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id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airflow_from_vertical_temperature_gradients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airflow_from_vertical_temperature_gradients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Airflow from vertical temperature gradients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airflow_from_vertical_temperature_gradients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Safety and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longevity,_maintenance_and_repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity,_maintenance_and_repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Longevity, maintenance and repair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity,_maintenance_and_repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_installation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_installation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design and installation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_installation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and installation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_installation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technical_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Technical design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_and_moisture_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_and_moisture_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Heat and moisture considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_and_moisture_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_systems_and_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_systems_and_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Building systems and materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_systems_and_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Control system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_schematic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_schematic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Mechanical schematic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_schematic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling_piping_patterns_with_finite_element_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling_piping_patterns_with_finite_element_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Modeling piping patterns with finite element analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling_piping_patterns_with_finite_element_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>System efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency_considerations_for_flooring_surface_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency_considerations_for_flooring_surface_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Efficiency considerations for flooring surface materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency_considerations_for_flooring_surface_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermographic_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermographic_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Thermographic evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermographic_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_examples_of_large_modern_buildings_using_radiant_heating_and_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_examples_of_large_modern_buildings_using_radiant_heating_and_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Global examples of large modern buildings using radiant heating and cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_examples_of_large_modern_buildings_using_radiant_heating_and_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Underfloor heating</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2l_radiant" title="Sòl radiant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòl radiant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlahov%C3%A9_topen%C3%AD" title="Podlahové topení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podlahové topení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fbodenheizung" title="Fußbodenheizung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fußbodenheizung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5randk%C3%BCte" title="Põrandküte – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põrandküte" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suelo_radiante" title="Suelo radiante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suelo radiante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoru_irradiatzaile" title="Zoru irradiatzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zoru irradiatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plancher_chauffant" title="Plancher chauffant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plancher chauffant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A5%EB%82%9C%EB%B0%A9" title="바닥난방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바닥난방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podno_grijanje" title="Podno grijanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Podno grijanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanas_bawah_lantai" title="Pemanas bawah lantai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemanas bawah lantai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannelli_radianti" title="Pannelli radianti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pannelli radianti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99" title="חימום תת-רצפתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חימום תת-רצפתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindinis_%C5%A1ildymas" title="Grindinis šildymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grindinis šildymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pann%C3%A8j_radiant" title="Pannèj radiant – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pannèj radiant" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padl%C3%B3f%C5%B1t%C3%A9s" title="Padlófűtés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Padlófűtés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vloerverwarming" title="Vloerverwarming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vloerverwarming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%8A%E6%9A%96%E6%88%BF" title="床暖房 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="床暖房" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enc%C4%83lzire_prin_pardoseal%C4%83" title="Încălzire prin pardoseală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Încălzire prin pardoseală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Тёплый пол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тёплый пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talno_ogrevanje" title="Talno ogrevanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Talno ogrevanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattial%C3%A4mmitys" title="Lattialämmitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lattialämmitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golvv%C3%A4rme" title="Golvvärme – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Golvvärme" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerden_%C4%B1s%C4%B1tma" title="Yerden ısıtma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yerden ısıtma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тепла підлога – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тепла підлога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="地暖系統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地暖系統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="地暖系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地暖系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Form of central heating and cooling</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg/220px-Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg/330px-Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg/440px-Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Underfloor heating pipes, before they are covered by the screed</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Underfloor heating and cooling</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">central heating and cooling</a> that achieves <a href="/wiki/Indoor_climate_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor climate control">indoor climate control</a> for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">thermal comfort</a> using <a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">hydronic</a> or electrical heating elements embedded in a floor. Heating is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>. Use of underfloor heating dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Neoglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoglacial">Neoglacial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> periods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Underfloor_heating" title="Special:EditPage/Underfloor heating">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Underfloor heating has a long history back into the <a href="/wiki/Neoglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoglacial">Neoglacial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> periods. Archeological digs in Asia and the Aleutian islands of Alaska reveal how the inhabitants drafted smoke from fires through stone covered trenches which were excavated in the floors of their <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranean</a> dwellings. The hot smoke heated the floor stones and the heat then radiated into the living spaces. These early forms have evolved into modern systems using fluid filled pipes or electrical cables and mats. Below is a chronological overview of under floor heating from around the world. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:100px;">Time period, c. BC<sup id="cite_ref-hist1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:750px;">Description<sup id="cite_ref-hist1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>5,000</td> <td>Evidence of "baked floors" are found foreshadowing early forms of kang and <a href="/wiki/Kang_bed-stove" title="Kang bed-stove">dikang</a> "heated floor" later <a href="/wiki/Ondol" title="Ondol">ondol</a> meaning "warm stone" in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Guo1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,000</td> <td>Korean fire <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a>, was used both as kitchen range and heating <a href="/wiki/Stove" title="Stove">stove</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ondol" title="Ondol">Ondol</a> type system used in the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, Alaska<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Ondol" title="Ondol">Unggi, Hamgyeongbuk-do</a> (present-day North Korea). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000</td> <td>More than two hearths were used in one dwelling; one hearth located at the center was used for heating, the other at the perimeter was used for cooking throughout the year. This perimeter hearth is the initial form of the budumak (meaning kitchen range), which composes the combustion section of the traditional ondol in Korea. At this point the floor it's still not heated directly from below but rather by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">thermal convection</a> of hearth and stove from above. </td></tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> scale up the use of conditioned surfaces (floors and walls) with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Hypocausts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocausts">hypocausts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200</td> <td>Central hearth developed into <a href="/wiki/Gudeul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gudeul">gudeul</a> (meaning heat releasing section of ondol) and perimeter hearth for cooking became more developed and budumak was almost established in Korea. </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>China, Korea and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> use kang, dikang/ondol and hypocaust respectively. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:100px;">Time period, c. AD<sup id="cite_ref-hist2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:750px;">Description<sup id="cite_ref-hist2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td>Anecdotal literary reference to radiant cooling system in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> using snow packed wall cavities. </td></tr> <tr> <td>700</td> <td>More sophisticated and developed gudeul was found in some palaces and living quarters of upper-class people in Korea. Countries in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> (Iran, Algeria, Turkey et al.) use various forms of hypocaust type heating in public baths and homes (ref.: tabakhana, atishkhana, sandali) but also use heat from cooking (see: <a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">tandoor</a>, also tanur) to heat the floors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000</td> <td>Ondol continues to evolve in Asia. The most advanced true ondol system was established. The fire furnace was moved outside and the room was entirely floored with ondol in Korea. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1300</td> <td>Hypocaust type systems used to heat monasteries in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">teutonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Malbork Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1400</td> <td>Hypocaust type systems used to heat <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1500</td> <td>Attention to comfort and architecture in Europe evolves; China and Korea continue to apply floor heating with wide scale adoption. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, heated flues in floors and walls are used in greenhouses. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> studies the French and Asian cultures and makes note of their respective heating system leading to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a>. Steam based radiant pipes are used in France. Hypocaust type system used to heat public bath (hammam) in the citadel town of Erbil located in modern-day Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td>Beginnings of the European evolution of the modern water heater/boiler and water based piping systems including studies in thermal <a href="/wiki/Conductivity,_temperature,_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductivity, temperature, depth">conductivities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat">specific heat</a> of materials and <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> of surfaces (<a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">Watt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Leslie_(physicist)" title="John Leslie (physicist)">Leslie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Rumford</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reference to the use of small bore pipes used in the <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane%27s_Museum" title="Sir John Soane's Museum">John Soane house and museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1864</td> <td>Underfloor heating type system used at <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> hospital sites in America.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (building)">Reichstag building</a> in Germany uses the thermal mass of the building for cooling and heating. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899</td> <td>The earliest beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>-based pipes occur when German scientist, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Pechmann" title="Hans von Pechmann">Hans von Pechmann</a>, discovered a waxy residue at the bottom of a test tube, colleagues Eugen Bamberger and Friedrich Tschirner called it <a href="/wiki/Polymethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymethylene">polymethylene</a> but it was discarded as having no commercial use at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool Cathedral</a> in England is heated with system based on the hypocaust principles. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> makes his first trip to Japan, later incorporates various early forms of radiant heating in his projects. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> <td>England, Prof. Barker granted Patent No. 28477 for panel warming using small pipes. Patents later sold to the Crittal Company who appointed representatives across Europe. A.M. Byers of America promotes radiant heating using small bore water pipes. Asia continues to use traditional ondol and kang—wood is used as the fuel, combustion gases sent under floor. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td>Oscar Faber in England uses water pipes used to radiant heat and cool several large buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td>Explosion at England's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a> (ICI) laboratory during a high pressure experiment with <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene gas</a> results in a wax like substance—later to become polyethylene and the re-beginnings of PEX pipe.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937</td> <td>Frank Lloyd Wright designs the radiant heated <a href="/wiki/Herbert_and_Katherine_Jacobs_First_House" title="Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House">Herbert Jacobs house</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Usonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Usonian">Usonian</a> home. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939</td> <td>First small scale polyethylene plant built in America. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>American developer <a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a> builds large scale developments for returning GIs. Water based (copper pipe) radiant heating used throughout thousands of homes. Poor building envelopes on all continents require excessive surface temperatures leading in some cases to health problems. Thermal comfort and health science research (using hot plates, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_manikin" title="Thermal manikin">thermal manikins</a> and comfort laboratories) in Europe and America later establishes lower surface temperature limits and development of comfort standards. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td>Korean War wipes out wood supplies for ondol, population forced to use coal. Developer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Eichler" title="Joseph Eichler">Joseph Eichler</a> in California begins the construction of thousands of radiant heated homes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>J. Bjorksten of Bjorksten Research Laboratories in Madison, WI, announces first results of what is believed to be the first instance of testing three types of plastic tubing for radiant floor heating in America. Polyethylene, vinyl chloride copolymer, and vinylidene chloride were tested over three winters.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953</td> <td>The first Canadian polyethylene plant is built near <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td>NRC researcher from Canada installs underfloor heating in his home and later remarks, "Decades later it would be identified as a passive solar house. It incorporated innovative features such as the radiant heating system supplied with hot water from an automatically stoked anthracite furnace."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td>Thomas Engel patents method for stabilizing polyethylene by <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross linking molecules</a> using peroxide (PEx-A) and in 1967 sells license options to a number of pipe producers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td>Evolution of Korean architecture leads to multistory housings, <a href="/wiki/Flue_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gases">flue gases</a> from coal based ondol results in many deaths leading to the removal of the home based flue gas system to a central water based heating plants. Oxygen permeation becomes corrosion issue in Europe leading to the development of barriered pipe and oxygen permeation standards. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>The first standards for floor heating are developed in Europe. Water-based ondol system is applied to almost all of residential buildings in Korea. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td>Floor heating becomes a traditional heating systems in residential buildings in Middle Europe and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and increasing applications in non-residential buildings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>The application of floor cooling and thermal active building systems (TABS) in residential and commercial buildings are widely introduced into the market.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>The use of embedded radiant cooling systems in the middle of Europe becomes a standard system with many parts of the world applying radiant based <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> systems as means of using low temperatures for heating and high temperatures for cooling. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>Radiant conditioned <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Tower" title="Pearl River Tower">Pearl River Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China, topped out at 71 stories. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern underfloor heating systems use either <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a> elements ("electric systems") or fluid flowing in pipes ("<a href="/wiki/Hydronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydronic">hydronic</a> systems") to heat the floor. Either type can be installed as the primary, whole-building heating system or as localized floor heating for thermal comfort. Some systems allow for single rooms to be heated when they are a part of a larger multi-room system, avoiding any wasted heat. Electrical resistance can only be used for heating; when space cooling is also required, hydronic systems must be used. Other applications for which either electric or hydronic systems are suited include <a href="/wiki/Snowmelt_system" title="Snowmelt system">snow/ice melting</a> for walks, driveways and landing pads, turf conditioning of football and soccer fields and frost prevention in freezers and skating rinks. A range of underfloor heating systems and designs are available to suit different types of flooring.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some underfloor heating systems are designed to be laid within the floor construction with the pipework embedded within a screed beneath the floor covering, typically used in extensions or new builds, meanwhile other underfloor heating systems can be fitted directly on top of an existing floor (providing it is level and stable) using self-adhesive panels into which the pipework is laid and a self-levelling screed is poured, a popular solution for retrofit projects.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electric heating elements or hydronic piping can be cast in a concrete floor slab ("poured floor system" or "wet system"). They can also be placed under the floor covering ("dry system") or attached directly to a wood sub floor ("sub floor system" or "dry system"). </p><p>Some commercial buildings are designed to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> which is heated or cooled during off-peak hours when utility rates are lower. With the heating/cooling system turned off during the day, the concrete mass and room temperature drift up or down within the desired comfort range. Such systems are known as thermally activated building systems or TABS.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <i><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">radiant heating</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">radiant cooling</a></i> are commonly used to describe this approach because radiation is responsible for a significant portion of the resulting thermal comfort but this usage is technically correct only when radiation composes more than 50% of the heat exchange between the floor and the rest of the space.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydronic_systems">Hydronic systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hydronic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydronic system">Hydronic systems</a> use water or a mix of water and anti-freeze such as <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the heat transfer fluid in a "closed-loop" that is recirculated between the floor and the boiler. </p><p>Various types of pipes are available specifically for hydronic underfloor heating and cooling systems and are generally made from <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> including <a href="/wiki/PEX" class="mw-redirect" title="PEX">PEX</a>, PEX-Al-PEX and PERT. Older materials such as <a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene</a> (PB) and copper or steel pipe are still used in some locales or for specialized applications. </p><p>Hydronic systems require skilled designers and tradespeople familiar with boilers, circulators, controls, fluid pressures and temperature. The use of modern factory assembled sub-stations, used primarily in <a href="/wiki/District_heating_and_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="District heating and cooling">district heating and cooling</a>, can greatly simplify design requirements and reduce the installation and commissioning time of hydronic systems. </p><p>Hydronic systems can use a single source or combination of <a href="/wiki/Energy_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy sources">energy sources</a> to help manage energy costs. Hydronic system <b>energy source</b> options are: </p> <ul><li>Boilers (heaters) including <a href="/wiki/Combined_heat_and_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined heat and power plant">combined heat and power plants</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> heated by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> or "methane" industry-wide is considered the cleanest and most efficient method of heating water, depending on availability. Costs about $7/million b.t.u.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a> mainly made from oil, less efficient than natural gas by volume, and generally much more expensive on a b.t.u. basis. Produces more carbon dioxide than "methane" on a b.t.u. basis. Costs about $25/million b.t.u.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">oil</a>, or waste oil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal">Solar thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Wood</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-fuels">Bio-fuels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pumps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a> powered by: <ul><li>Electricity</li> <li>Natural gas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal heat pump">Geothermal heat pump</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Underfloor heating is particularly suitable when the energy source is a heat pump, because underfloor heating uses lower water temperatures than systems using <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">radiators</a>, which improves the efficiency of the heat pump.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Underfloor heating pipes, before they are covered by the screed"><img alt="Underfloor heating pipes, before they are covered by the screed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg/240px-Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg/360px-Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg/480px-Underfloor_heating_pipes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Underfloor heating pipes, before they are covered by the screed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garage-1.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Underfloor heating pipes, before they are covered by a concrete garage slab"><img alt="Underfloor heating pipes, before they are covered by a concrete garage slab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garage-1.gif/240px-Garage-1.gif" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garage-1.gif/360px-Garage-1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garage-1.gif/480px-Garage-1.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Underfloor heating pipes, before they are covered by a concrete garage slab</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BCIT_Aerospace_Hangar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radiant tubing layout, Project: BCIT Aerospace Hangar, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"><img alt="Radiant tubing layout, Project: BCIT Aerospace Hangar, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/BCIT_Aerospace_Hangar.jpg/240px-BCIT_Aerospace_Hangar.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/BCIT_Aerospace_Hangar.jpg/360px-BCIT_Aerospace_Hangar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/BCIT_Aerospace_Hangar.jpg/479px-BCIT_Aerospace_Hangar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radiant tubing layout, Project: BCIT Aerospace Hangar, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fu%C3%9FbodenheizungSteuerung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manifold assembly"><img alt="Manifold assembly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fu%C3%9FbodenheizungSteuerung.jpg/421px-Fu%C3%9FbodenheizungSteuerung.jpg" decoding="async" width="281" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fu%C3%9FbodenheizungSteuerung.jpg/631px-Fu%C3%9FbodenheizungSteuerung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fu%C3%9FbodenheizungSteuerung.jpg/841px-Fu%C3%9FbodenheizungSteuerung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manifold assembly</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_on.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern factory assembled hydronic control appliances for underfloor heating and cooling, shown with covers on"><img alt="Modern factory assembled hydronic control appliances for underfloor heating and cooling, shown with covers on" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_on.png/296px-Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_on.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_on.png/445px-Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_on.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_on.png/593px-Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_on.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern factory assembled hydronic control appliances for underfloor heating and cooling, shown with covers on</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_off.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern factory assembled hydronic control appliances for underfloor heating and cooling, shown with covers off"><img alt="Modern factory assembled hydronic control appliances for underfloor heating and cooling, shown with covers off" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_off.png/296px-Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_off.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_off.png/444px-Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_off.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_off.png/591px-Prefabricated_sub_stations_covers_off.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern factory assembled hydronic control appliances for underfloor heating and cooling, shown with covers off</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermische_Stellantriebe,_Thermische_Antriebe,_Fussbodenheizung,_thermal_actuator,_actuateur_thermique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wax actuators"><img alt="Wax actuators" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Thermische_Stellantriebe%2C_Thermische_Antriebe%2C_Fussbodenheizung%2C_thermal_actuator%2C_actuateur_thermique.jpg/369px-Thermische_Stellantriebe%2C_Thermische_Antriebe%2C_Fussbodenheizung%2C_thermal_actuator%2C_actuateur_thermique.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Thermische_Stellantriebe%2C_Thermische_Antriebe%2C_Fussbodenheizung%2C_thermal_actuator%2C_actuateur_thermique.jpg/554px-Thermische_Stellantriebe%2C_Thermische_Antriebe%2C_Fussbodenheizung%2C_thermal_actuator%2C_actuateur_thermique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Thermische_Stellantriebe%2C_Thermische_Antriebe%2C_Fussbodenheizung%2C_thermal_actuator%2C_actuateur_thermique.jpg/738px-Thermische_Stellantriebe%2C_Thermische_Antriebe%2C_Fussbodenheizung%2C_thermal_actuator%2C_actuateur_thermique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wax_motor" title="Wax motor">Wax actuators</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_systems">Electric systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electric systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric-floor-heating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Electric-floor-heating.jpg/220px-Electric-floor-heating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Electric-floor-heating.jpg/330px-Electric-floor-heating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Electric-floor-heating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Electric floor heating installation, cement being applied</figcaption></figure><p>Electric systems are used only for heating and employ non-corrosive, flexible heating elements including cables, pre-formed cable mats, bronze mesh, and carbon films. Due to their low profile, they can be installed in a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> or directly under floor finishes. Electric systems can also take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_meter" title="Electricity meter">time-of-use electricity metering</a> and are frequently used as carpet heaters, portable under area rug heaters, under laminate floor heaters, under tile heating, under wood floor heating, and floor warming systems, including under shower floor and seat heating. Large electric systems also require skilled designers and tradespeople but this is less so for small floor warming systems. Electric systems use fewer components and are simpler to install and commission than hydronic systems. Some electric systems use line voltage technology while others use low voltage technology. The power consumption of an electric system is not based on voltage but rather wattage output produced by the heating element. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airflow_from_vertical_temperature_gradients">Airflow from vertical temperature gradients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Airflow from vertical temperature gradients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/550px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/825px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/1100px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Vertical temperature gradient, caused by <a href="/wiki/Stable_stratification" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable stratification">stable stratification</a> of air inside a room without underfloor heating. The floor is over three degrees Celsius colder than the ceiling.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_comfort_quality">Thermal comfort quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thermal comfort quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As defined by <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_55" title="ASHRAE 55">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55</a> – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">thermal comfort</a> is, "that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation." Relating specifically to underfloor heating, thermal comfort is influenced by floor surface temperature and associated elements such as radiant asymmetry, <a href="/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature" title="Mean radiant temperature">mean radiant temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operative_temperature" title="Operative temperature">operative temperature</a>. Research by Nevins, Rohles, Gagge, <a href="/wiki/P._Ole_Fanger" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Ole Fanger">P. Ole Fanger</a> et al. show that humans at rest with clothing typical of light office and home wear, exchange over 50% of their <a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">sensible heat</a> via <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>. </p><p>Underfloor heating influences the radiant exchange by warming the interior surfaces. The heating of the surfaces suppresses body heat loss resulting in a perception of heating comfort. This general sensation of comfort is further enhanced through <a href="/wiki/Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conduction</a> (feet on floor) and through <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> by the surface's influence on air <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>. Underfloor cooling works by absorbing both <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave radiation">short wave</a> and long wave radiation resulting in cool interior surfaces. These cool surfaces encourage the loss of body heat resulting in a perception of cooling comfort. Localized discomfort due to cold and warm floors wearing normal footwear and stocking feet is addressed in the ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55 standards and ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbooks and can be corrected or regulated with floor heating and cooling systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indoor_air_quality">Indoor air quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indoor air quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Underfloor heating can have a positive effect on the <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">quality of indoor air</a> by facilitating the choice of otherwise perceived <a href="/wiki/Flooring#Hard_flooring" title="Flooring">cold flooring materials</a> such as tile, slate, terrazzo, and concrete. These masonry surfaces typically have very low VOC emissions (<a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a>) in comparison to other <a href="/wiki/Flooring" title="Flooring">flooring</a> options. In conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> control, floor heating also establishes temperature conditions that are less favorable in supporting <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust_mites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust mites">dust mites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By removing the <a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">sensible heating</a> load from the total <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) load, <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>, filtration and dehumidification of incoming air can be accomplished with <a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">dedicated outdoor air systems</a> having less volumetric turnover to mitigate distribution of airborne contaminates. There is recognition from the medical community relating to the benefits of floor heating especially as it relates to allergens.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under floor radiant systems are evaluated for sustainability through the principles of <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">exergy</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a>. When combined with high-performance buildings, underfloor systems operate with low temperatures in heating and high temperatures in cooling<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the ranges found typically in <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">geothermal</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal">solar thermal</a> systems. When coupled with these non-combustible, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a> energy sources the <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> benefits include reduction or elimination of combustion and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> produced by boilers and <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Heat_pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat pumps">heat pumps</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a>, as well as reduced demands for <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">non-renewables</a> and greater inventories for future generations. This has been supported through simulation evaluations<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through research funded by the U.S. Department of Energy,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fraunhofer Institute ISE<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as ASHRAE.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_health">Safety and health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Safety and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low-temperature underfloor heating is embedded in the floor or placed under the floor covering. As such it occupies no wall space and creates no <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burn</a> hazards, nor is it a hazard for physical injuries due to accidental contact leading to tripping and falling. This has been referenced as a positive feature in <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> facilities including those serving elderly clients and those with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anecdotally, under similar environmental conditions, heated floors will speed evaporation of wetted floors (showering, cleaning, and spills). Additionally, underfloor heating with fluid-filled pipes is useful in heating and cooling explosion-proof environments where combustion and electrical equipment can be located remotely from the explosive environment. </p><p>There is a likelihood that underfloor heating may add to <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">offgassing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">sick building syndrome</a> in an environment, particularly when the carpet is used as flooring.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Electric underfloor heating systems cause low frequency magnetic fields (in the 50–60 Hz range), old 1-wire systems much more so than modern 2-wire systems.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified static and low-frequency magnetic fields as <i>possibly carcinogenic</i> (Group 2B).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longevity,_maintenance_and_repair"><span id="Longevity.2C_maintenance_and_repair"></span>Longevity, maintenance and repair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Longevity, maintenance and repair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Equipment maintenance and repair is the same as for other water or electrical based <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> systems except when pipes, cables or mats are embedded in the floor. Early trials (for example homes built by Levitt and Eichler, c. 1940–1970s) experienced failures in embedded copper and steel piping systems as well as failures assigned by the courts to Shell, Goodyear and others for <a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">polybutylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/EPDM" class="mw-redirect" title="EPDM">EPDM</a> materials.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also have been a few publicized claims of failed electric heated gypsum panels from the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failures associated with most installations are attributable to job site neglect, installation errors, and product mishandling such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Pre-pour pressure tests required by concrete installation standards<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and good practice guidelines<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the design, construction, operation and repair of radiant heating and cooling systems mitigate problems resulting from improper installation and operation. </p><p>Fluid based systems using <a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">cross-linked polyethylene</a> (PEX) a product developed in the 1930s and its various derivatives such as PE-rt have demonstrated reliable long term performance in harsh cold-climate applications such as bridge decks, aircraft hangar aprons, and landing pads. PEX has become a popular and reliable option in-home use for new concrete slab construction, and new underfloor joist construction as well as (joist) retrofit. Since the materials are produced from polyethylene and its bonds are cross-linked, it is highly resistant to corrosion or the temperature and pressure stresses associated with typical fluid-based HVAC systems.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For PEX reliability, installation procedures must be precise (especially at joints) and manufacturers specifications for a maximum temperature of water or fluid, etc. must be carefully followed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_installation">Design and installation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Design and installation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiant_details_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Radiant_details_large.jpg/220px-Radiant_details_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Radiant_details_large.jpg/330px-Radiant_details_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Radiant_details_large.jpg/440px-Radiant_details_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>General considerations for placing radiant heating and cooling pipes in flooring assemblies where other HVAC and plumbing components may be present</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Under_floor_heating_assemblies_typical.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Under_floor_heating_assemblies_typical.gif/220px-Under_floor_heating_assemblies_typical.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Under_floor_heating_assemblies_typical.gif/330px-Under_floor_heating_assemblies_typical.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Under_floor_heating_assemblies_typical.gif/440px-Under_floor_heating_assemblies_typical.gif 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Typical underfloor heating and cooling assemblies. Local practices, codes, standards, best practices, and fire regulations will determine actual materials and methods.</figcaption></figure> <p>The engineering of underfloor cooling and heating systems is governed by industry standards and guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_design">Technical design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technical design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of heat exchanged from or to an underfloor system is based on the combined radiant and convective <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer_coefficient" title="Heat transfer coefficient">heat transfer coefficients</a>. </p> <ul><li>Radiant heat transfer is constant based on the <a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan–Boltzmann constant">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a>.</li> <li>Convective heat transfer changes over time depending on <ul><li>the air's density and thus its buoyancy. Air buoyancy changes according to <a href="/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature" title="Mean radiant temperature">surface temperatures</a> and</li> <li>forced air movement due to fans and the motion of people and objects in the space.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Convective heat transfer with underfloor systems is much greater when the system is operating in a heating rather than cooling mode.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically with underfloor heating the convective component is almost 50% of the total heat transfer and in underfloor cooling the convective component is less than 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_and_moisture_considerations">Heat and moisture considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heat and moisture considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When heated and cooled pipes or heating cables share the same spaces as other building components, parasitic heat transfer can occur between refrigeration appliances, cold storage areas, domestic cold water lines, air conditioning and ventilation ducts. To control this, the pipes, cables and other building components must all be well insulated. </p><p>With underfloor cooling, condensation may collect on the surface of the floor. To prevent this, air humidity is kept low, below 50%, and floor temperatures are maintained above the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a>, <span class="nowrap">19 °C</span> (66F).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_systems_and_materials">Building systems and materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Building systems and materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heat losses to below grade <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Soil_thermal_properties" title="Soil thermal properties">thermal conductivity of soil</a> will influence the conductive heat transfer between the ground and heated or cooled <a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">slab-on-grade</a> floors.</li> <li>Soils with moisture contents greater than 20% can be as much as 15 times more conductive than soils with less than 4% moisture content.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water tables</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">soil conditions</a> should be evaluated.</li> <li>Suitable <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building insulation materials">underslab insulation</a> such as rigid extruded or expanded <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> is required by <a href="/wiki/Model_building_code" title="Model building code">Model National Energy Codes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Heat losses at the exterior floor framing <ul><li>The heated or cooled sub-floor increases the temperature difference between the outdoors and the conditioned floor.</li> <li>The cavities created by the framing timbers such as headers, trimmers and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cantilevered" class="extiw" title="wikt:cantilevered">cantilevered</a> sections must then be insulated with rigid, batt or spray type insulations of suitable value based on climate and building techniques.</li></ul></li> <li>Masonry and other hard flooring considerations <ul><li>Concrete floors must accommodate shrinkage and expansion due to curing and changes in temperature.</li> <li>Curing times and temperatures for poured floors (concrete, lightweight toppings) must follow industry standards.</li> <li>Control and expansion joints and crack suppression techniques are required for all masonry type floors including; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">Terrazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a>, stained, textured and stamped</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Wood flooring <ul><li>The dimensional stability of wood is based primary on moisture content,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, other factors can mitigate the changes to wood as it is heated or cooled, including; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood species">Wood species</a></li> <li>Milling techniques, <a href="/wiki/Wood_grain" title="Wood grain">quarter sawn or plane sawn</a></li> <li>Acclimation period</li> <li>Relative humidity within the space</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Piping standards<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_system">Control system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Control system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></div> <p>Underfloor heating and cooling systems can have several control points including the management of: </p> <ul><li>Fluid temperatures in the heating and cooling plant (e.g. boilers, chillers, heat pumps). <ul><li>Influences the efficiency</li></ul></li> <li>Fluid temperatures in distribution network between the plant and the radiant manifolds. <ul><li>Influences the capital and operating costs</li></ul></li> <li>Fluid temperatures in the PE-x piping systems, which is based on;<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Heating and cooling demands</li> <li>Tube spacing</li> <li>Upward and downward losses</li> <li>Flooring characteristics</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_temperature" title="Operative temperature">Operative temperature</a> <ul><li>Incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature" title="Mean radiant temperature">mean radiant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry bulb">dry bulb</a></li></ul></li> <li>Surface temperatures for;<sup id="cite_ref-ASH55_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASH55-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Comfort</li> <li>Health and safety</li> <li>Material integrity</li> <li>Dew point (for floor cooling).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_schematic">Mechanical schematic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mechanical schematic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiant-based-HVAC-system-for-heating-and-cooling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Radiant-based-HVAC-system-for-heating-and-cooling.png/170px-Radiant-based-HVAC-system-for-heating-and-cooling.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Radiant-based-HVAC-system-for-heating-and-cooling.png/255px-Radiant-based-HVAC-system-for-heating-and-cooling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Radiant-based-HVAC-system-for-heating-and-cooling.png/340px-Radiant-based-HVAC-system-for-heating-and-cooling.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Example of a radiant based HVAC schematic</figcaption></figure> <p>Illustrated is a simplified mechanical schematic of an underfloor heating and cooling system for thermal comfort quality<sup id="cite_ref-ASH55_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASH55-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a separate air handling system for <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In high performance residential homes of moderate size (e.g. under 3000 ft<sup>2</sup> (278 m<sup>2</sup>) total conditioned floor area), this system using manufactured hydronic control appliances would take up about the same space as a three or four piece bathroom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_piping_patterns_with_finite_element_analysis">Modeling piping patterns with finite element analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modeling piping patterns with finite element analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modeling radiant piping (also tube or loop) patterns with <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite element analysis">finite element analysis</a> (FEA) predicts the thermal diffusions and surface temperature quality or <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a> of various loop layouts. The performance of the model (left image below) and image to the right are useful to gain an understanding in relationships between flooring resistances, conductivities of surrounding mass, tube spacings, depths and fluid temperatures. As with all FEA simulations, they depict a snap shot in time for a specific assembly and may not be representative of all floor assemblies nor for system that have been operative for considerable time in a steady state condition. The practical application of FEA for the engineer is being able to assess each design for fluid temperature, back losses and surface temperature quality. Through several iterations it is possible to optimize the design for the lowest fluid temperature in heating and the highest fluid temperature in cooling which enables combustion and compression equipment to achieve its maximum rated efficiency performance. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modelling_radiant_tube_patterns.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Thermal diffusions and surface temperature quality (efficacy) of various piping layouts"><img alt="Thermal diffusions and surface temperature quality (efficacy) of various piping layouts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Modelling_radiant_tube_patterns.png/211px-Modelling_radiant_tube_patterns.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Modelling_radiant_tube_patterns.png/317px-Modelling_radiant_tube_patterns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Modelling_radiant_tube_patterns.png/422px-Modelling_radiant_tube_patterns.png 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thermal diffusions and surface temperature quality (efficacy) of various piping layouts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEA_Output_Screen_Shots.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical FEA output screen shots of wire mesh, thermal isotherms and color-coded mapping"><img alt="Typical FEA output screen shots of wire mesh, thermal isotherms and color-coded mapping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/FEA_Output_Screen_Shots.png/240px-FEA_Output_Screen_Shots.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/FEA_Output_Screen_Shots.png/360px-FEA_Output_Screen_Shots.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/FEA_Output_Screen_Shots.png/480px-FEA_Output_Screen_Shots.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical FEA output screen shots of wire mesh, thermal isotherms and color-coded mapping</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a wide range of pricing for underfloor systems based on regional differences, materials, application and project complexity. It is widely adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> communities. Consequently, the market is more mature and systems relatively more affordable than less developed markets such as <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> where market share for fluid based systems remains between 3% and 7% of HVAC systems (ref. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Passive_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive House">Passive House</a>, <a href="/wiki/R-2000_program" title="R-2000 program">R-2000</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Net Zero Energy</a>, simple <a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">thermostatic radiator valves</a> can be installed along with a single compact circulator and small condensing heater controlled without or with basic <a href="/wiki/Hot_water_reset" title="Hot water reset">hot water reset</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> control. Economical electric resistance based systems also are useful in small zones such as bathrooms and kitchens, but also for entire buildings where heating loads are very low. Larger structures will need more <a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">sophisticated systems</a> to deal with cooling and heating needs, and often require <a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">building management control systems</a> to regulate the energy use and control the overall indoor environment. </p><p>Low temperature radiant heating and high temperature radiant cooling systems lend themselves well to <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district energy</a> systems (community based systems) due to the temperature differentials between the plant and the buildings which allow small diameter insulated distribution networks and low pumping power requirements. The low return temperatures in heating and high return temperatures in cooling enable the district energy plant to achieve maximum efficiency. The principles behind district energy with underfloor systems can also be applied to stand alone multi story buildings with the same benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, underfloor radiant systems are ideally suited to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources including <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal">solar thermal</a> systems or any system where waste heat is recoverable. </p><p>In the global drive for <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, long term economics supports the need to eliminate where possible, <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compression</a> for cooling and <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> for heating. <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">It will then be necessary to use low quality heat sources for which radiant underfloor heating and cooling is well suited.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (March 2020)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_efficiency">System efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: System efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>System efficiency and energy use analysis takes into account building enclosure performance, efficiency of the heating and cooling plant, system controls and the conductivities, surface characteristics, tube/element spacing and depth of the radiant panel, operating fluid temperatures and wire to water efficiency of the circulators.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The efficiency in electric systems is analyzed by similar processes and includes the efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>. </p><p>Though the efficiency of radiant systems is under constant debate with no shortage of <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anecdotal">anecdotal</a> claims and scientific papers presenting both sides, the low return fluid temperatures in heating and high return fluid temperatures in cooling enable condensing boilers,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to operate at or near their <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">maximum engineered performance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greater efficiency of 'wire to water' versus 'wire to air' flow due to water's significantly greater <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">heat capacity</a> favors fluid based systems over air based systems.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both field application and simulation research have demonstrated significant electrical energy savings with radiant cooling and dedicated outdoor air systems based in part on the previous noted principles.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Passive_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive House">Passive Houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/R-2000_program" title="R-2000 program">R-2000 homes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Net Zero Energy buildings</a> the low temperatures of radiant heating and cooling systems present significant opportunities to exploit <a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">exergy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficiency_considerations_for_flooring_surface_materials">Efficiency considerations for flooring surface materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Efficiency considerations for flooring surface materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>System efficiency is also affected by the floor covering serving as the radiational <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> between the floor mass and occupants and other contents of the conditioned space. For example, carpeting has a greater <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">resistance</a> or lower <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">conductance</a> than tile. Thus carpeted floors need to operate at higher internal temperatures than tile which can create lower efficiencies for boilers and heat pumps. However, when the floor covering is known at the time the system is installed, then the internal floor temperature required for a given covering can be achieved through proper tube spacing without sacrificing plant efficiency (though the higher internal floor temperatures may result in increased heat loss from the non-room surfaces of the floor).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorptivity</a> of a floor surface are critical determinants of its heat exchange with the occupants and room. Unpolished flooring surface materials and treatments have very high emissivity's (0.85 to 0.95) and therefore make good <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">heat radiators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With underfloor heating and cooling ("reversible floors") flooring surfaces with high <a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a> and low <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> are most desirable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermographic_evaluation">Thermographic evaluation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Thermographic evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermography_low_temperature_radiant_heating.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Thermography_low_temperature_radiant_heating.png/220px-Thermography_low_temperature_radiant_heating.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Thermography_low_temperature_radiant_heating.png/330px-Thermography_low_temperature_radiant_heating.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Thermography_low_temperature_radiant_heating.png/440px-Thermography_low_temperature_radiant_heating.png 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Thermographic images of a room heated with low temperature radiant heating shortly after starting up the system</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a> is a useful tool to see the actual thermal efficacy of an underfloor system from its start up (as shown) to its operating conditions. In a startup it is easy to identify the tube location but less so as the system moves into a <a href="/wiki/Steady_state" title="Steady state">steady state</a> condition. It is important to interpret thermographic images correctly. As is the case with finite element analysis (FEA), what is seen, reflects the conditions at the time of the image and may not represent the steady conditions. For example, the surfaces viewed in the images shown, may appear ‘hot’, but in reality are actually below the nominal temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Normal_human_body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal human body temperature">skin and core temperatures of the human body</a> and the ability to ‘see’ the pipes does not equate to ‘feel’ the pipes. Thermography can also point out flaws in the building enclosures (left image, corner intersection detail), thermal bridging (right image, studs) and the heat losses associated with exterior doors (center image). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_examples_of_large_modern_buildings_using_radiant_heating_and_cooling">Global examples of large modern buildings using radiant heating and cooling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Global examples of large modern buildings using radiant heating and cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/41_Cooper_Square" title="41 Cooper Square">41 Cooper Square</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akron_Art_Museum" title="Akron Art Museum">Akron Art Museum</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_Welt" title="BMW Welt">BMW Welt</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="California Academy of Science">California Academy of Science</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Opera_House" title="Copenhagen Opera House">Copenhagen Opera House</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University" title="Ewha Womans University">Ewha Womans University</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Tower (New York City)">Hearst Tower</a>, New York City, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Hydro_Place" title="Manitoba Hydro Place">Manitoba Hydro Place</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> Research Support Facility, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Tower" title="Pearl River Tower">Pearl River Tower</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Tower" title="Post Tower">Post Tower</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi Airport</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangkok</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underfloor_heating" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Heating,_Refrigerating_and_Air-Conditioning_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_(heating_system)" title="Gloria (heating system)">Gloria (heating system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Heater">Heater</a> (types of heaters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">Hypocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_bed-stove" title="Kang bed-stove">Kang bed-stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondol" title="Ondol">Ondol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hist1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bean, R., Olesen, B., Kim, K.W., History of Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems, ASHRAE Journal, Part 1, January, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guo1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guo1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guo, Q., (2005), Chinese Architecture and Planning: Ideas, Methods, Techniques. Sttutgart: Edition Axel Menges, Part 1, Chpt 2, pg 20-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, H., (2007), The Battle Over Amaknak Bridge. Archeology. 60(3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForbes,_R._J._(Robert_James),_1900-1973.1966" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, R. J. (Robert James), 1900-1973. (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinancient0000forb"><i>Studies in ancient technology</i></a></span>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004006214" title="Special:BookSources/9004006214"><bdi>9004006214</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931299038">931299038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+ancient+technology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931299038&rft.isbn=9004006214&rft.au=Forbes%2C+R.+J.+%28Robert+James%29%2C+1900-1973.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesinancient0000forb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+heating" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bean, R., Olesen, B., Kim, K.W., History of Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems, ASHRAE Journal, Part 2, January, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papers on Traditional Public Baths-Hammam-in the Mediterranean, Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research, Vol. 3, Issue 1:157-170, March, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, H., From Polis To Madina: Urban Change in Late Antique and Early Islamic Syria, Past and Present (1985) 106 (1): 3-27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F106.1.3">10.1093/past/106.1.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashti, C. (Intro), Urban Conservation and Area Development in Afghanistan, Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme, Aga Khan Trust for Culture, May, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamek.malbork.pl/index.php?p=muzeum&a=wystawy&aid=48">"Muzeum Zamkowe w Malborku"</a>. <i>www.zamek.malbork.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zamek.malbork.pl&rft.atitle=Muzeum+Zamkowe+w+Malborku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamek.malbork.pl%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dmuzeum%26a%3Dwystawy%26aid%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+heating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705080316/http://www.erbilcitadel.org/ArchitecturalHeritage/TheHammam.php">"High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization, The Hammam"</a>. <i>erbilcitadel.org</i>. 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(March, 1997), Impact of Surface Characteristics on Radiant Panel Output, ASHRAE 876 TRP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmonds, P., Gaw, W., Holst, S., Reuss, S., Using radiant cooled floors to condition large spaces and maintain comfort conditions, ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 106(1):695-701, 2000</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_heating&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(CHP) (see also <a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">micro CHP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_fuel_cell" title="Home fuel cell">fuel cell</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A sample of design and installation standards: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=BS+EN+15377-1%3A2008">CEN (EN 15377): (2008), Design of embedded water based surface heating and cooling systems (Europe)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428111619/http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=BS+EN+15377-1%3A2008">Archived</a> April 28, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Part 1: Determination of the design heating and cooling capacity</dd> <dd>Part 2: Design, dimensioning and installation</dd> <dd>Part 3: Optimizing for use of renewable energy sources, Brussels, Belgium.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beuth.de/cn/d29ya2Zsb3duYW1lPWV4YUJhc2ljU2VhcmNoJmxhbmd1YWdlaWQ9ZW4*.html">CEN (EN 1264) Water based surface embedded heating and cooling systems:(Europe)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2018">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Part 1: Definitions and symbols</dd> <dd>Part 2: Floor heating: Prove methods for the determination of the thermal output using calculation and test methods</dd> <dd>Part 3: Dimensioning</dd> <dd>Part 4: Installation</dd> <dd>Part 5: Heating and cooling surfaces embedded in floors, ceilings and walls - Determination of the thermal output</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee?commid=54740">ISO TC 205 Building environment design (International)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>ISO TC 205/ WG 5, Indoor thermal environment</dd> <dd>ISO TC 205/ WG 8, Radiant heating and cooling systems</dd> <dd>ISO TC 205/ WG 8, Heating and cooling systems</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.ca/cm/ca/en/b214-hydronic-heating-systems">CSA B214 Installation code for hydronic heating systems (Canada)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913233820/http://www.csa.ca/cm/ca/en/b214-hydronic-heating-systems">Archived</a> September 13, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiantpanelassociation.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=115/">RPA Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Radiant Panel Heating and Snow/Ice Melt Systems, (United States)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428111619/http://www.radiantpanelassociation.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=115%2F">Archived</a> April 28, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A sample of standards for pipes used in underfloor heating: <ul><li>ASTM F2623 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) SDR 9 Tubing</li> <li>ASTM F2788 - Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe</li> <li>ASTM F876 - Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing</li> <li>ASTM F2657 - Standard Test Method for Outdoor Weathering Exposure of Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing</li> <li>CSA B137.5 - Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing Systems for Pressure Applications</li> <li>CSA C22.2 NO. 130, Requirements for Electrical Resistance Heating Cables and Heating Device Sets</li> <li>UL Standard 1673 – Electric Radiant Heating Cables</li> <li>UL Standard 1693 – Electric Radiant Heating Panels and Heating Panel Sets</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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