CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Love - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7141e8f9-5c03-4945-99d4-5385800fbb2c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Love","wgTitle":"Love","wgCurRevisionId":1259773042,"wgRevisionId":1259773042,"wgArticleId":17547,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2023","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles containing French-language text","CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from January 2018","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", "Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Literary Chinese-language text","Articles containing Yámana-language text","Articles containing Pali-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2023","Articles needing more detailed references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","All articles that may have off-topic sections","Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from August 2023","Articles to be expanded from May 2023","All articles to be expanded", "Articles with empty sections from May 2023","All articles with empty sections","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","CS1: long volume value","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Articles containing Welsh-language text","Articles containing Danish-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Catalan-language text","Love","Emotions","Concepts in ethics","Fruit of the Holy Spirit","Personal life","Virtue","Mental states"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Love","wgRelevantArticleId":17547,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false, "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q316","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready", "site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Love - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Love rootpage-Love skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Love" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Love" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Love" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Love" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impersonal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impersonal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Impersonal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impersonal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpersonal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpersonal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interpersonal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpersonal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpersonal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpersonal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biological basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Psychological basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Evolutionary basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptive_benefit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_benefit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Adaptive benefit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_benefit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_scientific_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_scientific_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Comparison of scientific models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_scientific_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ancient Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrahamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Abrahamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Bahá'í Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dharmic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharmic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Free love</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Philosophical views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Love</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 176 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">176 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liefde" title="Liefde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Liefde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebe" title="Liebe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Liebe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%85%E1%88%AD" title="ፍቅር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍቅር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4hisvuot%C3%A2" title="Rähisvuotâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Rähisvuotâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufu" title="Lufu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lufu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="حب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="প্ৰেম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰেম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mborayhu" title="Mborayhu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mborayhu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Рокьи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рокьи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevgi" title="Sevgi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sevgi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82" title="عشق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عشق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="ভালোবাসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভালোবাসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80i" title="Ài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%82" title="Мөхәббәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөхәббәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Любоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Любоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Любоў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Любоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="नेह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkamoot" title="Pagkamoot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkamoot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Любов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Любов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liab" title="Liab – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Liab" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྩེ་དུང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བརྩེ་དུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubav" title="Ljubav – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljubav" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantez" title="Karantez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karantez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дуран – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дуран" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Юрату – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юрату" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ska" title="Láska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Láska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudo" title="Rudo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rudo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amore" title="Amore – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Amore" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariad" title="Cariad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cariad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A6rlighed" title="Kærlighed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kærlighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="حب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebe" title="Liebe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liebe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armastus" title="Armastus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Armastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Αγάπη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγάπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amo" title="Amo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amol" title="Amol – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Amol" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitasun" title="Maitasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maitasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82" title="عشق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عشق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyar" title="Pyar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pyar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amour" title="Amour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafde" title="Leafde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Leafde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1" title="Grá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A0dh" title="Gràdh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gràdh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B" title="愛 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="愛" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE" title="પ્રેમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રેમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mog" title="Mog – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Mog" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owanyi" title="Owanyi – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Owanyi" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oi" title="Oi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Oi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%91" title="사랑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사랑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/So" title="So – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="So" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="प्यार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्यार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubav" title="Ljubav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljubav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihunanya" title="Ihunanya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihunanya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayat" title="Ayat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ayat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta" title="Cinta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cinta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%95%E1%91%AF%E1%91%A6%E1%93%B1%E1%92%8D%E1%93%B1%E1%91%89%E1%90%B3%E1%96%85" title="ᑕᑯᑦᓱᒍᓱᑉᐳᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑕᑯᑦᓱᒍᓱᑉᐳᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthando" title="Uthando – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Uthando" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81st" title="Ást – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ást" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amore" title="Amore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94" title="אהבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אהבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresna" title="Tresna – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tresna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪ್ರೀತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೀತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სიყვარული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიყვარული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="لول – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لول" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Махаббат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Махаббат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerensa" title="Kerensa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kerensa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendo" title="Pendo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pendo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanmou" title="Lanmou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanmou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanmou" title="Lanmou – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmou" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%C3%AEn" title="Evîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Evîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%B9%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Сүйүү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүйүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ຄວາມຮັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມຮັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABlest%C4%ABba" title="Mīlestība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mīlestība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ift" title="Léift – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Léift" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meil%C4%97" title="Meilė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meilė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27omasi" title="Fa'omasi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fa'omasi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B4" title="Amô – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Amô" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leefde" title="Leefde – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leefde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolingo" title="Bolingo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bolingo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeretet" title="Szeretet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szeretet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta" title="Cinta – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Cinta" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Љубов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Љубов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitiavana" title="Fitiavana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitiavana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="സ്നേഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്നേഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C4%A7abba" title="Imħabba – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imħabba" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रेम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रेम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="ჸოროფა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჸოროფა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="حب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ایشکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایشکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta" title="Cinta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cinta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81i" title="Ái – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Хайр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хайр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အချစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အချစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlazohtiliztli" title="Tlazohtiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlazohtiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liefde" title="Liefde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liefde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leevde" title="Leevde – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Leevde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रेम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रेम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मतिना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मतिना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B" title="愛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="愛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Безам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Безам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%A6rlighet" title="Kjærlighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjærlighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%A6rleik" title="Kjærleik – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjærleik" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE" title="ପ୍ରେମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରେମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevgi" title="Sevgi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sevgi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪਿਆਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਆਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="محبت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محبت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="مينه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مينه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lob" title="Lob – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lob" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6" title="ស្នេហា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្នេហា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anmour" title="Anmour – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Anmour" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leevde" title="Leevde – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leevde" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Miłość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miłość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhabbat" title="Muhabbat – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Muhabbat" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevgi" title="Sevgi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sevgi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leevde" title="Leevde – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Leevde" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoste" title="Dragoste – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dragoste" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuyay" title="Khuyay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Любов – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Любов" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Любовь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Любовь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Таптал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таптал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amore" title="Amore – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Amore" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashuria" title="Dashuria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dashuria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuri" title="Amuri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Amuri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ආදරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආදරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love" title="Love – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Love" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="محبت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محبت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutsandvo" title="Lutsandvo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Lutsandvo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ska" title="Láska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Láska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubezen" title="Ljubezen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ljubezen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacayl" title="Jacayl – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jacayl" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خۆشەویستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆشەویستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Љубав – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Љубав" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubav" title="Ljubav – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljubav" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakkaus" title="Rakkaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rakkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rlek" title="Kärlek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kärlek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-ibig" title="Pag-ibig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-ibig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="அன்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அன்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D1%8E" title="Сөю – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөю" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE" title="ప్రేమ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రేమ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ความรัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D2%9B" title="Ишқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ишқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fk" title="Aşk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aşk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%BDgi" title="Söýgi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Söýgi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86d%C9%94" title="Ɔdɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɔdɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat" title="Cat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Cat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Ынакшыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ынакшыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Любов – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Любов" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="محبت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محبت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA" title="مۇھاببەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇھاببەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaez" title="Gyaez – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gyaez" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armastuz" title="Armastuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Armastuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ACnh_y%C3%AAu" title="Tình yêu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tình yêu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amour" title="Amour – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Amour" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B" title="愛 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="愛" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higugma" title="Higugma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Higugma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1" title="爱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rirhandzu" title="Rirhandzu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Rirhandzu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2" title="ליבע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליבע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B" title="愛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meil%C4%97" title="Meilė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Meilė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B" title="愛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holong" title="Holong – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Holong" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Love" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Love" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Love"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Love"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Love" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Love" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love&oldid=1259773042" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Love&id=1259773042&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLove"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLove"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Love&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Love" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Love" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Strong, positive emotional/mental states</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Love_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Love (disambiguation)">Love (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Love</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-outline heart icon"><img alt="Red-outline heart icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/45px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/68px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/90px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Red-outline heart icon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of love</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Philos</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">In animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Love</b> encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and <a href="/wiki/Mental_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental states">mental states</a>, from the most sublime <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> or good habit, the deepest <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">affection</a>, to the simplest pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this range of meanings is that the love of a mother differs from the love of a <a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">spouse</a>, which differs from the love of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>. Most commonly, love refers to a feeling of strong attraction and emotional <a href="/wiki/Attachment_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attachment (psychology)">attachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Love is considered to be both positive and negative, with its <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> representing human <a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">kindness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">affection</a>—"the unselfish, loyal, and benevolent concern for the good of another"—and its <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">vice</a> representing a human <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral flaw</a> akin to <a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">selfishness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">amour-propre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotism</a>. It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, oneself, or animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromm_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its various forms, love acts as a major facilitator of <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal relationships</a>, and owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the <a href="/wiki/Creative_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative arts">creative arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Love has been postulated to be a function that keeps human beings together against menaces and to <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">facilitate the continuation of the species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Greek philosophers identified <a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">six forms of love</a>: <a href="/wiki/Familial_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Familial love">familial love</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">storge</a></i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendly love</a> or <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">platonic love</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">philia</a></i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romantic love</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">eros</a></i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">self-love</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philautia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philautia">philautia</a></i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">guest love</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">xenia</a></i></span>), and divine or <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">unconditional love</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a></i></span>). Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of love: <a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">fatuous love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">unrequited love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empty_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty love">empty love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Companionate_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Companionate love">companionate love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consummate_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Consummate love">consummate love</a>, infatuated love (<a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">amour de soi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a>. Numerous cultures have also distinguished <span title="Literary Chinese-language text"><i lang="lzh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></i></span>, <span title="Yámana-language text"><i lang="yag-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Physical_intimacy" title="Physical intimacy">Cafuné</a></i></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span>, <span title="Pali-language text"><i lang="pi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amore</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span> (and other <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">variants or symbioses of these states</a>), as culturally unique words, definitions, or expressions of love in regard to specified "moments" currently lacking in the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">color wheel theory of love</a> defines three primary, three secondary, and nine tertiary love styles, describing them in terms of the traditional color wheel. The <a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">triangular theory of love</a> suggests intimacy, passion, and commitment are core components of love. Love has additional religious or <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">spiritual</a> meaning. This diversity of uses and meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "love"; one example is the plurality of <a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Greek concepts for "love"</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">agape</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eros</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">philia</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">storge</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nygren_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygren-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural differences</a> in conceptualizing love makes it difficult to establish a universal definition.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what is <i>not</i> love (antonyms of "love"). Love, as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of <i>like</i>), is commonly contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Hate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate">hate</a> (or neutral <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a>). As a less sexual and more <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">emotionally intimate</a> form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a>. As an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendship</a>, although the word <i>love</i> is often applied to close friendships or platonic love. Further possible ambiguities come with usages like "girlfriend", "boyfriend", and "just good friends". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg/220px-Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg/330px-Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg/440px-Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250 to 900 <span title="Common Era">CE</span>, of <a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a> origin). <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_de_Xalapa" title="Museo de Antropología de Xalapa">Museum of Anthropology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></figcaption></figure><p> Abstractly discussed, <i>love</i> usually refers to a feeling one person experiences for another person. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_care_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability and care theory of love">vulnerability and care theory of love</a>), including oneself (cf. <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a>). In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">the Middle Ages</a>, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complex and <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">abstract nature</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="seems like the assertion that love has an "abstract" nature is something that needs to be argued for rather than just stated (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of love often reduces its discourse to a <a href="/wiki/Thought-terminating_clich%C3%A9" title="Thought-terminating cliché">thought-terminating cliché</a>. Several common <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a> regard love, from <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Amor_Vincit_Omnia_(Caravaggio)" title="Amor Vincit Omnia (Caravaggio)">Love conquers all</a>" to <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' "<a href="/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Love" title="All You Need Is Love">All You Need Is Love</a>". <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, defines love as "to will the good of another."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> describes love as <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">a condition of</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "absolute value," as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Relative_value_(economics)" title="Relative value (economics)">relative value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> stated that in love there is a "feeling of unity" and an "active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biologist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Griffith" title="Jeremy Griffith">Jeremy Griffith</a> defines love as "unconditional selflessness".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a>, love is a temporary insanity curable by marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impersonal">Impersonal</h2></div> <p>People can express love towards things other than humans; this can range from expressing a strong liking of something, such as "I love popcorn" or that something is essential to one's identity, such as "I love being an actor".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People can have a profound dedication and immense appreciation for an object, principle, or objective, thereby experiencing a sense of love towards it. For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal love but impersonal love, <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>, and strong spiritual or political convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromm_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpersonal">Interpersonal</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_together.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/50px-People_together.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/75px-People_together.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/100px-People_together.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Relationships</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a much more potent sentiment than <i>liking</i> a person. <a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a> refers to feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal relationships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromm_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are several psychological disorders related to love, such as <a href="/wiki/Erotomania" title="Erotomania">erotomania</a>. </p><p>Throughout history, philosophy and religion have speculated about the phenomenon of love. In the 20th century, the science of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> has studied the subject. The sciences of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, and biology have also added to the understanding of the concept of love. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_basis">Biological basis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biological_basis_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological basis of love">Biological basis of love</a></div> <p>Biological models of sex tend to view love as a <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="do other classes of animal not have hunger or thirst? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> drive, much like hunger or thirst.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Fisher_(anthropologist)" title="Helen Fisher (anthropologist)">Helen Fisher</a>, an anthropologist and human behavior researcher, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust is the feeling of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">sexual desire</a>; romantic attraction determines what partners find attractive and pursue, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">conserving time and energy by choosing</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="it's not clear what this phrase is doing here (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; and attachment involves sharing a home, parental duties, mutual defense, and in humans involves feelings of safety and security.<sup id="cite_ref-brain_systems_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain_systems-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three distinct neural circuitries,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (August 2023)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> including neurotransmitters,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (August 2023)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> and three behavioral patterns,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (August 2023)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> are associated with<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (August 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> these three romantic styles.<sup id="cite_ref-brain_systems_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain_systems-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothaer_Liebespaar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gothaer_Liebespaar.jpg/180px-Gothaer_Liebespaar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gothaer_Liebespaar.jpg/270px-Gothaer_Liebespaar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gothaer_Liebespaar.jpg/360px-Gothaer_Liebespaar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Pair of Lovers</i>. 1480–1485</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a> is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes <a href="/wiki/Mating_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating (human)">mating</a>, and involves the increased release of <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a>. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a> is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate form. Recent studies in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroendocrine">neurotransmitter hormones</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, the same compounds released by <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, stimulating the brain's <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleasure center">pleasure center</a> and leading to side effects such as increased <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">reduced appetite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">sleep</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">intense feeling of excitement</a>. Research indicates that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-human_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">bonding</a> that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a>, to a greater degree than what is found in short-term relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-human_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Emanuele" title="Enzo Emanuele">Enzo Emanuele</a> and coworkers reported the protein molecule known as the <a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">nerve growth factor</a> (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_basis">Psychological basis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Human bonding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg/220px-Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg/330px-Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg/440px-Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Grandmother and grandchild in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a> formulated a <a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">triangular theory of love</a> in which love has three components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is when two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. Non-love does not include any of these components. Liking only includes intimacy. Infatuated love only includes passion. Empty love only includes commitment. Romantic love includes both intimacy and passion. Companionate love includes intimacy and commitment. Fatuous love includes passion and commitment. Consummate love includes all three components.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American psychologist <a href="/wiki/Zick_Rubin" title="Zick Rubin">Zick Rubin</a> sought to define <i>love</i> by <a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">psychometrics</a> in the 1970s. His work identifies a different set of three factors that constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following developments in electrical theories such as <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb's law</a>, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were envisioned, such as "opposites attract". Research on human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a>, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), perhaps because this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, various <a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">human bonding</a> theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities. Some <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> authorities <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">disaggregate</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="disaggregate what? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of <a href="/wiki/M._Scott_Peck" title="M. Scott Peck">Scott Peck</a>, whose work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">applied psychology</a> explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another" and simple narcissism.<sup id="cite_ref-peck_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peck-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In combination, love is an <i>activity</i>, not simply a feeling. </p><p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> maintained in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Loving" title="The Art of Loving">The Art of Loving</a></i> that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact the "feeling" of love is superficial in comparison to one's commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromm_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fromm held that love is ultimately not a feeling at all, but rather is a commitment to, and adherence to, loving actions towards another, oneself, or many others, over a sustained duration.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromm_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fromm also described love as a conscious choice that in its early stages might originate as an involuntary feeling, but which then later no longer depends on those feelings, but rather depends only on conscious commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromm_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_basis">Evolutionary basis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_des_Abbesse_(the_plaque_with_the_je_t%27aime%3Dte_iubesc_in_311_laguages).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Place_des_Abbesse_%28the_plaque_with_the_je_t%27aime%3Dte_iubesc_in_311_laguages%29.jpg/220px-Place_des_Abbesse_%28the_plaque_with_the_je_t%27aime%3Dte_iubesc_in_311_laguages%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Place_des_Abbesse_%28the_plaque_with_the_je_t%27aime%3Dte_iubesc_in_311_laguages%29.jpg/330px-Place_des_Abbesse_%28the_plaque_with_the_je_t%27aime%3Dte_iubesc_in_311_laguages%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Place_des_Abbesse_%28the_plaque_with_the_je_t%27aime%3Dte_iubesc_in_311_laguages%29.jpg/440px-Place_des_Abbesse_%28the_plaque_with_the_je_t%27aime%3Dte_iubesc_in_311_laguages%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Love" title="Wall of Love">Wall of Love</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> in Paris: "I love you" in 250 languages, by calligraphist Fédéric Baron and artist Claire Kito (2000)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> has attempted to provide various reasons for love as a survival tool. Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote parental support of children for this extended time period. Furthermore, researchers as early as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> identified unique features of human love compared to other mammals and credited love as a major factor for creating social support systems that enabled the development and expansion of the human species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another factor may be that <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted diseases</a> can cause, among other effects, permanently reduced <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, injury to the fetus, and increase complications during <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>. This would favor monogamous relationships over <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_benefit">Adaptive benefit</h3></div> <p>Interpersonal love between a man and woman provides an evolutionary adaptive benefit since it facilitates mating and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michod1989_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michod1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some organisms can reproduce <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a> without mating. Understanding the adaptive benefit of interpersonal love depends on understanding the adaptive benefit of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction. Richard Michod reviewed evidence that love, and consequently sexual reproduction, provides two major adaptive advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-Michod1989_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michod1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, sexual reproduction facilitates <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair of damages in the DNA</a> that is passed from parent to progeny (during <a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">meiosis</a>, a key stage of the sexual process). Second, a gene in either parent may contain a harmful <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>, but in the progeny produced by sexual reproduction, expression of a harmful mutation introduced by one parent is likely to be masked by expression of the unaffected homologous gene from the other parent.<sup id="cite_ref-Michod1989_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michod1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_scientific_models">Comparison of scientific models</h3></div> <p>Biological models of love tend to see it as a <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">mammalian</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="why should we expect other classes of animal not to have hunger or thirst? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> drive, similar to hunger or thirst.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. Love is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Neurotrophins" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotrophins">neurotrophins</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">NGF</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> is that there are two major drives in love: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">sexual attraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a>. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of <a href="/wiki/Companionate_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Companionate love">companionate love</a> and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Physiological_arousal" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological arousal">physiological arousal</a> (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <p>Love plays a role in human well-being and health.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engaging in activities associated with love, such as nurturing relationships, has been shown to activate key brain regions responsible for emotion, attention, motivation, and memory. These activities also contribute to the regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>, leading to stress reduction over time, although the initial stages of love may induce stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Love's social bonds enhance both physical and mental health, fostering resilience, compassion, and closeness. It boosts immune function and promotes healing, while also encouraging positive motivations and behaviors for individual flourishing and survival.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breakups can evoke a range of emotional states, including distrust, rejection, and anger, leading to trauma and various psychological challenges such as anxiety, social withdrawal, and even love addiction. Individuals may become fixated on past relationships, perpetuating emotional distress akin to addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health benefits grow bigger when married couples are older, this is because the partners play a crucial role in promoting each other's well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A loving relationship with God has significant impact on health.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_views">Cultural views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek">Ancient Greek</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Greek words for love</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros_bow_Musei_Capitolini_MC410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eros_bow_Musei_Capitolini_MC410.jpg/220px-Eros_bow_Musei_Capitolini_MC410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eros_bow_Musei_Capitolini_MC410.jpg/330px-Eros_bow_Musei_Capitolini_MC410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eros_bow_Musei_Capitolini_MC410.jpg/440px-Eros_bow_Musei_Capitolini_MC410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="3388" /></a><figcaption>Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Lysippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysippus">Lysippus</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a>, the Greek personification of romantic love</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">several different senses</a> in which the word "love" is used. Ancient Greeks identified three main forms of love: <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendship</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">platonic desire</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">philia</a></i></span>), sexual and/or <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romantic desire</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">eros</a></i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">self-emptying</a> or divine love (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Agap%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapē">Agape</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀγάπη</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">agápē</i></span>)</dt> <dd><i>Agape</i>, often a Christian term, denotes a form of love that stands apart from the conventional understanding of affection. Rooted in theological discourse, <i>agape</i> represents a love that is characterized by its spontaneous nature and its independence from the inherent value of its object. Originating from the Greek term for "love", <i>agape</i> has been examined within theological scholarship, particularly in contrast to <i>eros.</i> In the Christian tradition, agape is often attributed to the love of God for humanity, as well as humanity's reciprocal love for God and for one another, often termed as brotherly love. <i>Agape</i> is considered to be unmerited and unmotivated by any inherent worthiness in its recipient. Instead, it is portrayed as an expression of the nature of God, exemplifying divine love that transcends human comprehension.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Eros_(love)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (love)">Eros</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔρως</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">érōs</i></span>)</dt> <dd><i>Eros</i> originally referred to a passionate desire, often synonymous with sexual passion, reflecting an egocentric nature. However, its modern interpretation portrays it as both selfish and responsive to the merits of the beloved, thus contingent on reasons. Plato, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i>, argued that sexual desire, fixated on physical beauty, is inadequate and should evolve into an appreciation of the beauty of the soul, culminating in an appreciation of the form of beauty itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greek mythology, <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a> symbolizes the state of being in love, extending beyond mere physical sexuality (referred to as "Venus"). Unrestrained Venus can reduce individuals to mere appetite, but when Eros is present, the focus shifts to the beloved, elevating intimacy beyond physical gratification. Eros is depicted as divine yet potentially dangerous, capable of inspiring both altruism and selfishness.<sup id="cite_ref-Nygren_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygren-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φιλία</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">philía</i></span>)</dt> <dd><i>Philia</i> originally describing an affectionate regard or friendly feeling, extended to relationships like friendship, family members, business partners, and one's nation. Similar to <i>eros</i>, <i>philia</i> is often seen as responsive to positive attributes in the beloved. This similarity has led scholars to think whether the primary difference between romantic <i>eros</i> and <i>philia</i> lies solely in the sexual dimension of the former. The distinction between the two becomes more complex with attempts from scholars to diminish the importance of the sexual aspect in eros, contributing to a nuanced understanding of these forms of love.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Philia</i> was articulated by Aristotle in his <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a>.</i> Aristotle suggests that <i>philia</i> can be motivated by considerations for either one's own benefit or the benefit of the other. <i>Philia</i> often arises from the utility found in the relationship or from admiration for the character or virtues of the other individual. Aristotle further elucidates that the foundation of philia rests on objective grounds; individuals must share similar dispositions, refrain from holding grudges, and embody qualities such as justice, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Roman">Ancient Roman</h3></div> <p>In Latin, friendship was distinctly termed <i>amicitia,</i> while <i>amor</i> encompassed erotic passion, familial attachment, and, albeit less commonly, the affection between friends. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, in his essay <i><a href="/wiki/On_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="On Friendship">On Friendship</a></i> reflects on the innate human tendency to both love oneself and seek out another with whom to intertwine minds, nearly blending them into a singular entity. This suggests that while friends remain distinct individuals, they also, in some sense, become intertwined, embodying a shared essence.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> perceives love as a disruptive and irrational force, leading to madness and despair. To him, it is an affliction distorting reality, a primal urge rooted in the biological need for species to propagate. He emphasizes love's futility and self-destructive nature. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> acknowledges the pleasure of love alongside its risks and complexities. He views love as a game of manipulation and deception, marked by a blend of <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynicism" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cynicism">cynicism</a>. Ovid recognizes the transient nature of passion and the inevitable disappointment in romantic relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Love-zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Love-zh.svg/170px-Love-zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Love-zh.svg/255px-Love-zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Love-zh.svg/340px-Love-zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">愛</span></span> (Mandarin: <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">ài</i></span>), the traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> for love, contains a <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">心</span></span>) in the middle.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a> (仁), a concept in <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> philosophy, embodies the essence of humanity and virtue. It is regarded as the sum of all virtues within a person, encompassing traits such as selflessness and self-cultivation. Ren emphasizes the cultivation of harmonious relationships within society, starting from the family unit and extending outward. Within Confucianism, these relationships are delineated by five main categories: father-son, older brother-younger brother, husband-wife, older friend-younger friend, and lord-servant. In Confucianism, one displays benevolent love by performing actions such as <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a> from children, kindness from parents, loyalty to the king and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to the concept of Ren is the notion of reciprocity and empathetic understanding. It is often interpreted as akin to love (愛, <i>ài</i>), but sometimes it also considered a stage between <i>ài</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ling_(Chinese_religion)" title="Ling (Chinese religion)"><i>ling</i></a>, characterized by the sincere and open-hearted expression of human feelings. Through genuine love for others, individuals cultivate Ren and foster deeper connections that bridge the gap between the human and the divine. Ren's significance lies in its ability to foster genuine human connection and empathy, laying the foundation for harmonious relationships within society.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mozi, a Chinese philosopher, articulated a philosophy centered on the principle of universal love. At the core of his teachings lay the belief that genuine harmony and societal well-being could only be achieved through love for others, transcending narrow self-interest. Mozi contended that universal love was not merely an abstract concept but a practical imperative, requiring individuals to actively promote the welfare of all members of society through their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mozi's philosophical framework, universal love was not only a moral obligation but also a divine principle originating from Heaven itself. He argued that this principle was exemplified through the actions of sage-kings from ancient times, who demonstrated how love could manifest in tangible ways within human interactions. Mozi's advocacy for universal love extended beyond interpersonal relationships; he believed it should guide the selection of rulers and the structuring of society, emphasizing reciprocity and egalitarianism as foundational principles for a harmonious social order.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, the concept of 慈 (<i>ci</i>) embodies compassion or love, with connotations of tender nurturing akin to a mother's care. It emphasizes the idea that creatures can only thrive through raising and nurturing. <i>Ci</i> serves as the wellspring of compassion or love that transcends preconceived notions of individuals, instead fostering compassion for people as they are. Love, as depicted in the Taoist text, <i><a href="/wiki/Daodejing" class="mw-redirect" title="Daodejing">Daodejing</a></i>, is depicted as open and responsive to each person's unique circumstances. Taoism juxtaposes human beings with the vastness of nature, likening the creation of people to the formation of waves in the ocean. Unlike Confucianism, as portrayed in the Taoist text <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)"><i>Zhuangzi</i></a>, Taoist responses to the loss of a beloved may involve either mourning their death or embracing the loss and finding joy in new creations. Daoist love seeks connections that surpass distinctions and superficial reflections.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> uses three words to convey the English equivalent of love — <i>ai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">愛</span></span>)</span>, <i>koi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">恋 or 孤悲</span></span>)</span> and <i>ren'ai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">恋愛</span></span>)</span>. The term <i>ai</i> carries a multiple meanings, encompassing feelings of feelings from superior to inferiors, compassion and empathy towards others and selfless love, originally referred to beauty and was often used in a religious context. Initially synonymous with <i>koi</i>, representing romantic love between a man and a woman, emphasizing its physical expression, <i>ai</i> underwent a transformation during the early <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>. It evolved into a euphemistic term for renbo<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">恋慕</span></span>)</span> or love attachment, signifying a shift towards a more egalitarian treatment and consideration of others as equals. Prior to Western influence, the term <i>koi</i> generally represented romantic love. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Koi</i></span> describes a longing for a member of the opposite sex and is typically interpreted as selfish and wanting. The term's origins come from the concept of lonely solitude as a result of separation from a loved one. Though modern usage of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koi</i></span> focuses on sexual love and infatuation, the Manyō used the term to cover a wider range of situations, including tenderness, benevolence, and material desire. The fusion of <i>ai</i> and <i>koi</i> gave rise to the modern term <i>ren'ai</i>; its usage more closely resembles that of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koi</i></span> in the form of romantic love.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryang2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryang2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept <i>amae</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">甘え</span></span>)</span>, the dependency and emotional bonds between an infant and its mother—a bond that lays the foundation for the archetypal concept of love. Japanese culture traditionally distinguishes between marriage and love, valuing practical considerations and complementarity within family units.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian">Indian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_Madhavam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Radha_Madhavam.jpg/220px-Radha_Madhavam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Radha_Madhavam.jpg/330px-Radha_Madhavam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Radha_Madhavam.jpg/440px-Radha_Madhavam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>The love stories of the Hindu deities <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> have influenced the Indian culture and arts. Above: Radha Madhavam by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, there was a understanding of erotics and the art of love. References in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> suggest the presence of romantic narratives in ancient Indo-Aryan society, evident in dialogues between deities like <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yami" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami">Yami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pururavas" title="Pururavas">Pururavas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urvashi" title="Urvashi">Urvashi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit language</a>, offered various terms to convey the concept of love, such as <i>kama,</i> <i>sneha, priya, vatsalya,</i> <i>bhakti</i>, <i>priti</i> and <i>prema</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indian literature, there are seven stages of love. The first is <i>preska</i>, characterized by the desire to see something pleasant. Next is <i>abhilasa,</i> involving constant thoughts about the beloved. Then comes <i>raga,</i> signifying the mental inclination to be united with the beloved. Following that is <i>shena</i>, which involves favorable activities directed towards the beloved. <i>Prema</i> is the stage where one cannot live without the beloved. Then there is <i>rati</i>, which involves living together with the beloved. Finally, <i>srngara</i> represents the playful interaction with the beloved.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kama</i> initially representing desire and longing. Later, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana" title="Vātsyāyana">Vātsyāyana</a>, the author of the <a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a>, explored the concept of <i>kama</i>, defining it as the enjoyment of sensory pleasures with conscious awareness. However, there were also teachings cautioning against becoming overly attached to desire, advocating for the pursuit of genuine happiness through transcending desires. The <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>, presents <i>kama</i> as the tender affection between partners.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, <i>kama</i> is also often associated with insatiable sexual desire intertwined with intense emotions like anger and greed, portraying it as potentially harmful. Over time, <i>kama</i> took on <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> qualities, evolving into the figure of the Indian Cupid.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sneha</i>, considered the emotional facet of love, stands in contrast to the intense passion of <i>kama</i> with its calm demeanor. Characterized by moisture and viscosity, the term originally denoted oiliness. It is often compounded with words for family members, reflecting attachment to individuals like mothers, fathers, and sons. Those experiencing <i>sneha</i> tend to exhibit great concern for one another. While traditionally attributed to sensing, the <a href="/wiki/Harshacharita" title="Harshacharita">Harshacharita</a> presents a spontaneous perspective, suggesting it lacks a definitive cause. Due to its emotional nature, <i>sneha</i> is transient, emerging without reason and disappearing likewise.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Preman</i> represents a heightened stage in the development of love, characterized by the unbearable feeling of separation from the beloved. Etymologically, it denotes the sense of endearment akin to one's own. <i>Priti</i>, similar to <i>preman</i>, denotes fondness for anything delightful and familiar. It encompasses a general liking for arts, sports, and objects, while also encompassing a human instinct. <i>Priti</i> is built on foundations of trust and fidelity. Friendly relations (<i>priti</i>) may persist between individuals but are not necessarily bound by affection (<i>sneha</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><i>Vatsalya</i> originally signifies the tender affection exhibited by a cow towards her calf, extending to denote the love nurtured by elders or superiors towards the younger or inferior. This love is exemplified in the affection of parents towards their children, a husband's care for his wife, or a ruler's concern for their subjects. Conversely, <i>bhakti</i> denotes the love expressed by the younger towards the seniors, exemplified in a child's devotion to their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian">Persian</h3></div> <p>Interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi's</a> poetry and <a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a> by scholars emphasize a divine-centric perspective, focusing on the transcendent nature of love. These interpretations emphasize Rumi's rejection of mortal attachments in favor of a love for the ultimate beloved, seen as embodying absolute beauty and grandeur. Scholars like <a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a> assert that all love stems from the divine, with God being both lover and beloved. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Lewisohn_(Islamic_studies_scholar)" title="Leonard Lewisohn (Islamic studies scholar)">Leonard Lewisohn</a> characterizes Rumi's poetry as part of a mystical tradition that celebrates love as pathways to union with the divine, highlighting a transcendent experience.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>The children of Adam are limbs of one body<br /> Having been created of one essence.<br /> When the calamity of time afflicts one limb<br /> The other limbs cannot remain at rest.<br /> If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others<br /> You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man". </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Saadi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi (poet)">Sa'di</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gulistan_(book)" title="Gulistan (book)">Gulistan</a></i><span class="nowrap">   </span></cite></p> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Persian_mysticism" title="Persian mysticism">Persian mysticism</a>, the concept of creation stems from love, viewed as the fundamental essence from which all beings originate and to which they ultimately return. This notion, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a>, portrays love as both earthly and transcendent, embodying a universal striving for reunion with the divine. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Zarrinkoob" title="Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob">Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob</a> trace this philosophical stance, highlighting its fusion with ancient Persian religious beliefs in figures like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>. According to Islamicists like <a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Lewisohn_(Islamic_studies_scholar)" title="Leonard Lewisohn (Islamic studies scholar)">Leonard Lewisohn</a>, all forms of love find their origin in divine love, with creation serving as a reflection of God's beauty and love. This perspective is evident in the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> and others, where the concept of <a href="/wiki/Tajalli" title="Tajalli">tajalli</a>, or divine self-manifestation, underscores the profound spiritual significance of love as it pertains to both human relationships and devotion to God.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahava.jpg/220px-Ahava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahava.jpg/330px-Ahava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahava.jpg/440px-Ahava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Indiana" title="Robert Indiana">Robert Indiana</a>'s 1977 <a href="/wiki/Love_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Love (sculpture)"><i>Love</i> sculpture</a> spelling <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ahava</i></span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish views on love</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אהבה</span></span> (<i>ahavah</i>) signifies the love of Israelites for God and each other. However, the concept <i>hesed</i> offers a deeper understanding of love within Jewish thought and life. It goes beyond mere passion, embodying a character trait that is actively expressed through generosity and grace. <i>Hesed</i> has a dual nature: when attributed to God, it denotes grace or favor, while when practiced by humans, it reflects piety and devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Hasidim</i>, demonstrate their commitment and love for God through acts of <i>hesed</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> serves as a guide, outlining how Israelites should express their love for God, show reverence for nature, and demonstrate compassion toward fellow human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commandment "Love thy neighbor as thyself" from the Torah's, gives emphasis on ethical obligations and impartiality in judgment. It highlights the importance of treating all individuals equally before the law, rejecting favoritism and bribery; <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">deuteronomy</a> further emphasizes impartiality in judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiastes%209:9&version=nrsv">9:9</a>). Rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_Wolpe" title="David Wolpe">David Wolpe</a> writes that "love is not only about the feelings of the lover... It is when one person believes in another person and shows it." He further states that "love... is a feeling that expresses itself in action. What we really feel is reflected in what we do."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biblical book <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Solomon">Song of Solomon</a> is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and his people, but in its plain reading it reads like a love song. The 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler</a> is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liebe_und_die_Einbahnstra%C3%9Fe_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_in_Sebnitz_-_Bildimpression_aus_Sebnitz_von_einem_Fotografen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Liebe_und_die_Einbahnstra%C3%9Fe_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_in_Sebnitz_-_Bildimpression_aus_Sebnitz_von_einem_Fotografen.jpg/220px-Liebe_und_die_Einbahnstra%C3%9Fe_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_in_Sebnitz_-_Bildimpression_aus_Sebnitz_von_einem_Fotografen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Liebe_und_die_Einbahnstra%C3%9Fe_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_in_Sebnitz_-_Bildimpression_aus_Sebnitz_von_einem_Fotografen.jpg/330px-Liebe_und_die_Einbahnstra%C3%9Fe_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_in_Sebnitz_-_Bildimpression_aus_Sebnitz_von_einem_Fotografen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Liebe_und_die_Einbahnstra%C3%9Fe_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_in_Sebnitz_-_Bildimpression_aus_Sebnitz_von_einem_Fotografen.jpg/440px-Liebe_und_die_Einbahnstra%C3%9Fe_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_in_Sebnitz_-_Bildimpression_aus_Sebnitz_von_einem_Fotografen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4143" data-file-height="2359" /></a><figcaption>Love and the One-way Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The Christian understanding is that love comes from <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, who is himself love (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%204:8&version=nrsv">1 John 4:8</a>). The love of man and woman—<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eros</i></span> in Greek—and the unselfish love of others (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">agape</i></span>), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles. </p> <dl><dt><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a></i></span></dt> <dd>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">agapē</i></span> is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Nygren_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygren-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Phileo">phileo</a></i></span></dt> <dd>Also used in the New Testament, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">phileo</i></span> is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."</dd></dl> <p>Two other <a href="#Ancient_Greek">words for love in the Greek language</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(love)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (love)">eros</a></i></span> (sexual love) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">storge</a></i></span> (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-Nygren_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygren-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> believe that to <i>love God with all your heart, mind, and strength</i> and <i>love your <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighbor</a> as yourself</i> are the two most important things in life (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">greatest commandment</a> of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>; cf. <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:28–34&version=nrsv">12:28–34</a>). <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Apostle Paul">The Apostle Paul</a> glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poetic interpretation in <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>, he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2013:4–7">1 Corinthians 13:4–7</a>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">The Apostle John</a> wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him." (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:16–17">3:16–17</a>) John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20John%204:7–8">1 John 4:7–8</a>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a> wrote that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, "I was in love with love."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as "jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention."<sup id="cite_ref-Confessions_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confessions-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: III.1">: III.1 </span></sup> According to Saint Augustine, to love God is "to attain the peace which is yours."<sup id="cite_ref-Confessions_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confessions-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: X.27">: X.27 </span></sup> </p><p>Augustine regards the duplex commandment of love in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2022&version=nrsv">Matthew 22</a> as the heart of Christian faith and the interpretation of the Bible. After the review of Christian doctrine, Augustine treats the problem of love in terms of use and enjoyment until the end of Book I of <i><a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="De Doctrina Christiana">De Doctrina Christiana</a></i> (1.22.21–1.40.44).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a> see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> wrote a book called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Loves" title="The Four Loves">The Four Loves</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> named his first <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_caritas_est" title="Deus caritas est">God is love</a></i>. He said that a human being, created in the image of God, who is love, is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a></i></span>) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eros</i></span>). This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of Calcutta">Teresa of Calcutta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary, the mother of Jesus</a> and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristo_crucificado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/170px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/255px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/340px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Pope Francis: the "Cross (<a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus crucified</a>) is the greatest meaning of the greatest love".<sup id="cite_ref-McLellan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLellan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> asserts that the "Cross (<a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus crucified</a>) is the greatest meaning of the greatest love,"<sup id="cite_ref-McLellan_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLellan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the crucifixion is found everything, all knowledge and the entirety of God's love.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Francis taught that "True love is both loving and letting oneself be loved... what is important in love is not our loving, but allowing ourselves to be loved by God."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And so, in the analysis of a Catholic theologian, for Pope Francis, "the key to love... is not our activity. It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe: God's."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Christianity the practical definition of love is summarized by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, who defined love as "to will the good of another," or to desire for another to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an explanation of the Christian need to love others, including their enemies. Thomas Aquinas explains that Christian love is motivated by the need to see others succeed in life, to be good people. </p><p>Regarding love for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You have heard that it was said, "Love your neighbor and hate your enemy." But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:43–48&version=nrsv">Matthew 5:43–48</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> wrote regarding love for enemies: "Our individual, extraordinary, and perfect goodness consists in loving our enemies. To love one's friends is common practice, to love one's enemies only among Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Al-Wadūd or The Loving is a name of God in Islam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF.jpg/200px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF.jpg/300px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF.jpg/400px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>In Islam, one of the 99 names of God is <span class="nowrap"><i>Al-Wadūd</i></span>, which means "The Loving".</figcaption></figure> <p>Love encompasses the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold faith. Among the 99 names of God (<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>) is the name <i>Al-Wadud</i>, or "the Loving One," which is found in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/11?startingVerse=90">11:90</a></span> and <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/85?startingVerse=14">85:14</a></span>. God is also referenced at the beginning of every chapter in the Qur'an as <i>Ar-Rahman</i> and <i>Ar-Rahim</i>, or the "Most Compassionate" and the "Most Merciful", indicating that nobody is more loving, compassionate, and benevolent than God. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> refers to God as being "full of loving kindness." </p><p>The Qur'an exhorts Muslim believers to treat <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">all people, those who have not persecuted them</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="which is it? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">birr</i></span> or "deep kindness" as stated in Surah <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/6?startingVerse=8">6:8-9</a></span>. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Birr</i></span> is also used by the Qur'an to describe the love and kindness that children must show to their parents. </p><p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span>, or divine love, is emphasized by <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> in the Islamic tradition. Practitioners of Sufism believe that love is a projection of the essence of God into the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at himself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices seeing the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms—Lover, Loved, and Beloved—with the last of these terms often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love, humankind can return to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their <a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">love of God</a>; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahá'í_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Bahá'í Faith</h4></div> <p>The Bahá'í concept of the human soul emphasizes its expression through capacities such as knowledge, love, and will. According to Bahá'í teachings, conscious recognition of one's Creator and a reciprocal love relationship with that Creator form the basis of obedience to religious law. This perspective grounds adherence to law within the spiritual dynamics of each individual's journey, portraying obedience as a conscious choice driven by love rather than as mere compliance with external dictates.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, emphasizes the importance of observing God's commandments out of love, describing them as "the lamps of My loving providence" and urging followers to adhere to them for "the love of My beauty." This framing positions love as the motive force for individuals striving to follow divine laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bahá'í understanding, love is considered the fundamental universal law. <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a>, Bahá'u'lláh's son and successor, describes love as the "most great law" and the force that binds together the diverse elements of the material world. He further asserts that love is the establisher of true civilization and the source of glory for every race and nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Bahá'í perspective, God's revelation of laws to humanity is an act of love, and the legitimate reason for their application and adherence lies in their expression of love. This understanding underscores the intimate connection between spiritual principles, individual growth, and the practice of religious law within the Bahá'í Faith.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharmic">Dharmic</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, love is understood as a selfless, universal quality that serves as the foundation for compassion, joy in others' happiness, and <a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">equanimity</a>. Together, these four qualities—loving-kindness (<a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī"><i>maitrī</i></a>), compassion (<a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā"><i>karuṇā</i></a>), sympathetic joy (<a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita"><i>mudita</i></a>), and equanimity (<a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā"><i>upekṣā</i></a>)—are known as the <a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">brahmavihara</a>. Loving-kindness, the first of the four, fosters goodwill toward all beings and leads naturally to compassion for those who suffer, joy in others' achievements, and, ultimately, to equanimity, a balanced state free from attachment and aversion. This progression helps practitioners to reduce negative tendencies like ill-will, jealousy, and possessiveness, with the ultimate aim of cultivating inner peace and a compassionate view toward all beings, supporting both personal growth and societal harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada</a>, love and sympathy play key roles in shaping ethical behavior and social actions. Sympathy motivates altruistic acts like teaching and helping others, while loving-kindness is cultivated primarily through meditation, acting as a form of mental liberation. Together, these qualities encourage impartial love and empathy, fostering personal peace and societal harmony, and supporting both individual growth and a more compassionate world.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana</a>, love is understood as profound compassion and a commitment to mutual support. This concept is central to the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> ideal, where practitioners vow to help all beings reach enlightenment, often delaying their own liberation to support others. Mahayana teachings emphasize selfless love, blurring the boundary between self and others and seeing all beings as interconnected. This love, framed within the Mahayana understanding of reality as ultimately illusory, transcends ego and guides both the practitioner and others toward collective liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayana Buddhism">Vajrayana</a>, love is a transformative force that, when disciplined, leads to spiritual enlightenment. Rather than rejecting desire, Vajrayana encourages the refinement of love and other potent energies as pathways to higher consciousness. By controlling and sublimating these energies, often represented through sexual energy as life force (<a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">k<i>Kundalini</i></a>), practitioners unite the principles of wisdom and skill. Here, love becomes a symbol and method for ultimate unity, guiding practitioners to enlightenment by transforming personal desire into universal connection.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur,_Hassan,_Karnataka,_India_(2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg/170px-Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg/255px-Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg/340px-Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of <a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">Chennakesava Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāma">kāma</a></i></span> is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god <a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a>. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kama</i></span>) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (August 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> He is usually accompanied by his consort <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a> and his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (August 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> Stone images of <a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a> and Rati can be seen on the door of the <a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">Chennakeshava Temple, Belur</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (August 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Maara</i> is another name for <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kāma</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In contrast to <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kāma</i></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">prema</i></span>—or <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">prem</i></span> refers to "elevated" love. <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></span> is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term meaning "loving devotion to the divine." A person who practices <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhakti</i></span> is called a <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhakta</i></span>. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhakti</i></span>, which can be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> and works by <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>. The philosophical work <i><a href="/wiki/Narada_Bhakti_Sutra" title="Narada Bhakti Sutra">Narada Bhakti Sutra</a></i>, written by an unknown author (presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>), distinguishes eleven forms of love. </p><p>In certain <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> sects within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, attaining unadulterated, unconditional, and incessant love for the Godhead is considered the foremost goal of life. <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavas</a>, who worship Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the cause of all causes, consider Love for Godhead, (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prema</i></span>), to act in two ways: <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">sambhoga</i></span> and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">vipralambha</i></span> (union and separation)—two opposites.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_Prema_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna_Prema-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the condition of separation, there is an acute yearning for being with the beloved and in the condition of union, there is supreme happiness. Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider that Krishna-prema (love for Godhead) burns away one's material desires, pierces the heart, and washes away everything—one's pride, one's religious rules, and one's shyness. Krishna-prema is considered to make one drown in the ocean of transcendental ecstasy and pleasure. The love of Radha, a cowherd girl, for Krishna is often cited as the supreme example of love for Godhead by Gaudiya Vaishnavas. <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> is considered to be the internal potency of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, and is the supreme lover of Godhead. Her example of love is considered to be beyond the understanding of the material realm, as it surpasses any form of selfish love or lust that is visible in the material world. The reciprocal love between <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> (the supreme lover) and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> (God as the Supremely Loved) is the subject of many poetic compositions in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> and <i>Hari Bhakti Shuddhodhaya.</i> </p><p>In the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhakti</i></span> tradition within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, it is believed that execution of devotional service to God leads to the development of Love for God (<span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">taiche bhakti-phale krsne prema upajaya</i></span>), and as love for God increases in the heart, the more one becomes free from material contamination (<span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">krishna-prema asvada haile, bhava nasa paya</i></span>). Being perfectly in love with God or Krishna makes one perfectly free from material contamination, and this is the ultimate way of salvation or liberation. In this tradition, salvation or liberation is considered inferior to love, and just an incidental by-product. Being absorbed in Love for God is considered to be the perfection of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Perfect_Love_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perfect_Love-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_love">Free love</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></div> <p>The term "free love" has been used<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> that rejects <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, which is seen as a form of social bondage. The free love movement's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. It claimed that such issues were the concern of the people involved, and no one else.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people in the early 19th century believed that marriage was an important aspect of life to "fulfill earthly human happiness."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. This mentality created a vision of strongly defined gender roles, which provoked the advancement of the free love movement as a contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-Spurlock,_John_C_1988_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurlock,_John_C_1988-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advocates of free love had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.<sup id="cite_ref-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are also beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_views">Philosophical views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy of love</a></div> <p>Philosophically, love is often categorized into four types: love as a union, robust concern, valuing, and emotion. Love as a union suggests love forms a "we" by merging individual identities, as proposed by thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>, who argue this fusion enhances shared care. Critics, however, contend that union threatens individual autonomy, though Nozick and others believe this merging enriches love. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Friedman_(philosopher)" title="Michael Friedman (philosopher)">Michael Friedman</a> offers a compromise with his federation model, where love unifies yet preserves individual identities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edvard_Munch_-_The_Kiss_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Edvard_Munch_-_The_Kiss_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Edvard_Munch_-_The_Kiss_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Edvard_Munch_-_The_Kiss_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Edvard_Munch_-_The_Kiss_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Edvard_Munch_-_The_Kiss_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Edvard_Munch_-_The_Kiss_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="3173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(Munch)" title="The Kiss (Munch)">The Kiss</a>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>, shows a couple kissing, their faces fusing as one in a symbolic representation of their unity</figcaption></figure> <p>Love as robust concern defines love as a deep care for the beloved’s well-being without creating a union. This view prioritizes concern for the beloved’s welfare, but critics argue it misses the interactive and emotional aspects of love. Supporters maintain that love’s essence lies in respecting the beloved's autonomy. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monique_Wonderly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monique Wonderly (page does not exist)">Monique Wonderly</a> adds that attachment complements this view, making the beloved important for both themselves and the lover.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Love as valuing includes two approaches: appraisal and bestowal of value. <a href="/wiki/J._David_Velleman" title="J. David Velleman">J. David Velleman</a> argues that appraisal responds to the inherent dignity in others, making love a unique emotional vulnerability. However, this view struggles to explain love’s selectivity and constancy. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer's</a> bestowal view posits that love creates intrinsic value in the beloved, yet critics question how this explains love’s discernment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Love as an emotion is seen either as an emotion proper or as an emotion complex. Emotion proper treats love as a specific motivational response, but some find this too simplistic. The emotion complex perspective suggests that love is a dynamic, interconnected emotional history shaped by the relationship. Figures like <a href="/wiki/Annette_Baier" title="Annette Baier">Annette Baier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neera_K._Badhwar" title="Neera K. Badhwar">Neera K. Badhwar</a> highlight emotional interdependence, though critics wonder how this distinguishes love from other relationships and defines its unique narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_depictions">Literature depictions</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romeo_and_Juliet_(watercolour)_by_Ford_Maddox_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Romeo_and_Juliet_%28watercolour%29_by_Ford_Maddox_Brown.jpg/200px-Romeo_and_Juliet_%28watercolour%29_by_Ford_Maddox_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Romeo_and_Juliet_%28watercolour%29_by_Ford_Maddox_Brown.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, depicted as they part on the balcony in Act III, 1867 by <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a> – The six love styles created by John Alan Lee<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_heart" title="Finger heart">Finger heart</a> – Hand gesture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_heart" title="Hand heart">Hand heart</a> – Affectionate hand gesture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_in_hand" title="Heart in hand">Heart in hand</a> – Symbol of charity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILY_sign" title="ILY sign">ILY sign</a> – American Sign Language gesture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a> – Falling in long-lasting love with someone on first sight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a> – Intimacy for multiple partners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_science" title="Relationship science">Relationship science</a> – Field dedicated to the scientific study of interpersonal relationship processes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance (love)</a> – Type of love that focuses on feelings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> – Concept in philosophy and psychology</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502140707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/love">"Definition of <i>love</i> in English"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/love">the original</a> on 2 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of+love+in+English&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Flove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/love">"Meaning of <i>love</i> in English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Cambridge English Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502141159/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/love#translations">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning+of+love+in+English&rft.pub=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarandashev2017" class="citation book cs1">Karandashev, Victor (2017). <i>Romantic Love in Cultural Contexts</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-42683-9">10.1007/978-3-319-42683-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42681-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42681-5"><bdi>978-3-319-42681-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romantic+Love+in+Cultural+Contexts&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-42683-9&rft.isbn=978-3-319-42681-5&rft.aulast=Karandashev&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongladaromJoaquin2021" class="citation book cs1">Hongladarom, Soraj; Joaquin, Jeremiah Joven, eds. (2021). <i>Love and Friendship Across Cultures</i>. Singapore: Springer Singapore. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-33-4834-9">10.1007/978-981-33-4834-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-334-833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-334-833-2"><bdi>978-981-334-833-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243232407">243232407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Friendship+Across+Cultures&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243232407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-33-4834-9&rft.isbn=978-981-334-833-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregerSprecherHatfield2014" class="citation book cs1">Treger, Stanislav; Sprecher, Susan; Hatfield, Elaine C. (2014). "Love". <i>Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research</i>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 3708–3712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_1706">10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1706</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0752-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0752-8"><bdi>978-94-007-0752-8</bdi></a>. <q>Love is a universal human experience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Love&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Quality+of+Life+and+Well-Being+Research&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=3708-3712&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_1706&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0752-8&rft.aulast=Treger&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft.au=Sprecher%2C+Susan&rft.au=Hatfield%2C+Elaine+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dkoxfordillustra0000unse/page/485/mode/1up">485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Illustrated+American+Dictionary&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love">"Love Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 27 December 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517210605/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Love+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft.date=1987-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourdictionary.com/love">"Love Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>YourDictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162141/https://www.yourdictionary.com/love">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YourDictionary&rft.atitle=Love+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Flove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fromm-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fromm_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fromm_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fromm_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fromm_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fromm_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fromm_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromm1956" class="citation book cs1">Fromm, Erich (1956). <i>The Art of Loving</i> (Original English ed.). Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095828-2"><bdi>978-0-06-095828-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Loving&rft.edition=Original+English&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-06-095828-2&rft.aulast=Fromm&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2011" class="citation web cs1">Abbas, Azhar (11 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530043739/http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love">"Just Love"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love">the original</a> on 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Just+Love&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Azhar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fazharabbas%2Fjust-love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallerame2022" class="citation web cs1">Callerame, Emmanuelle (3 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/an-exploration-of-love-in-art-history/">"An Exploration of Love in Art History"</a>. <i>Artsper Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artsper+Magazine&rft.atitle=An+Exploration+of+Love+in+Art+History&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft.aulast=Callerame&rft.aufirst=Emmanuelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.artsper.com%2Fen%2Fa-closer-look%2Fan-exploration-of-love-in-art-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2004" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Helen (2004). <i>Why We Love: the nature and chemistry of romantic love</i>. Henry Holt & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805069136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805069136"><bdi>978-0805069136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+We+Love%3A+the+nature+and+chemistry+of+romantic+love&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0805069136&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatron2014" class="citation web cs1">Catron, Adrian (5 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-is-love-a-philosophy_b_5697322">"What Is Love? A Philosophy of Life"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155921/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-is-love-a-philosophy_b_5697322">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=What+Is+Love%3F+A+Philosophy+of+Life&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft.aulast=Catron&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fwhat-is-love-a-philosophy_b_5697322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell,_Henry_George;_Scott,_Robert1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liddell_and_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Liddell and Scott">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert</a> (1940). "φιλία". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103220059/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfili%2Fa"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfili%2Fa">the original</a> on 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Liddell%2C+Henry+George%3B+Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dfili%252Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Bhagavad Gita</i>. Penguin Classics. Translated by Mascaró, Juan. Penguin. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044918-1"><bdi>978-0-14-044918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044918-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nygren-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nygren_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nygren_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nygren_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nygren_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNygren1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Nygren" title="Anders Nygren">Nygren, Anders Theodor Samuel</a> (1936). <i><a href="/wiki/Agape_and_Eros" title="Agape and Eros">Agape and Eros</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agape+and+Eros&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Nygren&rft.aufirst=Anders+Theodor+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayKempton1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kay, Paul; Kempton, Willett (March 1984). "What is the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis?". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series. <b>86</b> (1): 65–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1984.86.1.02a00050">10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Sapir%E2%80%93Whorf+Hypothesis%3F&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-79&rft.date=1984-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1984.86.1.02a00050&rft.issn=0002-7294&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kempton%2C+Willett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072056/http://www.trueopenlove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html">"Ancient Love Poetry"</a>. <i>TrueOpenLove</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TrueOpenLove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TrueOpenLove&rft.atitle=Ancient+Love+Poetry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.TrueOpenLove.org%2Freference%2FAncientLovePoetry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-8#part-8-1">VIII</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicomachean+Ethics&rft.pages=VIII&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newadvent.org-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas1485" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, Thomas (1485). <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica"><i>Summa Theologiae</i></a>. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2026.htm#article4">I–II, Q26, Art.4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologiae&rft.pages=I-II%2C+Q26%2C+Art.4&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=1485&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kirsh, Marvin Eli (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250431">"Philosophy, Science and Value"</a>. <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2250431">10.2139/ssrn.2250431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250431">2250431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=Philosophy%2C+Science+and+Value&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2250431%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2250431&rft.aulast=Kirsh&rft.aufirst=Marvin+Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2250431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibniz1673" class="citation web cs1">Leibniz, Gottfried (1673). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Confessio_philosophi">"Confessio philosophi"</a>. Wikisource edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427115126/http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confessio+philosophi&rft.pub=Wikisource+edition&rft.date=1673&rft.aulast=Leibniz&rft.aufirst=Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FTranslation%3AConfessio_philosophi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaba1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Baba, Meher</a> (1995). <i>Discourses</i>. Myrtle Beach: Sheriar Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880619-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880619-09-4"><bdi>978-1-880619-09-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses&rft.place=Myrtle+Beach&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Sheriar+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-880619-09-4&rft.aulast=Baba&rft.aufirst=Meher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2011" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Jeremy (2011). "What is love?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116041234/http://www.worldtransformation.com/what-is-love/"><i>The Book of Real Answers to Everything!</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74129-007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74129-007-3"><bdi>978-1-74129-007-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humancondition.com/book-of-answers-what-is-love/">the original</a> on 16 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+love%3F&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Real+Answers+to+Everything%21&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-74129-007-3&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humancondition.com%2Fbook-of-answers-what-is-love%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict2&Database=devil&Query=Love">"Love" entry in <i>The Devil's Dictionary</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Dict.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Dict.org">Dict.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm2021" class="citation cs2">Helm, Bennett (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/love/">"Love"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Love&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2021&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2021%2Fentries%2Flove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212105714/http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html">"Paraphilia"</a>. <i>DiscoveryHealth</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DiscoveryHealth&rft.atitle=Paraphilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.discovery.com%2Fcenters%2Fsex%2Fsexpedia%2Fparaphilia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisAminiLannon2000" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Thomas; Amini, F.; Lannon, R. (2000). <a href="/wiki/A_General_Theory_of_Love" title="A General Theory of Love"><i>A General Theory of Love</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70922-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70922-7"><bdi>978-0-375-70922-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Theory+of+Love&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70922-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Amini%2C+F.&rft.au=Lannon%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brain_systems-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brain_systems_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brain_systems_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherAronMashekLi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Helen E.; Aron, Arthur; Mashek, Debra; Li, Haifang; Brown, Lucy L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628051603/http://homepage.mac.com/helenfisher/archives_of_sex_beh.pdf">"Defining the Brain Systems of Lust, Romantic Attraction, and Attachment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 413–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1019888024255">10.1023/A:1019888024255</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12238608">12238608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14808862">14808862</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/helenfisher/archives_of_sex_beh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Defining+the+Brain+Systems+of+Lust%2C+Romantic+Attraction%2C+and+Attachment&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=413-419&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14808862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12238608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1019888024255&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Helen+E.&rft.au=Aron%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Mashek%2C+Debra&rft.au=Li%2C+Haifang&rft.au=Brown%2C+Lucy+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.mac.com%2Fhelenfisher%2Farchives_of_sex_beh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-human-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-human_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-human_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Holt World History: The Human Legacy</i>. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. 1 January 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-093780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-093780-4"><bdi>978-0-03-093780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holt+World+History%3A+The+Human+Legacy&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart%2C+%26+Winston&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-03-093780-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuelePollitiBianchiMinoretti2005" class="citation journal cs1">Emanuele, E.; Polliti, P.; Bianchi, M.; Minoretti, P.; Bertona, M.; Geroldi, D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453005001976">"Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love"</a>. <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 288–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2005.09.002">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.09.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16289361">16289361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18497668">18497668</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206142641/http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Raised+plasma+nerve+growth+factor+levels+associated+with+early-stage+romantic+love&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-294&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18497668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16289361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2005.09.002&rft.aulast=Emanuele&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Polliti%2C+P.&rft.au=Bianchi%2C+M.&rft.au=Minoretti%2C+P.&rft.au=Bertona%2C+M.&rft.au=Geroldi%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0306453005001976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg1986" class="citation journal cs1">Sternberg, R.J. (1986). "A triangular theory of love". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>93</b> (2): 119–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.93.2.119">10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=A+triangular+theory+of+love&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-135&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.93.2.119&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1970" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Zick (1970). "Measurement of Romantic Love". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 265–273. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.452.3207">10.1.1.452.3207</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0029841">10.1037/h0029841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5479131">5479131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+Romantic+Love&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-273&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.452.3207%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5479131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0029841&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Zick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1973" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Zick (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/likinglovinginvi00rubi"><i>Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology</i></a></span>. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030830037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030830037"><bdi>978-0030830037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liking+and+Loving%3A+an+invitation+to+social+psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0030830037&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Zick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flikinglovinginvi00rubi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerscheidWalster1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_S._Berscheid" title="Ellen S. Berscheid">Berscheid, Ellen</a>; Walster, Elaine H. (1969). <i>Interpersonal Attraction</i>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-00560-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-00560-8"><bdi>978-0-201-00560-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/69-17443">69-17443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpersonal+Attraction&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F69-17443&rft.isbn=978-0-201-00560-8&rft.aulast=Berscheid&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Walster%2C+Elaine+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peck-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peck_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck1978" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Scott (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_0/page/169"><i>The Road Less Traveled</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_0/page/169">169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-25067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-25067-6"><bdi>978-0-671-25067-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Less+Traveled&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-671-25067-6&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadlesstraveled00peck_0%2Fpage%2F169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellEllis2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lorne; Ellis, Bruce J. (2005). "Commitment, Love, and Mate Retention". In Buss, David M. (ed.). <i>The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commitment%2C+Love%2C+and+Mate+Retention&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lorne&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Bruce+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michod1989-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michod1989_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michod1989_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michod1989_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichod1989" class="citation journal cs1">Michod, Richard E. (1989). "What's love got to do with it? The solution to one of evolution's greatest riddles". <i>The Sciences</i>: 22–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2326-1951.1989.tb02156.x">10.1002/j.2326-1951.1989.tb02156.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sciences&rft.atitle=What%27s+love+got+to+do+with+it%3F+The+solution+to+one+of+evolution%27s+greatest+riddles&rft.pages=22-27&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2326-1951.1989.tb02156.x&rft.aulast=Michod&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEschStefano2005" class="citation journal cs1">Esch, Tobias; Stefano, George B. (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15990734/">"Love promotes health"</a>. <i>Neuro Endocrinology Letters</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 264–267. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-780X">0172-780X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15990734">15990734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuro+Endocrinology+Letters&rft.atitle=Love+promotes+health&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=264-267&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15990734&rft.issn=0172-780X&rft.aulast=Esch&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Stefano%2C+George+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F15990734%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembergErikssonNystrom2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hemberg, Jessica; Eriksson, Katie; Nystrom, Lisbet (2017). "Love as the Original Source of Strength for Life and Health". <i>International Journal of Caring Sciences</i>. <b>10</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45264075">45264075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Caring+Sciences&rft.atitle=Love+as+the+Original+Source+of+Strength+for+Life+and+Health&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45264075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hemberg&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+Katie&rft.au=Nystrom%2C+Lisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmreck1990" class="citation journal cs1">Timmreck, Thomas C. (April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.515">"Overcoming the Loss of a Love: Preventing Love Addiction and Promoting Positive Emotional Health"</a>. <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>66</b> (2): 515–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1990.66.2.515">10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.515</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2941">0033-2941</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2190254">2190254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Reports&rft.atitle=Overcoming+the+Loss+of+a+Love%3A+Preventing+Love+Addiction+and+Promoting+Positive+Emotional+Health&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=515-528&rft.date=1990-04&rft.issn=0033-2941&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2190254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.1990.66.2.515&rft.aulast=Timmreck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.1990.66.2.515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauerSabeyJensen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rauer, Amy J.; Sabey, Allen; Jensen, Jakob F. (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0265407513503596">"Growing old together: Compassionate love and health in older adulthood"</a>. <i>Journal of Social and Personal Relationships</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 677–696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407513503596">10.1177/0265407513503596</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-4075">0265-4075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Personal+Relationships&rft.atitle=Growing+old+together%3A+Compassionate+love+and+health+in+older+adulthood&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=677-696&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265407513503596&rft.issn=0265-4075&rft.aulast=Rauer&rft.aufirst=Amy+J.&rft.au=Sabey%2C+Allen&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Jakob+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0265407513503596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>, in his book <i>On Love</i> ("De l'amour"; Paris, 1822), distinguished carnal love, passionate love, a kind of uncommitted love that he called "taste-love", and love of vanity. <a href="/wiki/Denis_de_Rougemont" title="Denis de Rougemont">Denis de Rougemont</a> in his book <i>Love in the Western World</i> traced the story of passionate love (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'amour-passion</i></span>) from its courtly to its romantic forms. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P%C3%A9ret" title="Benjamin Péret">Benjamin Péret</a>, in the introduction to his <i>Anthology of Sublime Love</i> (Paris, 1956), further identified "sublime love", a state of realized idealisation perhaps equatable with the romantic form of passionate love.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/love/">"Philosophy of Love | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Love+%7C+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Flove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstan2018" class="citation book cs1">Konstan, David (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/12383"><i>In the Orbit of Love</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190887872.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780190887872.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-088787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-088787-2"><bdi>978-0-19-088787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Orbit+of+Love&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190887872.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-088787-2&rft.aulast=Konstan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F12383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1965" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, Irving (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3849704">"Love in Ovid and Lucretius"</a>. <i>The Hudson Review</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 537–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3849704">10.2307/3849704</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-702X">0018-702X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3849704">3849704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hudson+Review&rft.atitle=Love+in+Ovid+and+Lucretius&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=537-559&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0018-702X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3849704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3849704&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3849704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavens2013" class="citation journal cs1">Havens, Timothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/cahss/files/2020/07/Confucianism-as-Humanism.pdf">"Confucianism as Humanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CLA Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CLA+Journal&rft.atitle=Confucianism+as+Humanism&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Havens&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fcahss%2Ffiles%2F2020%2F07%2FConfucianism-as-Humanism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang王懷聿2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Huaiyu; 王懷聿 (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41684476">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ren" and "Gantong": Openness of Heart and the Root of Confucianism"</a>. <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>62</b> (4): 463–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2012.0067">10.1353/pew.2012.0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221">0031-8221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41684476">41684476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=%22Ren%22+and+%22Gantong%22%3A+Openness+of+Heart+and+the+Root+of+Confucianism&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-504&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41684476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2012.0067&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Huaiyu&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%87%B7%E8%81%BF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41684476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Yuxi (Candice) (28 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cclura_2016/1">"Mozi: Universal Love and Human Agency"</a>. <i>2016 Claremont Colleges Library Undergraduate Research Award</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2016+Claremont+Colleges+Library+Undergraduate+Research+Award&rft.atitle=Mozi%3A+Universal+Love+and+Human+Agency&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yuxi+%28Candice%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.claremont.edu%2Fcclura_2016%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotesta2021" class="citation cs2">Cotesta, Vittorio (1 January 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/33819"><i>The Heavens and the Earth: Graeco-Roman, Ancient Chinese, and Mediaeval Islamic Images of the World</i></a>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46472-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46472-8"><bdi>978-90-04-46472-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heavens+and+the+Earth%3A+Graeco-Roman%2C+Ancient+Chinese%2C+and+Mediaeval+Islamic+Images+of+the+World&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46472-8&rft.aulast=Cotesta&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F33819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2018" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Adrienne M., ed. (21 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315645209/routledge-handbook-love-philosophy-adrienne-martin"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Love in Philosophy</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315645209">10.4324/9781315645209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-64520-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-64520-9"><bdi>978-1-315-64520-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Love+in+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315645209&rft.isbn=978-1-315-64520-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315645209%2Froutledge-handbook-love-philosophy-adrienne-martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryang2006-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ryang2006_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyang2006" class="citation book cs1">Ryang, Sonia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkOUAgAAQBAJ"><i>Love in Modern Japan: Its Estrangement from Self, Sex and Society</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">13</a>–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98863-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98863-0"><bdi>978-1-135-98863-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711112044/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+in+Modern+Japan%3A+Its+Estrangement+from+Self%2C+Sex+and+Society&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-98863-0&rft.aulast=Ryang&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkOUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerOcchi1999" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Gary B.; Occhi, Debra J. (15 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfPIZCIfGIAC&dq=japan+love+ai+koi+ren'ai+&pg=PA131"><i>Languages of Sentiment: Cultural constructions of emotional substrates</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9995-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9995-6"><bdi>978-90-272-9995-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Sentiment%3A+Cultural+constructions+of+emotional+substrates&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9995-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rft.au=Occhi%2C+Debra+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfPIZCIfGIAC%26dq%3Djapan%2Blove%2Bai%2Bkoi%2Bren%27ai%2B%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHara2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hara, Minoru (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41913379">"Words for love in Sanskrit"</a>. <i>Rivista degli studi orientali</i>. <b>80</b> (1/4): 81–106. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41913379">41913379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+degli+studi+orientali&rft.atitle=Words+for+love+in+Sanskrit&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=81-106&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41913379%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=Minoru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41913379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVali-Zadeh2022" class="citation journal cs1">Vali-Zadeh, Mahdieh (2 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jurnalfuf.uinsa.ac.id/index.php/teosofi/article/view/1868">"Agency of the Self and the Uncertain Nature of the Beloved in Persian Love Mysticism: Earthly, Ethereal, Masculine, or Feminine?"</a>. <i>Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 22–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15642%2Fteosofi.2022.12.1.22-42">10.15642/teosofi.2022.12.1.22-42</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2442-871X">2442-871X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teosofi%3A+Jurnal+Tasawuf+Dan+Pemikiran+Islam&rft.atitle=Agency+of+the+Self+and+the+Uncertain+Nature+of+the+Beloved+in+Persian+Love+Mysticism%3A+Earthly%2C+Ethereal%2C+Masculine%2C+or+Feminine%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-42&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15642%2Fteosofi.2022.12.1.22-42&rft.issn=2442-871X&rft.aulast=Vali-Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Mahdieh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjurnalfuf.uinsa.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fteosofi%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodman, Lenn Evan. <i>Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpe2016" class="citation web cs1">Wolpe, David (16 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4225777/meaning-of-love/">"We Are Defining Love the Wrong Way"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226085614/http://time.com/4225777/meaning-of-love/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=We+Are+Defining+Love+the+Wrong+Way&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.aulast=Wolpe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4225777%2Fmeaning-of-love%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDessler" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dessler, Eliyahu. "Kuntres ha-Chesed". <i>Michtav me-Eliyahu</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuntres+ha-Chesed&rft.btitle=Michtav+me-Eliyahu&rft.aulast=Dessler&rft.aufirst=Eliyahu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vatican1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vatican1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI" class="citation web cs1">Pope Benedict XVI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est.html">"papal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008152102/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=papal+encyclical%2C+Deus+Caritas+Est&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/170207.htm">"Homily 7 on the First Epistle of John"</a>, <i>Homilies on First John</i>, translated by Browne, H., New Advent, 8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homily+7+on+the+First+Epistle+of+John&rft.btitle=Homilies+on+First+John&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F170207.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confessions-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Confessions_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Confessions_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Woo, B. Hoon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5228314">"Augustine's Hermeneutics and Homiletics in <i>De doctrina christiana</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of Christian Philosophy</i>. <b>17</b>: 97–117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032901/https://www.academia.edu/5228314">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Christian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Augustine%27s+Hermeneutics+and+Homiletics+in+De+doctrina+christiana&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=97-117&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=B.+Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5228314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLellan-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLellan_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLellan_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan" class="citation web cs1">McLellan, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/news/2023/do-you-cry-pope-asks-800000-young-people-wyd-so-does-jesus-he-says">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Do you cry?' pope asks 800,000 young people at WYD; so does Jesus, he says"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Do+you+cry%3F%27+pope+asks+800%2C000+young+people+at+WYD%3B+so+does+Jesus%2C+he+says&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fnews%2F2023%2Fdo-you-cry-pope-asks-800000-young-people-wyd-so-does-jesus-he-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockhaus2020" class="citation web cs1">Brockhaus, Hannah (22 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/44277/pope-francis-the-entirety-of-gods-love-is-found-in-the-crucifix">"Pope Francis: The entirety of God's love is found in the crucifix"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis%3A+The+entirety+of+God%27s+love+is+found+in+the+crucifix&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft.aulast=Brockhaus&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F44277%2Fpope-francis-the-entirety-of-gods-love-is-found-in-the-crucifix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Francis2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (18 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/january/documents/papa-francesco_20150118_srilanka-filippine-incontro-giovani.html">"Meeting with the young people in the sports field of Santo Tomas University"</a>. <i>w2.vatican.va</i>. Manila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223111444/http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/january/documents/papa-francesco_20150118_srilanka-filippine-incontro-giovani.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Meeting+with+the+young+people+in+the+sports+field+of+Santo+Tomas+University&rft.date=2015-01-18&rft.au=Pope+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fspeeches%2F2015%2Fjanuary%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_20150118_srilanka-filippine-incontro-giovani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNidoy2015" class="citation web cs1">Nidoy, Raul (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/82535/the-key-to-love-according-to-pope-francis">"The key to love according to Pope Francis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224115656/http://opinion.inquirer.net/82535/the-key-to-love-according-to-pope-francis">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+key+to+love+according+to+Pope+Francis&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Nidoy&rft.aufirst=Raul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F82535%2Fthe-key-to-love-according-to-pope-francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertulliam" class="citation cs2">Tertulliam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/works/ad_scapulam.htm"><i>Ad Scapulam</i></a>, vol. I</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ad+Scapulam&rft.au=Tertulliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Fworks%2Fad_scapulam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisohn2014" class="citation book cs1">Lewisohn, Leonard (2014). <i>Cambridge Companions to Religion</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companions+to+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=150-180&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lewisohn&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Danesh, Roshan (1 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/161">"Some Reflections on the Concept of Law in the Bahá'í Faith"</a>. <i>The Journal of Bahá'í Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (1–2): 27–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31581%2Fjbs-24.1-2.3%282014%29">10.31581/jbs-24.1-2.3(2014)</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2563-755X">2563-755X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Reflections+on+the+Concept+of+Law+in+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=27-46&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31581%2Fjbs-24.1-2.3%282014%29&rft.issn=2563-755X&rft.aulast=Danesh&rft.aufirst=Roshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.bahaistudies.ca%2Fonline%2Farticle%2Fview%2F161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiyapanyawong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Piyapanyawong, Anchalee (29 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.oas.psu.ac.th/index.php/asj/article/view/1145/1065">"An Analysis of Love Development in Buddhism"</a>. <i>วารสารวิทยบริการ มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์ | Academic Services Journal, Prince of Songkla University</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 174–187. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2351-0420">2351-0420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C+%7C+Academic+Services+Journal%2C+Prince+of+Songkla+University&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+Love+Development+in+Buddhism&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=174-187&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft.issn=2351-0420&rft.aulast=Piyapanyawong&rft.aufirst=Anchalee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.oas.psu.ac.th%2Findex.php%2Fasj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1145%2F1065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallisey1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hallisey, Charles (August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/love-and-sympathy-in-theravada-buddhism-by-harvey-b-aronson-delhi-motilal-banarsidass-1980-viii-127-pp-notes-bibliography-glossary-indexes-rs-45/67C0FAD2DE8CDA7B682BB6E0ECCA4DE4">"Love and Sympathy in Theravāda Buddhism. By Harvey B. Aronson. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1980. viii, 127 pp. Notes, Bibliography, Glossary, Indexes. Rs 45"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 859–860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2055485">10.2307/2055485</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0401">1752-0401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Love+and+Sympathy+in+Therav%C4%81da+Buddhism.+By+Harvey+B.+Aronson.+Delhi%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass%2C+1980.+viii%2C+127+pp.+Notes%2C+Bibliography%2C+Glossary%2C+Indexes.+Rs+45.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=859-860&rft.date=1982-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2055485&rft.issn=1752-0401&rft.aulast=Hallisey&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Flove-and-sympathy-in-theravada-buddhism-by-harvey-b-aronson-delhi-motilal-banarsidass-1980-viii-127-pp-notes-bibliography-glossary-indexes-rs-45%2F67C0FAD2DE8CDA7B682BB6E0ECCA4DE4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoss1952" class="citation journal cs1">Noss, John B. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1458923">"Mutual Love in Mahayana Buddhism"</a>. <i>Journal of Bible and Religion</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 84–89. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0885-2758">0885-2758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bible+and+Religion&rft.atitle=Mutual+Love+in+Mahayana+Buddhism&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=84-89&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=0885-2758&rft.aulast=Noss&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1458923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogi1998" class="citation journal cs1">Yogi, P. G. (著) (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/DLMBS/en/search/search_detail.jsp?seq=682368">"An Analysis of Tantrayana (Vajrayana)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Tibetology</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 16–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Tibetology&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+Tantrayana+%28Vajrayana%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16-38&rft.date=1998-11&rft.aulast=Yogi&rft.aufirst=P.+G.+%28%E8%91%97%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FDLMBS%2Fen%2Fsearch%2Fsearch_detail.jsp%3Fseq%3D682368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna_Prema-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_Prema_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGour_Govinda_Swami" class="citation web cs1">Gour Govinda Swami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168632408280">"The Wonderful Characteristic of Krishna Prema"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121129064142/https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168632408280">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=The+Wonderful+Characteristic+of+Krishna+Prema&rft.au=Gour+Govinda+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnote.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150168632408280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perfect_Love-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perfect_Love_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami1966" class="citation web cs1">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (29 November 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prabhupadanugas.eu/news/?p=23368">"Perfectly in Krishna Love"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141123025652/http%3A//www.prabhupadanugas.eu/?p%3D23368">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perfectly+in+Krishna+Love&rft.date=1966-11-29&rft.au=A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prabhupadanugas.eu%2Fnews%2F%3Fp%3D23368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152552/http://library.syr.edu/digital/collections/h/Hand-bookOfTheOneidaCommunity/"><i>Hand-book of the Oneida Community</i></a>. 1867. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.syracuse.edu/digital/collections/h/Hand-bookOfTheOneidaCommunity/">the original</a> on 13 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-book+of+the+Oneida+Community&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.syracuse.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollections%2Fh%2FHand-bookOfTheOneidaCommunity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span> Claims to have coined the term around 1850, and laments that its use was appropriated by <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialists</a> to attack marriage, an institution that they felt protected women and children from abandonment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy1996" class="citation journal cs1">McElroy, Wendy (1996). "The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism". <i>Libertarian Enterprise</i>. <b>19</b>: 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libertarian+Enterprise&rft.atitle=The+Free+Love+Movement+and+Radical+Individualism&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Free_Love.htm">"Free love - Connexipedia article"</a>. <i>www.connexions.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.connexions.org&rft.atitle=Free+love+-+Connexipedia+article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connexions.org%2FCxLibrary%2FDocs%2FCxP-Free_Love.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spurlock,_John_C_1988-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spurlock,_John_C_1988_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurlock1988" class="citation book cs1">Spurlock, John C. (1988). <i>Free Love, Marriage, and Middle-Class Radicalism in America</i>. New York: New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Love%2C+Marriage%2C+and+Middle-Class+Radicalism+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Spurlock&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasset2003" class="citation book cs1">Passet, Joanne E. (2003). <i>Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality</i>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Radicals+and+the+Quest+for+Women%27s+Equality&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Passet&rft.aufirst=Joanne+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurieStark2017" class="citation cs2">Laurie, Timothy; Stark, Hannah (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1406048">"Love's Lessons: Intimacy, Pedagogy and Political Community"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelaki:_Journal_of_the_Theoretical_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities">Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities</a></i>, <b>22</b> (4): 69–79, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0969725x.2017.1406048">10.1080/0969725x.2017.1406048</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149182610">149182610</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221024035/https://www.academia.edu/35349930">archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angelaki%3A+Journal+of+the+Theoretical+Humanities&rft.atitle=Love%27s+Lessons%3A+Intimacy%2C+Pedagogy+and+Political+Community&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=69-79&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0969725x.2017.1406048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149182610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Stark%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F0969725X.2017.1406048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1998" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Henry (1998). <i>Saint Augustine Confessions</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283372-3"><bdi>978-0-19-283372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Augustine+Confessions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283372-3&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2004" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Helen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whywelove00hele"><i>Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love</i></a>. New York: H. Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6913-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6913-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-6913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+We+Love%3A+the+Nature+and+Chemistry+of+Romantic+Love&rft.pub=New+York%3A+H.+Holt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6913-6&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhywelove00hele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles,_James1994" class="citation journal cs1">Giles, James (1994). "A theory of love and sexual desire". <i>Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 339–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x">10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Theory+of+Social+Behaviour&rft.atitle=A+theory+of+love+and+sexual+desire&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339-357&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x&rft.au=Giles%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard2009" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (2009). <i>Works of Love</i>. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-171327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-171327-9"><bdi>978-0-06-171327-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works+of+Love&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Modern+Classics&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-171327-9&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOord2010" class="citation book cs1">Oord, Thomas Jay (2010). <i>Defining Love: A Philosophical, Scientific, and Theological Engagement</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58743-257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58743-257-6"><bdi>978-1-58743-257-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Love%3A+A+Philosophical%2C+Scientific%2C+and+Theological+Engagement&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Brazos&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58743-257-6&rft.aulast=Oord&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Singer, Irving (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureoflove0000sing"><i>The Nature of Love</i></a>. Vol. (in three volumes) (v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984 ed.). Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76094-0"><bdi>978-0-226-76094-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Love&rft.edition=v.1+reprinted+and+later+volumes+from+The+University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+1984&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-226-76094-0&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureoflove0000sing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg,_R.J.1986" class="citation journal cs1">Sternberg, R.J. (1986). "A triangular theory of love". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>93</b> (2): 119–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.93.2.119">10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=A+triangular+theory+of+love&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-135&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295X.93.2.119&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg,_R.J.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Sternberg, R.J. (1987). "Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>102</b> (3): 331–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.102.3.331">10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Liking+versus+loving%3A+A+comparative+evaluation+of+theories&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-345&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.102.3.331&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennov1979" class="citation book cs1">Tennov, Dorothy (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lovelimerenceexp00tenn"><i>Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love</i></a>. New York: Stein and Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-6134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-6134-1"><bdi>978-0-8128-6134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Limerence%3A+the+Experience+of+Being+in+Love&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-6134-1&rft.aulast=Tennov&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flovelimerenceexp00tenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood_Samuel_E.,_Ellen_Wood_and_Denise_Boyd2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masteringworldof00wood/page/402"><i>The World of Psychology</i></a> (5th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masteringworldof00wood/page/402">402–403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-35868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-35868-7"><bdi>978-0-205-35868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Psychology&rft.pages=402-403&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-205-35868-7&rft.au=Wood+Samuel+E.%2C+Ellen+Wood+and+Denise+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasteringworldof00wood%2Fpage%2F402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayer,_A2008" class="citation book cs1">Bayer, A, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/53033"><i>Art and love in Renaissance Italy</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+love+in+Renaissance+Italy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F53033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Love</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Love" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Love">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Love" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Love">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Love" class="extiw" title="q:Love">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Love" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Love">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Have_a_Happy_Relationship" class="extiw" title="v:Have a Happy Relationship">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316" class="extiw" title="d:Q316">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/love-his/">History of Love</a>, <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><i>Ikigai</i> (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interpersonal_relationships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template talk:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interpersonal_relationships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulmate" title="Soulmate">Soulmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">Open relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai">Enjo kōsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigolo" title="Gigolo">Gigolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_dating" title="Sugar dating">Sugar dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquaintance">Acquaintance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Siblings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger" title="Stranger">Stranger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familiar_stranger" title="Familiar stranger">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_stranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequential stranger">Consequential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycophancy" title="Sycophancy">Sycophancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio_(harem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraglio (harem)">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays" title="Marriage à la façon du pays">Marriage <i>à la façon du pays</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_mistress" title="Royal mistress">Royal mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Royal favorite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre" title="Maîtresse-en-titre">Maîtresse-en-titre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li>Separation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">Marital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emotions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Compersion">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">Gold digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li> <li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></i></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035646-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Love"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078519">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amour"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930878m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amour"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930878m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="愛"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560099">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="láska"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117230&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4345709">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000077079&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536248205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love&oldid=1259773042">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love&oldid=1259773042</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">Love</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">Emotions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_ethics" title="Category:Concepts in ethics">Concepts in ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fruit_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Category:Fruit of the Holy Spirit">Fruit of the Holy Spirit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Personal_life" title="Category:Personal life">Personal life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtue" title="Category:Virtue">Virtue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mental_states" title="Category:Mental states">Mental states</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018">Use dmy dates from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Literary_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Literary Chinese-language text">Articles containing Literary Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Y%C3%A1mana-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Yámana-language text">Articles containing Yámana-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Pali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Pali-language text">Articles containing Pali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_detailed_references" title="Category:Articles needing more detailed references">Articles needing more detailed references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections" title="Category:All articles that may have off-topic sections">All articles that may have off-topic sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections_from_August_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from August 2023">Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from May 2023">Articles to be expanded from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_empty_sections_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with empty sections from May 2023">Articles with empty sections from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_empty_sections" title="Category:All articles with empty sections">All articles with empty sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Catalan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Catalan-language text">Articles containing Catalan-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 23:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d94db5ff4-r2dmz","wgBackendResponseTime":273,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.294","walltime":"2.741","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17201,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":438531,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18097,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":425946,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2311.963 1 -total"," 29.10% 672.787 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.45% 334.035 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 13.39% 309.667 1 Template:Love_sidebar"," 10.22% 236.280 58 Template:Lang"," 9.63% 222.711 4 Template:Multiref2"," 8.69% 200.868 37 Template:Cite_book"," 7.23% 167.270 27 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.08% 140.495 14 Template:Fix"," 5.70% 131.725 28 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.402","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17477372,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","260","16.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","15.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","7.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.6"],["(for generator)","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.8"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","2.5"],["[others]","360","22.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-xngn8","timestamp":"20241128193148","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Love","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Love","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q316","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q316","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-17T14:54:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T23:44:31Z","headline":"strong, positive emotion based on affection"}</script> </body> </html>