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id="toc-International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Auxiliary_Language_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 International Auxiliary Language Association </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Auxiliary_Language_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_a_new_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_a_new_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Development of a new language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_a_new_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_four_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_four_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The four models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_four_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Finalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlingua's_first_decades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlingua's_first_decades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Interlingua's first decades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlingua's_first_decades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlingua_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlingua_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Interlingua today </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlingua_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interlingua_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlingua_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Interlingua alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlingua_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collateral_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collateral_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Collateral orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collateral_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Phonotactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Loanwords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Eligibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_illustration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_illustration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 An illustration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_illustration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_word-building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_word-building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Free word-building </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_word-building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word-building_by_analogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word-building_by_analogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Word-building by analogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word-building_by_analogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usefulness_and_clarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usefulness_and_clarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Usefulness and clarity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usefulness_and_clarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Samples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Flags and symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Interlingua</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" > 124 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Интерлингва – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Интерлингва" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%89%E1%8B%8B" title="ኢንተርሊንጉዋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢንተርሊንጉዋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аинтерлингва – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аинтерлингва" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="إنترلنغوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنترلنغوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%98%DC%90" title="ܐܝܢܛܪܠܝܢܓܘܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܢܛܪܠܝܢܓܘܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তঃলিংগুৱা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আন্তঃলিংগুৱা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua_aru" title="Interlingua aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Interlingua aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nterlingua" title="İnterlingua – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnterlingua" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اینترلینقوا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینترلینقوا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Інтэрлінгва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэрлінгва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Интерлингва – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интерлингва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Интерлингва – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Интерлингва" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Ιντερλίνγκουα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιντερλίνγκουα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Интерлингва – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Интерлингва" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingvao" title="Interlingvao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interlingvao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="زبان اینترلینگوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اینترلینگوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua_(IALA)" title="Interlingua (IALA) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interlingua (IALA)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynterlingua" title="Ynterlingua – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynterlingua" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Interlingua" title="An Interlingua – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua_(lingua_artificial)" title="Interlingua (lingua artificial) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interlingua (lingua artificial)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%81%EA%B5%AC%EC%95%84" title="인테르링구아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인테르링구아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Interlingua" title="ʻŌlelo Interlingua – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Ինտերլինգվա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինտերլինգվա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अंतरभाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरभाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua_(IALA)" title="Interlingua (IALA) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interlingua (IALA)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="אינטרלינגואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינטרלינגואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ინტერლინგვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტერლინგვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Интерлингва – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интерлингва" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Интерлингва (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Интерлингва (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguava" title="Interlinguava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Interlinguava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingva" title="Interlingva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Interlingva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/interlingua" title="interlingua – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="interlingua" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingva_nyelv" title="Interlingva nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Interlingva nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Interlingua" title="Reo Interlingua – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="इंटरलिंग्वा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंटरलिंग्वा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="اینترلینگوا زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اینترلینگوا زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2" title="インターリングア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターリングア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iinterliinguwaa" title="Iinterliinguwaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iinterliinguwaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%86" title="ਇੰਟਰ ਲਿੰਗੂਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਟਰ ਲਿੰਗੂਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="انٹرلنگوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انٹرلنگوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اېنټرلېنګوا ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېنټرلېنګوا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ABrlenga" title="Antërlenga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Antërlenga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interl%C3%ADngua" title="Interlíngua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interlíngua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nterlingua" title="İnterlingua – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İnterlingua" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_(IALA)" title="Интерлингва (IALA) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интерлингва (IALA)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_interlingua" title="Gjuha interlingua – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha interlingua" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD-Nterlingua" title="Sí-Nterlingua – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Sí-Nterlingua" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ئینتەرلینگوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینتەرلینگوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Интерлингва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интерлингва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingva" title="Interlingva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Interlingva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="நடுநிலை மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடுநிலை மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="อินเตร์ลิงกวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินเตร์ลิงกวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nterlingua" title="İnterlingua – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnterlingua" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Інтерлінгва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтерлінгва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="因特语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="因特语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%96%87" title="國際文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%AF%AD" title="国际语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国际语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Interlingua" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35934#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Interlingua_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Interlingua (disambiguation)">Interlingua (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguage</a>, <a href="/wiki/ApI_Interlingua" class="mw-redirect" title="ApI Interlingua">ApI Interlingua</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Interlingual_machine_translation" title="Interlingual machine translation">Interlingual machine translation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Interlingua</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">interlingua</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Interlingua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Interlingua.svg/200px-Flag_of_Interlingua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Interlingua.svg/300px-Flag_of_Interlingua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Interlingua.svg/400px-Flag_of_Interlingua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="216" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[inteɾˈliŋɡwa]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">International Auxiliary Language Association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1951</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Setting and usage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Scientific registration of international vocabulary; <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Users</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">A few hundred (2007)<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Interlingua</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Sources</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Source languages: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No regulating body</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ia">ia</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>ina</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ina" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ina">ina</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/inte1239">inte1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Interlingua (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪntərˈlɪŋɡwə/</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Interlingua: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[inteɾˈliŋɡwa]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> (IAL) developed between 1937 and 1951 by the American <a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">International Auxiliary Language Association</a> (IALA). It is a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> of the "naturalistic" variety, whose vocabulary, grammar, and other characteristics are derived from natural languages. Interlingua literature maintains that (written) Interlingua is comprehensible to the billions of people who speak <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> though it is actively spoken by only a few hundred.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-1">[1]</a> Interlingua was developed to combine a simple, mostly regular grammar with a vocabulary common to a wide range of western European languages, making it easy to learn for those whose native languages were sources of Interlingua's <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> and grammar.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-breinstrup-beginners-4">[4]</a> The name Interlingua comes from the Latin words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inter#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:inter">inter</a>, meaning 'between', and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lingua#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:lingua">lingua</a>, meaning 'tongue' or 'language'. These <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> are the same in Interlingua; thus, Interlingua would mean 'between language'. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Interlingua focuses on common vocabulary shared by Western European languages, which are often descended from or heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>. Interlingua organizers have four "primary control languages" where, by default, a word (or variant thereof) is expected to appear in at least three of them to qualify for inclusion in Interlingua. These are <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>; and a combination of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> which are treated as a single mega-language for Interlingua purposes, as both are <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">west Iberian languages</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> have been dubbed "secondary control languages".<a href="#cite_note-iala1971-3">[3]</a> While the result is often akin to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> as the most frequent source of commonality, Interlingua words can have origins in any language, as long as they have drifted into the primary control languages as <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> words <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> word <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a> are used in most Western European languages, and therefore in Interlingua as well; similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_language" title="Guugu Yimithirr language">Guugu Yimithirr</a> word gangurru is used in <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">latinized</a> form (Interlingua: kanguru, English: <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-iala1971-3">[3]</a> The maintainers of Interlingua attempt to keep the grammar simple and word formation regular, and use only a small number of <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>. This is intended to make the language quicker to learn.<a href="#cite_note-many-represented-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The American heiress <a href="/wiki/Alice_Vanderbilt_Morris" title="Alice Vanderbilt Morris">Alice Vanderbilt Morris</a> (1874–1950) became interested in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> movement in the early 1920s. In 1924, Morris and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Hennen_Morris" title="Dave Hennen Morris">Dave Hennen Morris</a>, established the non-profit <a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">International Auxiliary Language Association</a> (IALA) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Their aim was to place the study of IALs on a more complex and scientific basis. Morris developed the research program of IALA in consultation with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Collinson" title="William Edward Collinson">William Edward Collinson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Otto Jespersen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Falk,_Julia_S_1995-6">[6]</a> Investigations of the auxiliary language problem were in progress at the International Research Council, the American Council on Education, the American Council of Learned Societies, the British, French, Italian, and American Associations for the advancement of science, and other groups of specialists. Morris created IALA as a continuation of this work.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971_foreword-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Auxiliary_Language_Association">International Auxiliary Language Association</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International Auxiliary Language Association">edit</a>]</div> The IALA became a major supporter of mainstream American linguistics. Numerous studies by Sapir, Collinson, and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Swadesh" title="Morris Swadesh">Morris Swadesh</a> in the 1930s and 1940s, for example, were funded by IALA. Alice Morris edited several of these studies and provided much of IALA's financial support.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971_foreword-7">[7]</a> For example, Morris herself edited Sapir and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Swadesh" title="Morris Swadesh">Morris Swadesh</a>'s 1932 cross-linguistic study of ending-point phenomena, and Collinson's 1937 study of indication. IALA also received support from groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Research_Corporation" title="Research Corporation">Research Corporation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill-historia-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-gopsill1990-9">[9]</a> In its early years, IALA concerned itself with three tasks: finding other organizations around the world with similar goals; building a library of books about languages and <a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">interlinguistics</a>; and comparing extant IALs, including <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Peano's Interlingua</a> (Latino sine flexione), <a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a> (Occidental). In pursuit of the last goal, it conducted parallel studies of these languages, with comparative studies of national languages.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971_foreword-7">[7]</a> At the Second International Interlanguage Congress, held in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1931, IALA began to break new ground; 27 recognized linguists signed a testimonial of support for IALA's research program. An additional eight added their signatures at the third congress, convened in Rome in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_N._Shenton" title="Herbert N. Shenton">Herbert N. Shenton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> became influential in IALA's work by authoring studies in the interlinguistic field.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971_foreword-7">[7]</a> The first steps towards the finalization of Interlingua were taken in 1937, when a committee of 24 linguists from 19 universities published Some Criteria for an International Language and Commentary. However, the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939 cut short the intended biannual meetings of the committee.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_a_new_language">Development of a new language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development of a new language">edit</a>]</div> Originally, the association had not intended to create its own language. Its goal was to identify which auxiliary language already available was best suited for international communication, and how to promote it more effectively. However, after ten years of research, many members of IALA concluded that none of the existing <a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">interlanguages</a> were up to the task. By 1937, the members had made the decision to create a new language, to the surprise of the world's interlanguage community.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill-historia2-12">[12]</a> To that point, much of the debate had been equivocal on the decision to use naturalistic (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Peano's Interlingua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Occidental</a>) or systematic (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a>) words. During the war years, proponents of a naturalistic interlanguage won out. The first support was Thorndike's paper; the second was a concession by proponents of the systematic languages that thousands of words were already present in many, or even a majority, of the European languages. Their argument was that systematic derivation of words was a <a href="/wiki/Procrustes" title="Procrustes">Procrustean bed</a>, forcing the learner to unlearn and re-memorize a new derivation scheme when a usable vocabulary was already available. IALA from that point assumed the position that a naturalistic language would be best.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill1990-9">[9]</a> IALA's research activities were based in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, before relocating to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> due to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, where <a href="/wiki/E._Clark_Stillman" title="E. Clark Stillman">E. Clark Stillman</a> established a new research staff.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971_foreword-7">[7]</a> Stillman, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gode" title="Alexander Gode">Alexander Gode</a>, constructed the methodology for selecting Interlingua vocabulary based on a comparison of control languages.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill1990-9">[9]</a> In 1943 Stillman left for war work and Gode became Acting Director of Research.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971_foreword-7">[7]</a> IALA began to develop models of the proposed language, the first of which were presented in Morris's General Report in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill-historia2-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_four_models">The four models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The four models">edit</a>]</div> From 1946 to 1948, French linguist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Martinet" title="André Martinet">André Martinet</a> was Director of Research. During this period IALA continued to develop models and conducted polling to determine the optimal form of the final language. In 1946, IALA sent an extensive survey to more than 3,000 language teachers and related professionals on three continents.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill1990-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-gopsill-historia3-13">[13]</a> Model P was unchanged from 1945; Model M was relatively modern in comparison to more classical P. Model K was slightly modified in the direction of Ido. The resulting four models that were canvassed were:<a href="#cite_note-gopsill1990-9">[9]</a> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>Model P</td> <td> </td> <td>highly naturalistic, with word forms unchanged from the prototypes </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>Model M</td> <td> </td> <td>moderately naturalistic, similar to Occidental </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>Model C</td> <td> </td> <td>slightly schematic, along the lines of Novial </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>Model K</td> <td> </td> <td>moderately schematic, similar to Ido (less schematic than Esperanto)<a href="#cite_note-gopsill-historia2-12">[12]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> An example sentence: <table border="0"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>Model P</td> <td> </td> <td>highly naturalistic</td> <td> </td> <td>Jo habe nascite, o dea cum le oculos azure, de parentes barbare, inter le bone et virtuose Cimmerios </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>Model M</td> <td> </td> <td>moderately naturalistic</td> <td> </td> <td>Io have nascit, o dea con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuos Cimmerios </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>Model C</td> <td> </td> <td>slightly schematic</td> <td> </td> <td>Yo ha nascet, o deessa con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuose Cimerios </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>Model K</td> <td> </td> <td>moderately schematic</td> <td> </td> <td>Yo naskeba, o dea kon le okuli azure, de parenti barbare, inter le bone e virtuose Kimerii </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">(modern Interlingua)</td> <td> </td> <td>Io ha nascite, o dea con le oculos azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuose Cimmerios </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">(English)</td> <td> </td> <td>'I was born, O goddess with the blue eyes, of barbarian relations, among the good and virtuous Cimmerians' </td></tr></tbody></table> The vote total ended up as follows: P 26.6%, M 37.5%, C 20%, and K 15%.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The two more schematic models, C and K, were rejected. Of the two naturalistic models, M attracted somewhat more support than P. Taking national biases into account (for example, the French who were polled disproportionately favored Model M), IALA decided on a compromise between models M and P, with certain elements of C.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill-historia3-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finalization">Finalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finalization">edit</a>]</div> The German-American Gode and the French Martinet did not get along.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill1990-103-15">[15]</a> Martinet resigned and took up a position at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1948, and Gode took on the last phase of Interlingua's development.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971_foreword-7">[7]</a> His task was to combine elements of Model M and Model P; take the flaws seen in both by the polled community and repair them with elements of Model C as needed; and develop a vocabulary. Alice Vanderbilt Morris died in 1950, and the funding that had sustained IALA ceased, but sufficient funds remained to publish a dictionary and grammar.<a href="#cite_note-gopsill1990-103-15">[15]</a> The vocabulary and grammar of Interlingua were first presented in 1951, when IALA published the finalized <a href="/wiki/Interlingua:_A_Grammar_of_the_International_Language" title="Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language">Interlingua Grammar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interlingua%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="Interlingua–English Dictionary">Interlingua–English Dictionary</a> (IED). In 1954, IALA published an introductory manual entitled <a href="/wiki/Interlingua_a_Prime_Vista" title="Interlingua a Prime Vista">Interlingua a Prime Vista</a> ("Interlingua at First Sight"). Interlingua as presented by the IALA is very close to <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Peano's Interlingua</a> (Latino sine flexione), both in its grammar and especially in its vocabulary. A distinct abbreviation was adopted: IA instead of IL. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlingua's_first_decades">Interlingua's first decades</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interlingua's first decades">edit</a>]</div> An early practical application of Interlingua was the scientific newsletter Spectroscopia Molecular, published from 1952 to 1980.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1954, the Second World Cardiological Congress in Washington, D.C. released summaries of its talks in both English and Interlingua. Within a few years, it found similar use at nine further medical congresses. Between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, some thirty scientific and medical journals provided article summaries in Interlingua.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Gode wrote a monthly column in Interlingua in the Science Newsletter published by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Science_and_the_Public" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Science and the Public">Science Service</a> from the early 1950s until his death in 1970. <a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">IALA</a> closed its doors in 1953 but was not formally dissolved until 1956 or later.<a href="#cite_note-esterhill2000-18">[18]</a> Its role in promoting Interlingua was largely taken on by Science Service,<a href="#cite_note-gopsill-historia3-13">[13]</a> which hired Gode as head of its newly formed <a href="/wiki/Interlingua_Division_of_Science_Service" title="Interlingua Division of Science Service">Interlingua Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_E._Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh E. Blair">Hugh E. Blair</a>, Gode's close friend and colleague, became his assistant.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A successor organization, the Interlingua Institute,<a href="#cite_note-portrait-organizations-21">[21]</a> was founded in 1970 to promote Interlingua in the US and Canada. The new institute supported the work of other linguistic organizations, made considerable scholarly contributions and produced Interlingua summaries for scholarly and medical publications. One of its largest achievements was two immense volumes on phytopathology produced by the American Phytopathological Society in 1976 and 1977.<a href="#cite_note-esterhill2000-18">[18]</a> Beginning in the 1980s, UMI has held international conferences every two years (typical attendance at the earlier meetings was 50 to 100) and launched a publishing programme that eventually produced over 100 volumes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> schools undertook projects that used Interlingua as a means of teaching the international scientific and intellectual vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-breinstrup-futur-24">[24]</a> In 2000, the Interlingua Institute was dissolved amid funding disputes with the UMI; the American Interlingua Society, established the following year, succeeded the institute.<a href="#cite_note-portrait-organizations-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlingua_today">Interlingua today</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interlingua today">edit</a>]</div> The original goal of an interlanguage meant for global events has faced competition from <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International English</a> in the 21st century. The scientific community frequently uses English in international conferences and publications, for example, rather than Interlingua. However, the rise of the Internet has made it easier for the general public with an interest in constructed languages to learn Interlingua. Interlingua is promoted internationally by the Union Mundial pro Interlingua. Periodicals and books are produced by national organizations, such as the Societate American pro Interlingua, the Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua, and the Union Brazilian pro Interlingua.<a href="#cite_note-portrait-organizations-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panorama_In_Interlingua" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama In Interlingua">Panorama In Interlingua</a> is the most prominent of several Interlingua periodicals. It is a 28-page magazine published bimonthly that covers current events, science, editorials, and Interlingua. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Community">edit</a>]</div> It is not certain how many people have an active knowledge of Interlingua. <a href="#cite_note-gopsill1990-9">[9]</a> Most constructed languages other than <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> have very few speakers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Hungarian census of 2001, which collected information about languages spoken, found just two people in the entire country who claimed to speak Interlingua.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Advocates say that Interlingua's greatest advantage is that it is the most widely understood <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> besides <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Interlingua (IL) de A.p.I.</a><a href="#cite_note-blandino1989-27">[27]</a> by virtue of its naturalistic (as opposed to schematic) grammar and vocabulary, allowing those familiar with a Romance language, and educated speakers of English, to read and understand it without prior study.<a href="#cite_note-blandino1989-27">[27]</a> Interlingua web pages include editions of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> and Wiktionary, and a number of periodicals, including <a href="/wiki/Panorama_in_Interlingua" title="Panorama in Interlingua">Panorama in Interlingua</a> from the Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Every two years, the UMI organizes an international conference in a different country. In the year between, the Scandinavian Interlingua societies co-organize a conference in Sweden, as a number of Interlingua speakers are in Scandinavia. National organizations such as the Union Brazilian pro Interlingua also organize regular conferences.<a href="#cite_note-breinstrup-futur-24">[24]</a> Interlingua is taught in some high schools and universities, sometimes as a means of teaching other languages quickly, presenting <a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">interlinguistics</a>, or introducing an international vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-breinstrup-futur-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-stenström-communication-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-stenström-utilisation-29">[29]</a> A two-week course was taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Granada" title="University of Granada">University of Granada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 2007, for example.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Keyboard">Google Keyboard</a> supports Interlingua.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> Interlingua has a largely <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlingua_alphabet">Interlingua alphabet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interlingua alphabet">edit</a>]</div> Interlingua uses the 26 letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> with no <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The alphabet, pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> and letter names in Interlingua are: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Interlingua alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>19</th> <th>20</th> <th>21</th> <th>22</th> <th>23</th> <th>24</th> <th>25</th> <th>26 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Letters (<a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">upper case</a>)</td> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>F</td> <td>G</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>J</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td>Q</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>V</td> <td>W</td> <td>X</td> <td>Y</td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr> <td>Letters (<a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a>)</td> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[d]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>~<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[e]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[f]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[g]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Names</td> <td>a</td> <td>be</td> <td>ce</td> <td>de</td> <td>e</td> <td>ef</td> <td>ge</td> <td>ha</td> <td>i</td> <td>jota</td> <td>ka</td> <td>el</td> <td>em</td> <td>en</td> <td>o</td> <td>pe</td> <td>cu</td> <td>er</td> <td>es</td> <td>te</td> <td>u</td> <td>ve</td> <td>duple ve</td> <td>ix</td> <td>ypsilon</td> <td>zeta </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> c is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] (or optionally [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]) before e, i, y. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> ch is pronounced /ʃ/ in words of French origin e.g. chef = /ʃef/ meaning 'chief' or 'chef', /k/ in words of Greek and Italian origin e.g. choro = /koro/ meaning 'chorus' and more rarely /t͡ʃ/ in words of English or Spanish origin as in Chile /t͡ʃile/ (the country <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>). Ch may be pronounced either /t͡ʃ/ or /ʃ/ depending on the speaker in many cases e.g. chocolate may be pronounced either /t͡ʃokolate/ or /ʃokolate/. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> There is no consensus on how to pronounce sc before e, i, y, as in scientia 'science', though [st͡s] is common. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Unlike any of the Romance languages, g is /g/ even before e, i, y, but in -age it is /(d)ʒ/ (i.e. like j), as it is in several words of French origin such as orange /oranʒe/ and mangiar /manʒar/ </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> q only appears in the digraph qu, which is pronounced [kw] (but [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] in the conjunction and pronoun que and pronoun qui and in terms derived from them such as anque and proque). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> a single s between vowels is often pronounced like z, but pronunciation is irregular. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> t is generally [t], but ti followed by a vowel, unless stressed or preceded by s, is pronounced the same as c (that is, [t͡sj] or [sj]). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collateral_orthography">Collateral orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Collateral orthography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (September 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The book Grammar of Interlingua defines in §15 a "collateral orthography"<a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> that defines how a word is spelt in Interlingua once assimilated regardless of etymology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="286" data-mwtitle="Vocabulario_scientific_international.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Vocabulario_scientific_international.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Vocabulario_scientific_international.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Vocabulario_scientific_international.ogg/Vocabulario_scientific_international.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Spoken Interlingua</figcaption></figure> Interlingua is primarily a written language, and the pronunciation is not entirely settled. The sounds in parentheses are not used by all speakers. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2">m </td> <td colspan="2">n </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td>b </td> <td>t</td> <td>d </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td>k</td> <td>ɡ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="3">(ts ~ tʃ) </td> <td rowspan="2">(d)ʒ </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>f</td> <td>v </td> <td>s</td> <td>z </td> <td>ʃ</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>(h) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2">l </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>j </td> <td colspan="2">w </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2">ɾ </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>i </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td>e </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2">a </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> For the most part, <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> are pronounced as in English, while the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> are like Spanish. Written double consonants may be <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a> as in Italian for extra clarity or pronounced as single as in English or French. Interlingua has five falling <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, /ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/, and /oi/,<a href="#cite_note-gopsill1994-41">[34]</a> although /ei/ and /oi/ are rare. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> The general rule is that stress falls on the vowel before the last consonant (e.g., lingua, 'language', esser, 'to be', requirimento, 'requirement') ignoring the final plural -(e)s (e.g. linguas, the plural of lingua, still has the same stress as the singular), and where that is not possible, on the first vowel (via, 'way', io crea, 'I create'). There are a few exceptions, and the following rules account for most of them: <ul><li>Adjectives and nouns ending in a vowel followed by -le, -ne, or -re are stressed on the third-last syllable (fragile, margine, altere 'other', but illa impone 'she imposes').</li> <li>Words ending in -ica/-ico, -ide/-ido and -ula/-ulo, are stressed on the third-last syllable (politica, scientifico, rapide, stupido, capitula, seculo 'century').</li> <li>Words ending in -ic are stressed on the second-last syllable (cubic).</li></ul> Speakers may pronounce all words according to the general rule mentioned above. For example, kilometro is acceptable, although kilometro is more common.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Phonotactics">edit</a>]</div> Interlingua has no explicitly defined <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a>. However, the prototyping procedure for determining Interlingua words, which strives for internationality, should in general lead naturally to words that are easy for most learners to pronounce. In the process of forming new words, an ending cannot always be added without a modification of some kind in between. A good example is the plural -s, which is always preceded by a vowel to prevent the occurrence of a hard-to-pronounce consonant cluster at the end. If the singular does not end in a vowel, the final -s becomes -es.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Loanwords">edit</a>]</div> Unassimilated foreign <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, or borrowed words, are spelled as in their language of origin. Their spelling may contain <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, or accent marks. If the diacritics do not affect pronunciation, they are removed.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Words in Interlingua may be taken from any language,<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> as long as their internationality is verified by their presence in seven control languages: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, with <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> acting as secondary controls. These are the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, respectively. Because of their close relationship, Spanish and Portuguese are treated as one unit. The largest number of Interlingua words are of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> origin, with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> languages providing the second and third largest number. The remainder of the vocabulary originates in Slavic and non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eligibility">edit</a>]</div> A word, that is a form with meaning, is eligible for the Interlingua vocabulary if it is verified by at least three of the four primary control languages. Either secondary control language can substitute for a primary language. Any word of Indo-European origin found in a control language can contribute to the eligibility of an international word.<a href="#cite_note-interlinguistic-standardization-44">[37]</a> In some cases, the archaic or potential presence of a word can contribute to its eligibility. A word can be potentially present in a language when a <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivative</a> is present, but the word itself is not. English proximity, for example, gives support to Interlingua proxime, meaning 'near, close'. This counts as long as one or more control languages actually have this basic root word, which the Romance languages all do. Potentiality also occurs when a concept is represented as a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> or derivative in a control language, the <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> that make it up are themselves international, and the combination adequately conveys the meaning of the larger word. An example is Italian fiammifero (lit. 'flamebearer'), meaning 'match, lucifer', which leads to Interlingua flammifero, or 'match'. This word is thus said to be potentially present in the other languages although they may represent the meaning with a single morpheme.<a href="#cite_note-iala1971-3">[3]</a> Words do not enter the Interlingua vocabulary solely because <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> exist in a sufficient number of languages. If <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">their meanings have become different over time</a>, they are considered different words for the purpose of Interlingua eligibility. If they still have one or more meanings in common, however, the word can enter Interlingua with this smaller set of meanings.<a href="#cite_note-interlinguistic-standardization-44">[37]</a> If this procedure did not produce an international word, the word for a concept was originally taken from Latin (see below). This only occurred with a few <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">grammatical particles</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form">Form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Form">edit</a>]</div> The form of an Interlingua word is considered an international prototype with respect to the other words. On the one hand, it should be neutral, free from characteristics peculiar to one language. On the other hand, it should maximally capture the characteristics common to all contributing languages. As a result, it can be transformed into any of the contributing variants using only these language-specific characteristics. If the word has any derivatives that occur in the source languages with appropriate parallel meanings, then their <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> connection must remain intact; for example, the Interlingua word for 'time' is spelled tempore and not *tempus or *tempo in order to match it with its derived adjectives, such as temporal.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> The language-specific characteristics are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Sound_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound law">sound laws</a> of the individual languages; the resulting words are often close or even identical to the most recent form common to the contributing words. This sometimes corresponds with that of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. At other times, it is much more recent or even contemporary. It is never older than the classical period.<a href="#cite_note-interlinguistic-standardization-44">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_illustration">An illustration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: An illustration">edit</a>]</div> The French œil, Italian occhio, Spanish ojo, and Portuguese olho appear quite different, but they descend from a historical form oculus. German Auge, Dutch oog and English eye (cf. Czech and Polish oko, Russian and Ukrainian око (óko)) are related to this form in that all three descend from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *okʷ. In addition, international derivatives like ocular and oculista occur in all of Interlingua's control languages.<a href="#cite_note-blandino1989-27">[27]</a> Each of these forms contributes to the eligibility of the Interlingua word.<a href="#cite_note-interlinguistic-standardization-44">[37]</a> German and English base words do not influence the form of the Interlingua word, because their Indo-European connection is considered too remote.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> Instead, the remaining base words and especially the derivatives determine the form oculo found in Interlingua.<a href="#cite_note-blandino1989-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_word-building">Free word-building</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Free word-building">edit</a>]</div> Words can also be included in Interlingua by deriving them using Interlingua words and <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>; a method called free word-building. Thus, in the <a href="/wiki/Interlingua%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="Interlingua–English Dictionary">Interlingua–English Dictionary</a> (IED), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gode" title="Alexander Gode">Alexander Gode</a> followed the principle that every word listed is accompanied by all of its clear compounds and derivatives, along with the word or words it is derived from. A reader skimming through the IED notices many entries followed by large groups of derived and compound words. A good example is the Interlingua word nation, which is followed by national, nationalismo, nationalista, nationalitate, nationalisar, international, internationalitate, and many other words. Other words in the IED do not have derivatives listed. Gode saw these words as potential word families. Although all derived words in the IED are found in at least one control language, speakers may make free use of Interlingua roots and affixes. For example, jada ('jade') can be used to form jadificar, ('to jadify, make into jade, make look like jade'), jadification, and so on. These word forms would be impermissible in English but would be good Interlingua. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Word-building_by_analogy">Word-building by analogy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Word-building by analogy">edit</a>]</div> Gode and Hugh E. Blair explained in the <a href="/wiki/Interlingua:_A_Grammar_of_the_International_Language" title="Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language">Interlingua Grammar</a> that the basic principle of practical word-building is analogical. If a pattern can be found in the existing international vocabulary, new words can be formed according to that pattern. A meaning of the suffix -ista is 'person who practices the art or science of....' This suffix allows the derivation of biologista from biologia, physicista from physica, and so on. An Interlingua speaker can freely form saxophonista from saxophone and radiographista from radiographia by following the same pattern. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usefulness_and_clarity">Usefulness and clarity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Usefulness and clarity">edit</a>]</div> As noted above, the only limits to free word-building in Interlingua are clarity and usefulness. These concepts are touched upon here: Any number of words could be formed by stringing roots and affixes together, but some would be more useful than others. For example, the English word rainer means 'a person who rains', but most people would be surprised that it is included in English dictionaries. The corresponding Interlingua word pluviator is unlikely to appear in a dictionary because of its lack of utility. Interlingua, like any traditional language, could build up large numbers of these words, but this would be undesirable. Gode stressed the principle of clarity in free word-building. As Gode noted, the noun marinero ('mariner') can be formed from the adjective marin, because its meaning is clear. The noun marina meaning 'navy' cannot be formed, because its meaning would not be clear from the adjective and suffix that gave rise to it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua grammar</a></div> Interlingua has been developed to omit any grammatical feature that is absent from any one primary control language. Thus, Interlingua has no <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">noun–adjective agreement</a> by gender, case, or number (cf. Spanish and Portuguese gatas negras or Italian gatte nere, 'black female cats'), because this is absent from English, and it has no progressive verb tenses (English I am reading), because they are absent from French. Conversely, Interlingua <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">distinguishes singular nouns from plural nouns</a> because all the control languages do.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a> With respect to the secondary control languages, Interlingua has articles, unlike Russian. The definite article le is invariable, as in English ("the"). Nouns have no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilgenhof1995-47">[40]</a> Plurals are formed by adding -s, or -es after a final consonant.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a> take one form for the subject and one for the direct object and reflexive. In the third person, the reflexive is always se.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilgenhof1995-47">[40]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> are derived regularly from <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> by adding -mente, or -amente after a -c. An adverb can be formed from any adjective in this way.<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> Verbs take the same form for all persons (io vive, tu vive, illa vive, 'I live', 'you live', 'she lives'). The <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a> (pare, 'appear', 'appears') is the same as the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> (pare! 'appear!'), and there is no <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a> Three common verbs usually take short forms in the present tense: es for 'is', 'am', 'are;' ha for 'has', 'have;' and va for 'go', 'goes'.<a href="#cite_note-wilgenhof1995-47">[40]</a> A few irregular verb forms are available, but rarely used.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> There are four simple tenses (present, past, future, and conditional), three compound tenses (past, future, and conditional), and the passive voice. The compound structures employ an auxiliary plus the infinitive or the past participle (e.g., Ille ha arrivate, 'He has arrived').<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a> Simple and compound tenses can be combined in various ways to express more complex tenses (e.g., Nos haberea morite, 'We would have died').<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> Word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>, except that a direct object pronoun or reflexive pronoun comes before the verb (io les vide, 'I see them').<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilgenhof1995-47">[40]</a> Adjectives may precede or follow the nouns they modify, but they most often follow it.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a> The position of adverbs is flexible, though constrained by common sense.<a href="#cite_note-wilgenhof1995-47">[40]</a> The grammar of Interlingua has been described as similar to that of the Romance languages, but simplified, primarily under the influence of English.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a> A 1991 paper argued that Interlingua's grammar was similar to the simple grammars of Japanese and particularly Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> F. P. Gopsill has written that Interlingua has no irregularities, although Gode's Interlingua Grammar suggests that Interlingua has a small number of irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-gode1955-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-gopsill1994-41">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Interlingua" title="Special:EditPage/Interlingua">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> One criticism that applies to naturalistic constructed languages in general is that if an educated traveler is willing to learn a naturalistic conlang, they may find it even more useful to learn a <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> outright, such as <a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International English</a>. Planned conlangs at least hold out the promise of "fixing" or standardizing certain irregular aspects of natural languages and providing unique advantages, despite the lack of speakers, but naturalistic conlangs have to compete with the natural languages they are based on. In practice, conferences with international attendance tend to be held in a natural language popular among the attendees rather than an <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Samples">edit</a>]</div> From an essay by Alexander Gode: <dl><dd>Interlingua se ha distacate ab le movimento pro le disveloppamento e le introduction de un lingua universal pro tote le humanitate. Si on non crede que un lingua pro tote le humanitate es possibile, si on non crede que le interlingua va devenir un tal lingua, es totalmente indifferente ab le puncto de vista de interlingua mesme. Le sol facto que importa (ab le puncto de vista del interlingua ipse) es que le interlingua, gratias a su ambition de reflecter le homogeneitate cultural e ergo linguistic del occidente, es capace de render servicios tangibile a iste precise momento del historia del mundo. Il es per su contributiones actual e non per le promissas de su adherentes que le interlingua vole esser judicate.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Interlingua has detached itself from the movement for the development and introduction of a universal language for all humanity. Whether or not one believes that a language for all humanity is possible, whether or not one believes that Interlingua will become such a language is totally irrelevant from the point of view of Interlingua itself. The only fact that matters (from the point of view of Interlingua itself) is that Interlingua, thanks to its ambition of reflecting the cultural and thus linguistic homogeneity of the West, is capable of rendering tangible services at this precise moment in the history of the world. It is by its present contributions and not by the promises of its adherents that Interlingua wishes to be judged.</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> (compared) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </th> <th style="width:20%"><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a> </th> <th style="width:20%">Interlingua </th> <th style="width:20%"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> </th> <th style="width:20%"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (traditional) </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Pater noster, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra.</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Patre nostro, qui es in celos, que tuo nomine fi sanctificato; que tuo regno adveni; que tuo voluntate es facto sicut in celo et in terra.</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Patre nostre, qui es in le celos, que tu nomine sia sanctificate; que tu regno veni; que tu voluntate sia facite como in le celo, etiam super le terra.</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Patro nia, Kiu estas en la ĉielo, sanktigata estu Via nomo. Venu Via regno, fariĝu Via volo, kiel en la ĉielo tiel ankaŭ sur la tero.</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name; thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth, as it is in heaven.</blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. Amen.</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Da hodie ad nos nostro pane quotidiano, et remitte ad nos nostro debitos, sicut et nos remitte ad nostro debitores. Et non induce nos in tentatione, sed libera nos ab malo. Amen.</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian, e pardona a nos nostre debitas como etiam nos los pardona a nostre debitores. E non induce nos in tentation, sed libera nos del mal. Amen.</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nian panon ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ kaj pardonu al ni niajn ŝuldojn, kiel ankaŭ ni pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj. Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton, sed liberigu nin de la malbono. Amen.</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses as we have forgiven those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.</blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags_and_symbols">Flags and symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Flags and symbols">edit</a>]</div> As with Esperanto, there have been proposals for a flag of Interlingua;<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> the proposal by Czech translator Karel Podrazil is recognized by multilingual sites.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> It consists of a white four-pointed star extending to the edges of the flag and dividing it into an upper blue and lower red half. The star is symbolic of the four cardinal directions, and the two halves symbolize Romance and non-Romance speakers of Interlingua who understand each other. Another symbol of Interlingua is the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Marble">Blue Marble</a> surrounded by twelve stars on a black or blue background, echoing the twelve stars of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">Flag of Europe</a> (because the source languages of Interlingua are purely European). <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandiera_de_Interlingua.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Unofficial flag often appearing in the Interlingua-speaking community"><img alt="Unofficial flag often appearing in the Interlingua-speaking community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bandiera_de_Interlingua.png/200px-Bandiera_de_Interlingua.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bandiera_de_Interlingua.png/300px-Bandiera_de_Interlingua.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bandiera_de_Interlingua.png/400px-Bandiera_de_Interlingua.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unofficial flag often appearing in the Interlingua-speaking community</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Interlingua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unofficial flag of Interlingua proposed by Karel Podrazil"><img alt="Unofficial flag of Interlingua proposed by Karel Podrazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Interlingua.svg/200px-Flag_of_Interlingua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Interlingua.svg/300px-Flag_of_Interlingua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Interlingua.svg/400px-Flag_of_Interlingua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="216" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unofficial flag of Interlingua proposed by Karel Podrazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Interlingua2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Another possible flag of Interlingua"><img alt="Another possible flag of Interlingua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Interlingua2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="103" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another possible flag of Interlingua</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1088965794">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}}</style><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <dl><dt>Comparisons with other languages</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Comparison between Ido and Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Interlingue_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua">Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other languages</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatica_de_Interlingua" title="Grammatica de Interlingua">Grammatica de Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua,_Instrumento_Moderne_de_Communication_International" title="Interlingua, Instrumento Moderne de Communication International">Interlingua, Instrumento Moderne de Communication International</a> (course manual)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_dictionaries" title="Interlingua dictionaries">Interlingua dictionaries</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Vocabulary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">Classical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">Hybrid word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">List of Greek and Latin roots in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregularities_and_exceptions_in_Interlingua" title="Irregularities and exceptions in Interlingua">Irregularities and exceptions in Interlingua</a></li></ul> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fiedler-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fiedler_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiedler_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFiedler2007" class="citation book cs1">Fiedler, Sabine (2007). "Phraseology in planned languages". In Burger, Harald; Dobrovol'Skij, Dmitrij; Kühn, Peter; Norrick, Neal R. (eds.). Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, Volume 2. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 779–788. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110190762.779">10.1515/9783110190762.779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019831-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019831-7"><bdi>978-3-11-019831-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phraseology+in+planned+languages&rft.btitle=Phraseology%3A+Ein+internationales+Handbuch+der+zeitgen%C3%B6ssischen+Forschung%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=779-788&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110190762.779&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019831-7&rft.aulast=Fiedler&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterlingua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeager1991" class="citation book cs1">Yeager, Leland B. 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P., Interlingua today: A course for beginners, Sheffield, UK: British Interlingua Society, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-gode1955-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gode1955_42-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodeBlair1955">Gode & Blair 1955</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Morris, Alice Vanderbilt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm#factsreasoning">"IALA's system: Underlying facts and reasoning"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040702192153/http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm">Archived</a> 2004-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, General report, New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-interlinguistic-standardization-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interlinguistic-standardization_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interlinguistic-standardization_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interlinguistic-standardization_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interlinguistic-standardization_44-3">d</a> Stillman, E. Clark, and Gode, Alexander, Interlinguistic standardization, New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm">Articles 82–100</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131210/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> translated by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._Mulaik" title="Stanley A. Mulaik">Stanley A. Mulaik</a>. Revised 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGode1971">Gode 1971</a>, Introduction. 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Two such forms appear in Gode and Blair, and one is labeled irregular; none are in Brauers. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> See for example Gode (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/parts_of_speech/verb.html#115">§115, "Table of Conjugation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221093610/http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/parts_of_speech/verb.html#115">Archived</a> 2007-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Yeager, Leland B., "Artificialitate, ethnocentrismo, e le linguas oriental: Le caso de Interlingua", Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenstrom e Leland B. Yeager, Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Novas de Interlingua, May/June 1958. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192338/https://www.fotw.info/flags/qy-ia.html">Flags of Interlingua (IALA)</a> from fotw.net (archived URL) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html">"Toto super le airbag jachetta e gilet / jachetta e gilet con airbag (invento hungaro) - interlingua - All about Airbag Jacket and Airbag Vest"</a>. Airbagjacket.eu. Retrieved 2016-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airbagjacket.eu&rft.atitle=Toto+super+le+airbag+jachetta+e+gilet+%2F+jachetta+e+gilet+con+airbag+%28invento+hungaro%29+-+interlingua+-+All+about+Airbag+Jacket+and+Airbag+Vest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbagjacket.eu%2Fjachetta_airbag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterlingua" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Falk, Julia S. Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century. Routledge, London & New York: 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodeBlair1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gode" title="Alexander Gode">Gode, Alexander</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hugh_E._Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh E. Blair">Blair, Hugh E.</a> (1955) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interlinguagramm00gode">Interlingua; a grammar of the international language</a> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Frederick Ungar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-0186-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8044-0186-1"><bdi>0-8044-0186-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/147452">147452</a>. Retrieved 2007-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interlingua%3B+a+grammar+of+the+international+language&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar+Publishing&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F147452&rft.isbn=0-8044-0186-1&rft.aulast=Gode&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Blair%2C+Hugh+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterlinguagramm00gode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterlingua" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGode1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">International Auxiliary Language Association</a> (1971) [1951]. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gode" title="Alexander Gode">Alexander Gode</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227051537/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html">Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language</a> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Frederick Ungar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-0188-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8044-0188-8"><bdi>0-8044-0188-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162319">162319</a>. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2010-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interlingua-English%3B+A+dictionary+of+the+international+language&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar+Publishing&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162319&rft.isbn=0-8044-0188-8&rft.au=International+Auxiliary+Language+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowks.net%2Fworldlang%2Faux%2Fb_IED.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterlingua" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray1971" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Mary Connell (1971) [1951]. ""Foreword" and "Acknowledgements"". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gode" title="Alexander Gode">Alexander Gode</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017122232/http://bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html">Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language</a> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Frederick Ungar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-0188-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8044-0188-8"><bdi>0-8044-0188-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162319">162319</a>. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2010-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Foreword%22+and+%22Acknowledgements%22&rft.btitle=Interlingua-English%3B+A+dictionary+of+the+international+language&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar+Publishing&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162319&rft.isbn=0-8044-0188-8&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Mary+Connell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowks.net%2Fworldlang%2Faux%2Fb_IED.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterlingua" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopsill1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopsill, F. P. (1990). International languages: a matter for Interlingua. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: British Interlingua Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9511695-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9511695-6-4"><bdi>0-9511695-6-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27813762">27813762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+languages%3A+a+matter+for+Interlingua&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.pub=British+Interlingua+Society&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27813762&rft.isbn=0-9511695-6-4&rft.aulast=Gopsill&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterlingua" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gopsill, F.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027145739/http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm">Le historia antenatal de Interlingua.</a>. (In Interlingua.) Accessed 28 May 2005.</li> <li>International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040702192153/http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm">General Report</a>. IALA, New York: 1945.</li> <li>Pei, Mario. One Language for the World and How To Achieve It. Devin-Adair, New York; 1958.</li> <li>Sexton, Brian C.; Wilgenhoff, Karel; and F. Peter Gopsill. Supplementary Interlingua-English Dictionary. British Interlingua Society, Sheffield, 1991</li> <li>Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html">Interlingua 2001: communication sin frontieras durante 50 annos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150422101259/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html">Archived</a> 2015-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Interlingua). Accessed 17 August 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlingua.com/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudhar.com/lingtics/intrlnga/resurses.htm">Collection of links to Interlingua resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513021435/https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/build/">Word Building</a>, in A Grammar of Interlingua by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gode" title="Alexander Gode">Alexander Gode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_E._Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh E. Blair">Hugh E. Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">IALA</a>, 1951.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711113810/http://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Formation%20de%20parolas%20in%20interlingua.pdf">Formation de parolas in Interlingua</a> (PDF), by Ingvar Stenström, Swedish Society for Interlingua. (In Interlingua)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPfFJhFQwmQ">Historia de Interlingua</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Interlingua at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Interlingua" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:About Interlingua">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Interlingua" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Interlingua">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Interlingua" class="extiw" title="b:Interlingua">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ia:">Interlingua edition</a> of Wikipedia</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35934" class="extiw" title="d:Q35934">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constructed_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constructed_languages" title="Template talk:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constructed_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_language" title="Experimental language">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific languages by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babm" title="Babm">Babm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolak_language" title="Bolak language">Bolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicationssprache" title="Communicationssprache">Communicationssprache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo">Adjuvilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Arcaicam Esperantom">Arcaicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)" title="Universal (Esperantido)">Universal</a></li> <li>other <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">esperantidos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosa" title="Glosa">Glosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interglossa" title="Interglossa">Interglossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intal_language" title="Intal language">Intal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotava" title="Kotava">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_nouvelle" title="Langue nouvelle">Langue nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingwa_de_planeta" title="Lingwa de planeta">Lingwa de planeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondial_language" title="Mondial language">Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_language" title="Neo language">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Bino" title="Nal Bino">Nal Bino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilingua" title="Pasilingua">Pasilingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambahsa" title="Sambahsa">Sambahsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_(constructed_language)" title="Sona (constructed language)">Sona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unish" title="Unish">Unish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalglot" title="Universalglot">Universalglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropi" title="Uropi">Uropi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrihili" title="Afrihili">Afrihili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budinos" title="Budinos">Budinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurolengo" title="Eurolengo">Eurolengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guosa" title="Guosa">Guosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortat%C3%BCrk" title="Ortatürk">Ortatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language" title="Pan-Germanic language">Pan-Germanic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutonish" title="Tutonish">Tutonish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Romance_language" title="Pan-Romance language">Pan-Romance language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolatino_Romance" title="Neolatino Romance">Neolatino Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wede" title="Wede">Wede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltdeutsch" title="Weltdeutsch">Weltdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUI_(constructed_language)" title="AUI (constructed language)">aUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Speedwords" title="Dutton Speedwords">Dutton Speedwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaba-X" title="Kalaba-X">Kalaba-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_generalis" title="Lingua generalis">Lingua generalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logopandecteision" title="Logopandecteision">Logopandecteision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">Real Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_language" title="Ro language">Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantean_language" title="Atlantean language">Atlantean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belter_Creole" title="Belter Creole">Belter Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dritok" title="Dritok">Dritok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages" title="Elvish languages">Elvish languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanta">Enchanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%93len" title="Kēlen">Kēlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliki_language" title="Kiliki language">Kiliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba%C3%AFan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobaïan">Kobaïan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapine_language" title="Lapine language">Lapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxian" title="Loxian">Loxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mänti">Mänti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Middle-earth languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth_languages" title="Category:Middle-earth languages">more...</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_language" title="Naʼvi language">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlish" title="Simlish">Simlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spocanian" title="Spocanian">Spocanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Star_Wars" title="Languages in Star Wars">Star Wars languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syldavian" title="Syldavian">Syldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teonaht" title="Teonaht">Teonaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsoly%C3%A1ni_language" title="Tsolyáni language">Tsolyáni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_language" title="Utopian language">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venedic_language" title="Venedic language">Venedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdurian_language" title="Verdurian language">Verdurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenja_language" title="Wenja language">Wenja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Tolkien's scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantology" title="Esperantology">Esperantology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Words" title="Bridge of Words">Bridge of Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conlanging:_The_Art_of_Crafting_Tongues" title="Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues">Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ricerca_della_Lingua_Perfetta_nella_Cultura_Europea" title="La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea">La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Esperanto/Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Esperanto/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Novial">Esperanto/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Ido/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">Ido/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Interlingue_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua">Interlingue/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Lojban_and_Loglan" title="Comparison between Lojban and Loglan">Lojban/Loglan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages" title="List of constructed languages">List of constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_creators" title="List of language creators">List of language creators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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