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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NZ_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NZ (disambiguation)">NZ (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New Zealand (disambiguation)">New Zealand (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-22">[a]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. It consists of two main landmasses—the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> (Te Ika-a-Māui) and the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> (Te Waipounamu)—and over 700 <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_island_countries" title="List of island countries">sixth-largest island country</a> by area and lies east of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a> and south of the islands of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">country's varied topography</a> and sharp mountain peaks, including the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>, owe much to <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> and volcanic eruptions. <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">New Zealand's capital city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, and its most populous city is <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">New Zealand</div><div class="ib-country-names">Aotearoa (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of New Zealand"><img alt="Blue field with the Union Flag in the top right corner, and four red stars with white borders to the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand"><img alt="A quartered shield, flanked by two figures, topped with a crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/National_anthems_of_New_Zealand" title="National anthems of New Zealand">Anthems</a>: <a href="/wiki/God_Defend_New_Zealand" title="God Defend New Zealand">God Defend New Zealand</a> (Māori: Aotearoa) <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="New_Zealand_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=mi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mi" label="Māori ‪(mi)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[n 1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its territorial claim in the Antarctic, and Tokelau"><img alt="A map of the hemisphere centred on New Zealand, using an orthographic projection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/250px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/375px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/500px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">its territorial claim in the Antarctic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&params=41_18_S_174_47_E_type:city_region:NZ">41°18′S 174°47′E / 41.300°S 174.783°E / -41.300; 174.783</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">English</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[n 2]</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">NZ Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_census" title="2023 New Zealand census">2023</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Census2023PopCounts-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-7">[n 3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">67.8% <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">17.8% <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">17.3% <a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.9% <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pacific peoples</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.9% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">ME</a>/<a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">LA</a>/<a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">African</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.1% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">51.6% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_New_Zealand" title="Irreligion in New Zealand">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">32.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">Christianity</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[n 4]</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.9% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">Hinduism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">6.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">other</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">6.9% undeclared</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealander</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(nickname)" title="Kiwi (nickname)">Kiwi</a> (colloquial)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Stages of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 1840</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1856_Sewell_Ministry" title="1856 Sewell Ministry">7 May 1856</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 September 1907</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1987</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">268,021<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> km2 (103,483 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">75th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.6<a href="#cite_note-13">[n 5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• November 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 5,431,030<a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-14">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">120th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_census" title="2023 New Zealand census">2023</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 4,993,923<a href="#cite_note-Census2023PopCounts-6">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">19.9/km2 (51.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">167th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $279.183 billion [USD]<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NZ-15">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">63rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $53,809 [USD]<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NZ-15">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $249.415 billion [USD]<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NZ-15">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">51st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $48,071 [USD]<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NZ-15">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 30.0<a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.939<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-17">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">NZD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+12 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">NZST</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[n 6]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+13 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">NZDT</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[n 7]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr><a href="#cite_note-21">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_New_Zealand" title="Telephone numbers in New Zealand">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_New_Zealand" title="Telephone numbers in New Zealand">+64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NZ" title="ISO 3166-2:NZ">NZ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.nz" title=".nz">.nz</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The islands of New Zealand were the last large habitable land to be settled by humans. Between about 1280 and 1350, <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> began to settle in the islands and subsequently developed a distinctive <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a>. In 1642, the Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> became the first European to sight and record New Zealand. In 1769 the British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain James Cook</a> became the first European to set foot on and map New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> chiefs signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> which paved the way for Britain's declaration of sovereignty later that year and the establishment of the Crown <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony of New Zealand</a> in 1841. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">a series of conflicts</a> between the colonial government and <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">Māori tribes</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">alienation and confiscation</a> of large amounts of Māori land. New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">became a dominion</a> in 1907; it <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">gained full statutory independence</a> in 1947, retaining the monarch as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Today, the majority of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealand's population</a> of 5.25 million is of <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European descent</a>; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by <a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika</a>. Reflecting this, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand's culture</a> is mainly derived from Māori and early British settlers, with recent broadening of culture arising from increased <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">immigration to the country</a>. <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">The official languages</a> are English, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">local dialect of English</a> being dominant. A <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, it was the first to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, and the first to give <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">women the right to vote</a>. It <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" title="International rankings of New Zealand">ranks very highly</a> in international measures of <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">quality of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">human rights</a>, and it has one of the lowest levels of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_perception_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption perception index">perceived corruption</a> in the world. It retains <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic inequality in New Zealand">visible levels of inequality</a>, having <a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination_in_New_Zealand" title="Structural discrimination in New Zealand">structural disparities</a> between its Māori and European populations. New Zealand underwent <a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">major economic changes</a> during the 1980s, which transformed it from a <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalised</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free-trade</a> economy. The service sector dominates the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">national economy</a>, followed by the industrial sector, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agriculture</a>; international <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">tourism</a> is also a significant source of revenue. New Zealand is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/UKUSA" class="mw-redirect" title="UKUSA">UKUSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN#ASEAN_Plus_Six" title="ASEAN">ASEAN Plus Six</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>. It enjoys <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">particularly close relations</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and is one of its <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO allies</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[15]</a> the United Kingdom; <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">with Australia</a>, with a shared <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman" title="Trans-Tasman">Trans-Tasman</a> identity between the two countries stemming from centuries of British colonisation.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch2009-24">[16]</a> Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a>, while executive political power is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Government</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">country's king</a> and is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a>. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and 67 <a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">territorial authorities</a> for <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">local government</a> purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> also includes <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> (self-governing states in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand); and the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, which is New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geography_and_environment">3 Geography and environment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Biodiversity">3.2 Biodiversity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Regions_and_external_territories">4.1 Regions and external territories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.2 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Military">4.3 Military</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Trade">5.1 Trade</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Infrastructure">5.2 Infrastructure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Science_and_technology">5.3 Science and technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ethnicity_and_immigration">6.1 Ethnicity and immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Language">6.2 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Religion">6.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Education">6.4 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Art">7.1 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Literature">7.2 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Media_and_entertainment">7.3 Media and entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Cuisine">7.4 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sport">7.5 Sport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Citations">11 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_place_names" title="New Zealand place names">New Zealand place names</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius,_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/220px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="532"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/220px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" data-alt="Brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/330px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/440px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of Nova Zeelandia (on this map, north is at the bottom)</figcaption></figure> The first European visitor to New Zealand, Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a>, named the islands Staten Land, believing they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">Staten Landt</a> that <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> had sighted off the southern end of South America.<a href="#cite_note-StatenLandt-25">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brouwer" title="Hendrik Brouwer">Hendrik Brouwer</a> proved that the South American land was a small island in 1643, and Dutch <a href="/wiki/Cartographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographers">cartographers</a> subsequently renamed Tasman's discovery Nova Zeelandia from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Latin</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Dutch province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StatenLandt-25">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[19]</a> This name was later <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> to New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Names-29">[21]</a> This was written as Nu Tireni in the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> (spelled Nu Tirani in Te Tiriti o Waitangi). In 1834 a document written in Māori and entitled "He Wakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni" was translated into English and became the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand</a>. It was prepared by Te W(h)akaminenga o Nga Rangatiratanga o Nga Hapu o Nu Tireni, the <a href="/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a>, and a copy was sent to King <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> who had already acknowledged the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand, and who recognised the declaration in a letter from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant,_1st_Baron_Glenelg" title="Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg">Lord Glenelg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-glenelgletter-30">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer200841-31">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a> (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">[aɔˈtɛaɾɔa]</a> in Māori and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌaʊtɛəˈroʊ.ə/</a> in English; often translated as 'land of the long white cloud')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200341-32">[24]</a> is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans; Aotearoa originally referred to just the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872-33">[25]</a> Māori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui ('the fish of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui</a>') for the North Island and Te Waipounamu ('the waters of <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">greenstone</a>') or Te Waka o Aoraki ('the canoe of <a href="/wiki/Aoraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoraki">Aoraki</a>') for the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-34">[26]</a> Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island), and South (<a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>).<a href="#cite_note-35">[27]</a> In 1830, mapmakers began to use "North" and "South" on their maps to distinguish the two largest islands, and by 1907, this was the accepted norm.<a href="#cite_note-Names-29">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board" title="New Zealand Geographic Board">New Zealand Geographic Board</a> discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-36">[28]</a> For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-36">[28]</a> Similarly the Māori and English names for the whole country are sometimes used together (Aotearoa New Zealand);<a href="#cite_note-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a> however, this has no official recognition.<a href="#cite_note-39">[31]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History of New Zealand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand_history" title="Timeline of New Zealand history">Timeline of New Zealand history</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to Hawai'i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in Melanesia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/290px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 290px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/290px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" data-alt="One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to Hawai'i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in Melanesia." data-width="290" data-height="290" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/435px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/580px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> descend from <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> whose ancestors emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> between 3000 and 1000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> and then travelled east, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 CE. After a pause of 200 to 300 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a> </figcaption></figure> The first people to reach New Zealand were Polynesians in ocean going <a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">waka</a> (canoes). Their arrival likely occurred in several waves, approximately between 1280 and 1350 CE. Those Polynesian settlers, isolated in New Zealand, became the Māori of later years. According to an early European synthesized interpretation of various Māori traditional accounts, around 750 CE the heroic explorer, <a href="/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a>, had discovered New Zealand and later, around 1350, one great fleet of settlers set out from <a href="/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki">Hawaiki</a> in eastern Polynesia.<a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> However, from the late 20th century, this story has been increasingly relegated to the realm of legend and myth. An alternative view has emerged from fresh archaeological and scientific evidence, which correlates with doubts raised by historians everywhere as to the reliability of interpretations drawn from the oral evidence of indigenous peoples, including from Māori.<a href="#cite_note-Moon_2013-44">[36]</a> Regarding the arrival of these Polynesian settlers, there are no human remains, artefacts or structures which are confidently dated to earlier than the Kaharoa Tephra, a layer of volcanic debris deposited by the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tarawera" title="Mount Tarawera">Mount Tarawera</a> eruption around 1314 CE.<a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a> Samples of rat bone, rat-gnawed shells and seed cases have given dates later than the Tarawera eruption except for three of a decade or so earlier.<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> and pollen evidence of widespread forest fires shortly before the eruption might also indicate a pre-eruption human presence.<a href="#cite_note-47">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> variability within the Māori populations suggest that Eastern <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> first settled the New Zealand archipelago between 1250 and 1300,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-34">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a> Therefore, current opinion is that, whether or not some settlers arrived before 1314, the main settlement period was in the subsequent decades, possibly involving a coordinated mass migration. It is also the broad consensus of historians that the Polynesian settlement of New Zealand was planned and deliberate.<a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a> Over the centuries that followed, the settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. This scenario is also consistent with a much debated questionable third line of oral evidence,<a href="#cite_note-Moon_2013-44">[36]</a> traditional genealogies (<a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">whakapapa</a>) which point to around 1350 as a probable arrival date for many of the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">founding canoes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">waka</a>) from which many Māori trace their descent.<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a> Some Māori later migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> where they developed their distinct <a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a> A later 1835 invasion by Māori resulted in the massacre and virtual extinction of the Moriori.<a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/170px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/170px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" data-alt="An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background" data-width="170" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/255px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/340px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first visit</a> in 1769–70. The track of the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">Endeavour</a> is also shown.</figcaption></figure> In a hostile 1642 encounter between <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_T%C5%ABmatak%C5%8Dkiri" title="Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri">Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri</a> and Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a>'s crew,<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-61">[53]</a> four of Tasman's crew members were killed, and at least one Māori was hit by <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a> Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769, when British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> mapped almost the entire coastline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-61">[53]</a> Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">whaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a>, and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons, and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts, and water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003122-63">[55]</a> The introduction of the potato and the <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-64">[56]</a> The resulting intertribal <a href="/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a> encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> From the early 19th century, Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> began to settle New Zealand, eventually <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> most of the Māori population.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A torn sheet of paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/170px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="5788"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 318px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/170px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" data-alt="A torn sheet of paper" data-width="170" data-height="318" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/255px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/340px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Waitangi sheet from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">British Government</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-Busby-68">[60]</a> His duties, given to him by Governor Bourke in Sydney, were to protect settlers and traders "of good standing", prevent "outrages" against Māori, and apprehend escaped convicts.<a href="#cite_note-Busby-68">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Thierry" title="Charles de Thierry">Charles de Thierry</a>, the nebulous <a href="/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a> sent a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of Independence</a> to King <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV of the United Kingdom</a> asking for protection.<a href="#cite_note-Busby-68">[60]</a> Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to send Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> to claim sovereignty for the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> was first signed in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> on 6 February 1840.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-71">[63]</a> In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> With the signing of the treaty and declaration of sovereignty, the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> New Zealand was administered as a dependency of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a> until becoming a separate <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony of New Zealand</a>, on 3 May 1841.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> Armed conflict began between the colonial government and Māori in 1843 with the <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Affray" title="Wairau Affray">Wairau Affray</a> over land and disagreements over sovereignty. These conflicts, mainly in the North Island, saw thousands of imperial troops and the Royal Navy come to New Zealand and became known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. Following these armed conflicts, large areas of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">Māori land were confiscated by the government</a> to meet settler demands.<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay,_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/290px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/290px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" data-alt="Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people" data-width="290" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/435px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/580px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A meeting of European and Māori residents of <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Province" title="Hawke's Bay Province">Hawke's Bay Province</a>. Engraving, 1863.</figcaption></figure> The colony gained a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">representative government in 1852</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="1st New Zealand Parliament">first Parliament</a> met in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-79">[71]</a> In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters (except <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native</a> policy, which was granted in the mid-1860s).<a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-79">[71]</a> Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Domett" title="Alfred Domett">Alfred Domett</a> moved a resolution to transfer the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a> from Auckland to a locality near <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> Wellington was chosen for its central location, with Parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> In 1886, New Zealand annexed the volcanic <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, about 1,000 km (620 mi) northeast of Auckland. Since 1937, the islands are uninhabited except for about six people at <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Island" title="Raoul Island">Raoul Island</a> station. These islands put the northern border of New Zealand at 29 degrees South latitude.<a href="#cite_note-ENZ1966-83">[75]</a> After the 1982 <a href="/wiki/UNCLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCLOS">UNCLOS</a>, the islands contributed significantly to New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand" title="Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand">exclusive economic zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> In 1891, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> came to power as the first organised political party.<a href="#cite_note-Liberal-85">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Liberal Government of New Zealand">Liberal Government</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a> for most of its period in office,<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> passed many important social and economic measures. In 1893, New Zealand was the first nation in the world to grant all <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">women the right to vote</a><a href="#cite_note-Liberal-85">[77]</a> and pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Act_1894" title="Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894">adoption of compulsory arbitration</a> between employers and unions in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> The Liberals also guaranteed a minimum wage in 1894, a world first.<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> proclaimed New Zealand a <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> reflecting its self-governing status.<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> In 1947, New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">adopted</a> the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, confirming that the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> could no longer legislate for the country without its consent. The British government's residual legislative powers were later removed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a>, and final rights of appeal to British courts were abolished in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-79">[71]</a> Early in the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">Second World Wars</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> and suffering through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> The depression led to the election of the <a href="/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">first Labour Government</a> and the establishment of a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> economy.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following the Second World War,<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> A <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a> developed, which criticised <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> and worked for greater recognition of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a> and of the Treaty of Waitangi.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> In 1975, a <a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a> was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-71">[63]</a> The government has negotiated <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">settlements of these grievances</a> with many iwi,<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> although <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">Māori claims to the foreshore and seabed</a> proved controversial in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Geography of New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment of New Zealand">Environment of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Islands of New Zealand as seen from satellite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/170px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="5600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/170px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" data-alt="Islands of New Zealand as seen from satellite" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/255px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/340px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The snow-capped <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> dominate the South Island, while the North Island's <a href="/wiki/Northland_Peninsula" title="Northland Peninsula">Northland Peninsula</a> stretches towards the subtropics.</figcaption></figure> New Zealand is located near the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Water_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hemisphere">water hemisphere</a> and is made up of two main islands and more than 700 <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walrond1-100">[92]</a> The two main islands (the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, or Te Waipounamu) are separated by <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> (across the <a href="/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Island" title="Chatham Island">Chatham Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Island" title="Great Barrier Island">Great Barrier Island</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Hauraki_Gulf" title="Hauraki Gulf">Hauraki Gulf</a>),<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Island_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Urville Island (New Zealand)">D'Urville Island</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>)<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waiheke_Island" title="Waiheke Island">Waiheke Island</a> (about 22 km (14 mi) from central Auckland).<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> New Zealand is long and narrow—over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a>—with about 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of coastline<a href="#cite_note-CIA-106">[98]</a> and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand" title="Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand">exclusive economic zone</a> is one of the largest in the world, covering more than 15 times its land area.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg/220px-NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1055"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg/220px-NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg/330px-NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg/440px-NZL-mtcook-peters-lookout.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> is the highest point in New Zealand, at 3,724 metres</figcaption></figure> The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand. It is divided along its length by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the highest of which is <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> at 3,724 metres (12,218 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarden200552-110">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>'s steep mountains and deep <a href="/wiki/List_of_fiords_of_New_Zealand" title="List of fiords of New Zealand">fiords</a> record the extensive ice age glaciation of this southwestern corner of the South Island.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> The North Island is less mountainous but is <a href="/wiki/Volcanology_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanology of New Zealand">marked by volcanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> The highly active <a href="/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupō Volcanic Zone">Taupō Volcanic Zone</a> has formed a large <a href="/wiki/North_Island_Volcanic_Plateau" title="North Island Volcanic Plateau">volcanic plateau</a>, punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Taup%C5%8D" title="Lake Taupō">Lake Taupō</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Walrond1-100">[92]</a> nestled in the <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> of one of the world's most active <a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">supervolcanoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a> New Zealand is prone to <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of earthquakes in New Zealand">earthquakes</a>. The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keith_2009-114">[106]</a> New Zealand is part of <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinent">microcontinent</a> nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> supercontinent.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a> About 25 million years ago, a shift in <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> movements began to <a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaikoura orogeny">contort and crumple</a> the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">compression of the crust</a> beside the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a>. Elsewhere, the plate boundary involves the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of one plate under the other, producing the <a href="/wiki/Puysegur_Trench" title="Puysegur Trench">Puysegur Trench</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Hikurangi_Trough" title="Hikurangi Trough">Hikurangi Trough</a> east of the North Island, and the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga_Trench" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga Trenches</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> further north.<a href="#cite_note-Keith_2009-114">[106]</a> New Zealand, together with Australia, is part of a wider region known as <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NZOD-118">[110]</a> It also forms the southwestern extremity of the geographic and ethnographic region called <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> is a wider region encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, New Zealand, and various island countries in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">seven-continent</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" title="Climate of New Zealand">Climate of New Zealand</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png/200px-New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="353" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="9000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 353px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png/200px-New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="353" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png/300px-New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png/400px-New_Zealand_K%C3%B6ppen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map of New Zealand</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg/200px-Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg/200px-Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg/300px-Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg/400px-Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens_in_autumn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Autumn in the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens" title="Christchurch Botanic Gardens">Christchurch Botanic Gardens</a></div></div></div></div></div> New Zealand's climate is predominantly temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb), with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 °C (50 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north.<a href="#cite_note-Mullan2009-121">[113]</a> Historical <a href="/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima and minima">maxima and minima</a> are 42.4 °C (108.32 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Rangiora" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> and −25.6 °C (−14.08 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Ranfurly,_New_Zealand" title="Ranfurly, New Zealand">Ranfurly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-niwa-122">[114]</a> Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> of the South Island to <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Basin" title="Mackenzie Basin">Mackenzie Basin</a> of inland Canterbury and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northland_Peninsula" title="Northland Peninsula">Northland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> Of the seven largest cities, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> is the driest, receiving on average only 618 millimetres (24.3 in) of rain per year and Wellington the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount.<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and southwestern parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours; the northern and northeastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive about 2,400–2,500 hours.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> The general snow season is early June until early October, though <a href="/wiki/Cold_snap" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold snap">cold snaps</a> can occur outside this season.<a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> Snowfall is common in the eastern and southern parts of the South Island and mountain areas across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Mullan2009-121">[113]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Average daily temperatures and rainfall for selected towns and cities of New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>January high °C (°F) </th> <th>January low °C (°F) </th> <th>July high °C (°F) </th> <th>July low °C (°F) </th> <th>Annual rainfall mm (in) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td> <td>23 (73)</td> <td>15 (59)</td> <td>15 (59)</td> <td>8 (46) </td> <td>1,212 (47.7) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></td> <td>20 (68)</td> <td>14 (57)</td> <td>11 (52)</td> <td>6 (43) </td> <td>1,207 (47.5) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokitika" title="Hokitika">Hokitika</a> </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>12 (54) </td> <td>12 (54) </td> <td>3 (37) </td> <td>2,901 (114.2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></td> <td>23 (73)</td> <td>12 (54)</td> <td>11 (52)</td> <td>2 (36) </td> <td>618 (24.3) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_New_Zealand" title="Alexandra, New Zealand">Alexandra</a> </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>11 (52) </td> <td>8 (46) </td> <td>−2 (28) </td> <td>359 (14.1) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">Biodiversity of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Kiwi amongst sticks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/170px-TeTuatahianui.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1325"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/170px-TeTuatahianui.jpg" data-alt="Kiwi amongst sticks" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/255px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/340px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The endemic flightless <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a> is a <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">national icon</a>.</figcaption></figure> New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Geographic_isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic isolation">geographic isolation</a> for 80 million years<a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a> and island <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> has influenced evolution of the country's species of <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">plants</a>. Physical isolation has caused biological isolation, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> The flora and fauna of New Zealand were originally thought to have originated from New Zealand's fragmentation off from Gondwana, however more recent evidence postulates species resulted from dispersal.<a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> About 82% of New Zealand's indigenous <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, covering 1,944 species across 65 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ-133">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-NZPCN_2006-134">[126]</a> The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-FAQ-133">[125]</a> and 40% of these are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent <a href="/wiki/Podocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Podocarp">podocarps</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">southern beech</a> in cooler climates.<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are <a href="/wiki/Tussock_grasslands_of_New_Zealand" title="Tussock grasslands of New Zealand">tussock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> Before the arrival of humans, an estimated 80% of the land was covered in forest, with only <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">high alpine</a>, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> Massive <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">deforestation</a> occurred after humans arrived, with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23% of the land in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An artist's rendition of a Haast's eagle attacking two moa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1101"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" data-alt="An artist's rendition of a Haast's eagle attacking two moa" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/330px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/440px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The giant <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> died out when Māori hunted its main prey, the <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>, to extinction.</figcaption></figure> The forests were dominated by <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">birds</a>, and the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">kākāpō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weka" title="Weka">weka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takah%C4%93" title="Takahē">takahē</a> evolving <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightlessness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> The arrival of humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">rats</a>, ferrets and other mammals led to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene">extinction</a> of many bird species, including <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">large birds</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-142">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (<a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">skinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_geckos_of_New_Zealand" title="List of geckos of New Zealand">geckos</a>), <a href="/wiki/Leiopelmatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiopelmatidae">frogs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> such as the protected endangered <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%27s_Frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton's Frog">Hamilton's Frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiders_of_New_Zealand" title="Spiders of New Zealand">spiders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a> insects (<a href="/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81" title="Wētā">wētā</a>),<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> and snails.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> Some, such as the tuatara, are so unique that they have been called <a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">living fossils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> Three species of bats (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_greater_short-tailed_bat" title="New Zealand greater short-tailed bat">one</a> since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bathans_mammal" title="Saint Bathans mammal">a unique, mouse-sized land mammal</a> at least 16 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> Marine mammals, however, are abundant, with almost half the world's <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> (whales, dolphins, and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>) and large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> reported in New Zealand waters.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> Many seabirds breed in New Zealand, a third of them unique to the country.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> More <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_New_Zealand#Penguins" title="List of birds of New Zealand">penguin</a> species are found in New Zealand than in any other country, with 13 of the world's 18 penguin species.<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> Since human arrival, almost half of the country's vertebrate species have become extinct, including at least fifty-one birds, three frogs, three lizards, one freshwater fish, and one bat. Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced.<a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-142">[134]</a> However, New Zealand conservationists have pioneered several methods to help threatened wildlife recover, including island sanctuaries, pest control, wildlife translocation, fostering, and ecological <a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">restoration of islands</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_Zealand" title="Protected areas of New Zealand">protected areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">New Zealand Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The King wearing a pinstripe suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/112px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/112px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" data-alt="The King wearing a pinstripe suit" data-width="112" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/168px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/224px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">King of New Zealand</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A woman wearing medals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 113px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="A woman wearing medals" data-width="113" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/226px-Cindy_Kiro_October_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General of New Zealand</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Luxon_(52535372229)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A smiling man wearing a dark business suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Christopher_Luxon_%2852535372229%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Christopher_Luxon_%2852535372229%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1806"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 105px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Christopher_Luxon_%2852535372229%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Christopher_Luxon_%2852535372229%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="A smiling man wearing a dark business suit and tie" data-width="105" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Christopher_Luxon_%2852535372229%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/158px-Christopher_Luxon_%2852535372229%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Christopher_Luxon_%2852535372229%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Christopher_Luxon_%2852535372229%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a></div></div></div></div></div> New Zealand is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-158">[150]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">its constitution</a> is <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">not codified</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-159">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> is the <a href="/wiki/King_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="King of New Zealand">King of New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> and thus the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> The king is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, whom he appoints on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> The governor-general can exercise <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prerogative powers">prerogative powers</a>, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of <a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">ministers</a>, ambassadors, and other key public officials,<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> and in rare situations, the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> (e.g. the power to dissolve Parliament or refuse the <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> into law).<a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-164">[156]</a> The powers of the monarch and the governor-general are limited by constitutional constraints, and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of ministers.<a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-164">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> holds <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> and consists of the king and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-165">[157]</a> It also included an upper house, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>, until this was abolished in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-165">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacy of parliament">supremacy of parliament</a> over the Crown and other government institutions was established in England by the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-165">[157]</a> The House of Representatives is democratically elected, and a government is formed from the party or <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> with the majority of seats. If no majority is formed, a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> can be formed if support from other parties during <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> votes is assured.<a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-165">[157]</a> The governor-general appoints ministers under advice from the prime minister, who is by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a> the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">parliamentary leader</a> of the governing party or coalition.<a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, formed by ministers and led by the prime minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions.<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> Members of Cabinet make major decisions collectively and are therefore <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">collectively responsible</a> for the consequences of these decisions.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> The 42nd and current prime minister, since 27 November 2023, is <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A block of buildings fronted by a large statue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/220px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3297" data-file-height="2557"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/220px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" data-alt="A block of buildings fronted by a large statue." data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/330px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/440px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Beehive_(New_Zealand)" title="Beehive (New Zealand)">Beehive</a>" (Executive Wing), and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Wellington" title="Parliament House, Wellington">Parliament House</a> (right), in Parliament Grounds, <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">parliamentary general election</a> must be called no later than three years after the previous election.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> Almost all general elections between <a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">1853</a> and <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a> were held under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> called <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) has been used.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-159">[151]</a> Under the MMP system, each person has two votes; one is for a candidate standing in the voter's <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a>, and the other is for a party. Based on the 2018 census data, there are 72 electorates (which include seven <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> in which only Māori can optionally vote),<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> and the remaining 48 of the 120 seats are assigned so that representation in Parliament reflects the party vote, with the threshold that a party must win at least one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for a seat.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> Elections since the 1930s have been dominated by two <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">political parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a>. More parties have been represented in Parliament since the introduction of MMP.<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">New Zealand's judiciary</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">chief justice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a>, and subordinate courts.<a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-159">[151]</a> This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions.<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed states.<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> As of 2017,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a> the country was ranked fourth in the strength of its democratic institutions,<a href="#cite_note-179">[171]</a> and first in government transparency and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_New_Zealand" title="Corruption in New Zealand">lack of corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New Zealand">LGBT rights</a> in the nation are also recognised as among the most tolerant in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a> New Zealand ranks highly for civic participation in the political process, with 82% <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> during recent general elections, compared to an <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> average of 69%.<a href="#cite_note-182">[174]</a> However, this is untrue for local council elections; a historically low 36% of eligible New Zealanders voted in the <a href="/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2022 New Zealand local elections">2022 local elections</a>, compared with an already low 42% turnout in <a href="/wiki/2019_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2019 New Zealand local elections">2019</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">human rights report</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> noted that the New Zealand government generally <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">respected the rights</a> of individuals, but voiced concerns regarding the social status of the Māori population.<a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination_in_New_Zealand" title="Structural discrimination in New Zealand">structural discrimination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Commission">New Zealand Human Rights Commission</a> has asserted that there is strong, consistent evidence that it is a real and ongoing socioeconomic issue.<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> One example of structural inequality in New Zealand can be seen in the criminal justice system. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Justice (New Zealand)">Ministry of Justice</a>, Māori are overrepresented, comprising 45% of New Zealanders convicted of crimes and 53% of those imprisoned, while only being 16.5% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" title="International rankings of New Zealand">International rankings of New Zealand</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_and_external_territories">Regions and external territories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions of New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A map of New Zealand divided into regions and territorial authorities with labels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg/220px-NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1746"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg/220px-NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg.png" data-alt="A map of New Zealand divided into regions and territorial authorities with labels" data-width="220" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg/330px-NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg/440px-NZ_Regional_Councils_and_Territorial_Authorities_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of regions (coloured) and territorial authorities (outlined) in New Zealand</figcaption></figure> The early European settlers divided New Zealand into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a>, which had a degree of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-190">[182]</a> Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales, and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> The provinces are remembered in <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">regional public holidays</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> and sporting rivalries.<a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government.<a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-190">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a> In 1989, the government reorganised <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">local government</a> into the current two-tier structure of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial authorities">territorial authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-195">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_territorial_authorities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of former territorial authorities in New Zealand">249 municipalities</a><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-195">[187]</a> that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991" title="Resource Management Act 1991">resource management</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-195">[187]</a> while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents, and other local matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933-197">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-glossary-198">[190]</a> Five of the territorial councils are <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a> and also act as regional councils.<a href="#cite_note-glossary-198">[190]</a> The territorial authorities consist of 13 city councils, 53 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_New_Zealand" title="Districts of New Zealand">district</a> councils, and the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many functions of a regional council.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a> The Realm of New Zealand, one of 15 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a> is the entire area over which the king or queen of New Zealand is <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> and comprises New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-158">[150]</a> The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation for these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is classified as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">non-self-governing territory</a>, but is administered by a council of three elders (one from each Tokelauan <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a>).<a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>, where it operates the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> research facility.<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand nationality law</a> treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency are New Zealand citizens.<a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[n 8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20220531AS-0492-2_(52245764500).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P20220531AS-0492-2_%2852245764500%29.jpg/220px-P20220531AS-0492-2_%2852245764500%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P20220531AS-0492-2_%2852245764500%29.jpg/220px-P20220531AS-0492-2_%2852245764500%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P20220531AS-0492-2_%2852245764500%29.jpg/330px-P20220531AS-0492-2_%2852245764500%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P20220531AS-0492-2_%2852245764500%29.jpg/440px-P20220531AS-0492-2_%2852245764500%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Former New Zealand prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> with US president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, 2022</figcaption></figure> During the period of the New Zealand colony, Britain was responsible for external trade and foreign relations.<a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> The 1923 and 1926 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate its own political <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a>, and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On 3 September 1939, New Zealand allied itself with Britain and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a> on Germany with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand".<a href="#cite_note-209">[200]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/220px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2999"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/220px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" data-alt="A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/330px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/440px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Battalion" title="Māori Battalion">Māori Battalion</a> <a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a> in Egypt, 1941</figcaption></figure> In 1951, the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,<a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> while New Zealand joined <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> security treaty.<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand's nuclear-free policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a> Despite the United States's suspension of ANZUS obligations, the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.<a href="#cite_note-216">[207]</a> Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with <a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">free trade agreements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">travel arrangements</a> that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-217">[208]</a> In 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a> there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the population of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a> New Zealand has a strong presence among the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> countries, and enjoys strong diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, and among smaller nations.<a href="#cite_note-219">[210]</a> A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries, and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment. The increase of this since the 1960s led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika New Zealander</a> pan-ethnic group, the fourth-largest ethnic grouping in the country.<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007, and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.<a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> New Zealand is involved in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> Regional Forum (including the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-217">[208]</a> New Zealand has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">emerging power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> The country is a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD),<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> and participates in the <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> Today, New Zealand enjoys <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">particularly close relations</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and is one of its <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO allies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[15]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">well as with Australia</a>, with a "<a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman" title="Trans-Tasman">Trans-Tasman</a>" identity between citizens of the latter being common.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch2009-24">[16]</a> New Zealand is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a> intelligence sharing agreement, known formally as the <a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a>. The five members of this agreement compromise the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">core Anglosphere</a>: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> Since 2012, New Zealand has had a partnership arrangement with <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">NATO</a> under the Partnership Interoperability Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, New Zealand is the 4th most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(20).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/220px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/220px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg" data-alt="A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/330px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/440px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> service at the National War Memorial</figcaption></figure> New Zealand's military services—the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a>—comprise the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/National_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="National defence">national defence</a> needs are modest since a direct attack is unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> However, its military has <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">had a global presence</a>. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> and strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">ANZAC</a> tradition it shares with Australia.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Korean_War" title="New Zealand in the Korean War">Korean War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan War</a>. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq</a> border, <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Astute" title="Operation Astute">East Timor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands#Civil_war" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy of New Zealand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_New_Zealand" title="List of companies of New Zealand">List of companies of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Boats docked in blue-green water. Plate glass skyscrapers rising up in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/220px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="3019"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/220px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" data-alt="Boats docked in blue-green water. Plate glass skyscrapers rising up in the background." data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/330px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/440px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auckland_waterfront" title="Auckland waterfront">Waterfront</a> along <a href="/wiki/Auckland_CBD" title="Auckland CBD">Auckland CBD</a>, a major hub of economic activity</figcaption></figure> New Zealand has an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced economy">advanced</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a> ranked 13th in the 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HDI-248">[239]</a> and fourth in the 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/High-income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Nominal_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal value">nominal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>36,254.<a href="#cite_note-imf2-250">[241]</a> The currency is the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a>, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_dollar" title="Cook Islands dollar">Cook Islands dollar</a>), Niue, Tokelau, and the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's economy, focusing at different times on sealing, whaling, <a href="/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">flax</a>, gold, <a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">kauri gum</a>, and native timber.<a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-252">[243]</a> The first shipment of refrigerated meat on the <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)" title="Dunedin (ship)">Dunedin</a> in 1882 led to the establishment of meat and dairy exports to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> High demand for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> In 1973, New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> and other compounding factors, such as the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 energy</a> crises, led to a severe <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">economic depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a> Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">the World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> In the mid-1980s New Zealand deregulated its <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agricultural sector</a> by phasing out <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">subsidies</a> over a three-year period.<a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a> Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> restructuring (known first as <a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia</a>), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> and highly regulated economy to a liberalised <a href="/wiki/Free-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy.<a href="#cite_note-Liberalisation-260">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MilfordSound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Blue water against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/220px-MilfordSound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/220px-MilfordSound.jpg" data-alt="Blue water against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/330px-MilfordSound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/440px-MilfordSound.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound_/_Piopiotahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milford Sound / Piopiotahi">Milford Sound / Piopiotahi</a> is one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations.<a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a></figcaption></figure> Unemployment peaked just above 10% in 1991 and 1992,<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-263">[254]</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)#New_Zealand" title="Black Monday (1987)">1987 share market crash</a>, but eventually fell to 3.7% in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-263">[254]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis</a> that followed had a major effect on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years,<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> The lowest unemployment rate recorded using the current methodology was in December 2021 during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, at 3.2%.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends but are consistently higher among youth. During the September 2021 quarter, the general unemployment rate was around 3.2%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 24 was 9.2%.<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-263">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> New Zealand has experienced a series of "<a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drains</a>" since the 1970s<a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> that still continue today.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> Nearly one-quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a> In recent decades, however, a "<a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain gain</a>" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200644-273">[264]</a> Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">Poverty in New Zealand</a> is characterised by growing income inequality; wealth in New Zealand is <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic inequality in New Zealand">highly concentrated</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> with the top 1% of the population owning 16% of the country's wealth, and the richest 5% owning 38%, leaving a stark contrast where half the population, including <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">state beneficiaries</a> and pensioners, receive less than $24,000.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Child poverty in New Zealand">child poverty in New Zealand</a> has been identified by the Government as a major societal issue;<a href="#cite_note-Chpov-277">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a> the country has 12.0% of children living in low-income households that had less than 50% of the median equivalised disposable household income as of June 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a> Poverty has a disproportionately high effect in ethnic-minority households, with a quarter (23.3%) of Māori children and almost a third (28.6%) of Pacific Islander children living in poverty as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chpov-277">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,<a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> particularly in agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> Exports account for 24% of its output,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-106">[98]</a> making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">economic slowdowns</a>. Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%).<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> New Zealand's main trading partners, as at June 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a>, are China (<a href="/wiki/NZ%24" class="mw-redirect" title="NZ$">NZ$</a>27.8b), Australia ($26.2b), the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ($22.9b), the United States ($17.6b), and Japan ($8.4b).<a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-283">[274]</a> On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement</a>, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a> In July 2023, New Zealand and the European Union entered into the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#EU-NZ_free_trade_agreement" title="New Zealand–European Union relations">EU–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement</a>, which eliminated tariffs on several goods traded between the two regions.<a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> This free trade agreement expanded on the pre-existing free trade agreement<a href="#cite_note-286">[277]</a> and saw a reduction in tariffs on meat and dairy<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> in response to feedback from the affected industries.<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-106">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a> plays a significant role in the economy, contributing $12.9 billion (or 5.6%) to New Zealand's total GDP and supporting 7.5% of the total workforce in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-289">[280]</a> In 2017, international visitor arrivals were expected to increase at a rate of 5.4% annually up to 2022.<a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-289">[280]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A Romney ewe with her two lambs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/220px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/220px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" data-alt="A Romney ewe with her two lambs" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/330px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/440px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wool has historically been one of New Zealand's major exports.</figcaption></figure> Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-252">[243]</a> Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,<a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-252">[243]</a> but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities,<a href="#cite_note-290">[281]</a> and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.<a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">dairy farming</a> increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,<a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a> to become New Zealand's largest export earner.<a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a> In the year to June 2018, dairy products accounted for 17.7% ($14.1 billion) of total exports,<a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-283">[274]</a> and the country's largest company, <a href="/wiki/Fonterra" title="Fonterra">Fonterra</a>, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.<a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a> Other exports in 2017–18 were meat (8.8%), wood and wood products (6.2%), fruit (3.6%), machinery (2.2%) and wine (2.1%).<a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-283">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand's wine</a> industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,<a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">renewable energy</a> generated 40.1% of <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">New Zealand's gross energy</a> supply.<a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-298">[289]</a> The majority of the country's <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_New_Zealand" title="Electricity sector in New Zealand">electricity supply</a> is generated from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Hydroelectric power in New Zealand">hydroelectric power</a>, with major schemes on the <a href="/wiki/Waikato_River" title="Waikato River">Waikato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_River" title="Waitaki River">Waitaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clutha_River_/_Mata-Au" class="mw-redirect" title="Clutha River / Mata-Au">Clutha / Mata-Au</a> rivers, as well as at <a href="/wiki/Manapouri_Power_Station" title="Manapouri Power Station">Manapouri</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">Geothermal power</a> is also a significant generator of electricity, with several large stations located across the <a href="/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupō Volcanic Zone">Taupō Volcanic Zone</a> in the North Island. The four main companies in the generation and retail market are <a href="/wiki/Contact_Energy" title="Contact Energy">Contact Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Energy_Limited" title="Genesis Energy Limited">Genesis Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Energy" title="Mercury Energy">Mercury Energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Energy" title="Meridian Energy">Meridian Energy</a>. State-owned <a href="/wiki/Transpower_New_Zealand" title="Transpower New Zealand">Transpower</a> operates the high-voltage transmission grids in the North and South Islands, as well as the <a href="/wiki/HVDC_Inter-Island" title="HVDC Inter-Island">Inter-Island HVDC link</a> connecting the two together.<a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-298">[289]</a> The provision of <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_New_Zealand" title="Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand">water supply and sanitation</a> is generally of good quality. Regional authorities provide water abstraction, treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_New_Zealand,_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_(27091961041).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A mid-size jet airliner in flight. The plane livery is all-black and features a New Zealand silver fern mark." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/220px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5625" data-file-height="3750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/220px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg" data-alt="A mid-size jet airliner in flight. The plane livery is all-black and features a New Zealand silver fern mark." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/330px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/440px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787–9 Dreamliner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a>, the flag carrier of New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">New Zealand's transport</a> network comprises 94,000 kilometres (58,410 mi) of roads, including 199 kilometres (124 mi) of motorways,<a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> and 4,128 kilometres (2,565 mi) of railway lines.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-106">[98]</a> Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.<a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">railways</a> were privatised in 1993 but were re-nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008. The state-owned enterprise <a href="/wiki/KiwiRail" title="KiwiRail">KiwiRail</a> now operates the railways, with the exception of commuter services in Auckland and Wellington, which are operated by <a href="/wiki/Auckland_One_Rail" title="Auckland One Rail">Auckland One Rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transdev_Wellington" title="Transdev Wellington">Transdev Wellington</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.<a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a> The road and rail networks in the two main islands are linked by <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a> ferries between Wellington and <a href="/wiki/Picton,_New_Zealand" title="Picton, New Zealand">Picton</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Interislander" title="Interislander">Interislander</a> (part of KiwiRail) and <a href="/wiki/StraitNZ" title="StraitNZ">Bluebridge</a>. Most international visitors arrive via air.<a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> New Zealand has <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_Zealand" title="List of airports in New Zealand">four international airports</a>: <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Airport" title="Auckland Airport">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Airport" title="Christchurch Airport">Christchurch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queenstown_Airport" title="Queenstown Airport">Queenstown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Airport" title="Wellington Airport">Wellington</a>; however, only Auckland and Christchurch offer non-stop flights to countries other than Australia or Fiji.<a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Post_Office" title="New Zealand Post Office">New Zealand Post Office</a> had a monopoly over <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">telecommunications in New Zealand</a> until 1987 when <a href="/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand" title="Spark New Zealand">Telecom New Zealand</a> was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-307">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chorus_Limited" title="Chorus Limited">Chorus</a>, which was split from Telecom (now Spark) in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-308">[299]</a> still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-307">[298]</a> A large-scale rollout of gigabit-capable <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_premises" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the premises">fibre to the premises</a>, branded as <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Fast_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-Fast Broadband">Ultra-Fast Broadband</a>, began in 2009 with a target of being available to 87% of the population by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a>, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> ranks New Zealand 13th in the development of information and communications infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-310">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> Early indigenous contribution to science in New Zealand was by Māori <a href="/wiki/Tohunga" title="Tohunga">tohunga</a> accumulating knowledge of agricultural practice and the effects of herbal remedies in the treatment of illness and disease.<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Cook</a>'s voyages in the 1700s and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>'s in 1835 had important scientific botanical and zoological objectives.<a href="#cite_note-Science_New_Zealand-312">[303]</a> The establishment of universities in the 19th century fostered scientific discoveries by notable New Zealanders including <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> for splitting the atom, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)" title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">William Pickering</a> for rocket science, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a> for helping discover DNA, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Tinsley" title="Beatrice Tinsley">Beatrice Tinsley</a> for galaxy formation, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_McIndoe" title="Archibald McIndoe">Archibald McIndoe</a> for plastic surgery, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> for conducting polymers.<a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand_Herald-313">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Research_Institute" title="Crown Research Institute">Crown Research Institutes</a> (CRIs) were formed in 1992 from existing government-owned research organisations. Their role is to research and develop new science, knowledge, products and services across the economic, environmental, social and cultural spectrum for the benefit of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> The total gross expenditure on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R&D) as a proportion of GDP rose to 1.37% in 2018, up from 1.23% in 2015. New Zealand ranks 21st in the OECD for its gross R&D spending as a percentage of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a> New Zealand was ranked 25th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">New Zealand Space Agency</a> was created by the government in 2016 for space policy, regulation and sector development. <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a> was the notable first commercial rocket launcher in the country.<a href="#cite_note-317">[308]</a> The majority of private and commercial research organisations in New Zealand are focused on the agricultural and fisheries sectors. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Cawthron_Institute" title="Cawthron Institute">Cawthron Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Livestock_Improvement_Corporation" title="Livestock Improvement Corporation">Livestock Improvement Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fonterra#Fonterra_Research_and_Development_Centre" title="Fonterra">Fonterra Research and Development Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Winegrowers#Bragato_Research_Institute" title="New Zealand Winegrowers">Bragato Research Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zespri#Kiwifruit_Breeding_Centre" title="Zespri">Kiwifruit Breeding Centre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beef_%2B_Lamb_New_Zealand#B+LNZ_Genetics" title="Beef + Lamb New Zealand">B+LNZ Genetics</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Demographics of New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">List of cities in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealandpop.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Stationary population pyramid broken down into 21 age ranges." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/280px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/280px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png" data-alt="Stationary population pyramid broken down into 21 age ranges." data-width="280" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/420px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/560px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a> (2017)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_census" title="2023 New Zealand census">2023 New Zealand census</a> enumerated a resident population of 4,993,923, an increase of 6.3% over the <a href="/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018 census</a> figure.<a href="#cite_note-Census2023PopCounts-6">[4]</a> As of November 2024, the total population has risen to an estimated 5,431,030.<a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-14">[9]</a> New Zealand's population increased at a rate of 1.9% per year in the seven years ended June 2020. In September 2020 <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a> reported that the population had climbed above 5 million people in September 2019, according to population estimates based on the 2018 census.<a href="#cite_note-population1-318">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[n 9]</a> New Zealand's population today is concentrated to the north of the country, with around 76.4% of the population living in the North Island and 23.6% in the South Island as of June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-321">[311]</a> During the 20th century, New Zealand's population <a href="/wiki/Drift_to_the_north" title="Drift to the north">drifted north</a>. In 1921, the country's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">median centre of population</a> was located in the Tasman Sea west of <a href="/wiki/Levin,_New_Zealand" title="Levin, New Zealand">Levin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui" title="Manawatū-Whanganui">Manawatū-Whanganui</a>; by 2017, it had moved 280 km (170 mi) north to near <a href="/wiki/Kawhia_Harbour" title="Kawhia Harbour">Kawhia</a> in Waikato.<a href="#cite_note-322">[312]</a> New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 84.3% of the population living in <a href="/wiki/Urban_areas_of_New_Zealand" title="Urban areas of New Zealand">urban areas</a>, and 51.0% of the population living in the seven cities with populations exceeding 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-321">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, with over 1.4 million residents, is by far the largest city.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-321">[311]</a> New Zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures. For instance, in 2016, Auckland was ranked the world's third <a href="/wiki/Most_liveable_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Most liveable city">most liveable city</a> and Wellington the twelfth by the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.<a href="#cite_note-323">[313]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of the New Zealand population at the 2018 census was 37.4 years,<a href="#cite_note-324">[314]</a> with life expectancy in 2017–2019 being 80.0 years for males and 83.5 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-325">[315]</a> While New Zealand is experiencing <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a>, with a total fertility rate of 1.6 in 2020, the fertility rate is above the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-326">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[317]</a> By 2050, the median age is projected to rise to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18% to 29%.<a href="#cite_note-UNtwspop-328">[318]</a> In 2016 the leading cause of death was <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> at 30.3%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">ischaemic heart disease</a> (14.9%) and <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a> (7.4%).<a href="#cite_note-329">[319]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a>, total expenditure on <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in New Zealand">health care</a> (including private sector spending) is 9.2% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-330">[320]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Largest cities of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Largest cities of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in New Zealand <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a> June 2024 estimate (<abbr title="Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018">SSGA18</abbr> boundaries)<a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-321">[311]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Auckland_Cbd_(217403753).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auckland"><noscript><img alt="Auckland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/120px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/120px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg" data-alt="Auckland" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/180px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/240px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christchurch"><noscript><img alt="Christchurch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="Christchurch" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/180px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/240px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,531,400</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Porirua" title="Porirua">Porirua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,600 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wellington"><noscript><img alt="Wellington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_%2810%29.jpg/120px-View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_%2810%29.jpg/120px-View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_%2810%29.jpg" data-alt="Wellington" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_%2810%29.jpg/180px-View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_%2810%29.jpg/240px-View_of_Wellington_from_Mt_Victoria_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamilton"><noscript><img alt="Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/120px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="2528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/120px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" data-alt="Hamilton" data-width="120" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/180px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/240px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">403,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">214,200</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region" title="Bay of Plenty Region">Bay of Plenty</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">192,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei" title="Whangārei">Whangārei</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region" title="Bay of Plenty Region">Bay of Plenty</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">162,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Hutt" title="Lower Hutt">Lower Hutt</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">106,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southland_Region" title="Southland Region">Southland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui" title="Manawatū-Whanganui">Manawatū-Whanganui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">83,100</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Hutt" title="Upper Hutt">Upper Hutt</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui" title="Manawatū-Whanganui">Manawatū-Whanganui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_Coast" title="Hibiscus Coast">Hibiscus Coast</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gisborne_District" title="Gisborne District">Gisborne</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,800 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_immigration">Ethnicity and immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">Immigration to New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/220px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="604"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/220px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" data-alt="Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/330px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/440px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pedestrians on <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Auckland" title="Queen Street, Auckland">Queen Street</a> in Auckland, an ethnically diverse city</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_census" title="2023 New Zealand census">2023 census</a>, 67.8% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 17.8% as <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>. Other major ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> (17.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pacific peoples</a> (8.9%).<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-7">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census2023PopCounts-6">[4]</a> The population has become more multicultural and diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.<a href="#cite_note-331">[321]</a> However, New Zealand's non-European population is disproportionately concentrated in the North Island and especially in the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland region</a>: while Auckland is home to 33% of New Zealand's population, it is home to 62% of the country's Pasifika population and 60% of its Asian population.<a href="#cite_note-Census2023PopCounts-6">[4]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "<a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(nickname)" title="Kiwi (nickname)">Kiwi</a>" is commonly used both internationally<a href="#cite_note-332">[322]</a> and by locals.<a href="#cite_note-333">[323]</a> The Māori loanword <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> has been used to refer to <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealanders of European descent</a>, although some reject this name. The word today is increasingly used to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.<a href="#cite_note-Pakeha-334">[324]</a> The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pākehā settlers">European settlers</a>. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[325]</a> There was also significant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-336">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> immigration, together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-337">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_history-338">[328]</a> Net migration increased after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>; in the 1970s and 1980s policies on immigration were relaxed, and immigration from Asia was promoted.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_history-338">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[329]</a> In 2009–10, an annual target of 45,000–50,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service—more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand residents.<a href="#cite_note-Recent_immigration-340">[330]</a> In the 2018 census, 27.4% of people counted were not born in New Zealand, up from 25.2% in the <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 census</a>. Over half (52.4%) of New Zealand's overseas-born population lives in the Auckland Region.<a href="#cite_note-341">[331]</a> The United Kingdom remains the largest source of New Zealand's immigrant population, with around a quarter of all overseas-born New Zealanders born there; other major sources of New Zealand's overseas-born population are <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[332]</a> The number of fee-paying <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary institutions</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-343">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeReoMaori2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/220px-TeReoMaori2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/220px-TeReoMaori2013.png" data-alt="Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/330px-TeReoMaori2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/440px-TeReoMaori2013.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census<a href="#cite_note-344">[334]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Less than 5%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> More than 5%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> More than 10%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> More than 20%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> More than 30%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> More than 40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> More than 50%</div></figcaption></figure> English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 95.4% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Census2018_pdc-345">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> is a variety of the language with a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a> and lexicon.<a href="#cite_note-346">[336]</a> It is similar to <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814-347">[337]</a> The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-i sound (as in kit) has centralised towards the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound (the a in comma and about); the short-e sound (as in dress) has moved towards the short-i sound; and the short-a sound (as in trap) has moved to the short-e sound.<a href="#cite_note-348">[338]</a> After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged or forced from speaking their own language (<a href="/wiki/Te_reo_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Te reo Māori">te reo Māori</a>) in schools and workplaces, and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.<a href="#cite_note-M%C4%81ori_language-349">[339]</a> The Native Schools Act 1867 required instruction in English in all schools, and while there was no official policy banning children from speaking Māori, many suffered from <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a> if they did so.<a href="#cite_note-350">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[342]</a> The Māori language has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,<a href="#cite_note-353">[343]</a> being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-354">[344]</a> and is spoken by 4.0% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Census2018_pdc-345">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[n 10]</a> There are now Māori language-immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori.<a href="#cite_note-357">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dual_place_names_in_New_Zealand" title="List of dual place names in New Zealand">Many places</a> have both their Māori and English names officially recognised.<a href="#cite_note-358">[347]</a> As recorded in the 2018 census,<a href="#cite_note-Census2018_pdc-345">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, 2.0%), <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (1.5%), and French (1.2%). <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a> was reported to be understood by 22,986 people (0.5%); it became one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-359">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion in New Zealand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_New_Zealand" title="Irreligion in New Zealand">Irreligion in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Simple white building with two red domed towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/170px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2164"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/170px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" data-alt="Simple white building with two red domed towers" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/255px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/340px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> church on a hill near <a href="/wiki/Raetihi" title="Raetihi">Raetihi</a>. The two-tower construction is characteristic of Rātana buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Kaa-360">[349]</a></figcaption></figure> At the 2023 census, 51.6% of population stated they had <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-361">[350]</a> up from 48.2% in 2018 census.<a href="#cite_note-Census2018_pdc-345">[335]</a> As the largest religious minority as per the census, the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">Christians</a> forming 32.3% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-:1-361">[350]</a> compared to 36.5% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Census2018_pdc-345">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">Hindus</a> are the second largest religious minority, forming the 2.9% of population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">Muslims</a> on 1.5%.<a href="#cite_note-:1-361">[350]</a> The Auckland Region exhibited the greatest religious diversity.<a href="#cite_note-362">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">Education in New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_in_New_Zealand" title="Tertiary education in New Zealand">Tertiary education in New Zealand</a></div> Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority of children attending from the age of 5.<a href="#cite_note-Education_Stats-363">[352]</a> There are 13 school years and attending <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state (public) schools</a> is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-364">[353]</a> New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-106">[98]</a> and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.<a href="#cite_note-Education_Stats-363">[352]</a> There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, colleges of education, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology#New_Zealand" title="Institute of technology">polytechnics</a>, specialist colleges, and <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81nanga" title="Wānanga">wānanga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EducationAct1989-365">[354]</a> in addition to private training establishments.<a href="#cite_note-NZQA-366">[355]</a> In 2021, in the population aged 25–64; 13% had no formal qualification, 21% had a school qualification, 28% had a tertiary certificate or diploma, and 35% have a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or higher.<a href="#cite_note-367">[356]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> ranks New Zealand as the 28th best in the OECD for maths, 13th best for science, and 11th best for reading.<a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture of New Zealand</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:180px;"> <div class="thumbinner"><div class="overflowbugy" style="height:350px;overflow:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Use the scrollbar to see the full image."><noscript><img alt="Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/150px-KupeWheke.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="605" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="1570"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 605px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/150px-KupeWheke.jpg" data-alt="Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures" data-width="150" data-height="605" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/225px-KupeWheke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/300px-KupeWheke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" title="File:KupeWheke.jpg"> </a></div>Late 20th-century house-post depicting the navigator <a href="/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a> fighting two sea creatures</div> </div></div> Early Māori adapted the tropically based east <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a> in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (<a href="/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">whānau</a>), subtribes (<a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a>) and tribes (<a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a>) ruled by a chief (<a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a>), whose position was subject to the community's approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398-369">[358]</a> The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,<a href="#cite_note-370">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a> particularly with the introduction of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-372">[361]</a> However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">their identity</a>, and Māori kinship roles resemble <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">those of other Polynesian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[362]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European cultures</a> have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika</a>, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.<a href="#cite_note-374">[363]</a> The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400-375">[364]</a> Modesty was expected and enforced through the "<a href="/wiki/Tall_poppy_syndrome" title="Tall poppy syndrome">tall poppy syndrome</a>", where high achievers received harsh criticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399-376">[365]</a> At the time, New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country.<a href="#cite_note-377">[366]</a> From the early 20th century until the late 1960s, Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of Māori into British New Zealanders.<a href="#cite_note-M%C4%81ori_language-349">[339]</a> In the 1960s, as tertiary education became more available, and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">cities expanded</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[367]</a> urban culture began to dominate.<a href="#cite_note-379">[368]</a> However, rural imagery and themes are common in New Zealand's art, literature and media.<a href="#cite_note-380">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">New Zealand's national symbols</a> are influenced by natural, historical, and Māori sources. The <a href="/wiki/Silver_fern" title="Silver fern">silver fern</a> is an emblem appearing on army insignia and sporting team uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2016-381">[370]</a> Certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to New Zealand are called "<a href="/wiki/Kiwiana" title="Kiwiana">Kiwiana</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2016-381">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinepare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/170px-Hinepare.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/170px-Hinepare.jpg" data-alt="Refer to caption" data-width="170" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/255px-Hinepare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/340px-Hinepare.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of Hinepare of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kahungunu" title="Ngāti Kahungunu">Ngāti Kahungunu</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Lindauer" title="Gottfried Lindauer">Gottfried Lindauer</a>, showing chin <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">pounamu</a> <a href="/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a> and woven cloak</figcaption></figure> As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised, and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.<a href="#cite_note-Creative-382">[371]</a> Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a stylised version.<a href="#cite_note-383">[372]</a> Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings.<a href="#cite_note-384">[373]</a> The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (<a href="/wiki/Wharenui" title="Wharenui">wharenui</a>) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.<a href="#cite_note-385">[374]</a> Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.<a href="#cite_note-386">[375]</a> Māori tattoos (<a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a>) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.<a href="#cite_note-387">[376]</a> Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-beginnings-388">[377]</a> Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as an ideal race untainted by civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-beginnings-388">[377]</a> The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">regionalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[378]</a> During the 1960s and 1970s, many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.<a href="#cite_note-390">[379]</a> New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Creative-382">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[380]</a> Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.<a href="#cite_note-392">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Greenstone</a> was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the <a href="/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a>, a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.<a href="#cite_note-393">[382]</a> Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.<a href="#cite_note-394">[383]</a> Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.<a href="#cite_note-395">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-396">[385]</a> However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-396">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand literature</a></div> Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form.<a href="#cite_note-397">[386]</a> Most early English literature was obtained from Britain, and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely known.<a href="#cite_note-398">[387]</a> Although still largely influenced by global trends (<a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernism</a>) and events (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period, literature changed from a <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalistic</a> activity to a more academic pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-399">[388]</a> Participation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature flourished.<a href="#cite_note-400">[389]</a> Dunedin is a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">Music of New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema of New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of New Zealand">Media of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorde_Constanza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lorde_Constanza.jpg/170px-Lorde_Constanza.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="3513"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lorde_Constanza.jpg/170px-Lorde_Constanza.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lorde_Constanza.jpg/255px-Lorde_Constanza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lorde_Constanza.jpg/340px-Lorde_Constanza.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lorde" title="Lorde">Lorde</a> is one of the most internationally successful New Zealand artists.</figcaption></figure> New Zealand music has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-music-402">[391]</a> Māori developed a varied <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">musical tradition</a> around songs and chants, including ceremonial performances, laments, and love songs.<a href="#cite_note-403">[392]</a> Instruments (<a href="/wiki/Taonga_p%C5%ABoro" title="Taonga pūoro">taonga pūoro</a>), such as flutes and percussion, began being used as spiritual tools, entertainment, and signalling devices.<a href="#cite_note-404">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[394]</a> Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral music</a> being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-406">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">Pipe bands</a> became widespread during the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-408">[397]</a> The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards, and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-music-402">[391]</a> Some artists release Māori language songs, and the Māori tradition-based art of <a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a> (song and dance) has made a resurgence.<a href="#cite_note-409">[398]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Music_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Music Awards">New Zealand Music Awards</a> are held annually by <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>; the awards were first held in 1965 by <a href="/wiki/Reckitt_%26_Colman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reckitt & Colman">Reckitt & Colman</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Loxene_Golden_Disc" title="Loxene Golden Disc">Loxene Golden Disc</a> awards.<a href="#cite_note-410">[399]</a> Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's <a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">official weekly record charts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[400]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/220px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/220px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" data-alt="Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/330px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/440px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Matamata" title="Matamata">Matamata</a>, was used for <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings film trilogy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[401]</a></figcaption></figure> Public <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">radio</a> was introduced in New Zealand in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-413">[402]</a> A state-owned <a href="/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">television service</a> began in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-414">[403]</a> Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-415">[404]</a> New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with many Australian and local shows.<a href="#cite_note-416">[405]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_films" title="List of New Zealand films">New Zealand films</a> significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Film_Commission" title="New Zealand Film Commission">New Zealand Film Commission</a> started assisting local film-makers, and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-415">[404]</a> The highest-grossing New Zealand films are <a href="/wiki/Hunt_for_the_Wilderpeople" title="Hunt for the Wilderpeople">Hunt for the Wilderpeople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boy_(2010_film)" title="Boy (2010 film)">Boy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Fastest_Indian" title="The World's Fastest Indian">The World's Fastest Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_Rider" title="Whale Rider">Whale Rider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Creatures" title="Heavenly Creatures">Heavenly Creatures</a>, <a href="/wiki/What_We_Do_in_the_Shadows" title="What We Do in the Shadows">What We Do in the Shadows</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Piano" title="The Piano">The Piano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[407]</a> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<a href="#cite_note-419">[408]</a> have encouraged some <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">producers</a> to shoot very big-budget and well known productions in New Zealand, including <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a> film trilogies, <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">The Chronicles of Narnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-Men_Origins:_Wolverine" title="X-Men Origins: Wolverine">Wolverine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_the_Dog_(film)" title="The Power of the Dog (film)">The Power of the Dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alien:_Covenant" title="Alien: Covenant">Alien Covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[409]</a> <a href="#cite_note-421">[410]</a> The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the <a href="/wiki/Crown_entity" title="Crown entity">state retains ownership</a> of some television and radio stations.<a href="#cite_note-422">[411]</a> Since 1994, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media as of 2015.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[412]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Raw meat and vegetables" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/220px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/220px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg" data-alt="Raw meat and vegetables" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/330px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/440px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ingredients to be prepared for a <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ng%C4%AB" title="Hāngī">hāngī</a></figcaption></figure> The national cuisine has been described as <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>, incorporating the native <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori cuisine">Māori cuisine</a> and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia, and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-424">[413]</a> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<a href="#cite_note-425">[414]</a> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, salmon, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōura">kōura</a> (crayfish),<a href="#cite_note-426">[415]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bluff_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluff oyster">Bluff oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">pāua</a> (abalone), mussels, scallops, <a href="/wiki/Paphies_australis" title="Paphies australis">pipi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">tuatua</a> (types of New Zealand shellfish),<a href="#cite_note-427">[416]</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABmara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kūmara">kūmara</a> (sweet potato), <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarillo" title="Tamarillo">tamarillo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">pavlova</a> (considered a national dessert).<a href="#cite_note-428">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-424">[413]</a> A <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ng%C4%AB" title="Hāngī">hāngī</a> is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven; still used for large groups on special occasions,<a href="#cite_note-429">[418]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tangihanga" title="Tangihanga">tangihanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haka_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Rugby team wearing all black, facing the camera, knees bent, and facing toward a team wearing white" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/220px-Haka_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/220px-Haka_2006.jpg" data-alt="Rugby team wearing all black, facing the camera, knees bent, and facing toward a team wearing white" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/330px-Haka_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/440px-Haka_2006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Haka_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a> performed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">national rugby union team ("All Blacks")</a> before a game. The haka is a challenge with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet.</figcaption></figure> Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins.<a href="#cite_note-431">[420]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is considered the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[421]</a> and attracts the most spectators.<a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-433">[422]</a> <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> have the highest rates of adult participation, while netball, rugby union and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football (soccer)</a> are particularly popular among young people.<a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-433">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-434">[423]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing_in_New_Zealand" title="Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand">Horse racing</a> is one of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sports</a> in New Zealand and was part of the "rugby, racing, and beer" subculture during the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-435">[424]</a> Around 54% of New Zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school.<a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-434">[423]</a> Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">late 1880s</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks" title="The Original All Blacks">early 1900s</a> played an early role in instilling a national identity.<a href="#cite_note-436">[425]</a> Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby, and the country's team performs a <a href="/wiki/Haka_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a>, a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches.<a href="#cite_note-437">[426]</a> New Zealand is known for its <a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">extreme sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure tourism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200669-438">[427]</a> and strong <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[429]</a> Other outdoor pursuits such as <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_New_Zealand" title="Cycling in New Zealand">cycling</a>, fishing, swimming, running, <a href="/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramping in New Zealand">tramping</a>, canoeing, hunting, snowsports, surfing and sailing are also popular.<a href="#cite_note-SportsParticipation-441">[430]</a> New Zealand has seen regular sailing success in the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> regatta since 1995.<a href="#cite_note-442">[431]</a> The Polynesian sport of <a href="/wiki/Waka_ama" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka ama">waka ama</a> racing has experienced a resurgence of interest in New Zealand since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-443">[432]</a> New Zealand has competitive international teams in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team" title="New Zealand national netball team">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team" title="New Zealand national cricket team">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_softball_team" title="New Zealand men's national softball team">softball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Team_New_Zealand" title="Team New Zealand">sailing</a>. New Zealand participated at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> in 1908 and 1912 as <a href="/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Olympics" title="Australasia at the Olympics">a joint team with Australia</a>, before first participating <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics" title="New Zealand at the Olympics">on its own</a> in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-444">[433]</a> The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recent Games.<a href="#cite_note-445">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[435]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">All Blacks</a>, the national rugby union team, are the most successful in the history of international rugby.<a href="#cite_note-447">[436]</a> They have won the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a> three times.<a href="#cite_note-448">[437]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New Zealand-related topics">List of New Zealand-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_New_Zealand" title="Archaeology of New Zealand">Archaeology of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline of New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> "God Save the King" is officially one of New Zealand's two national anthems, but is usually reserved for situations relevant to the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> English is a de facto official language due to its widespread use.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnicity-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicity_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicity_7-1">b</a> Ethnicity figures add to more than 100% as people could choose more than one ethnic group in the census. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Excluding the Māori-based churches of <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringat%C5%AB" title="Ringatū">Ringatū</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The proportion of New Zealand's area (excluding estuaries) covered by rivers, lakes and ponds, based on figures from the New Zealand Land Cover Database,<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> is (357526 + 81936) / (26821559 – 92499–26033 – 19216)=1.6%. If estuarine open water, mangroves, and herbaceous saline vegetation are included, the figure is 2.2%. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The Chatham Islands have a <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Standard_Time_Zone" title="Chatham Standard Time Zone">separate time zone</a>, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Clocks are advanced by an hour from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April.<a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> Daylight saving time is also observed in the Chatham Islands, 45 minutes ahead of NZDT. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> A person born on or after 1 January 2006 acquires New Zealand citizenship at birth only if at least one parent is a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident. All persons born on or before 31 December 2005 acquired citizenship at birth (<a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a>).<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> A provisional estimate initially indicated the milestone was reached six months later in March 2020, before population estimates were rebased from the 2013 census to the 2018 census.<a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> In 2015, 55% of Māori adults (aged 15 years and over) reported knowledge of te reo Māori. Of these speakers, 64% use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language "very well" or "well".<a href="#cite_note-tereoMaori-355">[345]</a> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a>, pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">[aɔˈtɛaɾɔa]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511022303/http://www.mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage/national-anthems/protocols">"Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage/national-anthems/protocols">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+for+using+New+Zealand%27s+National+Anthems&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mch.govt.nz%2Fnz-identity-heritage%2Fnational-anthems%2Fprotocols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/video/new-zealands-national-anthems">"New Zealand's national anthems"</a>. NZHistory. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. Retrieved 18 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZHistory&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+national+anthems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fmedia%2Fvideo%2Fnew-zealands-national-anthems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124193521/http://mfat.govt.nz/downloads/humanrights/5th-ICCPR-report.pdf">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Fifth Periodic Report of the Government of New Zealand</a> (PDF) (Report). New Zealand Government. 21 December 2007. p. 89. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfat.govt.nz/downloads/humanrights/5th-ICCPR-report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015. <q>In addition to the Māori language, New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language of New Zealand. The New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 permits the use of NZSL in legal proceedings, facilitates competency standards for its interpretation and guides government departments in its promotion and use. English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> official language by virtue of its widespread use. For these reasons, these three languages have special mention in the New Zealand Curriculum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Fifth+Periodic+Report+of+the+Government+of+New+Zealand&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Government&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfat.govt.nz%2Fdownloads%2Fhumanrights%2F5th-ICCPR-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2023PopCounts-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023PopCounts_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023PopCounts_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023PopCounts_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023PopCounts_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023PopCounts_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts/">"2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group, age, and Māori descent) and dwelling counts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. 29 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=2023+Census+population+counts+%28by+ethnic+group%2C+age%2C+and+M%C4%81ori+descent%29+and+dwelling+counts&rft.date=2024-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Finformation-releases%2F2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?fs%5B0%5D=2023%20Census%2C0%7CTotals%20by%20topic%23CAT_TOTALS_BY_TOPIC%23&pg=0&fc=Variable%20codes&bp=true&snb=9&df%5Bds%5D=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df%5Bid%5D=CEN23_TBT_008&df%5Bag%5D=STATSNZ&df%5Bvs%5D=1.0&dq=ra06%2Bra07%2Bra08%2BraTS%2Bra05%2Bra04%2Bra03%2Bra02%2Bra01%2Bra80%2Bra99%2Bra00%2BraTotal.12%2B13%2B14%2B15%2B16%2B17%2B18%2B99%2B9999%2B01%2B02%2B03%2B04%2B05%2B06%2B07%2B08%2B09.2013%2B2018%2B2023&ly%5Brw%5D=CEN23_TBT_IND_003&ly%5Bcl%5D=CEN23_YEAR_001&ly%5Brs%5D=CEN23_TBT_GEO_006&to%5BTIME%5D=false">"Comparison of 2013, 2018, and 2023 censuses by religious affiliation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. 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BBC News. 20 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205085451/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15357770">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+country+profile&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-15357770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110314113106/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/land/land-cover-dbase/index.html">"The New Zealand Land Cover Database"</a>. New Zealand Land Cover Database 2. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)">Ministry for the Environment</a>. 1 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/land/land-cover-dbase/index.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2011. 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Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+clock&rft.pub=Statistics+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Ftools%2Fpopulation-clock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation. </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.NZ-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NZ_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NZ_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NZ_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NZ_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=196,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (NZ)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019000713/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=196,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28NZ%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D196%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/household-income-and-housing-cost-statistics-year-ended-june-2022/">Household income and housing-cost statistics: Year ended June 2022</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. 23 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007015016/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/household-income-and-housing-cost-statistics-year-ended-june-2022/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Household+income+and+housing-cost+statistics%3A+Year+ended+June+2022&rft.pub=Statistics+New+Zealand&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Finformation-releases%2Fhousehold-income-and-housing-cost-statistics-year-ended-june-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-17"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 288. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2007/0185/latest/whole.html">"New Zealand Daylight Time Order 2007 (SR 2007/185)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Counsel_Office_(New_Zealand)" title="Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand)">New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office</a>. 6 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050021/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2007/0185/latest/whole.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Daylight+Time+Order+2007+%28SR+2007%2F185%29&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Parliamentary+Counsel+Office&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.govt.nz%2Fregulation%2Fpublic%2F2007%2F0185%2Flatest%2Fwhole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> There is no official all-numeric date format for New Zealand, but government recommendations generally follow <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Australia" title="Date and time notation in Australia">Australian date and time notation</a>. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digital.govt.nz/standards-and-guidance/design-and-ux/content-design-guidance/numbers/">The Govt.nz style guide</a>, New Zealand Government, 22 July 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725154210/https://www.digital.govt.nz/standards-and-guidance/design-and-ux/content-design-guidance/numbers/">archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021, retrieved 9 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Govt.nz+style+guide&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Government&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digital.govt.nz%2Fstandards-and-guidance%2Fdesign-and-ux%2Fcontent-design-guidance%2Fnumbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2321k">"22 USC § 2321k – Designation of major non-NATO allies"</a>. law.cornell.edu. 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New Zealand International Review. 34 (2): 25–27. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45235895">45235895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+International+Review&rft.atitle=THE+TRANS-TASMAN+WORLD%3A+towards+a+closer+understanding&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25-27&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45235895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatenLandt-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatenLandt_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatenLandt_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3">"European discovery of New Zealand – Tasman's achievement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106180047/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+discovery+of+New+Zealand+%E2%80%93+Tasman%27s+achievement&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Feuropean-discovery-of-new-zealand%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathgate" class="citation web cs1">Bathgate, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html">"The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 44. Chapter 1, Discovery and Settlement"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 August 2018. <q>He named the country Staaten Land, in honour of the States-General of Holland, in the belief that it was part of the great southern continent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pamphlet+Collection+of+Sir+Robert+Stout%3A+Volume+44.+Chapter+1%2C+Discovery+and+Settlement&rft.pub=NZETC&rft.aulast=Bathgate&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2F%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1986" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Duncan (1986). "The Search for the Southern Land". In Fraser, B. (ed.). The New Zealand Book of Events. 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Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+-+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=%27Ideas+about+M%C4%81ori+origins+-+1840s%E2%80%93early+20th+century%3A+M%C4%81ori+tradition+and+the+Great+Fleet%27&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=K.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fideas-about-maori-origins%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moon_2013-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moon_2013_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moon_2013_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2013" class="citation book cs1">Moon, Paul (2013). "12 - The Great Fleet". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_KcDwAAQBAJ&q=kupe+moon">Encounters: The Creation of New Zealand: The Creation of New Zealand ePub</a>. Google Books: Penguin Random House New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742539188" title="Special:BookSources/9781742539188"><bdi>9781742539188</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524153615/https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=t_KcDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=kupe+moon&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kupe%20moon&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12+-+The+Great+Fleet&rft.btitle=Encounters%3A+The+Creation+of+New+Zealand%3A+The+Creation+of+New+Zealand+ePub&rft.place=Google+Books&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+New+Zealand&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781742539188&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_KcDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkupe%2Bmoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacombHoldawayAllentoftBunce2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jacomb, Chris; Holdaway, Richard N.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Bunce, Michael; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Walter, Richard; Brooks, Emma (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23310/">"High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians"</a>. Journal of Archaeological Science. 50: 24–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JArSc..50...24J">2014JArSc..50...24J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.05.023">10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.023</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001040957/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23310/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=High-precision+dating+and+ancient+DNA+profiling+of+moa+%28Aves%3A+Dinornithiformes%29+eggshell+documents+a+complex+feature+at+Wairau+Bar+and+refines+the+chronology+of+New+Zealand+settlement+by+Polynesians&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.05.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JArSc..50...24J&rft.aulast=Jacomb&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Holdaway%2C+Richard+N.&rft.au=Allentoft%2C+Morten+E.&rft.au=Bunce%2C+Michael&rft.au=Oskam%2C+Charlotte+L.&rft.au=Walter%2C+Richard&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.murdoch.edu.au%2Fid%2Feprint%2F23310%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2008" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, David J. 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Boston: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. pp. 71 and 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13899-5"><bdi>978-90-04-13899-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Broken+Tongues+and+Foreign+Hearts&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples+and+Religious+Change&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=71+and+73&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13899-5&rft.aulast=Wagstrom&rft.aufirst=Thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange1999" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Raeburn (1999). May the people live: a history of Māori health development 1900–1920. <a href="/wiki/Auckland_University_Press" title="Auckland University Press">Auckland University Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-214-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-214-3"><bdi>978-1-86940-214-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+the+people+live%3A+a+history+of+M%C4%81ori+health+development+1900%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86940-214-3&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Raeburn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busby-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Busby_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busby_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busby_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Orange, Claudia</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1b54/busby-james">"Busby, James – Biography"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/W._H._Oliver" title="W. H. Oliver">Oliver, W. H.</a>; Orange, Claudia; <a href="/wiki/Jock_Phillips" title="Jock Phillips">Phillips, Jock</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a>, Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627165152/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1b54/busby-james">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Busby%2C+James+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography%2C+Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Orange&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F1b54%2Fbusby-james&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/james-busby-inaugurated-british-resident">"First British Resident comes ashore"</a>. NZHistory. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. 24 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018233248/https://www.nzhistory.govt.nz/james-busby-inaugurated-british-resident">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZHistory&rft.atitle=First+British+Resident+comes+ashore&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fjames-busby-inaugurated-british-resident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2009" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Bernard John (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/gipps-sir-george/1">"Sir George Gipps"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hare_McLintock" title="Alexander Hare McLintock">McLintock, Alexander Hare</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand" title="An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand">An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117015416/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/gipps-sir-george/1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2021 – via TeAra.govt.nz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+George+Gipps&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Bernard+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fgipps-sir-george%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2009-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2009_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2009_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (16 September 2016) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-1">"Nation and government – The origins of nationhood"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jock_Phillips" title="Jock Phillips">Phillips, Jock</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222233/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nation+and+government+%E2%80%93+The+origins+of+nationhood&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fnation-and-government%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLintock2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hare_McLintock" title="Alexander Hare McLintock">McLintock, Alexander Hare</a>, ed. (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/land-settlement/3">"Settlement from 1840 to 1852"</a>. <a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand" title="An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand">An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120200926/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/land-settlement/3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2011 – via TeAra.govt.nz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settlement+from+1840+to+1852&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fland-settlement%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2009" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Bernard John (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/akaroa-french-settlement-at/1">"Akaroa, French Settlement At"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hare_McLintock" title="Alexander Hare McLintock">McLintock, Alexander Hare</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand" title="An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand">An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120154314/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/akaroa-french-settlement-at/1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2011 – via TeAra.govt.nz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akaroa%2C+French+Settlement+At&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Bernard+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fakaroa-french-settlement-at%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1990" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, K. A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1h29/hobson-william">"Hobson, William – Biography"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/W._H._Oliver" title="W. H. Oliver">Oliver, W. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Orange, Claudia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jock_Phillips" title="Jock Phillips">Phillips, Jock</a> (eds.). Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820074742/https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1h29/hobson-william">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hobson%2C+William+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography%2C+Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F1h29%2Fhobson-william&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jock_Phillips" title="Jock Phillips">Phillips, Jock</a> (1 August 2015) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration/page-3">"History of immigration – British immigration and the New Zealand Company"</a>. In Phillips, Jock (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310083655/https://teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration/page-3">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+immigration+%E2%80%93+British+immigration+and+the+New+Zealand+Company&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fhistory-of-immigration%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era">"Crown colony era – the Governor-General"</a>. NZHistory. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302210954/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZHistory&rft.atitle=Crown+colony+era+%E2%80%93+the+Governor-General&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fhistory-of-the-governor-general%2Fcrown-colony-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Moon" title="Paul Moon">Moon, Paul</a> (2010). New Zealand Birth Certificates – 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents. AUT Media. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95829971-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95829971-8"><bdi>978-0-95829971-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Birth+Certificates+%E2%80%93+50+of+New+Zealand%27s+Founding+Documents&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=AUT+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-95829971-8&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/new-zealands-19th-century-wars/introduction">"New Zealand's 19th-century wars – overview"</a>. NZHistory. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114212246/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/new-zealands-19th-century-wars/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZHistory&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+19th-century+wars+%E2%80%93+overview&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fnew-zealands-19th-century-wars%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G_and_N-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G_and_N_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_and_N_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_and_N_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (16 September 2016) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-2">"Government and nation – From colony to nation"</a>. In Phillips, Jock (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226121258/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-2">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Government+and+nation+%E2%80%93+From+colony+to+nation&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fnation-and-government%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Temple" title="Philip Temple">Temple, Philip</a> (1980). Wellington Yesterday. John McIndoe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86868-012-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86868-012-5"><bdi>0-86868-012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+Yesterday&rft.pub=John+McIndoe&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-86868-012-5&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Levine, Stephen (13 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/capital-city/page-3">"Capital city – A new capital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505170521/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/capital-city/page-3">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capital+city+%E2%80%93+A+new+capital&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fcapital-city%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/parliament-sits-for-the-first-time-in-wellington">"Parliament moves to Wellington"</a>. NZHistory. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425175533/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/parliament-sits-for-the-first-time-in-wellington">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZHistory&rft.atitle=Parliament+moves+to+Wellington&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fparliament-sits-for-the-first-time-in-wellington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENZ1966-83"><a href="#cite_ref-ENZ1966_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobberns1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Jobberns" title="George Jobberns">Jobberns, George</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/kermadec-islands">"Kermadec Islands"</a>. In McLintock, A. H. (ed.). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, Te Ara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319004030/https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/kermadec-islands">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kermadec+Islands&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand%2C+Te+Ara&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Jobberns&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fkermadec-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/map/6964/pacific-island-exclusive-economic-zones">"Pacific Island Exclusive Economic Zones"</a>. TEARA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024211306/https://teara.govt.nz/en/map/6964/pacific-island-exclusive-economic-zones">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TEARA&rft.atitle=Pacific+Island+Exclusive+Economic+Zones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmap%2F6964%2Fpacific-island-exclusive-economic-zones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberal-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liberal_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberal_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/page-5">"History – Liberal to Labour"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192640/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/page-5">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Liberal+to+Labour&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fpage-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamer" class="citation web cs1">Hamer, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2s11">"Seddon, Richard John"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.atitle=Seddon%2C+Richard+John&rft.aulast=Hamer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F2s11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxallHaynes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Boxall, Peter; Haynes, Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134417/http://www.gurn.info/en/topics/global-trade-union-strategies-union-renewal/organizational-innovation-and-change/industrial-relations-and-labour-regulations-affecting-unions2019-structure/strategy-and-trade-union-effectiveness-in-a-neo-liberal-environment">"Strategy and Trade Union Effectiveness in a Neo-liberal Environment"</a>. British Journal of Industrial Relations. 35 (4): 567–591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8543.00069">10.1111/1467-8543.00069</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurn.info/en/topics/global-trade-union-strategies-union-renewal/organizational-innovation-and-change/industrial-relations-and-labour-regulations-affecting-unions2019-structure/strategy-and-trade-union-effectiveness-in-a-neo-liberal-environment">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Industrial+Relations&rft.atitle=Strategy+and+Trade+Union+Effectiveness+in+a+Neo-liberal+Environment&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=567-591&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8543.00069&rft.aulast=Boxall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurn.info%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Fglobal-trade-union-strategies-union-renewal%2Forganizational-innovation-and-change%2Findustrial-relations-and-labour-regulations-affecting-unions2019-structure%2Fstrategy-and-trade-union-effectiveness-in-a-neo-liberal-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2018/12/a-brief-history-of-the-minimum-wage-in-new-zealand.html">"A brief history of the minimum wage in New Zealand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newshub" title="Newshub">Newshub</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095546/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2018/12/a-brief-history-of-the-minimum-wage-in-new-zealand.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newshub&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+the+minimum+wage+in+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newshub.co.nz%2Fhome%2Fmoney%2F2018%2F12%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-minimum-wage-in-new-zealand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28058" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28058/page/6149">"Proclamation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. No. 28058. 10 September 1907. p. 6149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Proclamation&rft.issue=28058&rft.pages=6149&rft.date=1907-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F28058%2Fpage%2F6149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/dominion-day/becoming-dominion">"Dominion status – Becoming a dominion"</a>. NZHistory. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614164016/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/dominion-day/becoming-dominion">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZHistory&rft.atitle=Dominion+status+%E2%80%93+Becoming+a+dominion&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fculture%2Fdominion-day%2Fbecoming-dominion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war-and-society">"War and Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109201601/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war-and-society">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+and+Society&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Easton_(economist)" title="Brian Easton (economist)">Easton, Brian</a> (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/7">"Economic history – Interwar years and the great depression"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516031039/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/7">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2011. 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Retrieved 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strikes+and+labour+disputes+%E2%80%93+Wars%2C+depression+and+first+Labour+government&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Derby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fstrikes-and-labour-disputes%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston2010" class="citation book cs1">Easton, Brian (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/9">"Economic history – Great boom, 1935–1966"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516031023/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/9">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2011. 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Retrieved 7 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Te+M%C4%81ori+i+te+ohanga+%E2%80%93+M%C4%81ori+in+the+economy+%E2%80%93+Urbanisation&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fte-maori-i-te-ohanga-maori-in-the-economy%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal2009" class="citation book cs1">Royal, Te Ahukaramū (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori/5">"Māori – Urbanisation and renaissance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120153741/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori/5">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+%E2%80%93+Urbanisation+and+renaissance&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Royal&rft.aufirst=Te+Ahukaram%C5%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmaori%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127162705/https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Red-Book-Healing-the-past-building-a-future.pdf">Healing the Past, Building a Future: A Guide to Treaty of Waitangi Claims and Negotiations with the Crown</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Treaty_Settlements" title="Office of Treaty Settlements">Office of Treaty Settlements</a>. March 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-478-32436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-478-32436-5"><bdi>978-0-478-32436-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Red-Book-Healing-the-past-building-a-future.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+the+Past%2C+Building+a+Future%3A+A+Guide+to+Treaty+of+Waitangi+Claims+and+Negotiations+with+the+Crown&rft.pub=Office+of+Treaty+Settlements&rft.date=2015-03&rft.isbn=978-0-478-32436-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govt.nz%2Fassets%2FDocuments%2FRed-Book-Healing-the-past-building-a-future.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/WT/reports/reportSummary.html?reportId=wt_DOC_68000605">Report on the Crown's Foreshore and Seabed Policy</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Justice (New Zealand)">Ministry of Justice</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201121940/https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/WT/reports/reportSummary.html?reportId=wt_DOC_68000605">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Crown%27s+Foreshore+and+Seabed+Policy&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforms.justice.govt.nz%2Fsearch%2FWT%2Freports%2FreportSummary.html%3FreportId%3Dwt_DOC_68000605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Fiona (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/video/34605/debate-about-the-foreshore-and-seabed">"Debate about the foreshore and seabed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718081852/https://teara.govt.nz/en/video/34605/debate-about-the-foreshore-and-seabed">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debate+about+the+foreshore+and+seabed&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2012-06&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fvideo%2F34605%2Fdebate-about-the-foreshore-and-seabed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walrond1-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walrond1_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walrond1_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalrond2005" class="citation book cs1">Walrond, Carl (8 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/natural-environment/page-1">"Natural environment – Geography and geology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221014857/https://teara.govt.nz/en/natural-environment/page-1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natural+environment+%E2%80%93+Geography+and+geology&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.aulast=Walrond&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fnatural-environment%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLintock2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McLintock, Alexander, ed. (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/cook-strait/1">"The Sea Floor"</a>. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120164724/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/cook-strait/1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sea+Floor&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fcook-strait%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225020855/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/introduction/hauraki/default.asp">"Hauraki Gulf islands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Auckland_City_Council" title="Auckland City Council">Auckland City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/introduction/hauraki/default.asp">the original</a> on 25 December 2010. 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Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=New+Zealand&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnew-zealand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522061011/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/PASFull/pasfull.nsf/84bf91b1a7b5d7204c256809000460a4/4c2567ef00247c6acc25697a00043f15?OpenDocument">"Geography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/PASFull/pasfull.nsf/84bf91b1a7b5d7204c256809000460a4/4c2567ef00247c6acc25697a00043f15?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.pub=Statistics+New+Zealand&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.stats.govt.nz%2Fdomino%2Fexternal%2FPASFull%2Fpasfull.nsf%2F84bf91b1a7b5d7204c256809000460a4%2F4c2567ef00247c6acc25697a00043f15%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411222516/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/offshore-options-jun05.pdf">Offshore Options: Managing Environmental Effects in New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone</a> (PDF). Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)">Ministry for the Environment</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-478-25916-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-478-25916-6"><bdi>0-478-25916-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/offshore-options-jun05.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 April 2019. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/central-north-island-volcanoes/">the original</a> on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+North+Island+volcanoes&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Department+of+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fparks-and-recreation%2Fnational-parks%2Ftongariro%2Ffeatures%2Fcentral-north-island-volcanoes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324025353/http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/activity/taupo/about.html">"Taupō"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GNS_Science" title="GNS Science">GNS Science</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/activity/taupo/about.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2011. 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Retrieved 4 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sea+floor+geology+%E2%80%93+Active+plate+boundaries&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Nodder%2C+Scott&rft.au=Carter%2C+Lionel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fsea-floor-geology%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallisTrewick2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wallis, G. P.; Trewick, S. A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2009.04294.x">"New Zealand phylogeography: Evolution on a small continent"</a>. Molecular Ecology. 18 (17): 3548–3580. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MolEc..18.3548W">2009MolEc..18.3548W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2009.04294.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04294.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19674312">19674312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22049973">22049973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+phylogeography%3A+Evolution+on+a+small+continent&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3548-3580&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2009.04294.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22049973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19674312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009MolEc..18.3548W&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=G.+P.&rft.au=Trewick%2C+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-294X.2009.04294.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimerCampbell2014" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Nick; Campbell, Hamish (2014). Zealandia: Our Continent Revealed. Auckland: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-357156-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-357156-8"><bdi>978-0-14-357156-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/887230882">887230882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zealandia%3A+Our+Continent+Revealed&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F887230882&rft.isbn=978-0-14-357156-8&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Hamish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightBloomerMacLeodTaylor2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Dawn; Bloomer, Sherman; MacLeod, Christopher; Taylor, Brian; Goodliffe, Andrew (2000). "Bathymetry of the Tonga Trench and Forearc: A Map Series". 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NATO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403040803/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52347.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATO&rft.atitle=Relations+with+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Ftopics_52347.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/partnership-arrangement-signed-nato">"Partnership arrangement signed with NATO"</a>. Beehive.co.nz. 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New Zealand Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403002140/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-zealands-relationship-to-nato-is-getting-stronger-expert-says/46LJXVTY4REX3OE6DGLADS54DA/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. 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Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+History&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+in+the+Korean+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fwar%2Fkorean-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-malayan-emergency">"NZ and the Malayan Emergency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. 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Retrieved 11 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NZ+and+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fthe-malayan-emergency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125104529/http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/operations/default.htm">"New Zealand Defence Force Overseas Operations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a>. January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/operations/default.htm">the original</a> on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Defence+Force+Overseas+Operations&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Defence+Force&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzdf.mil.nz%2Foperations%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2018/03/20/~/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2018/April/text.ashx?la=en">World Economic Outlook</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. April 2018. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-48434-971-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-48434-971-7"><bdi>978-1-48434-971-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232050/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2018/03/20/~/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2018/April/text.ashx?la=en">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2018-04&rft.isbn=978-1-48434-971-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2FIssues%2F2018%2F03%2F20%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FPublications%2FWEO%2F2018%2FApril%2Ftext.ashx%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-248"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Human Development Report 2021/2022</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 8 September 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9211264517" title="Special:BookSources/978-9211264517"><bdi>978-9211264517</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.isbn=978-9211264517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking">"Country rankings"</a>. Index of Economic Freedom. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521231822/https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Index+of+Economic+Freedom&rft.atitle=Country+rankings&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Findex%2Franking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-250"><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=193,122,124,156,423,935,128,939,172,132,134,174,532,176,178,436,136,158,542,941,946,137,546,181,138,196,142,182,359,135,576,936,961,184,144,146,528,112,111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LE,&sy=2018&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2020"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026132152/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=193,122,124,156,423,935,128,939,172,132,134,174,532,176,178,436,136,158,542,941,946,137,546,181,138,196,142,182,359,135,576,936,961,184,144,146,528,112,111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LE,&sy=2018&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects%3A+October+2020&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2020%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D193%2C122%2C124%2C156%2C423%2C935%2C128%2C939%2C172%2C132%2C134%2C174%2C532%2C176%2C178%2C436%2C136%2C158%2C542%2C941%2C946%2C137%2C546%2C181%2C138%2C196%2C142%2C182%2C359%2C135%2C576%2C936%2C961%2C184%2C144%2C146%2C528%2C112%2C111%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLUR%2CLE%2C%26sy%3D2018%26ey%3D2025%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsi.si/en/financial-data.asp?MapaId=1239">"Currencies of the territories listed in the BS exchange rate lists"</a>. Bank of Slovenia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404213432/https://www.bsi.si/en/financial-data.asp?MapaId=1239">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Currencies+of+the+territories+listed+in+the+BS+exchange+rate+lists&rft.pub=Bank+of+Slovenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsi.si%2Fen%2Ffinancial-data.asp%3FMapaId%3D1239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_252-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLintock2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McLintock, Alexander, ed. 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Retrieved 10 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+evolution+and+trade+patterns&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Ftrade-external%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringlemanPeden2009" class="citation book cs1">Stringleman, Hugh; Peden, Robert (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/sheep-farming/5/2">"Sheep farming – Growth of the frozen meat trade, 1882–2001"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120164540/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/sheep-farming/5/2">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013. 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Retrieved 30 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Indicators+of+Comparative+Living+Standards&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2010-02&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fstandard-of-living%2F1%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/files/3_308_StandardOfLiving_Comparison_0.pdf">PDF Table</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725204827/https://teara.govt.nz/files/3_308_StandardOfLiving_Comparison_0.pdf">Archived</a> 25 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/6">"History – The later 20th century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117014756/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/6">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+The+later+20th+century&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fhistory%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixonYeabsley2010" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Chris; Yeabsley, John (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/overseas-trade-policy/5">"Overseas trade policy – Difficult times – the 1970s and early 1980s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120164742/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/overseas-trade-policy/5">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013. 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The Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand's Law and Constitution. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-579-9"><bdi>978-0-86473-579-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Waitangi+in+New+Zealand%27s+Law+and+Constitution&rft.pub=Victoria+University+of+Wellington+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-86473-579-9&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmeltJui_Lin2009" class="citation book cs1">Smelt, Roselynn; Jui Lin, Yong (2009). New Zealand. "Cultures of the World" series (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3415-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-3415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=%22Cultures+of+the+World%22+series&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-3415-3&rft.aulast=Smelt&rft.aufirst=Roselynn&rft.au=Jui+Lin%2C+Yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlley2008" class="citation book cs1">Alley, Roderic (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEa-0PKh__oC">New Zealand in World Affairs IV 1990–2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University Press">Victoria University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-864-73548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-864-73548-5"><bdi>978-0-864-73548-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+in+World+Affairs+IV+1990%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-864-73548-5&rft.aulast=Alley&rft.aufirst=Roderic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEa-0PKh__oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman2005" class="citation book cs1">Bateman, David, ed. (2005). Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia (6th ed.). David Bateman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86953-601-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86953-601-0"><bdi>1-86953-601-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bateman+New+Zealand+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=David+Bateman&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86953-601-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclairDalziel2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Sinclair" title="Keith Sinclair">Sinclair, Keith</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raewyn_Dalziel" title="Raewyn Dalziel">Dalziel, Raewyn</a> (2000). A History of New Zealand (revised ed.). Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029875-8"><bdi>978-0-14-029875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+New+Zealand&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029875-8&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Dalziel%2C+Raewyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">New Zealand Official Yearbook. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86953-776-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86953-776-0"><bdi>978-1-86953-776-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Official+Yearbook&rft.pub=Statistics+New+Zealand&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-86953-776-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand" class="Z3988"> (Annual.)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 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href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15357770">New Zealand country profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/newzealand/">New Zealand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085330/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/newzealand.htm">New Zealand</a>. Directory from UCB Libraries GovPubs. Archived 7 June 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NZ">Key Development Forecasts for New Zealand</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of New Zealand">Wikimedia Atlas of New Zealand</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/556706">New Zealand</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&params=42_S_173_E_type:country_region:NZ">42°S 173°E / 42°S 173°E / -42; 173</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&oldid=1259165449">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&oldid=1259165449</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 18:56 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seulandia_Bar%C3%B4" title="Seulandia Barô – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Seulandia Barô" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%89%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ЗиландыщӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЗиландыщӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieu-Seeland" title="Nieu-Seeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nieu-Seeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuseeland" title="Neuseeland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neuseeland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ኒው ዚላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒው ዚላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%91%C4%91%C3%A2-Seeland" title="Uđđâ-Seeland – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Uđđâ-Seeland" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यूजीलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="न्यूजीलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niws%C3%A6land" title="Niwsæland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niwsæland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D2%BF%D1%8B%D1%86" title="Зеландиа ҿыц – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Зеландиа ҿыц" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="نيوزيلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيوزيلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nueva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98_%DC%99%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܢܝܘ ܙܝܠܢܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܝܘ ܙܝܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Նոր Զելանտա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նոր Զելանտա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A8la-Z%C3%A8landa" title="Novèla-Zèlanda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Novèla-Zèlanda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="নিউজিলেণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিউজিলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nueva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel%C3%A1nda_Pyahu" title="Selánda Pyahu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Selánda Pyahu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_Zelandia" title="Nu Zelandia – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nu Zelandia" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Zelandiya" title="Yeni Zelandiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeni Zelandiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نیوزیلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیوزیلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Anyar" title="Selandia Anyar – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Selandia Anyar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="নিউজিল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউজিল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Яңы Зеландия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яңы Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Новая Зеландыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новая Зеландыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Новая Зэляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Новая Зэляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यूजीलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="न्यूजीलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nueva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niusilan" title="Niusilan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Niusilan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нова Зеландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нова Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neiseeland" title="Neiseeland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Neiseeland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ནིའུ་ཛི་ལེན་ཌི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནིའུ་ཛི་ལེན་ཌི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novi Zeland" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeland-Nevez" title="Zeland-Nevez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zeland-Nevez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шэнэ Зеланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шэнэ Зеланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelanda" title="Nova Zelanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nova Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Çĕнĕ Зеланди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕнĕ Зеланди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuzeland" title="Nuzeland – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nuzeland" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Z%C3%A9land" title="Nový Zéland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nový Zéland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuebu_Silan" title="Nuebu Silan – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Nuebu Silan" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Nueva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zilanda" title="Nova Zilanda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nova Zilanda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seland_Newydd" title="Seland Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seland Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="نيوزيلاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيوزيلاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aotearoa" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuseeland" title="Neuseeland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuseeland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ނިއުޒިލޭންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނިއުޒިލޭންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81eesd%C3%ADs%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Łeesdísí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łeesdísí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowoseelandska" title="Nowoseelandska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nowoseelandska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="न्युजिल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="न्युजिल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uus-Meremaa" title="Uus-Meremaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uus-Meremaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%96%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νέα Ζηλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέα Ζηλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Од Зеландия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Од Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nueva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-Zelando" title="Nov-Zelando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nov-Zelando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nueva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeelanda_Berria" title="Zeelanda Berria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeelanda Berria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نیوزیلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوزیلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDs%C3%A6land" title="Nýsæland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nýsæland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle-Zélande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouvelle-Zélande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij-Seel%C3%A2n" title="Nij-Seelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nij-Seelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niw-Zilannda" title="Niw-Zilannda – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Niw-Zilannda" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnove_Zelande" title="Gnove Zelande – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gnove Zelande" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nua-Sh%C3%A9alainn" title="An Nua-Shéalainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Nua-Shéalainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Teelynn_Noa" title="Yn Teelynn Noa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Teelynn Noa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eni_Zelandiya" title="Eni Zelandiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Eni Zelandiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealainn_Nuadh" title="Sealainn Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sealainn Nuadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelandia" title="Nova Zelandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nova Zelandia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Керда Зеланди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Керда Зеланди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1" title="ન્યુઝિલેન્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ન્યુઝિલેન્ડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यूझीलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="न्यूझीलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%A7%88%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="뉴질랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴질랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABkilani" title="Nūkilani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nūkilani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նոր Զելանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր Զելանդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यूज़ीलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यूज़ीलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowoseelandska" title="Nowoseelandska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nowoseelandska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novi Zeland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova-Zelando" title="Nova-Zelando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nova-Zelando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro_a_Selanda" title="Baro a Selanda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baro a Selanda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="নিউজিল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নিউজিল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Selandia Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nove_Zelanda" title="Nove Zelanda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nove Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-Zeland" title="Nov-Zeland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nov-Zeland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%90%85_%E1%93%B0%E1%93%9A%E1%93%90" title="ᓂᐅ ᓰᓚᓐ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᐅ ᓰᓚᓐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ног Зеланди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ног Зеланди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyu_Zilend" title="Nyu Zilend – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Nyu Zilend" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INyuzilandi" title="INyuzilandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INyuzilandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDja-Sj%C3%A1land" title="Nýja-Sjáland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýja-Sjáland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuova_Zelanda" title="Nuova Zelanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuova Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ניו זילנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניו זילנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu_S%C3%A9lan" title="Niu Sélan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Niu Sélan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeland%C9%A9_K%C9%A9fal%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ನ್ಯೂ ಜೀಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯೂ ಜೀಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Джангы Зеландия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джангы Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ახალი ზელანდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ახალი ზელანდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%88" title="نیوزی لینٛڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نیوزی لینٛڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%C3%B4_Zelandzk%C3%B4" title="Nowô Zelandzkô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nowô Zelandzkô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жаңа Зеландия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаңа Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordir_Nowydh" title="Mordir Nowydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mordir Nowydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuveli_Zelande" title="Nuveli Zelande – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Nuveli Zelande" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle-Zélande – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Nouvelle-Zélande" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuzilandi" title="Nyuzilandi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyuzilandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Выль Зеландия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Выль Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newzelanda" title="Newzelanda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Newzelanda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouv%C3%A8l_Zelann" title="Nouvèl Zelann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nouvèl Zelann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouv%C3%A8l-Z%C3%A9lann" title="Nouvèl-Zélann – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nouvèl-Zélann" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelendaya_N%C3%BB" title="Zelendaya Nû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zelendaya Nû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жаңы Зеландия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаңы Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="У Зеланди – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="У Зеланди" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nueva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueva_Zelanda" title="Mueva Zelanda – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mueva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດນິວຊີແລນດ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດນິວຊີແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelandia" title="Nova Zelandia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nova Zelandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunz%C4%93lande" title="Jaunzēlande – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jaunzēlande" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neis%C3%A9iland" title="Neiséiland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Neiséiland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ЦӀийи Зеландия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЦӀийи Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujoji_Zelandija" title="Naujoji Zelandija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujoji Zelandija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuva_Zelanda" title="Neuva Zelanda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Neuva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nui-Zieland" title="Nui-Zieland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nui-Zieland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeland_Nova" title="Zeland Nova – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Zeland Nova" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuzi_Zelandii" title="Uuzi Zelandii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Uuzi Zelandii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zis._poi_cnino" title="zis. poi cnino – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zis. poi cnino" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noeuva_Zelanda" title="Noeuva Zelanda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Noeuva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj-Z%C3%A9land" title="Új-Zéland – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Új-Zéland" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="न्युजिल्यान्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="न्युजिल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нов Зеланд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нов Зеланд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelandy_Vaovao" title="Zelandy Vaovao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zelandy Vaovao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂസീലൻഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂസീലൻഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Aotearoa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यू झीलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यू झीलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ახალი ზელანდია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ახალი ზელანდია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="نيوزيلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيوزيلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نو زیلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نو زیلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯓꯤꯑꯦꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯓꯤꯑꯦꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Selandia Baru" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%AB-s%C4%83%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Niū-să̤-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niū-să̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuoba_Zel%C3%A1ndia" title="Nuoba Zelándia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Nuoba Zelándia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шинэ Зеланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинэ Зеланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="နယူးဇီလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယူးဇီလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niusiladi" title="Niusiladi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Niusiladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Zeeland" title="Nieuw-Zeeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nieuw-Zeeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%27j-Zeelaand" title="Ni'j-Zeelaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ni'j-Zeelaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="न्युजिल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="न्युजिल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="न्यु जिल्यान्द – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्यु जिल्यान्द" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ニュージーランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュージーランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2va_Zelanna" title="Nòva Zelanna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nòva Zelanna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Керла Зеланди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Керла Зеланди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nei-Sialun" title="Nei-Sialun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nei-Sialun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuu_Ziilan" title="Nyuu Ziilan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Nyuu Ziilan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle Zélande – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Nouvelle Zélande" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Selande" title="Novi Selande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Novi Selande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aotearoa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwuu_Ziilaandi" title="Niwuu Ziilaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Niwuu Ziilaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangi_Zelandiya" title="Yangi Zelandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yangi Zelandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यू-जीलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="न्यू-जीलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="نیوزیلینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوزیلینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelandia" title="Nueva Zelandia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nueva Zelandia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89" title="نيوزيلينډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيوزيلينډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuu_Ziilant" title="Nyuu Ziilant – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nyuu Ziilant" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="នូវែលហ្សេឡង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នូវែលហ្សេឡង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A8le-Zilinde" title="Novèle-Zilinde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Novèle-Zilinde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuva_Zelanda" title="Neuva Zelanda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Neuva Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu_Silan" title="Niu Silan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Niu Silan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niegseeland" title="Niegseeland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Niegseeland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Zelandia" title="Nowa Zelandia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowa Zelandia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%96%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νέα Ζηλανδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Νέα Ζηλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia" title="Nova Zelândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova Zelândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C5%84a_Zelandiya" title="Jańa Zelandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jańa Zelandiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C3%B1%C4%B1_Zelandiya" title="Yañı Zelandiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yañı Zelandiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Aotearoa" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noua_Zeeland%C4%83" title="Noua Zeelandă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noua Zeelandă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelanda" title="Nova Zelanda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nova Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musuq_Silantha" title="Musuq Silantha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Musuq Silantha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Новый Зеланд – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Новый Зеланд" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Новая Зеландия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новая Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саҥа Зеландия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саҥа Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu_Sila" title="Niu Sila – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Niu Sila" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="न्यूजिलैण्ड् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="न्यूजिलैण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C3%AE_Zel%C3%A2nde" title="Finî Zelânde – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Finî Zelânde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noa_Zelanda" title="Noa Zelanda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Noa Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4i-Seelound" title="Näi-Seelound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Näi-Seelound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelanda_e_Re" title="Zelanda e Re – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zelanda e Re" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zilanna" title="Nova Zilanna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nova Zilanna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="නව සීලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නව සීලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="نيوزيلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيوزيلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Z%C3%A9land" title="Nový Zéland – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nový Zéland" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelandija" title="Nova Zelandija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nova Zelandija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A_%EA%99%80%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Новъ Ꙁєландъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Новъ Ꙁєландъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%C5%8F_Zelandyj%C5%8F" title="Nowŏ Zelandyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Nowŏ Zelandyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نیوزیلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیوزیلاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нови Зеланд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нови Зеланд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novi Zeland" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Anyar" title="Selandia Anyar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Selandia Anyar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusi-Seelanti" title="Uusi-Seelanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusi-Seelanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nya_Zeeland" title="Nya Zeeland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nya Zeeland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="நியூசிலாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூசிலாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziland_Tamaynut" title="Ziland Tamaynut – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ziland Tamaynut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%A8ve_Zelanne" title="Nuève Zelanne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Nuève Zelanne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Яңа Зеландия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яңа Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၼိဝ်းၸီႇလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၼိဝ်းၸီႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_zealand" title="New zealand – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="New zealand" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="న్యూజీలాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="న్యూజీలాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zel%C3%A1ndia" title="Nova Zelándia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Nova Zelándia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศนิวซีแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศนิวซีแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%98%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ኒው ዘይላንድ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኒው ዘይላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Зеландияи Нав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зеландияи Нав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%CA%BBu_Sila" title="Nuʻu Sila – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Nuʻu Sila" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%A4%E1%8F%8F%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97" title="ᎢᏤᏏᎢᎴᏂᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏤᏏᎢᎴᏂᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%9D%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ನ್ಯೂ ಝಿಲೆಂಡ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನ್ಯೂ ಝಿಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Zelanda" title="Yeni Zelanda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ze_Zelandi%C3%BDa" title="Täze Zelandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Täze Zelandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zi%CC%B1lan_A%CC%B1fai" title="Zi̱lan A̱fai – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zi̱lan A̱fai" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Выль Зеландия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Выль Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нова Зеландія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нова Зеландія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="نیوزی لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیوزی لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89_%D8%B2%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="يېڭى زېلاندىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يېڭى زېلاندىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saen_Saelanz" title="Saen Saelanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saen Saelanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Ze%C5%82anda" title="Nova Zełanda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nova Zełanda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uz%27_Zelandii" title="Uz' Zelandii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uz' Zelandii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nula-Sele%C3%A4ns" title="Nula-Seleäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nula-Seleäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahts%C3%B5n%C3%B5_Meremaa" title="Vahtsõnõ Meremaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vahtsõnõ Meremaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novele-Zelande" title="Novele-Zelande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Novele-Zelande" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" title="新西蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新西蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Z%C3%AAeland" title="Nieuw-Zêeland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nieuw-Zêeland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-o_nga_Zelanda" title="Bag-o nga Zelanda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bag-o nga Zelanda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seland-Gu-Bees" title="Seland-Gu-Bees – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Seland-Gu-Bees" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新西兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ניו זילאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניו זילאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" title="紐西蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紐西蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelanda_Newiye" title="Zelanda Newiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zelanda Newiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Ze%C3%AAland" title="Nieuw-Zeêland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nieuw-Zeêland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujuoj%C4%97_Zeland%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Naujuojė Zelandėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Naujuojė Zelandėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新西兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Selandia Baru" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu-S%C3%A9lan" title="Niu-Sélan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Niu-Sélan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Selandia Baru" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Anyar" title="Selandia Anyar – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Selandia Anyar" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuj%C9%99_Zellandij%C9%99" title="Nujə Zellandijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nujə Zellandijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 18:56 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-rvmgl","wgBackendResponseTime":391,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.205","walltime":"4.704","ppvisitednodes":{"value":38813,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1202882,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":108146,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":73,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1664199,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4031.052 1 -total"," 53.48% 2155.808 3 Template:Reflist"," 19.28% 777.068 204 Template:Cite_web"," 13.90% 560.157 131 Template:Cite_book"," 8.41% 339.170 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 6.34% 255.540 40 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.14% 247.672 16 Template:Sfn"," 2.95% 118.988 27 Template:Cite_news"," 2.77% 111.804 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 2.67% 107.791 1 Template:Navboxes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.660","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22989152,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonSpriggs1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArdernO\u0026#039;Connor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAyson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarclay-Kerr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardsley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBascand2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBateman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBathgate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertram2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxallHaynes1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrailsford1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrawley1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunner1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunceBeavanOskamJacomb2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButcherMcGrath2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallister2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCieplyRose2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperMillener1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornish2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtinMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalby1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenport2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_LangeSawyerRolfe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDench2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerby2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDeversonKennedy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolleryKeoghCrase2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrinnan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaston2010\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlintoff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGarden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimpel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant_(Lord_Glenelg)1836\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroser2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayMaclaganGordon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazledine1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHearn2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHerrera-FloresStubbsBentonRuta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillstromCollier_Hillstrom2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindmarsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobbs2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoldaway2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrocks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacombAndersonHigham1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacombHoldawayAllentoftBunce2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJobberns1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeane2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeane2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisNodderCarter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindseyMorris2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnellChellmanMulvaneyEckhardt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGlone1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGloneWilmshurst1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLean1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLean2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLintock2009\"] = 15,\n [\"CITEREFMcLintock2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMein_Smith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Health2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoodleyLinzYamaokaWindsor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortimerCampbell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullanTaitThompson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray-McIntoshScrimshawHatfieldPenny1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyllylahti2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNixonYeabsley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hare2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrange1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrange2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearl2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2009\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPollard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPool2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrideaux2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullar-Strecker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullar-Strecker2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauzon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberton1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyalKaka-Scott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmond1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSancton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatyanand2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScotcher2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinclairDalziel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmeltJui_Lin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocidad_Peruana_de_Medicina_Intensiva_(SOPEMI)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquires2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteff2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenhouse2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStringlemanPeden2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStringlemanScrimgeour2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSwarbrick2010\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFSwarbrick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorSmith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemple1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsBallantine1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrewickMorgan-Richards2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoyce1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagstrom2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallisTrewick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalrond2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalrond2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalrond2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaltersBuckleyJacombMatisoo-Smith2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWassilieff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhaanga2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmshurstAndersonHighamWorthy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmshurstHuntLipoAnderson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2009\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWinkelmann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthyTennysonArcherMusser2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightBloomerMacLeodTaylor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Jong2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"Administrative divisions of New Zealand\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 10,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 131,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 203,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 43,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories of Oceania\"] = 1,\n [\"Currentmonth\"] = 2,\n [\"Currentyear\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"DNZB\"] = 1,\n [\"Data New Zealand\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decimals\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"English official language clickable map\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018\"] = 13,\n [\"Formatnum:{{data New Zealand\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-mi\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Increase neutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 32,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities of New Zealand\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 7,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"NZ election link\"] = 1,\n [\"NZ election link year\"] = 2,\n [\"NZ population data 2018\"] = 16,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"New Zealand topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 2,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)\"] = 1,\n [\"Polynesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 11,\n [\"Rnd\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 16,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tall image\"] = 1,\n [\"The Commonwealth\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 4,\n [\"Use New Zealand English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","18.2"],["dataWrapper 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