S. Shklovsky</a> in 1953. However, it had been predicted earlier (1950) by <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a> and Nicolai Herlofson.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solar_flares" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar flares">Solar flares</a> accelerate particles that emit in this way, as suggested by R. Giovanelli in 1948 and described by J.H. Piddington in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>T. K. Breus noted that questions of priority on the history of astrophysical synchrotron radiation are complicated, writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In particular, the Russian physicist <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">V.L. Ginzburg</a> broke his relationships with <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Samuilovich_Shklovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky">I.S. Shklovsky</a> and did not speak with him for 18 years. In the West, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a> were in dispute with <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">H. Alfven</a> and N. Herlofson, while K.O. Kiepenheuer and G. Hutchinson were ignored by them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Ignored by the first pair, the second pair, or all four? As I see things, Wikipedia editors don't get to simply wrap quotation marks around an interesting nugget of source material and then pass the muddiness through with no guidance to the casual reader provided. (October 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/225px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/338px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/450px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>The bluish glow from the central region of the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a> is due to synchrotron radiation.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_supermassive_black_holes">From supermassive black holes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From supermassive black holes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black holes</a> produce synchrotron radiation in "jets", generated by the gravitational acceleration of ions in their polar magnetic fields. The nearest such observed jet is from the core of the galaxy <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">Messier 87</a>. This jet is interesting for producing the illusion of <a href="/wiki/Superluminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Superluminal">superluminal</a> motion as observed from the frame of Earth. This phenomenon is caused because the jets are traveling very near the speed of light <i>and</i> at a very small angle towards the observer. Because at every point of their path the high-velocity jets are emitting light, the light they emit does not approach the observer much more quickly than the jet itself. Light emitted over hundreds of years of travel thus arrives at the observer over a much smaller time period, giving the illusion of faster than light travel, despite the fact that there is actually no violation of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulsar_wind_nebulae">Pulsar wind nebulae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pulsar wind nebulae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A class of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical sources</a> where synchrotron emission is important is <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">pulsar wind nebulae</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Plerion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plerion">plerions</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Crab_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab nebula">Crab nebula</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> are archetypal. Pulsed emission gamma-ray radiation from the Crab has recently been observed up to ≥25 GeV,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably due to synchrotron emission by electrons trapped in the strong magnetic field around the pulsar. Polarization in the Crab nebula<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at energies from 0.1 to 1.0 MeV, illustrates this typical property of synchrotron radiation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstellar_and_intergalactic_media">Interstellar and intergalactic media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interstellar and intergalactic media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of what is known about the magnetic environment of the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergalactic medium">intergalactic medium</a> is derived from observations of synchrotron radiation. Cosmic ray electrons moving through the medium interact with relativistic plasma and emit synchrotron radiation which is detected on Earth. The properties of the radiation allow astronomers to make inferences about the magnetic field strength and orientation in these regions. However, accurate calculations of field strength cannot be made without knowing the relativistic electron density.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_supernovae">In supernovae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In supernovae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a star explodes in a supernova, the fastest ejecta move at semi-relativistic speeds approximately 10% the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This blast wave gyrates electrons in ambient magnetic fields and generates synchrotron emission, revealing the radius of the blast wave at the location of the emission.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synchrotron emission can also reveal the strength of the magnetic field at the front of the shock wave, as well as the circumstellar density it encounters, but strongly depends on the choice of energy partition between the magnetic field, proton kinetic energy, and electron kinetic energy. Radio synchrotron emission has allowed astronomers to shed light on mass loss and stellar winds that occur just prior to stellar death.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a> – Electromagnetic radiation due to deceleration of charged particles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_turnover" title="Cyclotron turnover">Cyclotron turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">Cyclotron radiation</a> – Radiation emitted by charged particles deflected by magnetic field</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a> – Laser using electron beam in vacuum as gain medium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation reaction">Radiation reaction</a> – Recoil force on accelerating charged particle<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_beaming" title="Relativistic beaming">Relativistic beaming</a> – Change in luminosity of a moving object due to special relativity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokolov%E2%80%93Ternov_effect" title="Sokolov–Ternov effect">Sokolov–Ternov effect</a> – Physical phenomenon of spin-polarization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_function" title="Synchrotron function">Synchrotron function</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Modern Problems in Classical Electrodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514665-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514665-4">0-19-514665-4</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, John David. Classical Electrodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-30932-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-30932-X">0-471-30932-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshfaq_Ahmad,_D.Sc." class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ishfaq_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishfaq Ahmad">Ishfaq Ahmad</a>, D.Sc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pps-pak.org/proceedings/Eleventh-Proc-2009.pdf">"Measurements of the Relative Oscillator Strengths using the Synchrotron Radiation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the National Syposium on Frontier of Physics, National Centre for Theoretical Physics</i>. Pakistan Physical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Syposium+on+Frontier+of+Physics%2C+National+Centre+for+Theoretical+Physics&rft.atitle=Measurements+of+the+Relative+Oscillator+Strengths+using+the+Synchrotron+Radiation&rft.au=Ishfaq+Ahmad%2C+D.Sc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpps-pak.org%2Fproceedings%2FEleventh-Proc-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynchrotron+radiation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchrotron_radiation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1965ARA%26A...3..297G">Cosmic Magnetobremsstrahlung (synchrotron Radiation)</a>, by Ginzburg, V. L., Syrovatskii, S. I., ARAA, 1965</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1969ARA%26A...7..375G">Developments in the Theory of Synchrotron Radiation and its Reabsorption</a>, by Ginzburg, V. L., Syrovatskii, S. I., ARAA, 1969</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightsources.org">Lightsources.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biosync.sbkb.org">BioSync</a> – a structural biologist's resource for high energy data collection facilities</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xdb.lbl.gov">X-Ray Data Booklet</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synchrotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">Black-body radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">Particle radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational radiation">Gravitational radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation" title="Cosmic background radiation">Cosmic background radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askaryan_radiation" title="Askaryan radiation">Askaryan radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unruh_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unruh radiation">Unruh radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_exposure" title="Radiation exposure">Radiation exposure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Radiation syndrome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute</a></li> 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<li><a href="/wiki/Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences" title="Radioactivity in the life sciences">Radioactivity in the life sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Biological dose units and quantities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Radiation heat-transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer" title="Linear energy transfer">Linear energy transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents" title="List of civilian radiation accidents">List of civilian radiation accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Juan_de_Dios_radiotherapy_accident" title="1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident">1996 Costa Rica accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">1987 Goiânia accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Moroccan_radiation_accident" title="1984 Moroccan radiation accident">1984 Moroccan accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Clinic_of_Zaragoza_radiotherapy_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident">1990 Zaragoza accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_source" title="Radioactive source">Radioactive source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">Radiation hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_effects" title="Category:Radiation effects">Radiation effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radioactivity" title="Category:Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiobiology" title="Category:Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a>, and <a 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