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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gewijzigd_doel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Gewijzigd doel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gewijzigd_doel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technische_uitrusting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technische_uitrusting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technische uitrusting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technische_uitrusting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Technische uitrusting-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technische_uitrusting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_instrumenten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetenschappelijke_instrumenten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wetenschappelijke instrumenten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_instrumenten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verloop_van_de_vlucht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verloop_van_de_vlucht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verloop van de vlucht</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verloop_van_de_vlucht-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Verloop van de vlucht-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verloop_van_de_vlucht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lancering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lancering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koers_verlegd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koers_verlegd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Koers verlegd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koers_verlegd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aankomst_bij_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aankomst_bij_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Aankomst bij Venus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aankomst_bij_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_resultaten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetenschappelijke_resultaten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wetenschappelijke resultaten</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wetenschappelijke_resultaten-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wetenschappelijke resultaten-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_resultaten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balende_Russen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balende_Russen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Balende Russen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balende_Russen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Metingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Einde_van_de_missie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einde_van_de_missie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Einde van de missie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Einde_van_de_missie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariner 5</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 37 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1_5" title="مارينر 5 – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارينر 5" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80_5" title="Маринър 5 – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маринър 5" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B1_%D9%A5" title="مێرنێر ٥ – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێرنێر ٥" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81_5" title="Μάρινερ 5 – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρινερ 5" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1_%DB%B5" title="مارینر ۵ – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارینر ۵" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8_5" title="מארינר 5 – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארינר 5" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner%E2%80%935" title="Mariner–5 – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mariner–5" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80-5" title="Մարիներ-5 – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարիներ-5" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC5%E5%8F%B7" title="マリナー5号 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリナー5号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%88_5%ED%98%B8" title="매리너 5호 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매리너 5호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80-5" title="Маринер-5 – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маринер-5" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_5" title="Маринер 5 – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маринер 5" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80-5" title="Марінер-5 – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марінер-5" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5 – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mariner 5" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%89%8B5%E8%99%9F" title="水手5號 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水手5號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#FFDEAD; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><i>Mariner 5</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mariner_05.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="De Amerikaanse Mariner 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mariner_05.PNG/266px-Mariner_05.PNG" decoding="async" width="266" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mariner_05.PNG/399px-Mariner_05.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mariner_05.PNG/532px-Mariner_05.PNG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">De Amerikaanse <i>Mariner 5</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Organisatie </th> <td colspan="2">NASA </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hoofdaannemer </th> <td colspan="2">JPL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Missienaam </th> <td colspan="2"><i>Mariner 5</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lanceringsdatum </th> <td colspan="2">14 juni 1967 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lanceerbasis </th> <td colspan="2">Cape Canaveral </td></tr> <tr> <th>Draagraket </th> <td colspan="2">Atlas-Agena D </td></tr> <tr> <th>Massa </th> <td colspan="2">244,9 kg </td></tr> <tr> <th>Doel </th> <td colspan="2">Venus </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fly by </th> <td colspan="2">19 oktober 1967, kortste afstand 4094 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>Duur missie totaal </th> <td colspan="2">14 juni 1967 - 14 oktober 1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#FFDEAD; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Ruimtevaart" title="Portaal:Ruimtevaart">Ruimtevaart</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Astronomie" title="Portaal:Astronomie">Astronomie</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Mariner 5</b> was een <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Amerikaanse</a> onbemande missie naar de planeet <a href="/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet)">Venus</a>, aan het eind van de jaren 60 van de twintigste eeuw. Doel van deze vlucht was onderzoek naar stralingsgordels en magnetische velden te verrichten. Deze <a href="/wiki/Ruimtesonde" title="Ruimtesonde">sonde</a> nam geen foto's. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewijzigd_doel">Gewijzigd doel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gewijzigd doel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gewijzigd doel"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het oorspronkelijke doel van <i>Mariner 5</i> was eigenlijk <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planeet)" title="Mars (planeet)">Mars</a>, want het diende als reserveschip indien <i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></i> zou falen. Deze leverde echter voortreffelijk werk af. Daarom haalde <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> in december 1965 <i>Mariner 5</i> van de reservebank af en bouwde het om voor een missie naar Venus. De bedoeling was om dit keer de planeet op veel kortere afstand te passeren dan <i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></i>, om de kans op ontdekking van een <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfeer" title="Magnetosfeer">magnetisch veld rond Venus</a> te vergroten en de interactie daarvan met de <a href="/wiki/Zonnewind" title="Zonnewind">zonnewind</a> in kaart te brengen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technische_uitrusting">Technische uitrusting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Technische uitrusting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Technische uitrusting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mariner_5_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mariner_5_diagram.png/260px-Mariner_5_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mariner_5_diagram.png/390px-Mariner_5_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mariner_5_diagram.png/520px-Mariner_5_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Schema van <i>Mariner 5</i></figcaption></figure> <p>De <i>Mariner 5</i> was uitgerust met boordcomputer, zonnepanelen en een standregeling met zonnesensor en <a href="/wiki/Canopus_(ster)" title="Canopus (ster)">Canopuszoeker</a>. Constructeur was het <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetenschappelijke_instrumenten">Wetenschappelijke instrumenten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wetenschappelijke instrumenten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wetenschappelijke instrumenten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>S-band <a href="/wiki/Occultatie" title="Occultatie">occultatie</a> experiment, op een golflengte van 2300 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" title="Megahertz">MHz</a>, om de atmosferische en <a href="/wiki/Ionosfeer" title="Ionosfeer">ionosferische</a> <a href="/wiki/Refractie" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractie">refractie</a> van Venus te bepalen.</li> <li>Dubbele frequentie occultatie experiment. Deze functioneerde op 423,3 en 49,8 MHz. De <a href="/wiki/Stanford-universiteit" title="Stanford-universiteit">Stanford-universiteit</a> zond via een richtbare <a href="/wiki/Schotelantenne" title="Schotelantenne">paraboolantenne</a> van 4,6 m <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> radiosignalen naar het vaartuig. Het signaal op de hoge frequentie werd niet merkbaar vertraagd, de signalen op de lage frequentie echter wel. Oorzaak waren de elektronen die het signaal op zijn pad vond, waaruit deskundigen weer andere gegevens af konden leiden.</li> <li>Proef om de <a href="/wiki/Massa_(natuurkunde)" title="Massa (natuurkunde)">massa</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">Maan</a> en Venus beter te bepalen en de <a href="/wiki/Efemeriden" title="Efemeriden">efemeriden</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet)">Aarde</a> en Venus te verbeteren.</li> <li>Stralingsmeter voor opsporing van <a href="/wiki/Kosmische_straling" title="Kosmische straling">kosmische straling</a>, om de aanwezigheid en kracht van die straling te meten gedurende de vlucht naar Venus. Tevens zocht men naar stralingsgordels rond de planeet en de interactie van geladen deeltjes met de staart van de magnetosfeer. Het bestond uit vier onderdelen die onder verschillende hoeken naar de zon stonden gericht. Het mat <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronen</a> met een energie groter dan 40 <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">keV</a> en <a href="/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje)">protonen</a> groter dan 500 keV, in een hoek van zowel 70 als 135° van de vliegrichting (de rechte lijn van <a href="/wiki/Zon" title="Zon">zon</a> naar <i>Mariner</i>). Ook bracht het elektronen met een lading groter dan 80 keV en protonen groter dan 900 keV in kaart, onder een hoek van 70°. Ten slotte verrichtte het instrument ook metingen naar protonen tussen 500 keV tot 8 MeV en 900 keV tot 3,5 MeV.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(aggregatietoestand)" title="Plasma (aggregatietoestand)">Zonneplasmameter</a>, om positief geladen ionen tussen 40 en 9400 eV/Q te meten, voor onderzoek naar de <a href="/wiki/Heliosfeer" title="Heliosfeer">heliosfeer</a> en rond Venus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a>, om de magnetosfeer van Venus en de <a href="/wiki/Ruimte_(astronomie)" title="Ruimte (astronomie)">interplanetaire ruimte</a> te bestuderen. Dit instrument, bevestigd aan een 1½ meter lange stang, had een maximale afwijking van 0,2 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(eenheid)" title="Tesla (eenheid)">nT</a>. Dit kwam door beperkingen in de zendapparatuur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> fotometer, om de samenstelling van de <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer_(astronomie)" title="Atmosfeer (astronomie)">Venusiaanse atmosfeer</a> in kaart te brengen.</li></ul> <p>De <i>Mariner 5</i> beschikte niet over een tv-camera. Het team dat zich met de studie naar straling bezighield, werd geleid door de <a href="/wiki/Natuurkundige" class="mw-redirect" title="Natuurkundige">natuurkundige</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a>, die faam verwierf door diens ontdekking van de <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen-gordels" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Allen-gordels">Van Allen-gordels</a> in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verloop_van_de_vlucht">Verloop van de vlucht</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verloop van de vlucht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verloop van de vlucht"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:KSC-67PC-0184.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KSC-67PC-0184.jpg/260px-KSC-67PC-0184.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KSC-67PC-0184.jpg/390px-KSC-67PC-0184.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KSC-67PC-0184.jpg/520px-KSC-67PC-0184.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption>Lancering van <i>Mariner 5</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lancering">Lancering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Lancering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Lancering"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mariner 5</i> werd op <a href="/wiki/14_juni" title="14 juni">14 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a> gelanceerd met een <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(raket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas (raket)">Atlas</a>-Agena D <a href="/wiki/Draagraket" title="Draagraket">draagraket</a> vanaf <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a>. Deze verkenner had een lanceergewicht van 244,9 kg. Een lichtgewicht vergeleken met de twee dagen eerder omhooggeschoten <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Russische</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></i>, die ruim 1100 kg woog. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koers_verlegd">Koers verlegd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Koers verlegd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Koers verlegd"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mariner_5_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mariner_5_plaque.jpg/260px-Mariner_5_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mariner_5_plaque.jpg/390px-Mariner_5_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mariner_5_plaque.jpg/520px-Mariner_5_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Plaquette van <i>Mariner 5</i> in de foyer van het vluchtleidingscentrum</figcaption></figure> <p>Aanvankelijk zou de sonde Venus op een berekende afstand van slechts 8165 km passeren, maar NASA kwam hier in eerste instantie op terug. Het vaartuig moest nu op 75.000 km afstand blijven; <i>Mariner 5</i> was niet <a href="/wiki/Steriliseren_(micro-organismen)" title="Steriliseren (micro-organismen)">gesteriliseerd</a> en het risico dat het scheepje bij de geringste stuurfout onbedoeld op Venus zou inslaan leek bij nader inzien te groot. Uiteindelijk vloog het toch op korte afstand langs. </p><p>Op 19 juni voerde het ruimtevaartuig een geslaagde koerscorrectie uit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aankomst_bij_Venus">Aankomst bij Venus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Aankomst bij Venus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Aankomst bij Venus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <i>Mariner 5</i> bereikte zijn bestemming op 19 oktober 1967. Het verzond vele gegevens tijdens passage; overigens tot verdriet van de Russen, die ten slotte erkenden dat hun <i>Venera 4</i> radiocontact verloor alvorens de oppervlakte van Venus te bereiken. De kleinste afstand bedroeg 4094 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wetenschappelijke_resultaten">Wetenschappelijke resultaten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wetenschappelijke resultaten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wetenschappelijke resultaten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balende_Russen">Balende Russen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Balende Russen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Balende Russen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In deze jaren van <a href="/wiki/Koude_Oorlog" title="Koude Oorlog">Koude Oorlog</a> woedde de <a href="/wiki/Ruimtewedloop" title="Ruimtewedloop">ruimterace</a> in alle hevigheid. Naast de strijd om de eerste bemande landing op de maan waren zowel Mars als Venus belangrijke doelen. De eerste supermacht die erin slaagde een zachte landing uit te voeren, zou aanzienlijk prestige verwerven. Zowel de Sovjet-Unie als de V.S. probeerden constant elkaar de vliegen af te vangen. </p><p>Dit keer waren de Amerikanen hun Russische vakbroeders "behulpzaam". Amerikaanse wetenschappers voerden aan, dat de Russische claim dat hun <i>Venera 4</i> de oppervlakte van Venus had bereikt, niet kon kloppen. De <i>Mariner 5</i> registreerde een oppervlaktetemperatuur van 527 °C en nam een luchtdruk waar van 75 à 100 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(druk)" title="Bar (druk)">bar</a>; beide waardes waren veel hoger dan wat <i>Venera 4</i> doorseinde (271 °C bij 17 à 20 bar) net voordat de Russische verkenner onder de hoge druk en temperatuur bezweek. De Russische claim dat hun sonde in werkende toestand de Venusbodem had bereikt, ging dus letterlijk in rook op. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metingen">Metingen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Metingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Metingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Net als zijn Russische tegenhanger merkte <i>Mariner 5'</i>s uv-fotometer een dunne laag waterstof op, maar geen zuurstof. Venus had geen stralingsgordels vergelijkbaar met de Van Allen-gordel rond onze thuisplaneet. Venus beschikte weliswaar over een magnetosfeer, maar met een veldsterkte van slechts 1% van dat van de Aarde. Doordat de zwaartekracht van Venus de baan van de sonde beïnvloedde, kregen wetenschappers een idee van de massa van Venus. Deze werd ingeschat op 81,5% van de Aarde. De luchtdruk (75-100 bar) en temperatuur (527 °C) aan het oppervlak berekenden de geleerden aan de hand van de veranderingen in het radiosignaal, terwijl de sonde achter de planeet verdween. De aanwezigheid van CO<sub>2</sub> bepaalde men op 85 à 99%. </p><p>Het vaartuig verrichtte daarnaast metingen betreffende het interplanetair magnetisch veld en de aanwezigheid van plasma en geladen deeltjes. </p><p>Verder deed NASA verdere ervaring op met het bouwen en volgen van interplanetaire ruimtevaartuigen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Einde_van_de_missie">Einde van de missie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Einde van de missie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Einde van de missie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na passage van Venus onderhield NASA contact met hun sonde tot 4 december 1967, toen het radiocontact verloren ging. De vluchtleiding wekte het vaartuig weliswaar voor korte tijd weer tot leven op 14 oktober 1968, maar daarna zweeg <i>Mariner 5</i> in alle talen en vloog verder in zijn <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrische_baan" title="Heliocentrische baan">heliocentrische baan</a>. Uiteindelijk staakte NASA haar pogingen om hun robotverkenner weer in het gareel te krijgen. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><b>Bronnen</b></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1967-060A"><i>Mariner 5</i> missie</a> op NSSDC.nasa, <small>geraadpleegd op 14 juli 2012</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.about.com/od/spaceexplorationhistory/p/mariner5.htm"><i>Mariner 5</i></a> op SpaceAbout, <small>geraadpleegd op 14 juli 2012</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Letter=M&Alias=Mariner%2005">Eenvoudige beschrijving van missie van <i>Mariner 5</i></a> op SolarSystem.nasa, <small>geraadpleegd op 14 juli 2012</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=Mariner%2005&Letter=M&Display=ReadMore">Bondige, technische beschrijving van <i>Mariner 5</i></a> op SolarSystem.nasa, <small>geraadpleegd op 14 juli 2012</small></li></ul> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mariner_5#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mariner 5">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" 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9">Mariner 9</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&oldid=67816087">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&oldid=67816087</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Ruimtesonde" title="Categorie:Ruimtesonde">Ruimtesonde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Marinerprogramma" title="Categorie:Marinerprogramma">Marinerprogramma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Ruimtevaart_naar_Venus" title="Categorie:Ruimtevaart naar Venus">Ruimtevaart naar Venus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Ruimtevaart_in_1967" title="Categorie:Ruimtevaart in 1967">Ruimtevaart in 1967</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 13 jul 2024 om 18:16.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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