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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></td><td class="mbox-text">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of West Frisian on Wikipedia.<div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of West Frisian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help talk:IPA/West Frisian">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-FY&redirect=no">H:IPA-FY</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of West Frisian</div> The charts below show the way in which the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a> represents <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian language</a> pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. See <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian phonology</a> for a more thorough look at the sounds of West Frisian. <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></big> </td> <td>bak [bak], opdwaan [ˈobdvaːn]<a href="#cite_note-wfvoiced-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>bait </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></big> </td> <td>sjonge [ˈɕoŋə] </td> <td>ship, but without <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> and with stronger <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></big> </td> <td>dei [dai], net dwaan [nɛd dvaːn]<a href="#cite_note-wfvoiced-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>duck </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar affricate">dz</a></big> </td> <td>skodzje [ˈskɔdzjə] </td> <td>between buds and budge (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Retracted_alveolar" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">retracted</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></big> </td> <td>fet [fɛt] </td> <td>feats </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></big> </td> <td>gau [ɡɔu],<a href="#cite_note-voicedvelar-2">[2]</a> ik bin [ɪɡ bɪn]<a href="#cite_note-wfvoiced-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>goal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></big> </td> <td>ploege [ˈpluːɣə],<a href="#cite_note-voicedvelar-2">[2]</a> sjoch ien [sjoɣ iən]<a href="#cite_note-wfvoiced-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>roughly like go, but without completely blocking air flow on the g; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> amigo </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></big> </td> <td>heal [hɪəl]<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>heal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></big> </td> <td>jong [joŋ] </td> <td>yard </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></big> </td> <td>kaam [kaːm] </td> <td>school </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></big> </td> <td>lang [laŋ] </td> <td>land </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">l̩</a></big> </td> <td>leppel [ˈlɛpl̩]<a href="#cite_note-syllabic-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>bottle </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></big> </td> <td>man [mɔn], ynbine [ˈimbinə]<a href="#cite_note-nasalas-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>man </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">m̩</a></big> </td> <td>iepen [ˈiəpm̩]<a href="#cite_note-syllabic-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>rhythm </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></big> </td> <td>né [neː] </td> <td>neck </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">n̩</a></big> </td> <td>tiden [ˈtiːdn̩]<a href="#cite_note-syllabic-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>suddenly </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></big> </td> <td>wenje [ˈvɛɲə] </td> <td>somewhat like canyon </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></big> </td> <td>sang [saŋ], ynkomme [ˈiŋkomə]<a href="#cite_note-nasalas-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>ring </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">ŋ̍</a></big> </td> <td>rekken [ˈrɛkŋ̍]<a href="#cite_note-syllabic-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>ring, but longer </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></big> </td> <td>piip [piːp], kob [kop]<a href="#cite_note-finaldevoicing-6">[6]</a> </td> <td>sport </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></big> </td> <td>ryk [rik],<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> siede [ˈsiərə]<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trilled_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilled R">trilled R</a>; similar to water (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">r̩</a></big> </td> <td>eker [ˈeːkr̩]<a href="#cite_note-syllabic-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted fricative">s</a></big> </td> <td>sinne [ˈsɪnə] </td> <td>between sip and ship (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Retracted_alveolar" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">retracted</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></big> </td> <td>tin [tɪn], jild [jɪlt],<a href="#cite_note-finaldevoicing-6">[6]</a> op dy [op ti]<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>stop </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar affricate">ts</a></big> </td> <td>tsiis [tsiːs] </td> <td>between cats and catch (retracted) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></big> </td> <td>iver [ˈiːvr̩],<a href="#cite_note-voicedld-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-initialfricatives-11">[11]</a> of bûter [ɔv ˈbutər],<a href="#cite_note-wfvoiced-1">[1]</a> of út [ɔv yt]<a href="#cite_note-wfvoiced-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>very </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></big> </td> <td>wyn [ʋin]<a href="#cite_note-voicedld-10">[10]</a> </td> <td>between wine and vine </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></big> </td> <td>ljocht [ljɔχt],<a href="#cite_note-initialfricatives-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valkenburg,_South_Holland" title="Valkenburg, South Holland">Valkenburg</a> [ˈfalkəbørχ]<a href="#cite_note-finaldevoicing-6">[6]</a> </td> <td>loch (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar retracted fricative">z</a></big> </td> <td>lêze [ˈlɛːzə],<a href="#cite_note-initialfricatives-11">[11]</a> baas die [baːz di],<a href="#cite_note-wfvoiced-1">[1]</a> is yn [ɪz in]<a href="#cite_note-wfvoiced-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>between zone and genre (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Retracted_alveolar" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">retracted</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></big> </td> <td>telefyzje [teːləˈfiʑə] </td> <td>genre, but without labialization and with stronger palatalization </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Suprasegmentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmentals">Suprasegmentals</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">ˈ</a></big> </td> <td>stêd [ˈstɛːt] </td> <td>Primary stress, as in deer /ˈdɪər/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Secondary_stress" title="Secondary stress">ˌ</a></big> </td> <td>stedshûs [ˌstɛtsˈhuːs] </td> <td>Secondary stress, as in commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a></big> </td> <td>ynfalle [ˈĩfɔlə], jûns [jũːs] </td> <td>nasal vowel<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></big> </td> <td>pak [pak] </td> <td>cap </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></big> </td> <td>faak [faːk] </td> <td>father </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></big> </td> <td>fet [fɛt] </td> <td>bet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></big> </td> <td>bêd [bɛːt] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a> air </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>eː</big> </td> <td>reek [reːk]<a href="#cite_note-cmdip-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>face </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></big> </td> <td>de [də]<a href="#cite_note-schwa-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>about </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></big> </td> <td>dyk [dik] </td> <td>teach </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></big> </td> <td>tiid [tiːt]<a href="#cite_note-long-centering-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>tea </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></big> </td> <td>ik [ɪk] </td> <td>sit </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></big> </td> <td>top [tɔp] </td> <td>off (short) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></big> </td> <td>rôt [rɔːt] </td> <td>off (long) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></big> </td> <td>op [op] </td> <td>story </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>oː</big> </td> <td>rook [roːk]<a href="#cite_note-cmdip-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>goal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ø</a></big> </td> <td>nut [nøt]<a href="#cite_note-schwa-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>roughly like hurt </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>øː</big> </td> <td>deun [døːn]<a href="#cite_note-cmdip-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td> <td>roughly like a yacht </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></big> </td> <td>hoep [hup] </td> <td>full </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></big> </td> <td>skoech [skuːχ]<a href="#cite_note-long-centering-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>fool </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></big> </td> <td>slute [ˈslytə] </td> <td>roughly like cute </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></big> </td> <td>drúf [dryːf] </td> <td>roughly like cued </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> (falling) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>ai</big> </td> <td>laitsje [ˈlaitsjə] </td> <td>right </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>aːi</big> </td> <td>kaai [kaːi] </td> <td>tie </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>ɛi</big> </td> <td>frij [frɛi] </td> <td>hey </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>iə</big> </td> <td>bien [biən]<a href="#cite_note-long-centering-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">RP near </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>ɪə</big> </td> <td>read [rɪət]<a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>iu</big> </td> <td>ieu [iu] </td> <td>hue </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>oə</big> </td> <td>boat [boət]<a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">NYC</a> caught </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>uə</big> </td> <td>goed [ɡuət]<a href="#cite_note-long-centering-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>oi</big> </td> <td>muoie [ˈmwoiə] </td> <td>choice </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>oːi</big> </td> <td>moai [moːi] </td> <td>boy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>ɔu</big> </td> <td>goud [ɡɔut] </td> <td>goal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>øə</big> </td> <td>gleon [ɡløən] </td> <td>roughly like herd </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>œy</big> </td> <td>jui [jœy] </td> <td>roughly like a yacht </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>ui</big> </td> <td>ploeije [ˈpluiə] </td> <td>Rapa Nui </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>yə</big> </td> <td>flues [flyəs]<a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>roughly like RP cure </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> (rising) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>jɛ</big> </td> <td>hjerst [jɛst]<a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>jɪ</big> </td> <td>fjild [fjɪlt]<a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>roughly like yeast </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>jø</big> </td> <td>mjuks [mjøks]<a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>roughly like Jurgen </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>wa</big> </td> <td>toar [twar]<a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>wax </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>wo</big> </td> <td>spoen [spwon]<a href="#cite_note-breaking-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>water </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/West_Frisian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wfvoiced-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wfvoiced_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfvoiced_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfvoiced_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfvoiced_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfvoiced_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfvoiced_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfvoiced_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfvoiced_1-7">h</a> The syllable-final (and also word-final) voiceless obstruents [p, t, k, f, s, χ] are voiced to [b, d, ɡ, v, z, ɣ] (note that [χ] is velar when voiced) when the next syllable (including the next word) begins with a voiced stop and, in case of the fricatives [f, s, χ], also when the next word begins with a vowel (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:24)). </li> <li id="cite_note-voicedvelar-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voicedvelar_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicedvelar_2-1">b</a> [ɡ] and [ɣ] are allophones of a single phoneme /ɣ/. The plosive [ɡ] appears word-initially and syllable-initially (the latter only when stressed), whereas the fricative [ɣ] occurs elsewhere (<a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2001">Hoekstra (2001</a>:86), <a href="#CITEREFSipma1913">Sipma (1913</a>:15, 17)). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> In most dialects, /h/ is deleted before [j] and [w] (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:22)). </li> <li id="cite_note-syllabic-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syllabic_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syllabic_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syllabic_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syllabic_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syllabic_4-4">e</a> The syllabic nasals [m̩, n̩, ŋ̍] are all phonemically /ən/, whereas the syllabic [l̩, r̩] are phonemically /əl, ər/. To read about their exact distribution, see e.g. <a href="#CITEREFSipma1913">Sipma (1913</a>:36). The only sonorants that cannot be syllabic are [ʋ, j]. </li> <li id="cite_note-nasalas-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasalas_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalas_5-1">b</a> Apart from being the phonetic realization of the phonemes /m, ŋ/, [m, ŋ] occur as allophones of /n/ before, bilabial and velar consonants (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:24)). </li> <li id="cite_note-finaldevoicing-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finaldevoicing_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finaldevoicing_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finaldevoicing_6-2">c</a> Word-final /b, d/ are realized as voiceless [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] (<a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Veen2001">van der Veen (2001</a>:104)). Note, however, that final /b/ is rare (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:21)), and that in loanwords from Standard Dutch, final /ɣ/ can also appear, and is also devoiced and retracted to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> /r/ is silent before other alveolar consonants, i.e. /n, t, d, s, z, l/ (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:28–29), <a href="#CITEREFKeil2003">Keil (2003</a>:8)). An exception to this rule are recent loanwords from Standard Dutch (e.g. sport), which may or may not be pronounced with [r] (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:29)). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Intervocalic ⟨d⟩, as well as the sequence ⟨rd⟩ are often rhotacized to /r/ (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:21)). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> In various pronouns and function words, the initial /d/ becomes voiceless [t] when a voiceless obstruent ends the preceding word (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:24)). </li> <li id="cite_note-voicedld-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voicedld_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicedld_10-1">b</a> Both [ʋ] and [v] can be regarded as allophones of a single phoneme /v/, though [v] is the most common realization. The approximant [ʋ] can appear word-initially, whereas the fricative [v] occurs elsewhere (<a href="#CITEREFKeil2003">Keil (2003</a>:7)). </li> <li id="cite_note-initialfricatives-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-initialfricatives_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-initialfricatives_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-initialfricatives_11-2">c</a> Among fricatives, neither the voiced /z/ nor the voiceless /χ/ can occur word-initially (<a href="#CITEREFSipma1913">Sipma (1913</a>:16–17)). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> When a sequence of any vowel and /n/ occurs before any continuant besides /h/ (that is, /f, v, ʋ, s, z, r, l, j/), it is realized as a nasalized vowel. When the following consonant is /s/, such a nasalized vowel is also lengthened (but only in stressed syllables (<a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2001">Hoekstra (2001</a>:86))), so that e.g. jûns (phonemically /juns/) is pronounced [jũːs], whereas prins (phonemically /prɪns/) is pronounced [prẽːs]. One exception to this lengthening rule is that when a short vowel precedes the sequence /nst/ in the second person singular verb form (as in winsʋ [vɪ̃st]), it is kept short by most speakers (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:13)). </li> <li id="cite_note-cmdip-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmdip_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmdip_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmdip_13-2">c</a> Even though they pattern with monophthongs, the long close-mid vowels /eː, øː, oː/ are often realized as narrow closing diphthongs [ei, øy, ou] ((<a href="#CITEREFVisser1997">Visser (1997</a>:22–23), <a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:10–11))). </li> <li id="cite_note-schwa-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_14-1">b</a> Phonetically, /ə/ and /ø/ are quite similar, but the former appears only in unstressed syllables (<a href="#CITEREFTiersma1999">Tiersma (1999</a>:11)). </li> <li id="cite_note-long-centering-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-long-centering_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long-centering_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long-centering_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long-centering_15-3">d</a> Some speakers merge the long vowels /iː, uː/ with the centering diphthongs /iə, uə/ (<a href="#CITEREFVisser1997">Visser (1997</a>:24)). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Nearly all words with /øː/ are loanwords from Standard Dutch (<a href="#CITEREFVisser1997">Visser (1997</a>:17)). </li> <li id="cite_note-breaking-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breaking_17-9">j</a> The falling diphthongs [iə, ɪə, oə, uə] alternate with the rising diphthongs [jɪ, jɛ, wa, wo] in the phenomenon called breaking. An additional [yə−jø] alternation occurs in the word pair sluere−slurkje (<a href="#CITEREFBooij1989">Booij (1989</a>:319)). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliography" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/West_Frisian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBooij1989" class="citation journal cs1">Booij, Geert (1989). "On the representation of diphthongs in Frisian". Journal of Linguistics. 25 (2): 319–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226700014122">10.1017/S0022226700014122</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F11157">1887/11157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176008">4176008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56105447">56105447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+representation+of+diphthongs+in+Frisian&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-332&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F11157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56105447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4176008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226700014122&rft.aulast=Booij&rft.aufirst=Geert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FWest+Frisian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoekstra2001" class="citation book cs1">Hoekstra, Jarich (2001). "12. Standard West Frisian". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nx-GUm-0OIC">Handbook of Frisian studies</a>. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 83–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X"><bdi>3-484-73048-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+Standard+West+Frisian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Frisian+studies&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=83-98&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-484-73048-X&rft.aulast=Hoekstra&rft.aufirst=Jarich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nx-GUm-0OIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FWest+Frisian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeil2003" class="citation web cs1">Keil, Benjamin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bkeil.bol.ucla.edu/LING__201_Frisian.pdf">"Frisian phonology"</a> (PDF). Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122027/http://bkeil.bol.ucla.edu/LING__201_Frisian.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frisian+phonology&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Department+of+Linguistics&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbkeil.bol.ucla.edu%2FLING__201_Frisian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FWest+Frisian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSipma1913" class="citation book cs1">Sipma, Pieter (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phonologygrammar00sipmuoft">Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian</a>. London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+%26+grammar+of+modern+West+Frisian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Sipma&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphonologygrammar00sipmuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FWest+Frisian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiersma1999" class="citation book cs1">Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications]. Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.). Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6171-886-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-6171-886-4"><bdi>90-6171-886-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frisian+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=Leeuwarden&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Fryske+Akademy&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-6171-886-4&rft.aulast=Tiersma&rft.aufirst=Peter+Meijes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FWest+Frisian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Veen2001" class="citation book cs1">van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001). "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nx-GUm-0OIC">Handbook of Frisian studies</a>. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 98–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X"><bdi>3-484-73048-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+West+Frisian+Dialectology+and+Dialects&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Frisian+studies&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=98-116&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-484-73048-X&rft.aulast=van+der+Veen&rft.aufirst=Klaas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nx-GUm-0OIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FWest+Frisian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Visser, Willem (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/484468/The_Syllable_in_Frisian.pdf">The Syllable in Frisian</a> (PDF) (PhD). Leiden: Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5569-030-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-5569-030-9"><bdi>90-5569-030-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192952/https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/484468/The_Syllable_in_Frisian.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Syllable+in+Frisian&rft.inst=Holland+Institute+of+Generative+Linguistics&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-5569-030-9&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.knaw.nl%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F484468%2FThe_Syllable_in_Frisian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FWest+Frisian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/West_Frisian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_West_Frisian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with West Frisian IPA">Category:Pages with West Frisian IPA</a> (78)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_keys" title="Template:IPA keys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_keys" title="Template talk:IPA keys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_keys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA keys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_keys" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> keys</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">Amharic</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introductory guides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">For English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Manual of Style: Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/West_Frisian&oldid=1254154280">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/West_Frisian&oldid=1254154280</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_Phonetic_Alphabet_help" title="Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help">International Phonetic Alphabet help</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a 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