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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European classical tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_classical_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_castrati_and_similar_voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_castrati_and_similar_voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern castrati and similar voices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_castrati_and_similar_voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_castrati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_castrati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable castrati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_castrati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrat" title="Kastrat – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kastrat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrato" title="Kastrato – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kastrato" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кастрат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кастрат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrat" title="Castrat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Castrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastr%C3%A1t" title="Kastrát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kastrát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastratsanger" title="Kastratsanger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kastratsanger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrat" title="Kastrat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kastrat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastraat" title="Kastraat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kastraat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Καστράτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καστράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Castrato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrita_kantisto" title="Kastrita kantisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kastrita kantisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کاستراتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاستراتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrat" title="Castrat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Castrat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Castrato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0" title="카스트라토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카스트라토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Կաստրատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաստրատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Castrato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato_(musica)" title="Castrato (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Castrato (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95" title="קסטרטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קסטרטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastratas" title="Kastratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kastratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasztr%C3%A1lt_(%C3%A9nekes)" title="Kasztrált (énekes) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kasztrált (énekes)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrato" title="Kastrato – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kastrato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castraat" title="Castraat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Castraat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="カストラート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カストラート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastratsanger" title="Kastratsanger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kastratsanger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastratsongar" title="Kastratsongar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kastratsongar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrat" title="Kastrat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kastrat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Castrato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Певцы-кастраты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Певцы-кастраты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Castrato" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrat" title="Kastrat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kastrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86" title="کاستراتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاستراتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrati" title="Kastrati – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kastrati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastraattilaulaja" title="Kastraattilaulaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kastraattilaulaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrats%C3%A5ngare" title="Kastratsångare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kastratsångare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastrato" title="Kastrato – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kastrato" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кастрат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кастрат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Castrato" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%B9%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%8C%E6%89%8B" title="閹人歌手 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="閹人歌手" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%89%E4%BC%B6" title="阉伶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阉伶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg/220px-Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg/330px-Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg/440px-Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4102" data-file-height="4954" /></a><figcaption>The great 18th-century castrato <a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Nazari" title="Bartolomeo Nazari">Bartolomeo Nazari</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:10em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf"> Female</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf"> Male</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voice_type" title="Template:Voice type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voice_type" title="Template talk:Voice type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voice_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voice type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>castrato</b> (Italian; <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>castrati</b>) is a male singer who underwent <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> before <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> in order to retain a <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">voice</a> equivalent to that of a <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>. The voice can also occur in one who, due to an <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinological</a> condition, never reaches <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a>. </p><p>Castration before puberty (or in its early stages) prevents the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> from being transformed by the <a href="/wiki/Voice_change" title="Voice change">normal physiological events</a> of puberty. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> of prepubescence (shared by both sexes) is largely retained, and the voice develops into adulthood in a unique way. Prepubescent castration for this purpose diminished greatly in the late 18th century. </p><p>Methods of castration used to terminate the onset of puberty varied. Methods involved using opium to medically induce a coma, then submerging the boy into an ice or milk bath where the procedure of either twisting the testicles until they <a href="/wiki/Atrophied" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrophied">atrophied</a>, or complete removal via surgical cutting was performed (however the complete removal of the testicles was not a popularly used technique).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procedure was usually done to boys around the age of 8–10; recovery time from the procedure took around two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The means by which future singers were prepared could lead to premature death. To prevent the child from experiencing the intense pain of castration, many were inadvertently administered lethal doses of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> or some other narcotic, or were killed by overlong compression of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid artery</a> in the neck (intended to render them unconscious during the castration procedure).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The geographical locations of where these procedures took place is not known specifically. During the 18th century, the music historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burney" title="Charles Burney">Charles Burney</a> was sent from pillar to post in search of places where the operation was carried out: </p><blockquote><p>I enquired throughout Italy at what place boys were chiefly qualified for singing by castration, but could get no certain intelligence. I was told at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> that it was at <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>; at Venice that it was at <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>; but at Bologna the fact was denied, and I was referred to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>; from Florence to Rome, and from Rome I was sent to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. The operation most certainly is against the law in all these places, as well as against nature; and all the Italians are so much ashamed of it, that in every province they transfer it some other.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As a castrato's body grew, his lack of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> meant that his <a href="/wiki/Epiphysis" title="Epiphysis">epiphyses</a> (bone-joints) did not harden in the normal manner. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a> of the castrati often grew unusually long, as did their <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>. This, combined with intensive training, gave them unrivaled <a href="/wiki/Lung_volumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung volumes">lung power</a> and breath capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating through small, child-sized <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>, their voices were also extraordinarily flexible, and quite different from the equivalent adult female voice. Their vocal range was higher than that of the uncastrated adult male. Listening to the only surviving recordings of a castrato (see below), one can hear that the lower part of the voice sounds like a "super-high" tenor, with a more <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a>-like upper register above that. </p><p>Castrati were rarely referred to as such: in the 18th century, the euphemism <i><a href="/wiki/Musico" title="Musico">musico</a></i> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <i>musici</i>) was much more generally used, although it usually carried derogatory implications;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another synonym was <i>evirato</i>, literally meaning "emasculated". <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> is a more general term since, historically, many eunuchs were castrated after puberty and thus the castration had no effect on their voices. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Castrato" title="Special:EditPage/Castrato">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_castrato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Byzantine_castrato.jpg/170px-Byzantine_castrato.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Byzantine_castrato.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Byzantine castrato from the 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Castration as a means of subjugation, enslavement or other punishment has a very long history, dating back to ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>. In a Western context, <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> singers are known to have existed from the early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> around 400 AD, the empress <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Aelia Eudoxia</a> had a eunuch choir-master, Brison, who may have established the use of castrati in Byzantine choirs, though whether Brison himself was a singer and whether he had colleagues who were eunuch singers is not certain. By the 9th century, eunuch singers were well-known (most in the choir of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>) and remained so until the sack of Constantinople by the Western forces of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204. Their fate from then until their reappearance in Italy more than three hundred years later is not clear. It seems likely that the Spanish tradition of soprano falsettists may have hidden castrati. Much of Spain was under <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rulers during the Middle Ages, and castration had a history going back to the ancient Near East. Stereotypically, eunuchs served as harem guards, but they were also valued as high-level political appointees since they could not start a dynasty which would threaten the ruler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_classical_tradition">European classical tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European classical tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castrati first appeared in Italy in the mid-16th century, though at first the terms describing them were not always clear. The phrase <i>soprano maschio</i> (male soprano), which could also mean falsettist, occurs in the <i>Due Dialoghi della Musica</i> (Two dialogues upon music) of <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Dentice" title="Luigi Dentice">Luigi Dentice</a>, an Oratorian priest, published in Rome in 1553. On 9 November 1555 Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_II_d%27Este" title="Ippolito II d'Este">Ippolito II d'Este</a> (famed as the builder of the Villa d'Este at Tivoli), wrote to <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_I_Gonzaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Guglielmo I Gonzaga">Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua</a> (1538–1587), that he has heard that the Duke was interested in his <i>cantoretti</i> (little singers) and offered to send him two, so that he could choose one for his own service. This is a rare term but probably does equate to <i>castrato</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cardinal's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara">Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara</a>, was another early enthusiast, inquiring about castrati in 1556. There were certainly castrati in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> choir in 1558, although not described as such: on 27 April of that year, Hernando Bustamante, a Spaniard from <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a>, was admitted (the first castrati so termed who joined the Sistine choir were Pietro Paolo Folignato and Girolamo Rossini, admitted in 1599).<sup id="cite_ref-Sherr_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surprisingly, considering the later French distaste for castrati, they certainly existed in France at this time also, being known of in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, Picardy and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, though they were not abundant: the King of France himself had difficulty in obtaining them.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherr_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1574, there were castrati in the Ducal court chapel at <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a> (music director) was the famous <a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a>. In 1589, by the bull <i>Cum pro nostro pastorali munere</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> re-organised the choir of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's, Rome">St Peter's, Rome</a> specifically to include castrati.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus the castrati came to supplant both boys (whose voices broke after only a few years) and falsettists (whose voices were weaker and less reliable) from the top line in such choirs. Women were banned by the Pauline dictum <i>mulieres in ecclesiis taceant</i> ("let women keep silent in the churches"; see I Corinthians, ch. 14, v. 34). </p><p>The Italian castrati were often rumored to have unusually long lives, but a 1993 study found that their lifespans were average.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opera">Opera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pier_Leone_Ghezzi_-_caricature_of_Carlo_Broschi_(Farinelli)_as_Berenice_in_Vinci%27s_Farnace,_Rome_1724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pier_Leone_Ghezzi_-_caricature_of_Carlo_Broschi_%28Farinelli%29_as_Berenice_in_Vinci%27s_Farnace%2C_Rome_1724.jpg/220px-Pier_Leone_Ghezzi_-_caricature_of_Carlo_Broschi_%28Farinelli%29_as_Berenice_in_Vinci%27s_Farnace%2C_Rome_1724.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pier_Leone_Ghezzi_-_caricature_of_Carlo_Broschi_%28Farinelli%29_as_Berenice_in_Vinci%27s_Farnace%2C_Rome_1724.jpg/330px-Pier_Leone_Ghezzi_-_caricature_of_Carlo_Broschi_%28Farinelli%29_as_Berenice_in_Vinci%27s_Farnace%2C_Rome_1724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pier_Leone_Ghezzi_-_caricature_of_Carlo_Broschi_%28Farinelli%29_as_Berenice_in_Vinci%27s_Farnace%2C_Rome_1724.jpg/440px-Pier_Leone_Ghezzi_-_caricature_of_Carlo_Broschi_%28Farinelli%29_as_Berenice_in_Vinci%27s_Farnace%2C_Rome_1724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="4337" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of Farinelli in a female role, by <a href="/wiki/Pier_Leone_Ghezzi" title="Pier Leone Ghezzi">Pier Leone Ghezzi</a>, 1724</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the castrato (or musico) predates opera, there is some evidence that castrati had parts in the earliest operas. In the first performance of <a href="/wiki/Monteverdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">Orfeo</a></i> (1607), for example, they played subsidiary roles, including Speranza and (possibly) that of Euridice. Although female roles were performed by castrati in some of the papal states, this was increasingly rare; by 1680, they had supplanted normal male voices in lead roles, and retained their position as <i>primo uomo</i> for about a hundred years;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Italian opera not featuring at least one renowned castrato in a lead part would be doomed to fail. Because of the popularity of Italian opera throughout 18th-century Europe (except France), singers such as Ferri, <a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Pacchierotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasparo Pacchierotti">Pacchierotti</a> became the first operatic superstars, earning enormous fees and hysterical public adulation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strictly hierarchical organisation of <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a></i> favoured their high voices as symbols of heroic virtue, though they were frequently mocked for their strange appearance and bad acting. In his 1755 <i>Reflections upon theatrical expression in tragedy</i>, Roger Pickering wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Farinelli drew every Body to the Haymarket. What a Pipe! What Modulation! What Extasy to the Ear! But, Heavens! What Clumsiness! What Stupidity! What Offence to the Eye! Reader, if of the City, thou mayest probably have seen in the Fields of Islington or Mile-End or, If thou art in the environs of St James', thou must have observed in the Park with what Ease and Agility a cow, heavy with calf, has rose up at the command of the Milk-woman's foot: thus from the mossy bank sprang the DIVINE FARINELLI.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The training of the boys was rigorous. The regimen of one singing school in Rome (c. 1700) consisted of one hour of singing difficult and awkward pieces, one hour practising trills, one hour practising ornamented passaggi, one hour of singing exercises in their teacher's presence and in front of a mirror so as to avoid unnecessary movement of the body or facial grimaces, and one hour of literary study; all this, moreover, before lunch. After, half an hour would be devoted to musical theory, another to writing counterpoint, an hour copying down the same from dictation, and another hour of literary study. During the remainder of the day, the young castrati had to find time to practice their <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> playing, and to compose vocal music, either sacred or secular depending on their inclination.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This demanding schedule meant that, if sufficiently talented, they were able to make a debut in their mid-teens with a perfect technique and a voice of a flexibility and power no woman or ordinary male singer could match. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scalzi_by_Flipart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Scalzi_by_Flipart.jpg/250px-Scalzi_by_Flipart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Scalzi_by_Flipart.jpg/330px-Scalzi_by_Flipart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Scalzi_by_Flipart.jpg/440px-Scalzi_by_Flipart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>The castrato <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Scalzi" title="Carlo Scalzi">Carlo Scalzi</a>, by Joseph Flipart, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1737</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Many castrati came from poor homes and were castrated by their parents in the hope that their child might be successful and lift them from poverty (this was the case with <a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a>). There are, though, records of some young boys asking to be operated on to preserve their voices (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Caffarelli_(castrato)" title="Caffarelli (castrato)">Caffarelli</a>, who was from a wealthy family: his grandmother gave him the income from two vineyards to pay for his studies<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Caffarelli was also typical of many castrati in being famous for tantrums on and off-stage, and for amorous adventures with noble ladies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, as described by Casanova, preferred gentlemen (noble or otherwise).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Rosselli_(historian)" title="John Rosselli (historian)">John Rosselli</a>, the total number of castrati alive at any given time during the height of their existence cannot be ascertained. He estimates that "several hundred" of them existed at any given time between 1630 and 1750. Approximately 100 existed in Rome in 1694, but the possibility that was a decline from earlier in the century cannot be ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a small percentage of boys castrated to preserve their voices had successful careers on the operatic stage; the better "also-rans" sang in cathedral or church choirs, but because of their marked appearance and the ban on their marrying, there was little room for them in society outside a musical context.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The castrati came in for a great amount of scurrilous and unkind abuse, and as their fame increased, so did the hatred of them. They were often castigated as malign creatures who lured men into homosexuality. There were homosexual castrati, as <a href="/wiki/Casanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Casanova">Casanova</a>'s accounts of 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> bear witness. He mentions meeting an abbé whom he took for a girl in disguise, only later discovering that "she" was a famous castrato. In Rome in 1762 he attended a performance at which the <a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">prima donna</a> was a castrato, "the favourite <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathic" class="extiw" title="wikt:pathic">pathic</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Scipione_Maria_Borghese" title="Francesco Scipione Maria Borghese">Cardinal Borghese</a>, who dined every evening with his protector. From his behaviour on stage "it was obvious that he hoped to inspire the love of those who liked him as a man, and probably would not have done so as a woman".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moreschi_giovane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Moreschi_giovane.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="333" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Moreschi" title="Alessandro Moreschi">Alessandro Moreschi</a>, the last of the Sistine castrati</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 18th century, changes in operatic taste and social attitudes spelled the end for castrati. They lingered on past the end of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a></i>, which their style of opera parallels, and two of their number, <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Pacchierotti" title="Gaspare Pacchierotti">Pacchierotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Crescentini" title="Girolamo Crescentini">Crescentini</a>, performed before Napoleon. The last great operatic castrato was <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Velluti_(castrato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Velluti (castrato)">Giovanni Battista Velluti</a> (1781–1861), who performed the last operatic castrato role ever written: Armando in <i><a href="/wiki/Il_crociato_in_Egitto" title="Il crociato in Egitto">Il crociato in Egitto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a> (Venice, 1824). Soon after this they were replaced definitively as the first men of the operatic stage by a new breed of heroic tenor, as first incarnated by the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Gilbert-Louis_Duprez" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert-Louis Duprez">Gilbert-Louis Duprez</a>, the earliest so-called "king of the high Cs". His successors have included such singers as <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tamberlik" title="Enrico Tamberlik">Enrico Tamberlik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Reszke" title="Jean de Reszke">Jean de Reszke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Tamagno" title="Francesco Tamagno">Francesco Tamagno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Martinelli" title="Giovanni Martinelli">Giovanni Martinelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Gigli" title="Beniamino Gigli">Beniamino Gigli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Corelli" title="Franco Corelli">Franco Corelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>, among others. </p><p>After the unification of Italy in 1861, "eviration" was officially made illegal, as the new Italian state had adopted the previous penal code of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, which expressly forbade the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> prohibited the hiring of new castrati by the church: only in the Sistine Chapel and in other papal basilicas in Rome did a few castrati linger. A group photo of the Sistine Choir taken in 1898 shows that by then only six remained, plus the <i>Direttore Perpetuo</i>, the fine soprano castrato <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Mustaf%C3%A0" title="Domenico Mustafà">Domenico Mustafà</a>. In 1902 a ruling was extracted from Pope Leo that no further castrati should be admitted. The official end to the castrati came on St. Cecilia's Day, 22 November 1903, when the new pope, Pius X, issued his <i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tra_le_Sollecitudini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tra le Sollecitudini">Tra le Sollecitudini</a></i> ("Amongst the Cares"), which contained this instruction: "Whenever ... it is desirable to employ the high voices of sopranos and contraltos, these parts must be taken by boys, according to the most ancient usage of the Church." </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Moreschi.ogg" title="File:Alessandro Moreschi.ogg">A castrato singing</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="129" data-mwtitle="Alessandro_Moreschi.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Alessandro_Moreschi.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Alessandro_Moreschi.ogg/Alessandro_Moreschi.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Moreschi" title="Alessandro Moreschi">Alessandro Moreschi</a> performs part of Eugenio Terziani's <i>Hostias et preces</i></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The last Sistine castrato to survive was <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Moreschi" title="Alessandro Moreschi">Alessandro Moreschi</a>, the only castrato to have made solo recordings. While an interesting historical record, these discs of his give us only a glimpse of the castrato voice. Although he had been renowned as "The Angel of Rome" at the beginning of his career, some would say he was past his prime when the recordings were made in 1902 and 1904 and he never attempted to sing opera. <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Salvatori" title="Domenico Salvatori">Domenico Salvatori</a>, a castrato who was contemporary with Moreschi, made some ensemble recordings with him but has no surviving solo recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recording technology of the day was not of modern high quality. Salvatori died in 1909; Moreschi retired officially in March 1913, and died in 1922. </p><p>The Catholic Church's involvement in the castrato phenomenon has long been controversial, and there have recently been calls for it to issue an official apology for its role. As early as 1748, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> tried to ban castrati from churches,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but such was their popularity at the time that he realised that doing so might result in a drastic decline in church attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rumours of another castrato sequestered in the Vatican for the personal delectation of the Pontiff until as recently as 1959 have been proven false. The singer in question was a pupil of Moreschi's, Domenico Mancini, such a successful imitator of his teacher's voice that even <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Perosi" title="Lorenzo Perosi">Lorenzo Perosi</a>, Direttore Perpetuo of the Sistine Choir from 1898 to 1956 and a strenuous opponent of the practice of castrato singers, thought he was a castrato. Mancini was in fact a moderately skillful falsettist and professional <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> player.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_castrati_and_similar_voices">Modern castrati and similar voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern castrati and similar voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A male can retain his child voice if it never changes during puberty. The retained voice can be the <a href="/wiki/Treble_voice" title="Treble voice">treble voice</a> shared by both sexes in childhood and is the same as a boy soprano voice. But as evidence shows, many castrati, such as Senesino and Caffarelli, were actually <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">altos</a> (mezzo-soprano) – not sopranos. So-called "natural" or "endocrinological castrati" are born with <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a> anomalies, such as <a href="/wiki/Klinefelter%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Klinefelter's syndrome">Klinefelter's syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kallmann%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallmann's syndrome">Kallmann's syndrome</a>, or have undergone unusual physical or medical events during their early lives that reproduce the vocal effects of castration without being castrated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Scott" title="Jimmy Scott">Jimmy Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radu_Marian_(sopranist)" title="Radu Marian (sopranist)">Radu Marian</a> and Javier Medina<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are examples of this type of high male voice via endocrinological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maniaci" title="Michael Maniaci">Michael Maniaci</a> is somewhat different, in that he has no hormonal or other anomalies, but claims that his voice did not "break" in the usual manner, leaving him still able to sing in the soprano register.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other uncastrated male adults sing soprano, generally using some form of <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> but in a much higher range than most <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenors</a>. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Aris_Christofellis" title="Aris Christofellis">Aris Christofellis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jörg Waschinski,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ghio Nannini.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it is believed the castrati possessed more of a tenorial chest register (the aria "Navigante che non spera" in <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Leonardo Vinci</a>'s opera <i>Il Medo</i>, written for <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Broschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Broschi">Farinelli</a>, requires notes down to C<sub>3</sub>, 131 Hz).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar low-voiced singing can be heard from the <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> vocalist Jimmy Scott, whose range matches approximately that used by female <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> singers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-pitched singer <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Smith_(musician)" title="Jordan Smith (musician)">Jordan Smith</a> has demonstrated having more of a tenorial chest register.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Colfer" title="Chris Colfer">Chris Colfer</a> has stated in interviews that when his voice began to change at puberty, he sang in a high voice "constantly" in an effort to retain his range.<sup id="cite_ref-Glee's_Chris_Colfor_on_Owning_Defying_Gravity_and_Resembling_a_Hummel_Figure_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glee's_Chris_Colfor_on_Owning_Defying_Gravity_and_Resembling_a_Hummel_Figure-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actor and singer <a href="/wiki/Alex_Newell" title="Alex Newell">Alex Newell</a> has soprano range. Voice actor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tetley" title="Walter Tetley">Walter Tetley</a> may or may not have been a <i>castrato</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bill_Scott_(voice_actor)" title="Bill Scott (voice actor)">Bill Scott</a>, a co-worker of Tetley's during their later work in television, once half-jokingly quipped that Tetley's mother "had him fixed" to protect the child star's voice-acting career. Tetley never did personally divulge the exact reason for his condition, which left him with the voice of a preteen boy for his entire adult life.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botanist <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a> was noted for his high voice, believed to be the result of <a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">pertussis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">croup</a> infections in his childhood that stunted his growth.<sup id="cite_ref-McMurry14_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMurry14-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_castrati">Notable castrati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable castrati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italians#Castrati_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italians">List of Italians § Castrati singers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senesino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Senesino.jpg/220px-Senesino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Senesino.jpg/330px-Senesino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Senesino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Francesco Bernardi, known as "<a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a>"</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Vittori" title="Loreto Vittori">Loreto Vittori</a> (1604–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Ferri" title="Baldassare Ferri">Baldassare Ferri</a> (1610–1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atto_Melani" title="Atto Melani">Atto Melani</a> (1626–1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Grossi" title="Giovanni Francesco Grossi">Giovanni Grossi</a> ("Siface") (1653–1697)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Francesco_Tosi" title="Pier Francesco Tosi">Pier Francesco Tosi</a> (1654–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Ceccarelli" title="Francesco Ceccarelli">Francesco Ceccarelli</a> (1752–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Grimaldi" title="Nicolò Grimaldi">Nicolò Grimaldi</a> ("Nicolini") (1673–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Berenstadt" title="Gaetano Berenstadt">Gaetano Berenstadt</a> (1687–1734)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Mannelli" title="Carlo Mannelli">Carlo Mannelli</a> (1640–1697)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bernacchi" title="Antonio Bernacchi">Antonio Bernacchi</a> (1685–1756)</li> <li>Francesco Bernardi ("<a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a>") (1686–1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Urbani" title="Valentino Urbani">Valentino Urbani</a> ("Valentini") (1690–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Masullo" title="Francesco Paolo Masullo">Francesco Paolo Masullo</a> (1679–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Fontana" title="Giacinto Fontana">Giacinto Fontana</a> ("Farfallino") (1692–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Aprile" title="Giuseppe Aprile">Giuseppe Aprile</a> (1731–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Carestini" title="Giovanni Carestini">Giovanni Carestini</a> ("Cusanino") (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1704</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1760</span>)</li> <li>Carlo Broschi ("<a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a>") (1705–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Annibali" title="Domenico Annibali">Domenico Annibali</a> ("Domenichino") (1705–1779)</li> <li>Gaetano Majorano ("<a href="/wiki/Caffarelli_(castrato)" title="Caffarelli (castrato)">Caffarelli</a>") (1710–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Soto_de_Langa" title="Francesco Soto de Langa">Francesco Soto de Langa</a> (1534–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Salimbeni" title="Felice Salimbeni">Felice Salimbeni</a> (1712–1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Conti" title="Gioacchino Conti">Gioacchino Conti</a> ("Gizziello") (1714–1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Mancini" title="Giovanni Battista Mancini">Giovanni Battista Mancini</a> (1714–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Manzuoli" title="Giovanni Manzuoli">Giovanni Manzuoli</a> (1720–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Guadagni" title="Gaetano Guadagni">Gaetano Guadagni</a> (1725–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giusto_Fernando_Tenducci" title="Giusto Fernando Tenducci">Giusto Fernando Tenducci</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1736–1790</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Millico" title="Giuseppe Millico">Giuseppe Millico</a> ("Il Muscovita") (1737–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Maria_Monticelli" title="Angelo Maria Monticelli">Angelo Maria Monticelli</a> (1710–1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Pacchierotti" title="Gaspare Pacchierotti">Gaspare Pacchierotti</a> (1740–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzio_Rauzzini" title="Venanzio Rauzzini">Venanzio Rauzzini</a> (1746–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Marchesi" title="Luigi Marchesi">Luigi Marchesi</a> ("Marchesini") (1754–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_dal_Prato" title="Vincenzo dal Prato">Vincenzo dal Prato</a> (1756–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Crescentini" title="Girolamo Crescentini">Girolamo Crescentini</a> (1762–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Pistocchi" title="Francesco Antonio Pistocchi">Francesco Antonio Pistocchi</a> (1659–1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Velluti" title="Giovanni Battista Velluti">Giovanni Battista "Giambattista" Velluti</a> (1781–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Mustaf%C3%A0" title="Domenico Mustafà">Domenico Mustafà</a> (1829–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Cesari" title="Giovanni Cesari">Giovanni Cesari</a> (1843–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Salvatori" title="Domenico Salvatori">Domenico Salvatori</a> (1855–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Moreschi" title="Alessandro Moreschi">Alessandro Moreschi</a> (1858–1922)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cry_to_Heaven" title="Cry to Heaven">Cry to Heaven</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alteration" title="The Alteration">The Alteration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinelli_(film)" title="Farinelli (film)"><i>Farinelli</i> (film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarrasine" title="Sarrasine">Sarrasine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprachicos" title="Comprachicos">Comprachicos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFinucci2003" class="citation book cs1">Finucci, Valeria (2003). <i>The Manly Masquerade</i>. London: Duke University Press. p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manly+Masquerade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Finucci&rft.aufirst=Valeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValeria2003" class="citation book cs1">Valeria, Funucci (2003). <i>The Manly Masquerade</i>. London. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manly+Masquerade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Valeria&rft.aufirst=Funucci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">such procedures are described in D'Ancillon, as translated into English by Samber, R.: <i>Eunuchism Display'd ...</i> (London, 1718), pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholes1959" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, Percy A., ed. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drburneysmusical0000scho/page/247"><i>Dr Burney's Musical Tours in Europe</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press. p. 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr+Burney%27s+Musical+Tours+in+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrburneysmusical0000scho%2Fpage%2F247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usrf.org/news/010308-jenkins_lancet.html">Lancet <i>The Voice of the Castrato,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611020930/http://www.usrf.org/news/010308-jenkins_lancet.html">Archived</a> 11 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1998; 351: pp. 1877–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="New Grove Dictionary of Opera">New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a>, vol 3, p. 529, sv "musico"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherr_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherr_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherr_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherr</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milner, Anthony. (1973). "The Sacred Capons". <i>Musical Times</i> <b>114</b>(1561): 250–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbani1752" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Albani" title="Annibale Albani">Albani, Annibale</a>, ed. (1752). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pfZRM_Ti4QC&pg=PA167"><i>Collectio bullarum brevium aliorumque diplomatum sacrosanctae Basilicae Vaticanae</i></a>. Vol. 3. Rome. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>74<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collectio+bullarum+brevium+aliorumque+diplomatum+sacrosanctae+Basilicae+Vaticanae&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pfZRM_Ti4QC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ami.group.uq.edu.au/castrated-men-live-longer">"Castrated men live longer"</a>. <i>ami.group.uq.edu.au</i>. 7 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ami.group.uq.edu.au&rft.atitle=Castrated+men+live+longer&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fami.group.uq.edu.au%2Fcastrated-men-live-longer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Heriot, A: <i>The Castrati in Opera</i> (London, 1956), pp. 31 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heriot chs. 1–3 <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickering, R: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsupont00pick"><i>Reflections on Theatrical Expression in Tragedy</i></a> (London, 1755), p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Bontempi, G: <i>Historia Musica</i> (Perugia, 1695), p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faustini-Fassini, E.: <i>Gli astri maggiori del bel canto napoletano</i> in <i>Note d'archivio</i> 15, (1938), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Heriot, pp. 141–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casanova, G. <i>Memoirs</i> (tr. A. Machen, with additional tr. by A. Symons (London, 1894) vol. 4c, ch. 10; available online at www.gutenberg.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosselli1995" class="citation book cs1">Rosselli, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ru5zpGgIuTYC"><i>Singers of Italian Opera: The History of a Profession</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42697-8"><bdi>978-0-521-42697-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singers+of+Italian+Opera%3A+The+History+of+a+Profession&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42697-8&rft.aulast=Rosselli&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dru5zpGgIuTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for a general discussion of castrati in society, see Barbier, ch. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Heriot, <i>The Castrati in Opera</i>, London, 1956; Ed Wayne Dynes, <i>Encyclopedia of Homosexuality</i>, New York, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giustizia.it/resources/cms/documents/Codice_penale_esteso_alla_Sicilia.pdf">Codice penale per gli Stati di S.M. il Re di Sardegna esteso alla Sicilia con decreto del Luogotenente generale del Re del 17 febbraio 1861 e modificato con la legge del 30 giugno 1861 di n. 56</a></i>, Palermo, Lao, 1864, art. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clapton, N.: Alessandro Moreschi and the World of the Castrato (London, 2008), pp. 197–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbier1998" class="citation book cs1">Barbier, P. (trans. M. Crosland) (1998). "Chapter 6. The Castrati and the Church". <i>The World of the Castrati: the history of an extraordinary operatic phenomenon</i>. London: Souvenir Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-285-63460-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-285-63460-7"><bdi>0-285-63460-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6.+The+Castrati+and+the+Church&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Castrati%3A+the+history+of+an+extraordinary+operatic+phenomenon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Souvenir+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-285-63460-7&rft.aulast=Barbier&rft.aufirst=P.+%28trans.+M.+Crosland%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrosch2006" class="citation journal cs1">Frosch, W.A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.06-0402ufm">"The sopranos: post-op virtuosi"</a>. <i>The FASEB Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">595–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.06-0402ufm">10.1096/fj.06-0402ufm</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581964">16581964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29528825">29528825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=The+sopranos%3A+post-op+virtuosi&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E595-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29528825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16581964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.06-0402ufm&rft.aulast=Frosch&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffj.06-0402ufm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1981" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, O. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popeseuropeanrev0000chad/page/89"><i>The Popes and European Revolution</i></a>. 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Tp4.rub.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151220215336/http://www.tp4.rub.de/~ak/disc/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Male+Soprano+Page&rft.pub=Tp4.rub.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tp4.rub.de%2F~ak%2Fdisc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoder2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Loder, S.C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+Today&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+Michael+Maniaci&rft.date=2005-04-12&rft.aulast=Loder&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operatoday.com%2Fcontent%2F2005%2F04%2Fan_interview_wi_4.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630004501/http://malesopranos.com/cat/10/3-0/aris-christofellis">"Aris Christofellis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malesopranos.com/cat/10/3-0/aris-christofellis">the original</a> on 30 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aris+Christofellis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalesopranos.com%2Fcat%2F10%2F3-0%2Faris-christofellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joerg-waschinski.de/jndex_f.html">"Jörg Waschinski, sopranist"</a>. Joerg-waschinski.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150818124533/http://joerg-waschinski.de/jndex_f.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J%C3%B6rg+Waschinski%2C+sopranist&rft.pub=Joerg-waschinski.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joerg-waschinski.de%2Fjndex_f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017111540/http://www.ghionannini.com/Main.asp">"Ghio Nannini"</a>. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghio+Nannini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghionannini.com%2FMain.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaböck,_F.1923" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haböck, F. (1923). <i>Die Gesangkunst der Kastraten</i> [<i>The Singing Skills of the Castratos</i>] (in German). Vienna. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Gesangkunst+der+Kastraten&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Hab%C3%B6ck%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520014327/http://www.jimmyscottofficialwebsite.org/">"Jimmy Scott official website"</a>. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Scott+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimmyscottofficialwebsite.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UadePk8TjTM">"Jordan Smith – Ave Maria ('Tis The Season Live)"</a>. 23 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502072428/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UadePk8TjTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan+Smith+%E2%80%93+Ave+Maria+%28%27Tis+The+Season+Live%29&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUadePk8TjTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glee's_Chris_Colfor_on_Owning_Defying_Gravity_and_Resembling_a_Hummel_Figure-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glee's_Chris_Colfor_on_Owning_Defying_Gravity_and_Resembling_a_Hummel_Figure_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilzoff2009" class="citation web cs1">Milzoff, Rebecca (16 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/11/chris_colfer_on_playing_kurt_i.html">"Glee's Chris Colfer on owning 'Defying Gravity' and resembling a Hummel figurine – Vulture"</a>. <i>New York</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119095334/http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/11/chris_colfer_on_playing_kurt_i.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Glee%27s+Chris+Colfer+on+owning+%27Defying+Gravity%27+and+resembling+a+Hummel+figurine+%E2%80%93+Vulture&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft.aulast=Milzoff&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fdaily%2Fentertainment%2F2009%2F11%2Fchris_colfer_on_playing_kurt_i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Scott2000" class="citation book cs1">Keith Scott (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moosethatroaredt00scot"><i>The Moose That Roared – The story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a flying squirrel and a talking moose</i></a>. St. Martins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19922-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19922-8"><bdi>0-312-19922-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moose+That+Roared+%E2%80%93+The+story+of+Jay+Ward%2C+Bill+Scott%2C+a+flying+squirrel+and+a+talking+moose&rft.pub=St.+Martins+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-19922-8&rft.au=Keith+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoosethatroaredt00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMurry14-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McMurry14_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinda_O._McMurry1981" class="citation book cs1">Linda O. McMurry (1981). <i>George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+Carver%3A+Scientist+and+Symbol&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Linda+O.+McMurry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBontempi,_G.1695" class="citation book cs1">Bontempi, G. (1695). <i>Historia Musica</i>. Perugia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Musica&rft.place=Perugia&rft.date=1695&rft.au=Bontempi%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCasanova,_G.1894" class="citation book cs1">Casanova, G. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81512"><i>Memoirs</i></a>. Translated by Machen, A. additional tr. by Symons, A. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs&rft.place=London&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Casanova%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.81512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClapton,_N.2004" class="citation book cs1">Clapton, N. (2004). <i>Moreschi, the Last Castrato</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moreschi%2C+the+Last+Castrato&rft.place=London&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Clapton%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCont,_A.2017" class="citation book cs1">Cont, A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36927632">"Evirati cantori e mondo nobiliare: Un contributo allo studio delle dinamiche sociali dell'Italia barocca"</a>. <i>Atti della Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati</i>. Vol. IX. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evirati+cantori+e+mondo+nobiliare%3A+Un+contributo+allo+studio+delle+dinamiche+sociali+dell%27Italia+barocca&rft.btitle=Atti+della+Accademia+Roveretana+degli+Agiati&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Cont%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36927632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreitas,_R.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Freitas, R. (Spring 2003). "The eroticism of emasculation: Confronting the Baroque body of the castrato". <i>Journal of Musicology</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">196–</span>249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjm.2003.20.2.196">10.1525/jm.2003.20.2.196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=The+eroticism+of+emasculation%3A+Confronting+the+Baroque+body+of+the+castrato&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2003.20.2.196&rft.au=Freitas%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaböck,_F.1927" class="citation book cs1">Haböck, F. (1927). <i>Die Kastraten und ihre Gesangskunst</i> [<i>The Castratos and their Art of Song</i>]. Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kastraten+und+ihre+Gesangskunst&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Hab%C3%B6ck%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeriot,_A.1956" class="citation book cs1">Heriot, A. (1956). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castratiinopera0000unse"><i>The Castrati in Opera</i></a></span>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castrati+in+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Heriot%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcastratiinopera0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoward,_P.2014" class="citation book cs1">Howard, P. (2014). <i>The Modern Castrato: Gaetano Guadagni and the coming of a new operatic age</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Castrato%3A+Gaetano+Guadagni+and+the+coming+of+a+new+operatic+age&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Howard%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoran,_N.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Moran, N. (2002). "Byzantine castrati". <i>Plainsong and Medieval Music</i>. <b>11</b> (2). Cambridge: <span class="nowrap">99–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0961137102002073">10.1017/S0961137102002073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233321142">233321142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plainsong+and+Medieval+Music&rft.atitle=Byzantine+castrati&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0961137102002073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233321142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Moran%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPleasants,_H.1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Pleasants, H. (July 1966). "The Castrati". <i>Stereo Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stereo+Review&rft.atitle=The+Castrati&rft.date=1966-07&rft.au=Pleasants%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholes,_P.1959" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, P., ed. (1959). <i>Dr. Burney's Musical Tours in Europe</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Burney%27s+Musical+Tours+in+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSherr,_R.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Sherr, R. (Spring 1980). "Guglielmo Gonzaga and the castrati". <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2861534">10.2307/2861534</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2861534">2861534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164159773">164159773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Guglielmo+Gonzaga+and+the+castrati&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164159773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2861534%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2861534&rft.au=Sherr%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosselli,_J.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Rosselli, J. (1988). "The castrati as a professional group and a social phenomenon, 1550–1850". <i>Acta Musicologica</i>. <b>LX</b>. Basel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Musicologica&rft.atitle=The+castrati+as+a+professional+group+and+a+social+phenomenon%2C+1550%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=LX&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Rosselli%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTougher,_S.2002" class="citation book cs1">Tougher, S., ed. (2002). <i>Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eunuchs+in+Antiquity+and+Beyond&rft.place=London&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastrato" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrato&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.velluti.org/">All you would like to know about Castrati</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kindsein.com/es/8/educacion/227/?ST1=Full_text&ST_T1=Article&ST_PS1=11&ST_AS1=0&ST_LS1=0&ST_max=1">Castrados por amor al arte</a></li> <li>Recordings: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Bononcini" title="Antonio Maria Bononcini">Antonio Maria Bononcini</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ars-antiqua-austria.com/musik/bononcini.mp3"><i>Vorrei pupille belle</i></a>, sung by <a href="/wiki/Radu_Marian_(sopranist)" title="Radu Marian (sopranist)">Radu Marian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AlessandroMoreschi">1904 Recording of Alessandro Moreschi</a> singing Bach/Gounod <i><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Gounod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maria (Gounod)">Ave Maria</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundclick.com/bands/pageartist.cfm?bandID=358067">Javier Medina Avila</a>, including an audio sample (Riccardo Broschi: <i>Ombra fedele anch'io</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Castrati21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Castrati" title="Template:Castrati"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Castrati" title="Template talk:Castrati"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Castrati" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Castrati"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Castrati21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castrati</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffarelli_(castrato)" title="Caffarelli (castrato)">Caffarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Crescentini" title="Girolamo Crescentini">Crescentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Carestini" title="Giovanni Carestini">Cusanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Annibali" title="Domenico Annibali">Domenichino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Fontana" title="Giacinto Fontana">Farfallino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Guadagni" title="Gaetano Guadagni">Gaetano Guadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Velluti" title="Giovanni Battista Velluti">Giambattista Velluti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Conti" title="Gioacchino Conti">Gizziello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atto_Melani" title="Atto Melani">Atto Melani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Millico" title="Giuseppe Millico">Giuseppe Millico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Grimaldi" title="Nicolò Grimaldi">Nicolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Pacchierotti" title="Gaspare Pacchierotti">Gaspare Pacchierotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Pistocchi" title="Francesco Antonio Pistocchi">Pistocchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Aprile" title="Giuseppe Aprile">Sciroletto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Grossi" title="Giovanni Francesco Grossi">Siface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giusto_Fernando_Tenducci" title="Giusto Fernando Tenducci">Giusto Fernando Tenducci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opera_terms_by_origin88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opera_terms" title="Template:Opera terms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opera_terms" title="Template talk:Opera terms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opera_terms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opera terms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opera_terms_by_origin88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_terminology" title="Category:Opera terminology">terms</a> by origin</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_performance" title="Concert performance">Concert performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">Insertion aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">Mad scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(music)" title="Number (music)">Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompter_(opera)" title="Prompter (opera)">Prompter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung-through" title="Sung-through">Sung-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claque" title="Claque">Claque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">Coup de glotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encore" title="Encore">Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte" title="Entr'acte">Entr'acte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interm%C3%A8de" title="Intermède">Intermède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roulade_(music)" title="Roulade (music)">Roulade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">Travesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger" title="Kammersänger">Kammersänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regieoper" title="Regieoper">Regieoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitzprobe" title="Sitzprobe">Sitzprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_di_sorbetto" title="Aria di sorbetto">Aria di sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">Arioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">Bravura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi_(music)" title="Brindisi (music)">Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burletta" title="Burletta">Burletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">Cadenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro_(music)" title="Chiaroscuro (music)">Chiaroscuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprimario" title="Comprimario">Comprimario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenienze">Convenienze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">Da capo aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva" title="Diva">Diva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsettone" title="Falsettone">Falsettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">Fioritura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">Impresario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licenza_(musical_term)" title="Licenza (musical term)">Licenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro" title="Maestro">Maestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musico" title="Musico">Musico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">Portamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">Prima donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">Ritornello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solita_forma" title="Solita forma">Solita forma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto" title="Spinto">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">Squillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione">Stagione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stile_rappresentativo" title="Stile rappresentativo">Stile rappresentativo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">Verismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hovs%C3%A5ngare" title="Hovsångare">Hovsångare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_range_or_compass_and_register129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Range_(music)" title="Template:Range (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Range_(music)" title="Template talk:Range (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Range_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Range (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_range_or_compass_and_register129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Musical range or compass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">register</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">Whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">Vocal fry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">Boy soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette">Soubrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano"> Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto_soprano" title="Spinto soprano">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano"> Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">Sopranist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">Heldentenor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">Basso profondo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bass" title="Sub-bass">Sub-bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_(sound)" title="Treble (sound)">Treble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clef" title="Clef">Clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(music)" title="Extension (music)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">Pedal tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_(organ)" title="Registration (organ)">Organ registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1463" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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