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Antibodies for Immunophenotyping</span></div></div></header><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-15242 post type-post status-publish format-standard category-immunology tag-antibodies tag-antibody entry" aria-label="Is it a T-Cell or B-Cell? Antibodies for Immunophenotyping"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Is it a T-Cell or B-Cell? Antibodies for Immunophenotyping</h1> <span class="post-info-author"> By <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/author/behind-the-bench-staff/" title="Posts by Behind The Bench Staff" rel="author">Behind The Bench Staff</a> </span> <span class="post-info-date"> 06.18.2021 </span> </header><div class="entry-content"><p><span style="font-size: 10pt"><em>Written by Anusha Sivakumar </em></span></p> <p>Synergistic interaction between innate and adaptive immunity facilitate a holistic defense against infection and tissue injury. The innate immune response is rapid and blunt. It responds with germline receptors by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) common to many pathogens; toll-like receptors (TLRs) are particularly important to the innate immune response. The adaptive immune response made up of T- and B- cells/lymphocytes, is antigen specific against pathogens evolved to evade the innate immunity. T- and B- cells can somatically recombine antigen receptors to distinguish between any antigen. Understanding the cellular components of these two arms of immunity, their interface, and intricate communication is critical for vaccine development and combating autoimmune diseases.</p> <p>In this blog, multiple Invitrogen™ antibodies that help in immunophenotyping T and B cells are discussed. Each antibody is validated across several specificity tests and applications including – flow cytometry, western blot, and immunofluorescence. This blog also describes how various growth factors like cytokines and chemokines are involved in lymphocyte development and how they can be detected using antibodies.</p> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt"><strong>T- and B- Cell Development</strong></span></p> <p>Development of T- and B- lymphocytes from hematopoietic stem cells is a coordinated but flexible pathway orchestrated by transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, and interleukins. Upon interaction with stromal cells and in conjunction with IL-7 signaling, lymphoid progenitor cells are specified to B lineage with CD19/B220 surface protein expression and T cells migrate to the thymus for thymic selection and maturation into CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>–</sup> or CD4<sup>–</sup>CD8<sup>+ </sup>cells. Then, CD4<sup>+</sup> cells differentiate into helper cells for improved cellular immunity and CD8<sup>+ </sup>cells develop into cytotoxic T cells and secrete cytolytic factors. Table 1 lists lineage specific proteins commonly used as surface markers for immunophenotyping T- and B- cells. Figure 1 shows antibodies against these targets in flow cytometry, western blot, and immunofluorescence applications.</p> <p><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Table 1. Lineage specific antibodies for immunophenotyping</strong></span></p> <table width="952"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>T-Cell</strong></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2"> <p style="text-align: left;padding-left: 30px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> B-Cell</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Target </strong></span></p> </td> <td> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Catalog #</strong></span></p> </td> <td> <p style="text-align: left;padding-left: 30px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Target</strong></span></p> </td> <td> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Catalog #</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD3-Antibody-clone-17A2-Monoclonal/14-0032-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto1">CD3 Monoclonal Antibody (17A2)</a></strong></span></p> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>14-0032-82</strong></span></td> <td> <p style="padding-left: 30px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD19-Antibody-clone-6OMP31-Monoclonal/14-0194-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto2">CD19 Monoclonal Antibody (6OMP31)</a></strong></span></p> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>14-0194-82</strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h1><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD8a-Antibody-clone-53-6-7-Monoclonal/50-0081-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto3">CD8a Monoclonal Antibody</a> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD8a-Antibody-clone-53-6-7-Monoclonal/50-0081-82">(53-6.7)</a></strong></span></h1> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>50-0081-82</strong></span></td> <td> <h1 style="padding-left: 30px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD45R-B220-Antibody-clone-RA3-6B2-Monoclonal/17-0452-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto4">CD45R (B220) Monoclonal Antibody (RA3-6B2)</a></strong></span></h1> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>17-0452-82</strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h1><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD4-Antibody-clone-GK1-5-Monoclonal/11-0041-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto5">CD4 Monoclonal Antibody (GK1.5)</a></strong></span></h1> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>11-0041-82</strong></span></td> <td> <p style="padding-left: 30px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/PAX5-Antibody-clone-SP34-Monoclonal/MA5-14585?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto6">PAX5 Monoclonal Antibody (SP34)</a></strong></span></p> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>MA5-14585</strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/LAT-Antibody-Polyclonal/PA5-78472?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto7">LAT Polyclonal Antibody</a></strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>PA5-78472</strong></span></td> <td> <p style="padding-left: 30px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD20-Antibody-Polyclonal/PA5-16701?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto8">CD20 Polyclonal Antibody</a></strong></span></p> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>PA5-16701</strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h1><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD25-Antibody-clone-PC61-5-Monoclonal/14-0251-86?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto9">CD25 Monoclonal Antibody (PC61.5)</a></strong></span></h1> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>14-0251-86</strong></span></td> <td> <h1 style="padding-left: 30px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CD10-Antibody-clone-eBioCB-CALLA-CB-CALLA-Monoclonal/14-0106-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto10">CD10 Monoclonal Antibody (eBioCB-CALLA (CB-CALLA))</a></strong></span></h1> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>14-0106-82</strong></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/06/figure1-16.png" width="945" height="487" /></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Figure 1. Immunophenotyping T- and B- cells using antibodies against lineage specific surface markers in flow cytometry, western blot, and immunofluorescence.</strong> Figures A-D represent (A) <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/11-0041-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto11">CD4 Monoclonal Antibody (GK 1.5)</a> (Catalog No. 11-0041-82), (B) <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/14-0032-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto12">CD3 Monoclonal Antibody (17A2)</a> (Catalog No. 14-0032-82), and (C) <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/50-0081-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto13">CD8a Monoclonal Antibody (53-6.7)</a> (Catalog No. 50-0081-82), demonstrating <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/antibodies/invitrogen-antibody-validation/relative-expression-antibody-validation.html?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto14">relative expression</a> of protein in T-cells but not in B- cells, whereas (D) <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/17-0452-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto15">CD45R (B220) Monoclonal Antibody (RA3-6B2)</a> (Catalog No. 17-0452-82), (E) <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/14-0194-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto15">CD19 Monoclonal Antibody (6OMP31)</a> (Catalog No. 14-0194-82) and (F) <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/PA5-16701?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto16">CD20 Polyclonal Antibody</a> (Catalog No. PA5-16701) show relative expression in B-cells as compared to T-cells.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt"><strong>Growth Factors and the Development of Lymphocytes</strong></span></p> <p>Cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, interferons, and other growth factors have an important role in the development and maturation of lymphocytes. They stimulate inflammatory response and participate in pathogen elimination. Here are a few ways that growth factors participate:</p> <ul> <li> Interaction between TNF superfamily molecules and their receptors is required for cell survival, inflammatory signaling, and crosstalk between T-cells and other cell types. TNF-α, secreted by B-cells, participates in the development of follicular dendritic cells and specific stromal cells in the spleen.</li> <li>Interferons have multiple effects on lymphocytes. Endogenous IFN- γ is required for the homeostasis of immune cells, maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and, bone formation. In T-cells, it aids in cytotoxic T-cell precursor proliferation whereas in B-cells, it has both activation and repression effects on specific immunoglobin classes.</li> <li>TGF-β signaling helps in maintaining a functional and self-tolerant immune repertoire. TGF- β1 can promote expansion of CD4+ or CD8+ specific T-cells in a context dependent manner, while negatively regulating B-cell and hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.</li> </ul> <p>Antibodies for these secretory factors are validated using cell models where the factors were induced upon <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/antibodies/invitrogen-antibody-validation/cell-treatment-antibody-validation.html?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto17">cell treatment</a>. (Figure 2).</p> <p><strong><img decoding="async" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/06/figure2-16.png" /></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Figure 2. Antibodies for cytokines, interferons, and growth factors. </strong>A) Lipopolysaccharide induced expression of TNF- α in U-937, THP-1, and RAW 264.7 cells detected with <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/PA5-19810?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto18">TNF alpha Polyclonal Antibody</a> (Catalog No. PA5-19810), B) detection of intracellular IFN-γ expression with <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/12-7311-82?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto19">IFN gamma Monoclonal Antibody (XMG1.2)</a> (Catalog No. 12-7311-82) in subset of mouse CD4+ T cells stimulated with cell stimulation cocktail and secretion blocker and C) detection of knockdown of TGF β1 expression in M2 macrophages (from THP-1) with <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/MA5-15065?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto20">TGF-beta1 Monoclonal Antibody (F.888.7)</a> (Catalog No. MA5-15065) demonstrate target specificity of antibodies for ICC, western blot, and flow cytometry applications. </span></p> <p>Understanding the complex interplay between cells of the immune system and elucidating their molecular network helps contribute to finding an effective strategy to target immune disorders and autoimmune diseases. Antibodies are often the “go-to” reagents for this purpose. Thermo Fisher Scientific provides antibodies that are tested across a variety of <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/antibodies/invitrogen-antibody-validation.html?icid=ab-search-learning-ab-validation?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto21">specificity tests</a> to demonstrate that they are indeed the ideal reagents to help advance research.</p> <p>Search for <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/antibodies.html?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto22">antibodies</a>.</p> <p><strong>Additional Antibody Blogs</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/lets-get-specific-about-the-tnfr-pathway/?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto23">Let’s get ‘specific’ about the TNFR pathway!</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/diy-neurons-for-antibody-validation/?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto24">DIY Neurons for antibody validation</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/translate-to-invitrogen-antibodies-for-your-ribosomal-protein-research/?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto25">Translate to Invitrogen antibodies for your ribosomal protein research!</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/drivers-of-the-chromosomal-passenger-complex/?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto26">Drivers of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/prmts-role-in-epigenetic-regulation/?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto27">PRMTs: Role in epigenetic regulation </a></p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/using-blockers-to-unlock-secretory-proteins/?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto28">Using Blockers to Unlock Secretory Proteins</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/specific-and-neutralizing-recombinant-antibodies-to-sars-cov-2/?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto28">Specific and neutralizing recombinant antibodies to SARS-CoV-2</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/staining-your-way-into-cells-exploring-cell-and-organelle-markers/?icid=bid_pca_aup_r01_co_cp1435_pjt7191_bid99999_0so_blg_op_awa_kt_s00_immunophyto29">Staining Your Way into Cells: Exploring Cell and Organelle Markers</a></p> <aside class="mashsb-container mashsb-main "><div class="mashsb_above_buttons">Share this article </div><div class="mashsb-box"><div class="mashsb-count mash-large" style="float:left"><div 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thread-even depth-1" id="comment-17184"> <article id="article-comment-17184"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b307370be99c37caf38104492ff3f56b?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b307370be99c37caf38104492ff3f56b?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Jeff Payne</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/is-it-a-t-cell-or-b-cell-antibodies-for-immunophenotyping/#comment-17184">August 11, 2021 at 12:53 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Is this a treatment for Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Perifial T cell NOS? If so where? Presently continuing care at Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland Ohio. Denied for stem cell transplant due to heart damage and emphysema worsening with chemo. Diagnosed 2019, 60yrs old.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-17184' data-commentid="17184" data-postid="15242" data-belowelement="article-comment-17184" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Jeff Payne" aria-label='Reply to Jeff Payne'>Reply</a></div> </article> </li> </ol></div> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/behindthebench/is-it-a-t-cell-or-b-cell-antibodies-for-immunophenotyping/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment <span class="required">*</span></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" required></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" autocomplete="email" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Website</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="url" /></p> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='15242' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="3dd4a6c621" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_2" name="ak_js" value="72"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> <div class="adjacent-entry-pagination pagination"><div class="pagination-previous alignleft"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-left"></i> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-importance-of-sensitivity-and-specificity-in-diagnosing-bovine-mastitis/" rel="prev">The Importance of Sensitivity and Specificity in Diagnosing Bovine Mastitis</a></div><div class="pagination-next alignright"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/fbi-approves-thermo-fisher-scientifics-rapid-dna-solution-for-use-in-law-enforcement-booking-stations/" rel="next">FBI Approves Thermo Fisher Scientific’s Rapid DNA Solution for use in Law Enforcement Booking Stations</a> <i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><div class="creds"><p class="footer-links"><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/privacy-statement.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Privacy Statement</a><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/terms-and-conditions.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Terms & Conditions</a><a href="/blog/locations/">Locations</a><a href="/blog/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></p><p>© 2024 <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>. 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value='Cambodia' >Cambodia</option><option value='Cameroon' >Cameroon</option><option value='Cape Verde' >Cape Verde</option><option value='Cayman Islands' >Cayman Islands</option><option value='Central African Republic' >Central African Republic</option><option value='Chad' >Chad</option><option value='Chile' >Chile</option><option value='China' >China</option><option value='Christmas Island' >Christmas Island</option><option value='Cocos (Keeling) Islands' >Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option><option value='Colombia' >Colombia</option><option value='Comoros' >Comoros</option><option value='Congo' >Congo</option><option value='Congo, The Democratic Republic of' >Congo, The Democratic Republic of</option><option value='Cook Islands' >Cook Islands</option><option value='Costa Rica' >Costa Rica</option><option value='Cote D'Ivoire' >Cote D'Ivoire</option><option value='Croatia' >Croatia</option><option value='Cuba' >Cuba</option><option value='Cyprus' >Cyprus</option><option value='Czech Republic' >Czech Republic</option><option value='Denmark' >Denmark</option><option value='Djibouti' >Djibouti</option><option value='Dominica' >Dominica</option><option value='Dominican Republic' >Dominican Republic</option><option value='East Timor' >East Timor</option><option value='Ecuador' >Ecuador</option><option value='Egypt' >Egypt</option><option value='El Salvador' >El Salvador</option><option value='Equatorial Guinea' >Equatorial Guinea</option><option value='Eritrea' >Eritrea</option><option value='Estonia' >Estonia</option><option value='Ethiopia' >Ethiopia</option><option value='Falkland Islands (Malvinas)' >Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</option><option value='Faroe Islands' >Faroe Islands</option><option value='Fiji' >Fiji</option><option value='Finland' >Finland</option><option value='Fmr Yugoslav Rep of Macedonia' >Fmr Yugoslav Rep of Macedonia</option><option value='France' >France</option><option value='French Guiana' >French Guiana</option><option value='French Polynesia' >French Polynesia</option><option value='French Southern Territories' >French Southern Territories</option><option value='Gabon' >Gabon</option><option value='Gambia' >Gambia</option><option value='Georgia' >Georgia</option><option value='Germany' >Germany</option><option value='Ghana' >Ghana</option><option value='Gibraltar' >Gibraltar</option><option value='Greece' >Greece</option><option value='Greenland' >Greenland</option><option value='Grenada' >Grenada</option><option value='Guadeloupe' >Guadeloupe</option><option value='Guam' >Guam</option><option value='Guatemala' >Guatemala</option><option value='Guinea' >Guinea</option><option value='Guinea-Bissau' >Guinea-Bissau</option><option value='Guyana' >Guyana</option><option value='Haiti' >Haiti</option><option value='Heard and McDonald Islands' >Heard and McDonald Islands</option><option value='Holy See (Vatican City State)' >Holy See (Vatican City State)</option><option value='Honduras' >Honduras</option><option value='Hong Kong' >Hong Kong</option><option value='Hungary' >Hungary</option><option value='Iceland' >Iceland</option><option value='India' >India</option><option value='Indonesia' >Indonesia</option><option value='Iran (Islamic Republic Of)' >Iran (Islamic Republic Of)</option><option value='Iraq' >Iraq</option><option value='Ireland' >Ireland</option><option value='Israel' >Israel</option><option value='Italy' >Italy</option><option value='Jamaica' >Jamaica</option><option value='Japan' >Japan</option><option value='Jordan' >Jordan</option><option value='Kazakstan' >Kazakstan</option><option value='Kenya' >Kenya</option><option value='Kiribati' >Kiribati</option><option value='Korea, Democratic People's Rep' >Korea, Democratic People's Rep</option><option value='Korea, Republic of' >Korea, Republic of</option><option value='Kuwait' >Kuwait</option><option value='Kyrgyzstan' >Kyrgyzstan</option><option value='Lao People's Democratic Rep' >Lao People's Democratic Rep</option><option 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