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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sartreho_pohled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sartreho_pohled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sartreho pohled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sartreho_pohled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poznámky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poznámky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Poznámky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poznámky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Obsah" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Existence předchází esenci</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 11 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1" title="الوجود يسبق الجوهر – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الوجود يسبق الجوهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Съществуването предшества същността – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съществуването предшества същността" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Existence precedes essence" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzistado_anta%C5%ADvenas_esencon" title="Ekzistado antaŭvenas esencon – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekzistado antaŭvenas esencon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_existencia_precede_a_la_esencia" title="La existencia precede a la esencia – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La existencia precede a la esencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27existence_pr%C3%A9c%C3%A8de_l%27essence" title="L'existence précède l'essence – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="L'existence précède l'essence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksistensi_mendahului_esensi" title="Eksistensi mendahului esensi – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eksistensi mendahului esensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E5%AD%98%E3%81%AF%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA%E3%81%AB%E5%85%88%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A4" title="実存は本質に先立つ – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="実存は本質に先立つ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%A1%B4%EC%9D%80_%EB%B3%B8%EC%A7%88%EC%97%90_%EC%95%9E%EC%84%A0%EB%8B%A4" title="실존은 본질에 앞선다 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실존은 본질에 앞선다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88" title="ਅਸਤਿਤਵ ਸਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਹੈ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਸਤਿਤਵ ਸਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਹੈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varolu%C5%9F_%C3%B6zden_%C3%B6nce_gelir" title="Varoluş özden önce gelir – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Varoluş özden önce gelir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5420352#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuse:Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuse ke stránce (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">čeština</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazení"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=history" title="Starší verze této stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akce </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=history"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Obecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Co_odkazuje_na/Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci" title="Seznam všech wikistránek, které sem odkazují [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny/Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci" rel="nofollow" title="Nedávné změny stránek, na které je odkazováno [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Související změny</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cs" title="Nahrát obrázky či jiná multimédia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Načíst soubor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&oldid=21242759" title="Trvalý odkaz na současnou verzi této stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=info" title="Více informací o této stránce"><span>Informace o stránce</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Citovat&page=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&id=21242759&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informace o tom, jak citovat tuto stránku"><span>Citovat stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExistence_p%25C5%2599edch%25C3%25A1z%25C3%25AD_esenci"><span>Získat zkrácené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExistence_p%25C5%2599edch%25C3%25A1z%25C3%25AD_esenci"><span>Stáhnout QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tisk/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Kniha&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Existence+p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD+esenci"><span>Vytvořit knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:DownloadAsPdf&page=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stáhnout jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&printable=yes" title="Tato stránka v podobě vhodné k tisku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verze k tisku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na jiných projektech </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5420352" title="Odkaz na propojenou položku datového úložiště [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><p>Tvrzení, že <b>existence předchází esenci</b> (jinak také <b>existence předchází podstatu</b>, z <a href="/wiki/Francouz%C5%A1tina" title="Francouzština">francouzštiny</a>: <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="fr" title="francouzština">l'existence précède l'essence</span>)</i> je ústřední poznatek <a href="/wiki/Existencialismus" title="Existencialismus">existencialismu</a>, jež převrací tradiční filozofický názor, že <a href="/wiki/Esence" title="Esence">podstata</a> (povaha) věci je podstatnější a neměnnější než její <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> (pouhá skutečnost její existence).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Z pohledu existencialistů lidské <a href="/wiki/Bytosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytosti">bytosti</a> mohou svým <a href="/wiki/V%C4%9Bdom%C3%AD" title="Vědomí">vědomím</a> vytvářet své vlastní hodnoty a určit smysl života, protože člověk nedisponuje jakoukoliv <a href="/wiki/Inherentn%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Inherentní">inherentní</a> <a href="/wiki/Identita" class="mw-disambig" title="Identita">identitou</a> nebo <a href="/wiki/Hodnoty" title="Hodnoty">hodnotou</a>. Tyto identity či hodnoty si musí tvořit individuálně jednotlivec od jednotlivce (viz <a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a>). Vykonáváním činů, které korespondují s určenými identitami a hodnotami, jednotlivec potvrzuje a posiluje svoji existenci. </p><p>Tuto úvahu lze již nalézt v dílech filozofa <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Sørena Kierkegaarda</a> v 19. století <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> , ale přesné znění bylo formulováno až filozofem <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paulem Sartrem</a> ve 20. století. Přímá citace pochází z přednášky „Existencialismus je humanismus“ <sup id="cite_ref-#1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> z roku 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podobný výrok lze však v dřívější době najít v <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heideggerově</a> díle <i><a href="/wiki/Byt%C3%AD_a_%C4%8Das" title="Bytí a čas">Bytí a čas</a></i> .<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sartreho_pohled">Sartreho pohled</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Sartreho pohled" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Sartreho pohled"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pro Sartreho znamená <i>„existence předchází podstatě“</i>, že <a href="/wiki/Osobnost" title="Osobnost">osobnost</a> není tvořena na základě dříve navrženém modelu (<a href="/wiki/Predestinace" title="Predestinace">predestiance</a>) a ani na přesném účelu, protože je to <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk" title="Člověk">člověk</a>, kdo se sám <a href="/wiki/Svobodn%C3%A1_v%C5%AFle" title="Svobodná vůle">rozhodne</a>, jak se zapojí. Sartre nepopírá omezující faktory a podmínky, avšak předkládá řešení <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinozova</a> dilematu, který tvrdil, že lidé jsou určováni tím, co je obklopuje. Sartre říká, že <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atlak" title="Útlak">utiskující situace</a> sama o sobě nepředstavuje limitaci. Je to však jen její interpretace a samotné označení za <i>utiskující.</i> Bytost, která se cítí utlačována, situaci utiskující skutečně vytváří. Tím, že promítáme své záměry do našeho současného stavu, tvoříme i naše okolí - <i>„jsem to jen já, kdo okolí volně promění v akci“</i>. Když řekl, že <i>„svět je <a href="/wiki/Zrcadlo" title="Zrcadlo">zrcadlem</a> mé <a href="/wiki/Svoboda" title="Svoboda">svobody</a> “</i>, myslel tím, že nás svět nutí reagovat, rozvíjet se. Právě rozvíjením se (osvobozováním se) od podmínek současné projektované situace Sartre pojmenovává jako transcendenci . Dodává, že <i>„jsme odsouzeni k svobodě“</i>. </p><p>Když se říká, že lidé se sami definují, je to často vnímáno jako prohlášení, že si mohou „přát“ být čímkoli - například ptákem - a pak se jím skutečně stát. Podle Sartreho pohledu by to však bylo rozhodnutí na základě projekce sociálního útlaku, osvojení nedobrých hodnot, ztracení svobody a neautentické chování (viz více <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)" class="extiw" title="en:Bad faith (existentialism)">bad faith</a>). Pro upřesnění - tímto výrokem se rozumí, že lidé jsou (1) definováni pouze podle svého jednání a (2) že jsou odpovědní za své činy. Lze tedy říci, že osoba, která jedná krutě vůči ostatním lidem, je tímto aktem definována jako krutá osoba a v tom samém případě je například (bez jakékoliv role <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genů</a>) definována jako odpovědná za bytí krutým člověkem. Z toho vyplývá i pozitivnější terapeutický aspekt - můžete se rozhodnout jednat jinak a být dobrým člověkem na místo krutého, lidé z podstaty původně nejsou v zásadě nositelem ani jedné z vlastností.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tvrzení, že existence předchází esenci, tedy pro shrnutí znamená, že u člověka neexistuje předem určená vlastnost, ta je definována samotným jednotlivcem prostřednictvím toho, jak tento jedinec vytváří a žije svůj život. Jak říká Sartre: <i>„člověk nejprve existuje, setkává se, narůstá ve světě – a poté se definuje sám“</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metousi%C3%B3za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metousióza (stránka neexistuje)">Metousióza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_konstrukcionismus" title="Sociální konstrukcionismus">Sociální konstrukcionismus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poznámky"><span id="Pozn.C3.A1mky"></span>Poznámky</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Poznámky" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Poznámky"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Timaeus</i>; Aristotle, <i>Metaphysics</i>; St Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa contra Gentiles</i>, Pars 3:1, <i>Summa Theologiae</i>, Pars 1:1, etc. Analysis of "existence before essence" in Etienne Gilson, <i>The Christian Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas</i>, Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kierkegaard, Søren. <i>Philosophical Fragments</i>, 1844.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_3-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_3-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The lecture was delivered on Monday, October 29, 1945, although not published until 1946. "Existentialism is a Humanism." trans. Carol Macomber, preface by Arlene Elkaïm-Sartre, ed. John Kulka (New Haven: Yale, 2007), p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sartre, in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Being_and_Nothingness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Being and Nothingness (stránka neexistuje)">Being and Nothingness</a></i> (1943), credits a slightly longer version of the claim to Heidegger: "Now freedom has no essence. It is not subject to any logical necessity; we must say of it what Heidegger said of the <i>Dasein</i> in general: 'In it existence precedes and commands essence.'" However, Sartre gives no page reference for this citation. In <i>Being and Time</i>, Heidegger writes: "The 'essence' of human-being lies in its existence." ("Das 'Wesen' des Daseins liegt in seiner Existenz", <i>Sein und Zeit</i>, p. 42.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Catalano p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sartre, <i>Existentialism is a humanism</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byl použit <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlad</a> textu z článku <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence?oldid=947598590"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">Existence precedes essence</span></a> na anglické Wikipedii.</i></span> </p> <ul><li>Albert Camus, <i>Mýtus o Sisyfovi</i>, 1948.</li> <li>Joseph S. Catalano, <i>komentář k Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and Nothingness</i>, University of Chicago Press 1985.</li> <li>Sartre, <i>Existencialismus je</i> <i>humanismus</i> (L'existentialisme est un humanisme) z roku 1946</li> <li>Stanfordova encyklopedie filozofie, článek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/#2">Existencialismus</a></li> <li>Wilhelmsen, Frederick (1970). The Paradoxical Structure of Existence . Irving, Texas; University of Dallas Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existence_p%C5%99edch%C3%A1z%C3%AD_esenci&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/#ExiPreEss"><i>Stanfordská encyklopedie filozofie</i></a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 th,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title{background-color:#e0e0e0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{background-color:#e7e7e7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-abovebelow{background-color:#f0f0f0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}</style>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Citováno z „<a dir="ltr" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence_předchází_esenci&oldid=21242759">https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence_předchází_esenci&oldid=21242759</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Kategorie" title="Nápověda:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Francouzsk%C3%A1_slova_a_fr%C3%A1ze" title="Kategorie:Francouzská slova a fráze">Francouzská slova a fráze</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Moderna" title="Kategorie:Moderna">Moderna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Existencialismus" title="Kategorie:Existencialismus">Existencialismus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_p%C5%99elo%C5%BEen%C3%A9_z_enwiki" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články přeložené z enwiki">Monitoring:Články přeložené z enwiki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:Autoritn%C3%AD_kontrola_s_0_identifik%C3%A1tory" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Autoritní kontrola s 0 identifikátory">Monitoring:Autoritní kontrola s 0 identifikátory</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Stránka byla naposledy editována 7. 5. 2022 v 23:09.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text je dostupný pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cs">licencí Creative Commons Uveďte původ – Zachovejte licenci</a>, případně za dalších podmínek. 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