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Al-Hindawi</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Reham Al-Hindawi"> <meta name="keywords" content="Reham Al-Hindawi"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Reham Al-Hindawi"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 24</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Reham Al-Hindawi</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> The Control of Type 2 Diabetes with Specific References to Dietary Factors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Algheshairy">Reham Algheshairy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research study is to identify the beneficial effects of Nigella sativa seeds, cherries and Ajwah dates on blood glucose levels among people with type 2 diabetes in the KSA population and healthy people in the UK. My hypothesis questions whether or not people with type 2 diabetes can lead a healthier life using these dietary supplements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetes%20type%202" title="diabetes type 2">diabetes type 2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cherry" title=" cherry"> cherry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nigella%20seeds" title=" nigella seeds"> nigella seeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajwa%20date" title=" Ajwa date"> Ajwa date</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14999/the-control-of-type-2-diabetes-with-specific-references-to-dietary-factors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Dimethylglyoxime Chromium (III) Complex by Periodate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Abdel-Khalek">Ahmed A. Abdel-Khalek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20A.%20Mohamed"> Reham A. Mohamed </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The kinetics of oxidation of binary complex [CrIII(DMG)2(H2O)4 ]+ to Cr(VI) by periodate has been investigated spectrophotometrically where, [DMG= Dimethylglyoxime] at 370nm under pseudo first order reaction conditions in aqueous medium over 20- 40ºC range, PH 2-3, and I=0.07 mol dm-3. The reaction is first order with respect to both [IO4-] and Cr(III), and the reaction increased with PH increased. Thermodymanic activation parameters have been calculated. It is suggested that electron transfer proceeds through an inner sphere mechanism via coordination of IO4- to Cr (III). The reaction obeys the following rate law Rate= {k1 K5+ k2 K6 K2 } [Cr III (DMG)2(H2O)4 ]+ [H5IO6]. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromium" title="chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethylglyoxime" title=" dimethylglyoxime"> dimethylglyoxime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation" title=" oxidation"> oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodate" title=" periodate"> periodate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30916/kinetics-and-mechanism-of-oxidation-of-dimethylglyoxime-chromium-iii-complex-by-periodate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30916.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Snapchat’s Scanning Feature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Banwair">Reham Banwair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lana%20Alshehri"> Lana Alshehri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Hadrawi"> Sara Hadrawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this project is to identify user satisfaction with the AI functions on Snapchat, in order to generate improvement proposals that allow its development within the app. To achieve this, a qualitative analysis was carried out through interviews to people who usually use the application, revealing their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the usefulness of the AI. In addition, the background of the company and its introduction in these algorithms were analyzed. Furthermore, the characteristics of the three main functions of AI were explained: identify songs, solve mathematical problems, and recognize plants. As a result, it was obtained that 50% still do not know the characteristics of AI, 50% still believe song recognition is not always correct, 41.7% believe that math problems are usually accurate and 91.7% believes the plant detection tool is working properly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title="artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scanning" title=" scanning"> scanning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Snapchat" title=" Snapchat"> Snapchat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151231/snapchats-scanning-feature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Decision Tree Modeling in Emergency Logistics Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousef%20Abu%20Nahleh">Yousef Abu Nahleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Kumar"> Arun Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fugen%20Daver"> Fugen Daver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Al-Hindawi"> Reham Al-Hindawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the availability of natural disaster related time series data for last 110 years, there is no forecasting tool available to humanitarian relief organizations to determine forecasts for emergency logistics planning. This study develops a forecasting tool based on identifying probability of disaster for each country in the world by using decision tree modeling. Further, the determination of aggregate forecasts leads to efficient pre-disaster planning. Based on the research findings, the relief agencies can optimize the various resources allocation in emergency logistics planning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20tree%20modeling" title="decision tree modeling">decision tree modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forecasting" title=" forecasting"> forecasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humanitarian%20relief" title=" humanitarian relief"> humanitarian relief</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20supply%20chain" title=" emergency supply chain"> emergency supply chain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7989/decision-tree-modeling-in-emergency-logistics-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">483</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Ibn Sina’s Necessary Existence versus Ibn ‘Arabi’s Necessary Mercy: An Exploration of Precedents and Influences</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Alwazzan">Reham Alwazzan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ibn Sina (d. 1037) is perhaps the most important philosopher of the pre-modern era. Among his many contributions, the proof for the existence of the necessary existent stands out. Ibn Sina proceeds to extract each of God’s attributes (sifat) from His necessary existence. Although his ideas met with resistance in some quarters, they found a warm reception in the Akbarian school, particularly in the works of Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi (d. 1274) and ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-Qashani (d. 1335). This paper argues that the influence of Ibn Sina’s concept of necessity (wujub) had a great impact on the founder of the Akbarian school, Muhyi al-Din ibn ‘Arabi (d. 1240). Ibn ‘Arabi reformulates God’s necessary existence (wujud) as God’s necessary/metaphysical mercy (rahma) in order to extract all of the divine names from this primary attribute of God. Even as he denies all influences and insists his work is the product of spiritual unveiling (kashf), Ibn ‘Arabi seems to be following the same path delineated by his illustrious predecessor, if in his own way. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=existence" title="existence">existence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibn%20%E2%80%98Arabi" title=" Ibn ‘Arabi"> Ibn ‘Arabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibn%20Sina" title=" Ibn Sina"> Ibn Sina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercy" title=" mercy"> mercy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=necessity" title=" necessity"> necessity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133521/ibn-sinas-necessary-existence-versus-ibn-arabis-necessary-mercy-an-exploration-of-precedents-and-influences" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Investigating the Potential of a Blended Format for the Academic Reading Module Course Redesign</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Niazi">Reham Niazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marwa%20Helmy"> Marwa Helmy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susanne%20Rizzo"> Susanne Rizzo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This classroom action research is designed to explore the possibility of adding effective online content to supplement and add learning value to the current reading module. The aim of this research was two-fold, first to investigate students’ acceptance of and interactivity with online components, chosen to orient students with the content, and to pave the way for more in-class activities and skill practice. Secondly, the instructor aimed to examine students’ willingness to have the course contact hours remain the same with some online components to be done at home (flipped approach) or if students were open to turn the class into a blended format with two scenarios; either to have the current contact hours and apply the blended and in this case the face to face component will be less or keep the number of face to face classes the same and add more online structured classes as part of the course hours. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blended%20learning" title="blended learning">blended learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flipped%20classroom" title=" flipped classroom"> flipped classroom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graduate%20students" title=" graduate students"> graduate students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122332/investigating-the-potential-of-a-blended-format-for-the-academic-reading-module-course-redesign" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Tag Impersonation Attack on Ultra-lightweight Radio Frequency Identification Authentication Scheme (ESRAS)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Al-Zahrani">Reham Al-Zahrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noura%20Aleisa"> Noura Aleisa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The proliferation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has raised concerns about system security, particularly regarding tag impersonation attacks. Regarding RFID systems, an appropriate authentication protocol must resist active and passive attacks. A tag impersonation occurs when an adversary's tag is used to fool an authenticating reader into believing it is a legitimate tag. This paper analyzed the security of the efficient, secure, and practical ultra-lightweight RFID Authentication Scheme (ESRAS). Then, the paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Efficient, Secure, and Practical Ultra-Lightweight RFID Authentication Scheme (ESRAS) in the context of radio frequency identification (RFID) systems that employed the Scyther tool to examine the protocol's security against a tag impersonation attack. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RFID" title="RFID">RFID</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impersonation%20attack" title=" impersonation attack"> impersonation attack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title=" authentication"> authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultra-lightweight%20protocols" title=" ultra-lightweight protocols"> ultra-lightweight protocols</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183098/tag-impersonation-attack-on-ultra-lightweight-radio-frequency-identification-authentication-scheme-esras" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Microstructure and Mechanical Evaluation of PMMA/Al₂O₃ Nanocomposite Fabricated via Friction Stir Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20K.%20El%20Sawah">Reham K. El Sawah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20S.%20M.%20El-Tayeb"> N. S. M. El-Tayeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to produce a polymer matrix composite reinforced with Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in order to enhance the mechanical properties of PMMA. The composite was fabricated via Friction stir processing to ensure homogenous dispersion of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in the polymer, and the processing was submerged to prevent the sputtering of nanoparticles. The surface quality, microstructure, impact energy and hardness of the prepared samples were investigated. Good surface quality and dispersion of nanoparticles were attained through employing sufficient processing conditions. The experimental results indicated that as the percentage of nanoparticles increased, the impact energy and hardness increased, reaching 2 kJ/m2 and 14.7 HV at a nanoparticle concentration of 25%, which means that the toughness and the hardness of the polymer-ceramic produced composite is higher than unprocessed PMMA by 66% and 33% respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friction%20stir%20processing" title="friction stir processing">friction stir processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20matrix%20nanocomposite" title=" polymer matrix nanocomposite"> polymer matrix nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141761/microstructure-and-mechanical-evaluation-of-pmmaal2o3-nanocomposite-fabricated-via-friction-stir-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141761.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Cloning and Analysis of Nile Tilapia Toll-like receptors Type-3 mRNA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelazeem%20Algammal">Abdelazeem Algammal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Abouelmaatti"> Reham Abouelmaatti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaokun%20Li"> Xiaokun Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jisheng%20Ma"> Jisheng Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eman%20Abdelnaby"> Eman Abdelnaby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20Elfeil"> Wael Elfeil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best understood of the innate immune receptors that detect infections in vertebrates. However, the fish TLRs also exhibit very distinct features and a large diversity, which is likely derived from their diverse evolutionary history and the distinct environments that they occupy. Little is known about the fish immune system structure. Our work was aimed to identify and clone the Nile tilapiaTLR-3 as a model of freshwater fish species; we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) TLR-3 and according to our knowledge, it is the first report illustrating tilapia TLR-3. The complete cDNA sequence of Nile tilapia TLR-3 was 2736 pair base and it encodes a polypeptide of 912 amino acids. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that Nile tilapia TLR-3 has typical structural features and main components of proteins belonging to the TLR family. Our results illustrate a complete and functional Nile tilapia TLR-3 and it is considered an ortholog of the other vertebrate’s receptor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nile%20tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TLR-3" title=" TLR-3"> TLR-3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloning" title=" cloning"> cloning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression" title=" gene expression"> gene expression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123307/cloning-and-analysis-of-nile-tilapia-toll-like-receptors-type-3-mrna" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123307.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Assessing the Physiological, Psychological Stressors and Coping Strategies among Hemodialysis Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Seham%20A.%20Elgamal">A. Seham A. Elgamal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20H.%20Saleh"> Reham H. Saleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chronic kidney disease became a global health problem worldwide. Therefore, in order to maintain a patient’s life and improve the survival rate, hemodialysis is essential to replace the function of their kidneys. However, those patients may complain about multiple physical and psychological stressors due to the nature of the disease and the need for frequent hemodialysis sessions. So, those patients use various strategies to cope with the stressors related to their disease and the treatment procedures. Cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out to achieve the aim of the study. A convenient sample including all adult patients was recruited for this study. Hemodialysis Stressors Scale (HSS) and Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS) were used to investigate the stressors and coping strategies of 89 hemodialysis patients, at a governmental hospital (King Khalid Hospital-Jeddah). Results of the study revealed that 50.7% experienced physiological stressors and 38% experienced psychosocial stressors. Also, optimistic, fatalistic, and supportive coping strategies were the most common coping strategies used by the patients with mean scores (2.88 + 0.75, 2.87 + 0.75, and 1.82 + 0.71), respectively. In conclusion, being familiar with the types of stressors and the effective coping strategies of hemodialysis patients and their families are important in order to enhance their adaptation with chronic kidney diseases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copying%20strategies" title="copying strategies">copying strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemodialysis" title=" hemodialysis"> hemodialysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiological%20stressors" title=" physiological stressors"> physiological stressors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20stressors" title=" psychological stressors"> psychological stressors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100220/assessing-the-physiological-psychological-stressors-and-coping-strategies-among-hemodialysis-patients-in-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100220.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Co (II) Ternary Complexes Involving N-(2-Acetamido) Iminodiacete and Some Amino Acids Acid by Periodate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Abdel-Khalek">Ahmed A. Abdel-Khalek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20A.%20Mohamed"> Reham A. Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The kinetics of oxidation of the cobalt (II) complexes, [CoII(ADA)(Gly)(H2O)2]-, (ADA = N-(2-acetamido) iminodi-acetic acid and (Gly = Glycine) by periodate in aqueous acetate medium to cobalt (III) have been studied spectrophotometrically at 530 nm over the 30–50°C and a variety pH 4.57-5.25 range and I = 0.50 mol dm-3 under pseudo first order condition by taking large excess of oxidant [IO4-] and it obeys the following rate law: Rate=[CoII(ADA)(Gly)(H2O)2]-[H5IO6]{k4K6+(k5K7K5/[H+])}. Also, the kinetics of oxidation of the cobalt(II) complexes, [CoII(ADA)(Val)(H2O)2]- (ADA = N-(2-acetamido) iminodi-acetic acid and (Val = valine) by periodate in aqueous medium to cobalt (III) have been studied spectrophotometrically at 580 nm over the 30–50°C and a variety pH 4.3-5.12 range and I = 0.50 mol dm-3 under pseudo first order condition by taking large excess of oxidant [IO4-] and it obeys the following rate law: Rate=[CoII(ADA)(Val)(H2O)2]-[H5IO6]{k4K6+(k5K7K5/[H+])} <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodate" title="periodate">periodate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation" title=" oxidation"> oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cobalt%20%28II%29" title=" cobalt (II)"> cobalt (II)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glycine" title=" glycine"> glycine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valine%20acid" title=" valine acid"> valine acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n-%282-acetamido%20imino-diacetato%29" title=" n-(2-acetamido imino-diacetato)"> n-(2-acetamido imino-diacetato)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10841/kinetics-and-mechanism-of-oxidation-of-co-ii-ternary-complexes-involving-n-2-acetamido-iminodiacete-and-some-amino-acids-acid-by-periodate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10841.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Assessment of Green Dendritic Hyperbranched Nanocomposites Viscosity Index Improvers in One Pot Step</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasha%20S.%20Kamal">Rasha S. Kamal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20I.%20El-Shazly"> Reham I. El-Shazly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reem%20K.%20Farag"> Reem K. Farag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Green nano-branched structural compounds were synthesized by adding 1% by weight of clay nanoparticle to different moles ratios of either dodecyl acrylate or triethylenetetramine using a simple one-pot method. The synthesized nano polymers were provided with different terminations. In order to confirm the chemical structure of the produced nanocomposites, FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopy were performed. Additionally, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis was used to assess the size and dispersion of the produced branching nano polymers. Using a Gel-permeation chromatograph, the molecular weights of the produced modified green nano hyperbranched polymer with various terminations were determined. the prepared nano samples with different molar feed ratios dodecyl acrylate: triethylenetetramine (DDA: TETA) was designed as An, Bn, Cn, Dn and En. Moreover, the synthesized compounds are expressed as viscosity index improvers (VII); The VI rises when prepared additive concentrations in the solution improve, as does the VI as prepared hyperbranched polymers' triethylenetetramine content rises, and the most effective VI is (E). All of the synthesized green hyperbranched nanocomposites have Newtonian rheological behavior as their rheological behavior. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20hyperbranched%20polymer" title="green hyperbranched polymer">green hyperbranched polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DLS" title=" DLS"> DLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity%20index%20improver" title=" viscosity index improver"> viscosity index improver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20addition" title=" Michael addition"> Michael addition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20clay" title=" nano clay"> nano clay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163224/assessment-of-green-dendritic-hyperbranched-nanocomposites-viscosity-index-improvers-in-one-pot-step" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Microbial Quality of Traditional Qatari Foods Sold by Women Street Vendors in Doha, Qatar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahra%20El-Obeid">Tahra El-Obeid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Mousa"> Reham Mousa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20Alzahiri"> Amal Alzahiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the past few years the traditional market of Qatar has become an attraction to many customers who eat from the numerous women street vendors selling Qatari traditional dishes. To gain an understanding on the safety of these street vended foods, we designed the study to test microbiological quality of 14 different Qatari foods sold in Souk Wagif, the main traditional market in Qatar. This study was conducted to mainly identify presence or absence of microbial pathogens. A total of 56 samples were purchased from 10 different street vendors and the samples were collected randomly on different days. The samples were tested for microbial contaminants at Central Food Laboratories, Doha, Qatar. The qualitative study was conducted using Real Time-PCR to screen for; Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and E. coli 0157:H7. Out of the 56 samples, only two samples “Biryani” and “Khabess” contained E. coli. However, both samples tested negative for E. coli O157:H7. The microbial contamination of the Qatari traditional street vended foods was 3%. This result may be attributed to the food safety training requirement set by the regulatory authorities before issuing any license to food handlers in Qatar as well as the food inspection conducted by the food health inspectors on a regular basis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiological%20quality" title="microbiological quality">microbiological quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=street%20vended%20food" title=" street vended food"> street vended food</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20dishes" title=" traditional dishes"> traditional dishes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qatar" title=" Qatar"> Qatar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6893/microbial-quality-of-traditional-qatari-foods-sold-by-women-street-vendors-in-doha-qatar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">313</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Spino-Pelvic Alignment with SpineCor Brace Use in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20H.%20Diab">Reham H. Diab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amira%20A.%20A.%20Abdallah"> Amira A. A. Abdallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eman%20A.%20Embaby"> Eman A. Embaby</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The effectiveness of bracing on preventing spino-pelvic alignment deterioration in idiopathic scoliosis has been extensively studied especially in the frontal plane. Yet, there is lack of knowledge regarding the effect of soft braces on spino-pelvic alignment in the sagittal plane. Achieving harmonious sagittal plane spino-pelvic balance is critical for the preservation of physiologic posture and spinal health. Purpose: This study examined the kyphotic angle, lordotic angle and pelvic inclination in the sagittal plane and trunk imbalance in the frontal plane before and after a six-month rehabilitation period. Methods: Nineteen patients with idiopathic scoliosis participated in the study. They were divided into two groups; experimental and control. The experimental group (group I) used the SpineCor brace in addition to a rehabilitation exercise program while the control group (group II) had the exercise program only. The mean ±SD age, weight and height were 16.89±2.15 vs. 15.3±2.5 years; 59.78±6.85 vs. 62.5±8.33 Kg and 162.78±5.76 vs. 159±5.72 cm for group I vs. group II. Data were collected using for metric Π system. Results: Mixed design MANOVA showed that there were significant (p < 0.05) decreases in all the tested variables after the six-month period compared with “before” in both groups. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the kyphotic angle in group I compared with group II after the six-month period. Interpretation and conclusion: SpineCor brace is beneficial in reducing spino-pelvic alignment deterioration in both sagittal and frontal planes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adolescent%20idiopathic%20scoliosis" title="adolescent idiopathic scoliosis">adolescent idiopathic scoliosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SpineCor" title=" SpineCor"> SpineCor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spino-pelvic%20alignment" title=" spino-pelvic alignment"> spino-pelvic alignment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomechanics" title=" biomechanics"> biomechanics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6500/spino-pelvic-alignment-with-spinecor-brace-use-in-adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> SIRT1 Gene Polymorphisms and Its Protein Level in Colorectal Cancer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olfat%20Shaker">Olfat Shaker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miriam%20Wadie"> Miriam Wadie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Ali"> Reham Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayman%20Yosry"> Ayman Yosry </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity and accounts for over 9% of cancer incidence worldwide. Silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) gene is located in the nucleus and exert its effects via modulation of histone and non-histone targets. They function in the cell via histone deacetylase (HDAC) and/or adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase (ADPRT) enzymatic activity. The aim of this work was to study the relationship between SIRT1 polymorphism and its protein level in colorectal cancer patients in comparison to control cases. This study includes 2 groups: thirty healthy subjects (control group) & one hundred CRC patients. All subjects were subjected to: SIRT-1 serum level was measured by ELISA and gene polymorphisms of rs12778366, rs375891 and rs3740051 were detected by real time PCR. For CRC patients clinical data were collected (size, site of tumor as well as its grading, obesity) CRC patients showed high significant increase in the mean level of serum SIRT-1 compared to control group (P<0.001). Mean serum level of SIRT-1 showed high significant increase in patients with tumor size ≥5 compared to the size < 5 cm (P<0.05). In CRC patients, percentage of T allele of rs12778366 was significantly lower than controls, CC genotype and C allele C of rs 375891 were significantly higher than control group. In CRC patients, the CC genotype of rs12778366, was 75% in rectosigmoid and 25% in cecum & ascending colon. According to tumor size, the percentage of CC genotype was 87.5% in tumor size ≥5 cm. Conclusion: serum level of SIRT-1 and T allele, C allele of rs12778366 and rs 375891 respectively can be used as diagnostic markers for CRC patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CRC" title="CRC">CRC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SIRT1" title=" SIRT1"> SIRT1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymorphisms" title=" polymorphisms"> polymorphisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELISA" title=" ELISA"> ELISA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53267/sirt1-gene-polymorphisms-and-its-protein-level-in-colorectal-cancer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Beta-Carotene Attenuates Cognitive and Hepatic Impairment in Thioacetamide-Induced Rat Model of Hepatic Encephalopathy via Mitigation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marawan%20Abd%20Elbaset%20Mohamed">Marawan Abd Elbaset Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20A.%20Ogaly"> Hanan A. Ogaly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rehab%20F.%20Abdel-Rahman"> Rehab F. Abdel-Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed-Farid%20O.A."> Ahmed-Farid O.A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marwa%20S.%20Khattab"> Marwa S. Khattab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20M.%20Abd-Elsalam"> Reham M. Abd-Elsalam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Liver fibrosis is a severe worldwide health concern due to various chronic liver disorders. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of its most common complications affecting liver and brain cognitive function. Beta-Carotene (B-Car) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. The study attempted to know B-Car neuroprotective potential against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive decline in HE in rats. Hepatic encephalopathy was induced by TAA (100 mg/kg, i.p.) three times per week for two weeks. B-Car was given orally (10 or 20 mg/kg) daily for two weeks after TAA injections. Organ body weight ratio, Serum transaminase activities, liver’s antioxidant parameters, ammonia, and liver histopathology were assessed. Also, the brain’s mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), antioxidant parameters, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) expression and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression were measured. The brain’s cognitive functions (Spontaneous locomotor activity, Rotarod performance test, Object recognition test) were assessed. B-Car prevented alteration of the brain’s cognitive function in a dose-dependent manner. The histopathological outcomes supported these biochemical evidences. Based on these results, it could be established that B-Car could be assigned to treat the brain’s neurotoxicity consequences of HE via downregualtion of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta-carotene" title="beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver%20injury" title=" liver injury"> liver injury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAPK" title=" MAPK"> MAPK</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rat" title=" rat"> rat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thioacetamide" title=" thioacetamide"> thioacetamide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148316/beta-carotene-attenuates-cognitive-and-hepatic-impairment-in-thioacetamide-induced-rat-model-of-hepatic-encephalopathy-via-mitigation-of-mapknf-kb-signaling-pathway" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148316.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Silymarin Reverses Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficit in Object Recognition Test in Rats: A Behavioral, Biochemical, Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salma%20A.%20El-Marasy">Salma A. El-Marasy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20M.%20Abd-Elsalam"> Reham M. Abd-Elsalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20A.%20Ahmed-Farid"> Omar A. Ahmed-Farid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dementia is characterized by impairments in memory and other cognitive abilities. This study aims to elucidate the possible ameliorative effect of silymarin on scopolamine-induced dementia using the object recognition test (ORT). The study was extended to demonstrate the role of cholinergic activity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, brain neurotransmitters and histopathological changes in the anti-amnestic effect of silymarin in demented rats. Wistar rats were pretreated with silymarin (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) or donepezil (10 mg/kg) orally for 14 consecutive days. Dementia was induced after the last drug administration by a single intraperitoneal dose of scopolamine (16 mg/kg). Then behavioral, biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were then performed. Rats pretreated with silymarin counteracted scopolamine-induced non-spatial working memory impairment in the ORT and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), elevated reduced glutathione (GSH), restored gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine (DA) contents in the cortical and hippocampal brain homogenates. Silymarin dose-dependently reversed scopolamine-induced histopathological changes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that silymarin dose-dependently mitigated protein expression of a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the brain cortex and hippocampus. All these effects of silymarin were similar to that of the standard anti-amnestic drug, donepezil. This study reveals that the ameliorative effect of silymarin on scopolamine-induced dementia in rats using the ORT maybe in part mediated by, enhancement of cholinergic activity, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as mitigation in brain neurotransmitters and histopathological changes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dementia" title="dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=donepezil" title=" donepezil"> donepezil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object%20recognition%20test" title=" object recognition test"> object recognition test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rats" title=" rats"> rats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silymarin" title=" silymarin"> silymarin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scopolamine" title=" scopolamine"> scopolamine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90170/silymarin-reverses-scopolamine-induced-memory-deficit-in-object-recognition-test-in-rats-a-behavioral-biochemical-histopathological-and-immunohistochemical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Responsibility of International Financial Institutions for Harmful Environmental Consequences Arising from Their Development Interventions </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Barakat">Reham Barakat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the last few decades, the influence of International Financial Institutions (IFIs), especially the World Bank (WB), has significantly increased. Since the early 1980s, IFIs have assumed greater role, especially in developing countries; their total lending has dramatically increased, affecting billions of people in their Borrower States. Though the purpose of the development assistance provided by IFIs is to alleviate poverty and promote economic and social development in their member countries, IFIs have been subject to massive criticism by civil society institutions, international NGOs and local communities for the harmful environmental, social and economic impacts resulting from their development interventions in borrower countries, such as deforestation, displacement of indigenous peoples, and unemployment. While the role of IFIs has expanded over time, affecting billions of people, their accountability mechanisms remained behind and were criticized for lacking sufficient independency and enforceability. The serious adverse environmental impacts of the World Bank’s funded projects, along with their weak accountability mechanisms, raises the question of 'To what extent IFIs should be held internationally responsible for the harmful environmental consequences arising from their development interventions?'. This paper argues that IFIs are legally responsible for the harmful environmental consequences arising from their development interventions. The study (i) identifies the applicable laws and relevant primary rules from which the international environmental obligations of IFIs towards their borrower countries are derived (ii) assesses the World Bank’s compliance to the principles of the International Environmental Law including the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, and the principle of Good-Neighborliness, (iii) assesses the World Bank’s current internal accountability mechanisms for harmful environmental impacts resulting from the World Bank’s funded projects, and finally (iv) identifies the appropriate dispute settlement mechanisms to which states and non-state actors could raise their claims against IFIs for harmful environmental consequences arising from their interventions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20environmental%20law" title="international environmental law">international environmental law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20financial%20institutions" title=" international financial institutions"> international financial institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20responsibility" title=" international responsibility"> international responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=world%20bank" title=" world bank"> world bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20and%20social%20safeguards" title=" environmental and social safeguards "> environmental and social safeguards </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124944/responsibility-of-international-financial-institutions-for-harmful-environmental-consequences-arising-from-their-development-interventions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124944.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Neuroprotective Effect of Vildagliptin against Cerebral Ischemia in Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salma%20A.%20El-Marasy">Salma A. El-Marasy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rehab%20F.%20Abdel-Rahman"> Rehab F. Abdel-Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20M.%20Abd-Elsalam"> Reham M. Abd-Elsalam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The burden of stroke is intensely increasing worldwide. Brain injury following transient or permanent focal cerebral ischemia develops ischemic stroke as a consequence of a complex series of pathophysiological events. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effect of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, vildagliptin, independent on its insulinotropic properties in non-diabetic rats subjected to cerebral ischemia. Anaesthetized Wistar rats were subjected to either left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham operation followed by reperfusion after 30 min of MCAO. The other three groups were orally administered vildagliptin at 3 dose levels (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) for 3 successive weeks before subjected to left focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and till the end of the study. Neurological deficit scores and motor activity were assessed 24h following reperfusion. 48h following reperfusion, rats were euthanized and their left brain hemispheres were harvested and used in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations. Vildagliptin pretreatment improved neurological score deficit, locomotor activity and motor coordination in MCAO rats. Moreover, vildagliptin reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), elevated reduced glutathione (GSH), phosphotylinosital 3 kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated of protein kinase B (p-AKT), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) brain contents in addition to reducing protein expression of caspase-3. Also, vildagliptin showed a dose-dependent attenuation in neuronal cell loss and histopathological alterations in MCAO rats. This study proves that vildagliptin exerted the neuroprotective effect in a dose-dependent manner as shown in amelioration of neuronal cell loss and histopathological damage in MCAO rats, which may be mediated by attenuating neuronal and motor deficits, it’s anti-oxidant property, activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its anti-apoptotic effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caspase-3" title="caspase-3">caspase-3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerebral%20ischemia" title=" cerebral ischemia"> cerebral ischemia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dipeptidyl%20peptidase-4%20inhibitor" title=" dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor"> dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title=" oxidative stress"> oxidative stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PI3K%2FAKT%2FmTOR%20pathway" title=" PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway"> PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rats" title=" rats"> rats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vildagliptin" title=" vildagliptin"> vildagliptin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90168/neuroprotective-effect-of-vildagliptin-against-cerebral-ischemia-in-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Effect of Submaximal Eccentric versus Maximal Isometric Contraction on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20M.%20Ragab">Mohamed M. Ragab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neveen%20A.%20Abdel%20Raoof"> Neveen A. Abdel Raoof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20H.%20Diab"> Reham H. Diab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is the most common symptom when ordinary individuals and athletes are exposed to unaccustomed physical activity, especially eccentric contraction which impairs athletic performance, ordinary people work ability and physical functioning. A multitude of methods have been investigated to reduce DOMS. One of the valuable method to control DOMS is repeated bout effect (RBE) as a prophylactic method. Purpose: To compare the repeated bout effect of submaximal eccentric contraction versus maximal isometric contraction on induced DOMS. Methods: Sixty normal male volunteers were assigned randomly into three groups of equal number: Group (A) “first study group”: 20 subjects received submaximal eccentric contraction on non-dominant elbow flexors as prophylactic exercise. Group (B) “second study group”: 20 subjects received maximal isometric contraction on non-dominant elbow flexors as prophylactic exercise. Group (C) “control group”: 20 subjects did not receive any prophylactic exercise. Maximal isometric contraction peak torque of elbow flexors and patient related elbow evaluation (PREE) scale were measured for each subject 3 times before, immediately after and 48 hours after induction of DOMS. Results: Post-hoc test for maximal isometric peak torque and PREE scale immediately and 48 hours after induction of DOMS revealed that group (A) and group (B) resulted in significant decrease in maximal isometric strength loss and elbow pain and disability rather than control group (C), but submaximal eccentric group (A) was more effective than maximal isometric group (B) as it showed more rapid recovery of functional strength and less degrees of elbow pain and disability. Conclusion: Both submaximal eccentric contraction and maximal isometric contraction were effective in prevention of DOMS but submaximal eccentric contraction had the greatest protective effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delayed%20onset%20muscle%20soreness" title="delayed onset muscle soreness">delayed onset muscle soreness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximal%20isometric%20peak%20torque" title=" maximal isometric peak torque"> maximal isometric peak torque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20related%20elbow%20evaluation%20scale" title=" patient related elbow evaluation scale"> patient related elbow evaluation scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20bout%20effect" title=" repeated bout effect"> repeated bout effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28794/effect-of-submaximal-eccentric-versus-maximal-isometric-contraction-on-delayed-onset-muscle-soreness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28794.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Hypothyroidism Activity of Lepidium sativum Ethanolic Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Hajomer">Reham Hajomer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikram%20Elsiddig"> Ikram Elsiddig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amna%20Hamad"> Amna Hamad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lepidium sativum (Garden Cress) belonging to Brassicaceae family is an annual herb locally known as El-rshad. In Ayurveda it is an important medicinal plant, traditionally used for the treatment of jaundice, liver problems, spleen diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, menstrual problems, fracture, arthritis, inflammatory conditions and for treatment of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones (Triiodithyronine T3 and Thyroxine T4) which are commonly caused by iodine deficiency. It’s divided into primary and secondary hypothyroidism, the primary caused by failure of thyroid function and secondary due to the failure of adequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from the pituitary gland or thyroid -releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. The disease is most common in women over age 60. The objective regarding this study is to know whether Lepidium sativum would affect the level of thyroid hormones. The extract was prepared with 96% ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The anti-hypothyroidism activity was tested by using thirty male Wistar rats weighing (100-140 g) were used in the experiment. They were grouping into five groups, Group 1: Normal group= Administered only distilled water. Then 10 mg/kg Propylthiouracil was added to the drinking water of all other groups to induce hypothyroidism. Group 2: Negative control without any treatment; Group 3: Test group= treated with oral administration of 500mg/kg extract; Group 4: treated with oral administration of 250mg/kg of the extract; Group 5: Standard group (positive control) = treated with intraperitoneal Levothyroxine. All rats were incubated for 20 days at animal house with room temperature of proper ventilation provided with standard diet. The result show that the Lepidium sativum extract was found to increases the T3 and T4 in the propylthiouracil induced rats with values (0.29 ng/dl T3 and 0.57 U T4) for the 500mg/kg and (0.27 ng/dl T3 and 0.517 U T4) for the 250mg/kg in comparison with standard with values (0.241 ng/dl T3 and 0.516 U T4) so that Lepidium sativum can be stimulatory to thyroid function and possess significant anti-hypothyroidism effect with p-values ranges from (0.000006*-0.893472). In conclusion, from results obtained, Lepidium sativum plant extract was found to posses anti-hypothyroidism effects so its act as an agent that stimulates thyroid hormone secretion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-hypothyroidism" title="anti-hypothyroidism">anti-hypothyroidism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extract" title=" extract"> extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lepidium" title=" lepidium"> lepidium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sativum" title=" sativum"> sativum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78013/phytochemical-screening-and-anti-hypothyroidism-activity-of-lepidium-sativum-ethanolic-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Expression of CASK Antibody in Non-Mucionus Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Its Relation to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20H.%20Soliman">Reham H. Soliman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noha%20Noufal"> Noha Noufal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Howayda%20AbdelAal"> Howayda AbdelAal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family and has been proposed as a mediator of cell-cell adhesion and proliferation, which can contribute to tumorogenesis. CASK has been linked as a good prognostic factor with some tumor subtypes, while considered as a poor prognostic marker in others. To our knowledge, no sufficient evidence of CASK role in colorectal cancer is available. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) in non-mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma and adenomatous polyps as precursor lesions and assess its prognostic significance. The study included 42 cases of conventional colorectal adenocarcinoma and 15 biopsies of adenomatous polyps with variable degrees of dysplasia. They were reviewed for clinicopathological prognostic factors and stained by CASK; mouse, monoclonal antibody using heat-induced antigen retrieval immunohistochemical techniques. The results showed that CASK protein was significantly overexpressed (p <0.05) in CRC compared with adenoma samples. The CASK protein was overexpressed in the majority of CRC samples with 85.7% of cases showing moderate to strong expression, while 46.7% of adenomas were positive. CASK overexpression was significantly correlated with both TNM stage and grade of differentiation (p <0.05). There was a significantly higher expression in tumor samples with early stages (I/II) rather than advanced stage (III/IV) and with low grade (59.5%) rather than high grade (40.5%). Another interesting finding was found among the adenomas group, where the stronger intensity of staining was observed in samples with high grade dysplasia (33.3%) than those of lower grades (13.3%). In conclusion, this study shows that there is significant overexpression of CASK protein in CRC as well as in adenomas with high grade dysplasia. This indicates that CASK is involved in the process of carcinogenesis and functions as a potential trigger of the adenoma-carcinoma cascade. CASK was significantly overexpressed in early stage and low-grade tumors rather than tumors with advanced stage and higher histological grades. This suggests that CASK protein is a good prognostic factor. We suggest that CASK affects CRC in two different ways derived from its physiology. CASK as part of MAGUK family can stimulate proliferation and through its cell membrane localization and as a mediator of cell-cell adhesion might contribute in tumor confinement and localization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CASK" title="CASK">CASK</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colorectal%20cancer" title=" colorectal cancer"> colorectal cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overexpression" title=" overexpression"> overexpression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prognosis" title=" prognosis"> prognosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58771/expression-of-cask-antibody-in-non-mucionus-colorectal-adenocarcinoma-and-its-relation-to-clinicopathological-prognostic-factors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58771.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Effect of Nigella Sativa Seeds and Ajwa Date on Blood Glucose Level in Saudi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Algheshairy">Reham Algheshairy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Tayeb"> Khaled Tayeb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Smith"> Christopher Smith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebecca%20Gregg"> Rebecca Gregg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruna%20Musa"> Haruna Musa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Diabetes is a medical condition that refers to the pancreas’ inability to secrete sufficient insulin levels, a hormone responsible for controlling glucose levels in the body. Any surplus glucose in the blood stream is excreted through the urinary system. Insulin resistance in blood cells can also cause this condition despite the fact that the pancreas is producing the required amount of insulin A number of researchers claim that the prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia has reached epidemic proportions, although one study did observe one positive in the rise in the awareness of diabetes, possibly indicative of Saudi Arabia’s improving healthcare system. While a number of factors can cause diabetes, the ever-increasing incidence of the disease in Saudi Arabia has been blamed primarily on low levels of physical activity and high levels of obesity. Objectives: The project has two aims. The first aim of the project is to investigate the regulatory effects of consumption of Nigella seeds and Ajwah dates on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes. The second aim of the project is to investigate whether these dietary factors may have potentially beneficial effects in controlling the complications that associated with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This use a random-cross intervention trail of 75 Saudi male and female with type 2 diabetes in Al-Noor hospital in Makkah ( KSA) aged between 18 and 70 years were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 will consume 2g of Nigella Sativa seeds daily along with a modified diet for 12 weeks, group 2 will be given Ajwah dates daily with a modified diet for 12 weeks and group 3 will follow a modified diet for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measurements were taken at baseline, along with bloods for HbA1c, fasting blood sugar and at the end of 12 weeks. Results: This study found significant decrease in blood level (FBG & 2PPBG) and HbA1c in the groups with diet and Nigella seeds) compared to Ajwa date. However, there is no significant change were found in HbA1c, FBG and 2hrpp regarding Ajwa group. Conclusion: This study illustrated a significant improvement in some markers of glycaemia following 2 g of Ns and diet for 12 weeks. The dose of 2g/day of consumed Nigella seeds was found to be more effective in controlling BGL and HbA1c than control and Ajwa groups. This suggests that Nigella seeds and following a diet may have a potential effect (a role in controlling outcomes for type 2 diabetes and controlling the disease). Further research is needed on a large scale to determine the optimum dose and duration of Nigella and Ajwa in order to achieve the desired results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=type%202%20diabetes" title="type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigella%20seeds" title=" Nigella seeds"> Nigella seeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajwa%20dates" title=" Ajwa dates"> Ajwa dates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fasting%20blood%20glucose" title=" fasting blood glucose"> fasting blood glucose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control" title=" control"> control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48597/effect-of-nigella-sativa-seeds-and-ajwa-date-on-blood-glucose-level-in-saudi-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Phenotypic and Molecular Heterogeneity Linked to the Magnesium Transporter CNNM2</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Khalaf-Nazzal">Reham Khalaf-Nazzal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imad%20Dweikat"> Imad Dweikat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paula%20Gimenez"> Paula Gimenez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iker%20Oyenarte"> Iker Oyenarte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfonso%20Martinez-Cruz"> Alfonso Martinez-Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Domonik%20Muller"> Domonik Muller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metal cation transport mediator (CNNM) gene family comprises 4 isoforms that are expressed in various human tissues. Structurally, CNNMs are complex proteins that contain an extracellular N-terminal domain preceding a DUF21 transmembrane domain, a ‘Bateman module’ and a C-terminal cNMP-binding domain. Mutations in CNNM2 cause familial dominant hypomagnesaemia. Growing evidence highlights the role of CNNM2 in neurodevelopment. Mutations in CNNM2 have been implicated in epilepsy, intellectual disability, schizophrenia, and others. In the present study, we aim to elucidate the function of CNNM2 in the developing brain. Thus, we present the genetic origin of symptoms in two family cohorts. In the first family, three siblings of a consanguineous Palestinian family in which parents are first cousins, and consanguinity ran over several generations, presented a varying degree of intellectual disability, cone-rod dystrophy, and autism spectrum disorder. Exome sequencing and segregation analysis revealed the presence of homozygous pathogenic mutation in the CNNM2 gene, the parents were heterozygous for that gene mutation. Magnesium blood levels were normal in the three children and their parents in several measurements. They had no symptoms of hypomagnesemia. The CNNM2 mutation in this family was found to locate in the CBS1 domain of the CNNM2 protein. The crystal structure of the mutated CNNM2 protein was not significantly different from the wild-type protein, and the binding of AMP or MgATP was not dramatically affected. This suggests that the CBS1 domain could be involved in pure neurodevelopmental functions independent of its magnesium-handling role, and this mutation could have affected a protein partner binding or other functions in this protein. In the second family, another autosomal dominant CNNM2 mutation was found to run in a large family with multiple individuals over three generations. All affected family members had hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesuria. Oral supplementation of magnesium did not increase the levels of magnesium in serum significantly. Some affected members of this family have defects in fine motor skills such as dyslexia and dyslalia. The detected mutation is located in the N-terminal part, which contains a signal peptide thought to be involved in the sorting and routing of the protein. In this project, we describe heterogenous clinical phenotypes related to CNNM2 mutations and protein functions. In the first family, and up to the authors’ knowledge, we report for the first time the involvement of CNNM2 in retinal photoreceptor development and function. In addition, we report the presence of a neurophenotype independent of magnesium status related to the CNNM2 protein mutation. Taking into account the different modes of inheritance and the different positions of the mutations within CNNM2 and its different structural and functional domains, it is likely that CNNM2 might be involved in a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric comorbidities with considerable varying phenotypes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20transport" title="magnesium transport">magnesium transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autosomal%20recessive" title=" autosomal recessive"> autosomal recessive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism" title=" autism"> autism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurodevelopment" title=" neurodevelopment"> neurodevelopment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CBS%20domain" title=" CBS domain"> CBS domain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98945/phenotypic-and-molecular-heterogeneity-linked-to-the-magnesium-transporter-cnnm2" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98945.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div 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