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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins in animism and ancestor worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_in_animism_and_ancestor_worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins in animism and ancestor worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_animism_and_ancestor_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shinto_as_an_exemplar_of_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto_as_an_exemplar_of_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Shinto as an exemplar of development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto_as_an_exemplar_of_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_evolution_and_survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_evolution_and_survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cultural evolution and survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_evolution_and_survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animism_and_totemism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animism_and_totemism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Animism and totemism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animism_and_totemism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_deities_and_ancestor_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_deities_and_ancestor_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Domestic deities and ancestor worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_deities_and_ancestor_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacob_Grimm_(1835)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacob_Grimm_(1835)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Jacob Grimm (1835)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacob_Grimm_(1835)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Keightley_(1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Keightley_(1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Thomas Keightley (1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Keightley_(1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MacMichael_(1907)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MacMichael_(1907)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>MacMichael (1907)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MacMichael_(1907)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_International_Encyclopaedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_International_Encyclopaedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span><i>New International Encyclopaedia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_International_Encyclopaedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_ancestor_worship_in_animism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_ancestor_worship_in_animism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Origin of ancestor worship in animism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_ancestor_worship_in_animism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hearn_(1878)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearn_(1878)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Hearn (1878)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearn_(1878)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_Henderson_(1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_Henderson_(1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>George Henderson (1911)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_Henderson_(1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>East Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>North American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Household deity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="গৃহদেবতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গৃহদেবতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD_bo%C5%BEstvo" title="Domácí božstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Domácí božstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deidad_dom%C3%A9stica" title="Deidad doméstica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deidad doméstica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خدای خانگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدای خانگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinit%C3%A9_du_foyer" title="Divinité du foyer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Divinité du foyer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewa_rumah_tangga" title="Dewa rumah tangga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewa rumah tangga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_domowe" title="Duchy domowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duchy domowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Домашние божества и духи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Домашние божества и духи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Кућни духови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кућни духови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husande" title="Husande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Husande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ผีบ้านผีเรือน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผีบ้านผีเรือน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%A5%9E" title="屋內神 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="屋內神" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%9E" title="家神 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="家神" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1761892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Deity or spirit associated with the home</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"House spirit" redirects here. For the alcohol industry term, see <a href="/wiki/Well_drink" title="Well drink">well drink</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silesian_Domovoy_statuette_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Silesian_Domovoy_statuette_%281%29.jpg/220px-Silesian_Domovoy_statuette_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Silesian_Domovoy_statuette_%281%29.jpg/330px-Silesian_Domovoy_statuette_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Silesian_Domovoy_statuette_%281%29.jpg/440px-Silesian_Domovoy_statuette_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Early-20th-century <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a>, the household deity, progenitor of the kin, in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>household deity</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or spirit that protects the <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">home</a>, looking after the entire <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> or certain key members. It has been a common belief in <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> across many parts of the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teraphimandtongueofgold1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Teraphimandtongueofgold1.png/220px-Teraphimandtongueofgold1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Teraphimandtongueofgold1.png/330px-Teraphimandtongueofgold1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Teraphimandtongueofgold1.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>"Household god" in <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> by <a href="/wiki/R_A_Stewart_Macalister" class="mw-redirect" title="R A Stewart Macalister">R A Stewart Macalister</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Household deities fit into two types; firstly, a specific deity –  typically a goddess –  often referred to as a <b>hearth goddess</b> or <b>domestic goddess</b> who is associated with the home and hearth, such as the ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second type of household deity is not one singular deity but a type or species of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a>, which usually has lesser powers than major deities. This type was common in the religions of antiquity, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">lares</a> of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">ancient Roman religion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gashin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashin">gashin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cofgodas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cofgodas">cofgodas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a>. These survived Christianisation as <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a>-like creatures existing in folklore, such as the Anglo-Scottish <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">brownie</a> and Slavic <a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">domovoy</a>. </p><p>Household deities were usually worshipped not in temples but in the home, where they would be represented by small <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">teraphim</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, often translated as "household gods" in Genesis 31:19 for example), <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>, paintings, or reliefs. They could also be found on domestic objects, such as cosmetic articles in the case of <a href="/wiki/Tawaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaret">Tawaret</a>. The more prosperous houses might have a small <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> to the household god(s); the <a href="/wiki/Lararium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lararium">lararium</a> served this purpose in the case of the Romans. The gods would be treated as members of the family and invited to join in meals or be given <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">offerings of food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">drink</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient and modern religions, a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a> would preside over the home. </p><p>Certain species, or types, of household deities existed. An example of this was the Roman Lares. </p><p>Many European cultures retained house spirits into the modern period. Some examples of these include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownie (mythology)">Brownie</a> (Scotland and England) or <a href="/wiki/Hob_(folklore)" title="Hob (folklore)">Hob</a> (England) / <a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a> (Germany) / <a href="/wiki/Duende" title="Duende">Duende</a> y <a href="/wiki/Trasgu" title="Trasgu">Trasgu</a> (Spain and Portugal) / <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a> (Slavic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a> (Norwegian or Danish) / <a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomte</a> (Swedish) / <a href="/wiki/Tonttu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonttu">Tonttu</a> (Finnish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Húsvættir</a> (Norse)</li></ul> <p>Although the cosmic status of household deities was not as lofty as that of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Aesir" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesir">Aesir</a>, they were also jealous of their dignity and also had to be appeased with shrines and offerings, however humble.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their immediacy, they had arguably more influence on the day-to-day affairs of men than the remote gods did. Vestiges of their worship persisted long after Christianity and other major religions extirpated nearly every trace of the major pagan <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheons</a>. Elements of the practice can be seen even today, with Christian accretions, where statues to various saints (such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">St. Francis</a>) protect gardens and grottos. Even the <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyles</a> found on older churches could be viewed as guardians partitioning a sacred space. </p><p>For centuries, Christianity fought a mop-up war against these lingering minor pagan deities, but they proved tenacious. For example, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Tischreden</a></i> have numerous –  quite serious –  references to dealing with <a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">kobolds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DWB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heine_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heine-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> threatened to erase most of these minor deities until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> rehabilitated them and embellished them into objects of literary curiosity in the 19th century. Since the 20th century, this literature has been mined for characters for role-playing games, video games, and other fantasy <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">personae</a>, not infrequently invested with invented traits and hierarchies somewhat different from their mythological and folkloric roots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_in_animism_and_ancestor_worship">Origins in animism and ancestor worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in animism and ancestor worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto_as_an_exemplar_of_development">Shinto as an exemplar of development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shinto as an exemplar of development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general dynamics of the origin and development of household deities over a considerable span may be traced and exemplified by the historically attested origins and current practices of the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> belief system in Japan. As the <a href="/wiki/Japanology" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanology">Japanologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> put it: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The real religion of Japan, the religion still professed in one form or other, by the entire nation, is that cult which has been the foundation of all civilized religion, and of all civilized society, – Ancestor-worship.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Drawing the picture with broader strokes, he continues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Three stages of ancestor-worship are to be distinguished in the general course of religious and social evolution; and each of these finds illustration in the history of Japanese society. The first stage is that which exists before the establishment of a settled civilization, when there is yet no national ruler, and when the unit of society is the great patriarchal family, with its elders or war-chiefs for lords. Under these conditions, the spirits of the family-ancestors only are worshipped;—each family propitiating its own dead, and recognizing no other form of worship. As the patriarchal families, later on, become grouped into tribal clans, there grows up the custom of tribal sacrifice to the spirits of the clan-rulers;—this cult being superadded to the family-cult, and marking the second stage of ancestor-worship. Finally, with the union of all the clans or tribes under one supreme head, there is developed the custom of propitiating the spirits of national, rulers. This third form of the cult becomes the obligatory religion of the country; but it does not replace either of the preceding cults: the three continue to exist together.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whenever a child is born in Japan, a local <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a> adds the child's name to a list kept at the shrine and declares him or her a "family child" (氏子 ujiko). After death an ujiko becomes a "family spirit", or "family <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a>" (氏神 ujigami).</p></blockquote> <p>Many Japanese houses still have a shrine (<i>kamidana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> shelf) where offerings are made to ancestral kami, as well as to other kami. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_evolution_and_survival">Cultural evolution and survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural evolution and survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a>, one of the main founders of the discipline of cultural anthropology, spoke of <i>survivals</i>, vestiges of earlier evolutionary stages in a culture's development. He also coined the term <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. Tylor disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, another founder of anthropology, as well as of sociology, about the innateness of the human tendency towards animistic explanations, but both agreed that ancestor worship was the root of religion and that domestic deities were survivals from such an early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animism_and_totemism">Animism and totemism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animism and totemism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contradistinction to both <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a>, who defended theories of animistic origins of ancestor worship, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> saw its genesis in <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemism</a>. This distinction is somewhat academic since totemism may be regarded as a particularized manifestation of animism, and a synthesis of the two positions was attempted by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>. In Freud's <i><a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo</a></i>, both totem and taboo are outward expressions or manifestations of the same psychological tendency, a concept which is complementary to, or which rather reconciles, the apparent conflict. Freud preferred to emphasize the psychoanalytic implications of the reification of metaphysical forces but with particular emphasis on its familial nature. This emphasis underscores, rather than weakens, the ancestral component.<sup id="cite_ref-SF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_deities_and_ancestor_worship">Domestic deities and ancestor worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Domestic deities and ancestor worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacob_Grimm_(1835)"><span id="Jacob_Grimm_.281835.29"></span>Jacob Grimm (1835)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jacob Grimm (1835)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lararium,_Pompeji.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lararium%2C_Pompeji.JPG/220px-Lararium%2C_Pompeji.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lararium%2C_Pompeji.JPG/330px-Lararium%2C_Pompeji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lararium%2C_Pompeji.JPG/440px-Lararium%2C_Pompeji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Shrine of the household deities <i><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">lares</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, showing the offering altar and a niche for votive images</figcaption></figure> <p>European folklorist <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> did not hesitate to equate the Roman <a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">lar familiaris</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownie (mythology)">brownie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explains in some detail in his <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Deutsche Mythologie</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><a href="/wiki/Larva_(mask)" class="mw-redirect" title="Larva (mask)">Larva</a> betrays its affinity to <a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">lar</a> ..., and the good kindly <a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">lares</a> were often held to be <a href="/wiki/Manes" title="Manes">manes</a> or souls of departed ancestors. So in our German superstition we find instances of souls becoming homesprites or <a href="/wiki/Kobolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobolds">kobolds</a>, and still oftener is there a connexion between unquiet spirits and spectres.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thomas_Keightley_(1870)"><span id="Thomas_Keightley_.281870.29"></span>Thomas Keightley (1870)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thomas Keightley (1870)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To underscore the equivalence of brownie, kobold, and goblin, consider the words of the English historian and folklorist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Keightley (historian)">Thomas Keightley</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Kobold is exactly the same being as the Danish Nis, and Scottish Brownie, and English Hobgoblin. [b] He performs the very same services for the family to whom he attaches himself. ... The Nis, Kobold, or Goblin, appears in Scotland under the name of Brownie.<sup id="cite_ref-TK_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TK-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MacMichael_(1907)"><span id="MacMichael_.281907.29"></span>MacMichael (1907)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: MacMichael (1907)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MacMichael elaborated his views on the folkloric belief complex as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> What are our elves and fairies, goblins, nisses, brownies, and pixies but latter-day survivals of arkite ancestor worship? Brownies and pixies were probably invariably of good character, originally, a likelihood suggested by the good points which in many respects survive in their character, their virtues being turned into vices, and, contrariwise, their vices into virtues, as good or ill fortune befell the household and its appurtenances. Is not the bowl of milk placed for the Brownie in the corner of the room a survival of the drink-offering of wine which was poured out before the household gods of the Romans?<sup id="cite_ref-JHM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_International_Encyclopaedia"><i>New International Encyclopaedia</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New International Encyclopaedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demonstrating that this evolution and functional equivalence has generally come to be accepted and that their nature is indeed that proposed by Grimm, one may refer to the early twentieth century <i>New International Encyclopaedia</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The term fairy, however, is also loosely used to include other beings of a similar character like the brownie, elf, fay, gnome, goblin, kobold, pixy, puck, salamander, sprite, sylph, troll and undine. ... Fairy lore contains likewise certain elements of ancestor-worship, of mythology, and of older religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-NIE1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIE1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>and also </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The resemblance to the Robin Goodfellow (q.v.) of the English and the Kobold of the Germans is conspicuous, and the Roman Lar is also suggested by this suspicion.<sup id="cite_ref-NIE2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIE2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_ancestor_worship_in_animism">Origin of ancestor worship in animism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Origin of ancestor worship in animism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hearn_(1878)"><span id="Hearn_.281878.29"></span>Hearn (1878)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hearn (1878)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Hearn_(legal_academic)" title="William Hearn (legal academic)">William Edward Hearn</a>, a noted classicist and jurist, traced the origin of domestic deities from the earliest stages as an expression of animism, a belief system thought to have existed also in the neolithic and the forerunner of Indo-European religion. In his analysis of the Indo-European household, in Chapter II, "The House Spirit", Section 1, he states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The belief which guided the conduct of our forefathers was ... the spirit rule of dead ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-WEH1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEH1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Section 2, he proceeds to elaborate: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>It is thus certain that the worship of deceased ancestors is a <i>vera causa</i>, and not a mere hypothesis. ... </p><p> In the other European nations, the Slavs, the Teutons, and the Kelts, the House Spirit appears with no less distinctness. ... [T]he existence of that worship does not admit of doubt. ... The House Spirits had a multitude of other names which it is needless here to enumerate, but all of which are more or less expressive of their friendly relations with man. ... In [England] ... [h]e is the Brownie. ... In Scotland this same Brownie is well known. He is usually described as attached to particular families, with whom he has been known to reside for centuries, threshing the corn, cleaning the house, and performing similar household tasks. His favorite gratification was milk and honey.<sup id="cite_ref-WEH_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEH-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="George_Henderson_(1911)"><span id="George_Henderson_.281911.29"></span>George Henderson (1911)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: George Henderson (1911)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Henderson elaborated on the presumed origin of ancestor worship in <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The second phase of this stage of thought [Animism] would be a cult of human ancestors, specially of tribal chiefs and clan-heroes: this is Manism or Ancestor Worship proper, culminating in hero worship. ... it is to be noted that the characteristics pertaining to a particular clan or tribal community, which mark ancestor worship, will have fallen very much to the background if they can be at all inferred among the Celts; the relations emphasised will be found pertaining to mythologic concepts and to the Nature-Myth. For, as modifications and transitions in behalf are constant, ancestor worship gets partly transcended. But in Manism the guardian spirit has its specific influence on the tribal consciousness. I recollect <a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aoibhell</a> of Craig Liath, the guardian spirit of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais" class="mw-redirect" title="Dál gCais">Dal Caiss</a>, mentioned in the narrative concerning Brian Boru in the Wars of the Gaedhel and the Gall; there is also Mag Molach or Hairy Hand, and Bodach An Duin of Rothiemurchus, as well as <i>the more familiar belief in the Brownie which renders offices of help in some houses,—a feeble survival of early phases of cult.</i><sup id="cite_ref-GH_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Domestic or hearth goddesses from various mythologies include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African">African</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: African"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a>, a god in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></li> <li>Ekwu, a god in <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> <a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European">European</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitvaras" title="Aitvaras">Aitvaras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berehynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Berehynia">Berehynia</a> (originally a river spirit, since 1991, has become a hearth goddess in Ukrainian Romantic nationalism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighid" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighid">Brighid</a>, a goddess in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">Brownie</a> or Urisk in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_folklore" title="Scottish folklore">Scottish folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folklore" title="Welsh folklore">Bwbachod</a> in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_folklore" title="Welsh folklore">Welsh folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofgodas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cofgodas">Cofgodas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>, a goddess in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabija" title="Gabija">Gabija</a>, a goddess in <a href="/wiki/Baltic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic paganism">Baltic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a>, or Haldjas in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish paganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish folklore">Finnish folklore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian folklore</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>, a goddess in <a href="/wiki/Greek_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek paganism">Greek paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hob_(folklore)" title="Hob (folklore)">Hob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubber_fiend" title="Lubber fiend">Lubber fiend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puck_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puck (mythology)">Puck</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">English folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Húsvættir</a>, Norse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_o%27_the_bowl" title="Jack o' the bowl">Jack o' the bowl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Swiss folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutin" title="Lutin">Lutin</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_folklore" title="French folklore">French folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matka_Gabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Matka Gabia">Matka Gabia</a>, a goddess in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaciello" title="Monaciello">Monaciello</a>, Monachiccio, Mamucca, Lu Laùru, Aguriellu, or Mazapegol in <a href="/wiki/Italian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian folklore">Italian folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_(mythology)" title="Safa (mythology)">Safa</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomte</a>, or Nisse in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Scandinavian folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasgu" title="Trasgu">Trasgu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Spanish folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Portuguese folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a>, a goddess of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Traditional Roman religion</a>, both state and domestic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asian">West Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: West Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Gudli_Saibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Gudli Saibia (page does not exist)">I Gudli Saibia</a>, a female guardian angel in <a href="/wiki/Romani_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani mythology">Romani mythology</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian">East Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: East Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Household_deity" title="Special:EditPage/Household deity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Household+deity%22">"Household deity"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Household+deity%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Household+deity%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Household+deity%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Household+deity%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Household+deity%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a> in prehispanic <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Culture">Filipino</a> culture.</li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/Gashin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashin">gashin</a>, the most prominent being Teoju, Seongju, Jowang, or Samshin in <a href="/wiki/Korean_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean folk religion">Korean folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imoinu" title="Imoinu">Imoinu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emoinu" class="mw-redirect" title="Emoinu">Emoinu</a>), a household hearth goddess in <a href="/wiki/Meitei_mythology" title="Meitei mythology">Meitei mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamui_Fuchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamui Fuchi">Kamui Fuchi</a>, a goddess in the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> folklore in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leimarel_Sidabi" title="Leimarel Sidabi">Leimarel Sidabi</a>, a household mother goddess in <a href="/wiki/Meitei_mythology" title="Meitei mythology">Meitei mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menshen" title="Menshen">Menshen</a>, divine guardians of doors and gates in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%94ng_T%C3%A1o" title="Ông Táo">Ông Táo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_god" title="Kitchen god">kitchen god</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%94ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ông Địa (page does not exist)">Ông Địa</a>, is the god of the earth and patron of the land on which the houses are built in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanamahi">Sanamahi</a>, the most predominant god in <a href="/wiki/Meitei_mythology" title="Meitei mythology">Meitei mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Di_Gong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Di Gong">Tu Di Gong</a> (earth deity), in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumjao_Leima" title="Yumjao Leima">Yumjao Leima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yumjao_Leima" title="Yumjao Leima">Yumjao Lairembi</a>), a household mother goddess in <a href="/wiki/Meitei_mythology" title="Meitei mythology">Meitei mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_God" title="Kitchen God">Zao Jun</a> (kitchen god), in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zashiki-warashi" title="Zashiki-warashi">Zashiki-warashi</a>, in Japanese folklore</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American">North American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: North American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantico" title="Chantico">Chantico</a>, a goddess in <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">Ancestral shrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral tablets">Ancestral tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral worship">Chinese ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_God" title="Kitchen God">Kitchen God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Ouranios/Hestia.html">"HESTIA - Greek Goddess of Hearth & Home (Roman Vesta)"</a>. <i>www.theoi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theoi.com&rft.atitle=HESTIA+-+Greek+Goddess+of+Hearth+%26+Home+%28Roman+Vesta%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FOuranios%2FHestia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousehold+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, reserving a seat at the <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownie (mythology)">brownie</a>, and offering him milk and honeycomb.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWB_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Brüder Grimm, <i>Wörterbuch</i>, s.v. "kobold", "poltergeist", etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heine-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heine_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Luther glaubt nicht mehr an katholische Wunder, aber er glaubt noch an Teufelswesen. Seine Tischreden sind voll kurioser Geschichtchen von Satanskünsten, Kobolden und Hexen."</i> ("Erstes Buch".) <br />"Luther no longer believes in Catholic miracles, but he still believes in diabolical entities. His <i>Table Talks</i> are full of curious tales of satanic arts, kobolds, and witches."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/jai/jai04.htm">"The Ancient Cult"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Cult&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fshi%2Fjai%2Fjai04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousehold+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/jai/jai05.htm">"The Religion of the Home"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+the+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fshi%2Fjai%2Fjai05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousehold+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/5_2/5_2_2.pdf">"Herbert Spencer as an Anthropologist"</a>, <i>Journal of Libertarian Studies</i>, V:2, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SF_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SF.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/017_12.php">JG, Chapter 17, p 12</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040101162428/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/017_12.php">Archived</a> 2004-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/031_01.php">JG, Chapter 31, p. 1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421133649/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/031_01.php">Archived</a> 2008-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TK-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TK_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/tfm/tfm130.htm">"The Fairy Mythology: Great Britain: The Brownie"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Fairy+Mythology%3A+Great+Britain%3A+The+Brownie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fcelt%2Ftfm%2Ftfm130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousehold+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JHM-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JHM_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JHM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIE1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIE1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NIE, p. 197, s.v. "Fairy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIE2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIE2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NIE, s.v. "Brownie".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WEH1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WEH1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WEH, Section 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WEH-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WEH_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WEH</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GH-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GH_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GH</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>[SF] <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud, Sigmund</a>. <i>Totem und Tabu: Einige Übereinstimmungen im Seelenleben der Wilden und der Neurotiker</i>. 1913. (English translation <i><a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics</a></i>, 1918.) Third essay, "Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thought".</li> <li>[JG] <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Grimm, Jacob</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Deutsche Mythologie</a></i> (<i>Teutonic Mythology</i>). Göttingen, 1835, 3rd ed., 1854, 2 vols. English translation available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/017_12.php">http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/017_12.php</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040101162428/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/017_12.php">Archived</a> 2004-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>[DWB] Grimm, Jacob, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a></i> (German Dictionary). Available online in German at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/DWB">http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/DWB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304080518/http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/DWB">Archived</a> 2014-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>[WEH] <a href="/wiki/William_Hearn_(legal_academic)" title="William Hearn (legal academic)">Hearn, William Edward</a>. 1878. London: Longman, Green & Co. <i>The Aryan Household, Its Structure and Its Development: An Introduction to Comparative Jurisprudence.</i> "Chapter II: The House Spirit". Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?name=9663WttGfbUC&pg=PA39">https://books.google.com/books?name=9663WttGfbUC&pg=PA39</a>.</li> <li>[LH] <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Hearn,Lafcadio</a>. <i>Japan, an Attempt at Interpretation</i>. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1904. Available online at</li> <li>[GH] Henderson, George. "The Finding of the Soul", in <i>Survivals in Belief Among the Celts</i>, I.2. [1911]. Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/sbc/sbc04.htm">Survivals in Belief Among the Celts: I. The Finding of the Soul (part 2)</a>.</li> <li>[HH] <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine, Heinrich</a>. <i>Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland</i> ("Concerning the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany".) Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.digbib.org/Heinrich_Heine_1797/Zur_Geschichte_der_Religion_und_Philosophie_in_Deutschland?textonly=1">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915122517/http://www.digbib.org/Heinrich_Heine_1797/Zur_Geschichte_der_Religion_und_Philosophie_in_Deutschland?textonly=1">Archived</a> 2017-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>[TK] <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Keightley (historian)">Keightley, Thomas</a>. The Fairy Mythology: Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of Various Countries. 1870. Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/tfm/tfm086.htm">The Fairy Mythology: Germany: Kobolds</a>.</li> <li>[JHM] MacMichael, J. Holden. "The Evil Eye and the Solar Emblem", in <i>The Antiquary</i>, XLIII, Jan-Dec 1907, p 426. Edward Walford et al., eds. London: 1907. ... Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?name=zy0x0SNaPeUC&pg=PA426">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>[NIE] The New International Encyclopaedia, Coit et al., eds. Dodd, Mead & Co., 1911. Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/jai/index.htm">Japan, An Attempt at Interpretation Index</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Household_deity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="/wiki/Classifications_of_fairies" title="Classifications of fairies">Classifications of fairies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_sacred_trees" title="Celtic sacred trees">Celtic sacred trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfshot" title="Elfshot">Elfshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy-lock" title="Fairy-lock">Fairy-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_riding" title="Fairy riding">Fairy riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tale_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy Tale (color)">Fairy Tale (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">Genius loci</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Household deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_grass" title="Hungry grass">Hungry grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature spirit">Nature spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">Water spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Abodes and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_fort" title="Fairy fort">Fairy fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairyland" title="Fairyland">Fairyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_path" title="Fairy path">Fairy path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_ring" title="Fairy ring">Fairy ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Attested_fairies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Attested fairies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhene" title="Adhene">Adhene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aibell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp-luachra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp-luachra">Alp Luachra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjana_(Cantabrian_mythology)" title="Anjana (Cantabrian mythology)">Anjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkan_Sonney" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkan Sonney">Arkan Sonney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrai" title="Asrai">Asrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baobhan_sith" title="Baobhan sith">Baobhan sith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshee" title="Banshee">Banshee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghest" title="Barghest">Barghest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_nighe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean nighe">Bean nighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blind" title="Billy Blind">Billy Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%B3g" title="Biróg">Biróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bones" title="Bloody Bones">Bloody Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluecap" title="Bluecap">Bluecap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_men_of_the_Minch" title="Blue men of the Minch">Blue men of the Minch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodach" title="Bodach">Bodach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boggart" title="Boggart">Boggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogle" title="Bogle">Bogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boobrie" title="Boobrie">Boobrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brag_(folklore)" title="Brag (folklore)">Brag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">Brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Man_of_the_Muirs" title="Brown Man of the Muirs">Brown Man of the Muirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucca_(mythological_creature)" title="Bucca (mythological creature)">Bucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggane" title="Buggane">Buggane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugbear" title="Bugbear">Bugbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugul_Noz" title="Bugul Noz">Bugul Noz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caoineag" title="Caoineag">Caoineag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_s%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat sìth">Cat sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B9_S%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cù Sìth">Cù Sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADodhna" title="Clíodhna">Clíodhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clurichaun" title="Clurichaun">Clurichaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblynau" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblynau">Coblynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_pixie" title="Colt pixie">Colt pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duende_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duende (mythology)">Duende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonside_Dwarfs" title="Simonside Dwarfs">Duergar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullahan" title="Dullahan">Dullahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnie" title="Dunnie">Dunnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each-uisge" title="Each-uisge">Each-uisge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegast" title="Elegast">Elegast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">Huldufólk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Elphame" title="Queen of Elphame">Queen of Elphame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Svartálfar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fachan" title="Fachan">Fachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Queen" title="Fairy Queen">Fairy Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_darrig" title="Far darrig">Fear dearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_gorta" title="Fear gorta">Fear gorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenodyree" title="Fenodyree">Fenodyree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finfolk" title="Finfolk">Finfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvarra" title="Finvarra">Finvarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuath" title="Fuath">Fuath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gancanagh" title="Gancanagh">Gancanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_Dhu" title="Ghillie Dhu">Ghillie Dhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaistig" title="Glaistig">Glaistig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glashtyn" title="Glashtyn">Glashtyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groac%27h" title="Groac'h">Groac'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindylow" title="Grindylow">Grindylow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habetrot" title="Habetrot">Habetrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hedley_Kow" title="The Hedley Kow">The Hedley Kow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hob_(folklore)" title="Hob (folklore)">Hob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbididance" title="Hobbididance">Hobbididance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannic-ann-%C3%B4d" title="Iannic-ann-ôd">Iannic-ann-ôd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">Jack-o'-lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_o%27_the_bowl" title="Jack o' the bowl">Jack o' the bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Greenteeth" title="Jenny Greenteeth">Jenny Greenteeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Wad" title="Joan the Wad">Joan the Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-eater" title="Joint-eater">Joint-eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelpie" title="Kelpie">Kelpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmoulis" title="Kilmoulis">Kilmoulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocker_(folklore)" title="Knocker (folklore)">Knocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knucker" title="Knucker">Knucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korrigan" title="Korrigan">Korrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_Laurence" title="Lazy Laurence">Lazy Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanan_s%C3%ADdhe" title="Leanan sídhe">Leanan sídhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubber_fiend" title="Lubber fiend">Lubber fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutin" title="Lutin">Lutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly_Erg" title="Ly Erg">Ly Erg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">M–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_the_fairy" title="Margot the fairy">Margot the fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggy_Moulach" title="Maggy Moulach">Meg Mullach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrow" title="Merrow">Merrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooinjer_veggey" title="Mooinjer veggey">Mooinjer veggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgen_(mythological_creature)" title="Morgen (mythological creature)">Morgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvarc%27h" title="Morvarc'h">Morvarc'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_people" title="Moss people">Moss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nain_Rouge" title="Nain Rouge">Nain Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Longarms" title="Nelly Longarms">Nelly Longarms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Nixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuckelavee" title="Nuckelavee">Nuckelavee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuggle" title="Nuggle">Nuggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon" title="Oberon">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Powler" title="Peg Powler">Peg Powler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillywiggin" title="Pillywiggin">Pillywiggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">Pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAca" title="Púca">Púca/Pwca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">Puck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5" title="Rå">Rå</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergsr%C3%A5" title="Bergsrå">Bergsrå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radande" class="mw-redirect" title="Radande">Radande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Sjörå">Sjörå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">Skogsrå</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcap" title="Redcap">Redcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seonaidh" title="Seonaidh">Seonaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellycoat" title="Shellycoat">Shellycoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleih_beggey" title="Sleih beggey">Sleih beggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluagh" title="Sluagh">Sluagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spriggan" title="Spriggan">Spriggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(folklore)" title="Sprite (folklore)">Sprite/Water sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylph" title="Sylph">Sylph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_fairy" title="Tooth fairy">Tooth fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trow_(folklore)" title="Trow (folklore)">Trow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undine" title="Undine">Undine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bull" title="Water bull">Water bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_horse" title="Water horse">Water horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_fairy_(Sleeping_Beauty)" title="Wicked fairy (Sleeping Beauty)">Wicked fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirry-cow" title="Wirry-cow">Wirry-cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xana" title="Xana">Xana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yallery_Brown" title="Yallery Brown">Yallery Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan-gant-y-tan" title="Yan-gant-y-tan">Yan-gant-y-tan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Fairy-like_beings_worldwide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fairy-like beings worldwide</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">Succubus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Merman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abatwa">Abatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanbosam" class="mw-redirect" title="Asanbosam">Asanbosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziza_(African_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziza (African mythology)">Aziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werehyena" title="Werehyena">Bultungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloko" title="Eloko">Eloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jengu" title="Jengu">Jengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_(folklore)" title="Kishi (folklore)">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mami Wata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rompo" title="Rompo">Rompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikoloshe" title="Tikoloshe">Tikoloshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumboes" title="Yumboes">Yumboes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alux" title="Alux">Alux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchimayen" title="Anchimayen">Anchimayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipora" title="Caipora">Caipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canotila" title="Canotila">Canotila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaneque" title="Chaneque">Chaneque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encantado_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encantado (mythology)">Encantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearsome_critters" title="Fearsome critters">Fearsome critters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Hopkinsville Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Ishigaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogah" title="Jogah">Jogah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muki_(mythology)" title="Muki (mythology)">Muki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimerigar" title="Nimerigar">Nimerigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_alien" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic alien">Nordic alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF" title="Nûñnë'hï">Nûñnë'hï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pombero" title="Pombero">Pombero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saci_(Brazilian_folklore)" title="Saci (Brazilian folklore)">Saci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauco" title="Trauco">Trauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Yunwi Tsunsdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokkaebi" title="Dokkaebi">Dokkaebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_ly_tinh" title="Hồ ly tinh">Hồ ly tinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli jing">Huli jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxian" title="Huxian">Huxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari Ōkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">Kitsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumiho" title="Kumiho">Kumiho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irshi" title="Irshi">Irshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kijimuna" title="Kijimuna">Kijimuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpokkur" title="Korpokkur">Korpokkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)" title="Mogwai (Chinese culture)">Mogwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrenh_kongveal" title="Mrenh kongveal">Mrenh kongveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_bunian" title="Orang bunian">Orang bunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennin" title="Tennin">Tennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsei" title="Yōsei">Yōsei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zashiki-warashi" title="Zashiki-warashi">Zashiki warashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">Bunyip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaia_(mythological_creature)" title="Manaia (mythological creature)">Manaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_(folklore)" title="Mimi (folklore)">Mimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawao" title="Nawao">Nawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patupaiarehe" title="Patupaiarehe">Patupaiarehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniwha" title="Taniwha">Taniwha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipua" title="Tipua">Tipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandjina" title="Wandjina">Wandjina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yara-ma-yha-who" title="Yara-ma-yha-who">Yara-ma-yha-who</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannik" title="Bannik">Bannik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83pc%C4%83un" title="Căpcăun">Căpcăun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iele" title="Iele">Iele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid%C3%A9rc" title="Lidérc">Lidérc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likho" title="Likho">Likho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovinnik" title="Ovinnik">Ovinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polevik" title="Polevik">Polevik</a></li> <li>Psotnik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nzian%C4%83" title="Sânziană">Sânziană</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiridu%C8%99" title="Spiriduș">Spiriduș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursitory" title="Ursitory">Ursitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadleany" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadleany">Vadleany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lv%C4%83" title="Vâlvă">Vâlvă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2ntoase" title="Vântoase">Vântoase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Zână">Zână</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitvaras" title="Aitvaras">Aitvaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajatar" title="Ajatar">Ajatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badb" title="Badb">Badb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)" title="Black dog (folklore)">Black dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabija" title="Gabija">Gabija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Squarefoot" title="Jimmy Squarefoot">Jimmy Squarefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauma" title="Lauma">Lauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennink%C3%A4inen" title="Menninkäinen">Menninkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Le_Fay" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Le Fay">Morgan Le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_Beast" title="Pictish Beast">Pictish Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basajaun" title="Basajaun">Basajaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donas_de_fuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Donas de fuera">Doñas de fuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfadet" title="Farfadet">Farfadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(Basque_mythology)" title="Lamia (Basque mythology)">Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairu" title="Mairu">Mairu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouros" title="Mouros">Mouro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Enchanted Moura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nymph#List" title="Nymph">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squasc" title="Squasc">Squasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenti" title="Trenti">Trenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dames_blanches" title="Dames blanches">Dames blanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusios" title="Dusios">Dusios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorelei#Original_folklore_and_modern_myth" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusberg_(mythology)" title="Venusberg (mythology)">Venus in German legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittra_(folklore)" title="Vittra (folklore)">Vittra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wieven" title="Witte Wieven">Witte Wieven</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Cross-regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Christmas gift-bringer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elemental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fates" title="Fates">Fates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_salamanders" title="Cultural depictions of salamanders">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandman" title="Sandman">Sandman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_creatures_in_folklore" title="List of hybrid creatures in folklore">List of hybrid creatures in folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beings_referred_to_as_fairies" title="List of beings referred to as fairies">List of beings referred to as fairies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;"><div> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fairies" title="Category:Fairies">Category</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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