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Colombia: Fact-Finding Mission Report - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
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class="container"> <div class="row"> <main id="ctl00_main" role="main" property="mainContentOfPage" class="container"> <h1 id="wb-cont" property="name"> Colombia: Fact-Finding Mission Report </h1> <section> <div> <!--[if gte IE 9 | !IE ]><!--> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/15/IRB.WET4/theme-gcwu-fegc/js/wet-boew.min.js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/15/IRB.WET4/theme-gcwu-fegc/js/tooltip.js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/15/IRB.WET4/theme-gcwu-fegc/js/popover.js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/15/IRB.WET4/GC-SharePoint/JS/sticky-sidebar.js"></script> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_ctl01_ctl00_label" style='display:none'>Page Content</div><div id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_ctl01_ctl00__ControlWrapper_RichHtmlField" class="ms-rtestate-field" style="display:inline" aria-labelledby="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_ctl01_ctl00_label"><h2>Conflict Dynamics in the Post-FARC-EP Period and State Protection<br></h2><p class="text-right small"> <b>Published: March 2020</b></p><p> <b>Prepared by: Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa </b></p><p>This Report was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) of Canada based on approved notes from meetings with oral sources, publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This Report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee protection. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate.</p><h2>Table of Contents</h2><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <a href="#h-map">Map</a></li><li> <a href="#h-gloss">Glossary</a><br></li><li> <a href="#h-method">Methodology</a></li><li> <a href="#h-overview">1. Overview of the Security Situation</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h11">1.1 Peace Agreement of 2016</a></li><li> <a href="#h12">1.2 Evolving Conflict Dynamics</a></li><li> <a href="#h13">1.3 Security Forces Operations</a></li><li> <a href="#h14">1.4 Criminality and Armed Violence Trends</a></li></ul></li><li> <a href="#h2">2. Armed Groups</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h21">2.1 ELN</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h211"> 2.1.1 The ELN in Venezuela</a></li></ul></li><li> <a href="#h22">2.2 Dissidents of the FARC-EP</a></li><li> <a href="#h23">2.3 Dissidents of the EPL</a></li><li> <a href="#h24">2.4 Paramilitary Groups</a></li></ul></li><li> <a href="#h3">3. Main Targeted Profiles</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h31">3.1 Statistics on Attacks and Threats</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h311">3.1.1 Methods</a></li></ul></li><li> <a href="#h32">3.2 Killings</a></li></ul></li><li> <a href="#h4">4. Displacement</a></li><li> <a href="#h5">5. Protection</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h51">5.1 Victims and Land Restitution Law (<em><span lang="es"> Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras, LVRT</span></em>)</a></li><li> <a href="#h52">5.2 Victim Assistance and Comprehensive Reparation Unit (UARIV)</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h521">5.2.1 Assistance Provided to Victims</a></li><li> <a href="#h522">5.2.2 Registry of Victims</a></li><li> <a href="#h523">5.2.3 Effectiveness</a></li></ul></li><li> <a href="#h53">5.3 National Protection Unit (<span lang="es">Unidad Nacional de Protección, UNP</span>)</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h531">5.3.1 Protection Program</a></li><li> <a href="#h532">5.3.2 Protection Measures</a></li><li> <a href="#h533">5.3.3 Effectiveness</a></li></ul></li><li> <a href="#h54">5.4 Judicial System</a> <ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li> <a href="#h541">5.4.1 Investigation into Cases of Threats and Attacks on Social Leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li> <a href="#notes">Notes on Interlocutors</a></li><li> <a href="#ref">References</a></li></ul><h2 id="h-map">Map<br></h2> <img alt="The image is a geographical map of Colombia." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_map.jpg" style="width:700px;height:906px;" /> <p>Source: UN Mar. 2016</p> <details> <summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a geographical map of Colombia. </p> </details> <h2 id="h-gloss">Glossary</h2><ul class="lst-spcd list-unstyled"><li> <b>AGC</b><br><span lang="es">Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia</span> (Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces of Colombia)</li><li> <b>AUC</b><br><span lang="es">Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia</span> (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia)</li><li> <b>BACRIM</b><br><span lang="es">Bandas Criminales</span> (Criminal Organizations)</li><li> <b>CERREM</b><br><span lang="es">Comité de Evaluación de Riesgo y Recomendación de Medidas</span> (Committee for Risk Assessment and Recommendation of Measures)</li><li> <b>CLAP</b><br><span lang="es">Comités Locales de Abastecimiento y Producción</span> (Local Supply and Production Committees)</li><li> <b>COCE</b><br><span lang="es">Comando Central</span> (Central Command) [of the ELN]</li><li> <b>CODHES</b><br><span lang="es">Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento</span> (Consultancy for Human Rights and Displacement)</li><li> <b>COP</b><br>Colombian peso</li><li> <b>CTRAI</b><br><span lang="es">Cuerpo de Recolección y Análisis de la Información</span> (Technical Unit for Compilation and Analysis of Information)</li><li> <b>ELN</b><br><span lang="es">Ejército de Liberación Nacional</span> (National Liberation Army)</li><li> <b>EPL</b><br><span lang="es">Ejército Popular de Liberación</span> (Popular Liberation Army)</li><li> <b>FARC</b><br><span lang="es">Fuerza Alternativa Revolucionaria del Común</span> (Common Alternative Revolutionary Force)</li><li> <b>FARC-EP</b><br><span lang="es">Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo</span> (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People's Army)</li><li> <b>FBL</b><br><span lang="es">Fuerzas Bolivarianas de Liberación</span> (Bolivarian Liberation Forces)</li><li> <b>FGN</b><br><span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la Nación</span> (Office of the Attorney General)</li><li> <b>FUDRA</b><br><span lang="es">Fuerza de Despliegue Rápido</span> (Rapid Deployment Force)</li><li> <b>GNB</b><br><span lang="es">Guardia Nacional Bolivariana</span> (Bolivarian National Guard)</li><li> <b>GUP</b><br><span lang="es">Guerrillas Unidas del Pacífico</span> (United Guerrillas of the Pacific)</li><li> <b>GVP</b><br><span lang="es">Grupo de Valoración Preliminar</span> (Preliminary Assessment Unit)</li><li> <b>ICETEX</b><br><span lang="es">Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo y Estudios Técnicos en el Exterior</span> (Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Studies Abroad)</li><li> <b>IED</b><br>Improvised Explosive Device</li><li> <b>IRB</b><br>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada</li><li> <b>JEP</b><br>Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz (Special Jurisdiction for Peace)</li><li> <b><em>LVRT</em></b><br><em><span lang="es">Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras</span></em> (Victims and Land Restitution Law)</li><li> <b>NGO</b><br>Non-Governmental Organization</li><li> <b>OCHA</b><br>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</li><li> <b>Pares</b><br><span lang="es">Fundación Paz y Reconciliación</span> (Peace and Reconciliation Foundation)</li><li> <b>PGN</b><br><span lang="es">Procuraduría General de la Nación</span> (Office of the Inspector General)</li><li> <b>QR Code</b><br>Quick Response Code</li><li> <b>RAD</b><br>Refugee Appeal Division [of the IRB]</li><li> <b>RPD</b><br>Refugee Protection Division [of the IRB]</li><li> <b>RUV</b><br><span lang="es">Registro Único de Víctimas</span> (Registry of Victims)</li><li> <b>SAT</b><br><span lang="es">Sistema de Alertas Tempranas</span> (Early Warning System)</li><li> <b>SEBIN</b><br><span lang="es">Servicio Bolivariano de Inteligencia Nacional</span> (Bolivarian National Intelligence Service)</li><li> <b>SMLMV</b><br><span lang="es">Salario Mínimo Legal Mensual Vigente</span> (Current Legal Minimum Monthly Wage)</li><li> <b>SNARIV</b><br><span lang="es">Sistema Nacional de Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (National System for Comprehensive Victim Support and Reparation)</li><li> <b>TAM</b><br><span lang="es">Tribunal Administrativo Migratorio</span> (Administrative Tribunal of Immigration) of Costa Rica</li><li> <b>UARIV</b><br><span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (Victim Assistance and Comprehensive Reparation Unit)</li><li> <b><span lang="es">UBPD</span></b><br>Unidad de Búsqueda de Personas Dadas por Desaparecidas (Search Unit for Presumed Disappeared Persons)</li><li> <b><span lang="es">UNP</span></b><br>Unidad Nacional de Protección (National Protection Unit)</li><li> <b><span lang="es">UP</span></b><br>Unión Patriótica (Patriotic Union)</li></ul><h2 id="h-method">Methodology</h2><p>From 4 to 8 March 2019, a joint fact-finding mission (hereafter, the mission) was carried out in Colombia by representatives of the administrative tribunals of Canada and Costa Rica that deal with matters of international protection. The Administrative Tribunal of Immigration (<span lang="es">Tribunal Administrativo Migratorio, TAM</span>) of Costa Rica and the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB) determined the topics for the research based on the information needs of both countries. Additionally, the mission was also a Canadian capacity-building initiative to support COI research development in partner countries. The mission took place in Bogotá, Buenaventura and Cúcuta.</p><p>The mission consisted of a series of meetings with experts and officials from relevant governmental, non-governmental, academic, and research-focused organizations. Interlocutors were identified by the delegation based on their position and expertise. However, due to time constraints, the list of sources should not be considered exhaustive in terms of the scope and complexity of human rights issues in Colombia and Venezuela. Meetings with interlocutors were coordinated by the Consultancy for Human Rights and Displacement (<span lang="es">Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento, CODHES</span>) and took place in the interlocutors' offices. All interviews were conducted in Spanish.</p><p>The purpose of the mission was to collect information on the following topics:</p><ul><li>The main armed groups in the period since the signing of the peace agreement between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People's Army (<span lang="es">Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo, FARC-EP</span>) in 2016;</li><li>The main profiles of people targeted by armed groups and recourse available to them;</li><li>The situation of internal displacement; and</li><li>Venezuelan migration to Colombia.</li></ul><p>These areas were identified in consultation with mission participants, and IRB decision-makers from the Refugee Protection Division (RPD) and the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD). Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured approach to adapt to the expertise of the interlocutor(s) being interviewed. Interlocutors' responses to these questions varied depending on their willingness and preparedness to address them, and the length of time granted for the interview.</p><p>In accordance with the Research Directorate's methodology, which relies on publicly available information, interlocutors were advised that the information they provided would form the basis of Country-of-Origin Information (COI) reports on country conditions in Colombia and Venezuela. In this regard, interview notes were sent to interlocutors for their approval. Furthermore, interlocutors were asked to consent to being cited by a professional title or by their institution for the information they provided. They were informed that the COI reports would be publicly accessible and may be used by decision-makers adjudicating refugee claims in Canada.</p><p>This report is based on the information gathered by the IRB during the mission to Colombia, as well as publicly available documentary sources, which were included to give context to the information gathered during the mission.</p><p>This report contains information regarding the conflict dynamics in the period since the signing of the peace agreement between the Colombian government and the FARC-EP 2016. The first section provides brief background information about developments since the signing of the 2016 peace agreement, as well as statistics on crime and armed violence. The second section describes the main armed groups, including areas of operation, activities, and structure. The third section addresses the main profiles of people targeted by armed groups in the current context of the conflict. The fourth section provides a brief description of the internal displacement situation. The fifth section provides information about some of the protection measures available for victims of the armed conflict, as well as for the main targeted profiles identified in the third section.</p><p>This report should be read in conjunction with other IRB publications, including the following Responses to Information Requests:</p><ul><li> <a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457863">COL106338</a> of July 2019: Colombia: Update to COL106087 of 1 May 2018 on the investigation of criminal complaints, including time limits, expiry of criminal proceedings, and setting aside of complaints; the Office of the Attorney General's database used to consult the status of a criminal complaint, including the definition of the different statuses (2017-July 2019)</li><li> <a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457453">COL106086</a> of April 2018: Colombia: The presence and activities of <span lang="es">Los Rastrojos</span>, including in Buenaventura; information on their relationship with the Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (<span lang="es">Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia, AGC</span>) [also known as Gulf Clan (<span lang="es">Clan del Golfo</span>) or Úsuga Clan (<span lang="es">Clan Úsuga</span>), and formerly known as <span lang="es">Los Urabeños</span>]; state response (2017-April 2018)</li><li> <a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457457">COL106085</a> of April 2018: Colombia: The National Liberation Army (<span lang="es">Ejército de Liberación Nacional - ELN</span>), including number of combatants and areas of operation; activities, including ability to track victims; state response and protection available to victims (2016-April 2018)</li><li> <a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457452">COL106084</a> of April 2018: Colombia: The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (<span lang="es">Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC</span>), including demobilization of former combatants; information on dissident groups, including number of combatants, areas of operation, activities and state response (2016-April 2018)</li><li> <a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457016">COL105773</a> of April 2017: Colombia: Paramilitary successor groups and criminal bands (<span lang="es">bandas criminales, BACRIM</span>), areas of operation and criminal activities, including the <span lang="es">Clan del Golfo</span> (also known as <span lang="es">Urabeños</span> or <span lang="es">Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia</span>); state response, including reintregation of, and assistance to, combatants (May 2016-March 2017)</li><li> <a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457050">COL105772</a> of May 2017: Colombia: Requirements and procedures to submit a complaint to the police, the <span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la Nación</span>, and the <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo</span>, including types of complaints; standardization and appearance of documents; requirements and procedures to obtain a copy of the complaint and investigative report for each organization, both from within the country and from abroad</li></ul><p>The IRB would like to thank the Embassy of Canada in Bogotá, TAM, CODHES, the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for providing logistical support and assistance during the mission.</p><h2 id="h-overview">Overview of the Security Situation</h2><h3 id="h11">1.1 Peace Agreement of 2016 </h3><p>In 2016, the government of Colombia signed a peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army (<span lang="es">Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo, FARC-EP</span>).<sup id="fn1-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn1"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>1</a></sup> The peace agreement included assistance to victims of the armed conflict and the creation of several institutions, such as the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (<span lang="es">Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, JEP</span>); the Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence, and Non-Repetition (<span lang="es">Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición</span>), also called the Truth Commission (Comisión de la Verdad); and the Search Unit for Presumed Disappeared Persons (<span lang="es">Unidad de Búsqueda de Personas Dadas por Desaparecidas, UBPD</span>).<sup id="fn2-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn2"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>2</a></sup> </p><p>The Truth Commission was created to investigate the events that took place during the armed conflict and contribute to revealing infractions or violations committed during the conflict.<sup id="fn3-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn3"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>3</a></sup> The UBPD was created to undertake the search for disappeared persons in the context of the armed conflict and is limited to victims of forced disappearance, kidnapping, illegal recruitment, and combatants of both the armed forces and irregular armed groups.<sup id="fn4-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn4"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>4</a></sup> </p><p>In September 2017, the demobilized FARC-EP created the Common Alternative Revolutionary Force [Revolutionary Alternative Force of the Common People] (<span lang="es">Fuerza Alternativa Revolucionaria del Común, FARC</span>) political party.<sup id="fn5-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn5"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>5</a></sup> Some of the leaders of the FARC are currently serving as members of Congress.<sup id="fn6-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn6"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>6</a></sup> Since the signing of the peace agreement, as of June 2019, 133 former guerrilla members of the FARC-EP have been killed and 11 have been forcibly disappeared.<sup id="fn7-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn7"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>7</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h12">1.2 Evolving Conflict Dynamics</h3><p>The implementation of the peace agreement has been difficult due to the polarization of the complex political context in Colombia.<sup id="fn8-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn8"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>8</a></sup> Additionally, since the signing of the peace agreement, violence and forced displacement have persisted.<sup id="fn9-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn9"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>9</a></sup> The peace process is only partially complete as numerous [armed] actors are still present and active in the country such as other guerrilla groups, paramilitary groups, and drug trafficking organizations.<sup id="fn10-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn10"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>10</a></sup> The Colombian government is involved in armed conflicts with the National Liberation Army (<span lang="es">Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN</span>) and criminal organizations ([referred to by the government as] <em>bandas criminales</em>, BACRIM).<sup id="fn11-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn11"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>11</a></sup> </p><p>The territories in which the FARC-EP used to operate have been taken over by other armed groups, including the ELN,<sup id="fn12-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn12"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>12</a></sup> FARC-EP dissidents,<sup id="fn13-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn13"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>13</a></sup> paramilitary groups, and drug trafficking organizations.<sup id="fn14-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn14"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>14</a></sup> The presence of armed groups in these territories has led to confrontations over the control of areas that represent strategic sources of income, drug trafficking routes, and military advantage and, in the case of the dissidents of the Popular Liberation Army (<span lang="es">Ejército Popular de Liberación, EPL</span>), to press for a peace negotiation with the Colombian government.<sup id="fn15-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn15"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>15</a></sup> These contested territories are experiencing renewed violence, including an increase in forced displacement, particularly in the departments of Nariño, Cauca, Valle del Cauca (particularly Buenaventura), Chocó, Arauca, and Norte de Santander, and the region of Bajo Cauca.<sup id="fn16-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn16"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>16</a></sup> </p><p>The mission heard that military operations against armed groups have affected communities living in or around conflict areas. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) notes that armed groups have responded to actions carried out by the armed forces by deploying anti-personal mines, which has reduced access to education and other social services.<sup id="fn17-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn17"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>17</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h13">1.3 Security Forces Operations</h3><p>The Colombian government has deployed thousands of troops to combat armed groups.<sup id="fn18-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn18"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>18</a></sup> In January 2018, the government deployed 2,000 troops to Tumaco, Nariño, as part of Operation Exodus 2018 to combat drug trafficking in the area.<sup id="fn19-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn19"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>19</a></sup> </p><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson (<span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo</span>) notes that the national government has deployed security forces in the area of Catatumbo to combat illegal armed groups. The Rapid Deployment Force (<span lang="es">Fuerza de Despliegue Rápido, FUDRA</span>) III and four battalions were mobilized to the city of Ocaña in October 2018 for this purpose.<sup id="fn20-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn20"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>20</a></sup> A report produced by the Colombian Ministry of National Defense (<span lang="es">Ministerio de Defensa Nacional</span>) provides the following statistics on the results of the various military operations carried out by security forces:</p><h4>Results of Security Operations by Colomian Armed Forces<sup id="fn21-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn21"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>21</a></sup></h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Illegal Armed Groups (Individuals)</th><th>Jan.-Mar. 2019</th><th>2018</th><th>2017</th><th>2016</th><th>2015</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Demobilized</td><td>106</td><td>732</td><td>933</td><td>951</td><td>1,018</td></tr><tr><td>Captured</td><td>208</td><td>794</td><td>766</td><td>1,237</td><td>2,325</td></tr><tr><td>Killed</td><td>8</td><td>41</td><td>46</td><td>59</td><td>186</td></tr></tbody></table><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Organized Criminal Organizations (Individuals)</th><th>Jan.-Mar. 2019</th><th>2018</th><th>2017</th><th>2016</th><th>2015</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Captured</td><td>1,129</td><td>4,610</td><td>3,113</td><td>3,396</td><td>3,073</td></tr><tr><td>Killed</td><td>63</td><td>143</td><td>76</td><td>44</td><td>37</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The Peace and Reconciliation Foundation (<span lang="es">Fundación Paz y Reconciliación, Pares</span>) notes that the armed group made up of FARC-EP dissidents from Fronts 1 and 7 has suffered several loses and seizure of weapons during military operations. In May 2017, one of the treasurers was killed during a joint operation between the National Police and the army; in September 2017, the army killed Alfonso Lizcano Gualdrón, one of the leaders of Front 1; and in March 2018, nine members were killed in a military operation.<sup id="fn22-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn22"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>22</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h14">1.4 Criminality and Armed Violence Trends</h3><p>Although rates of homicides and forced displacement have declined since 2012 or since the agreements with the FARC,<sup id="fn23-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn23"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>23</a></sup> crimes such as extortion and drug trafficking continue.<sup id="fn24-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn24"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>24</a></sup> The incursion of new armed actors in the armed conflict and the expansion of those that were already present are creating new conflict dynamics,<sup id="fn25-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn25"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>25</a></sup> particularly the increasing rates of homicides in 2018 of social leaders and aggressions against ex-combatants.<sup id="fn26-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn26"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>26</a></sup> </p><h4>Number of Homicides and Homicide Rate<sup id="fn27-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn27"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>27</a></sup></h4> <img alt="The image is a bar chart indicating the number of homicides and homicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants from 2010 to January-March 2019." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_bar1.png" /> <details> <summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a bar chart indicating the number of homicides and homicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants from 2010 to January-March 2019. The data source is the National Police.</p> <ul><li>2010: 15,459 homicides and a homicide rate of 34 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>2011: 16,127 homicides and a homicide rate of 35 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>2012: 16,439 homicides and a homicide rate of 35.3 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>2013: 15,419 homicides and a homicide rate of 32.7 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>2014: 13,343 homicides and a homicide rate of 28 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>2015: 12,782 homicides and a homicide rate of 26.5 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>2016: 12,402 homicides and a homicide rate of 25.4 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>2017: 12,237 homicides and a homicide rate of 25.9 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>2018: 12,923 homicides and a homicide rate of 28 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li><li>January-March 2019: 3,120 homicides and a homicide rate of 6.2 per 100,000 inhabitants.</li></ul> </details> <p>Pares notes that rates of forced disappearances and kidnappings have decreased over the years. While for 2002 there were 16,026 disappearances reported, numbers progressively dropped to 137 in 2015, 74 in 2016, 72 in 2017, and 39 in 2018.<sup id="fn28-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn28"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>28</a></sup> Similarly, at the end of the 1990s, over 3,000 kidnappings were reported, while in 2017 and in the first half of 2018 these numbers dropped to 193 and 92 cases, respectively.<sup id="fn29-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn29"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>29</a></sup> The Ministry of National Defense provides similar numbers:</p><h4>Number of Kidnappings<sup id="fn30-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn30"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>30</a></sup></h4> <img alt="The image is a broken line chart indicating the number of kidnappings from 2010 to January-March 2019." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_line1.png" /> <details> <summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a broken line chart indicating the number of kidnappings from 2010 to January-March 2019. The data source is the National Police.</p> <ul><li>2010: 282 kidnappings.</li><li>2011: 305 kidnappings.</li><li>2012: 305 kidnappings. </li><li>2013: 299 kidnappings.</li><li>2014: 288 kidnappings.</li><li>2015: 213 kidnappings.</li><li>2016: 207 kidnappings.</li><li>2017: 195 kidnappings.</li><li>2018: 174 kidnappings.</li><li>January-March 2019: 29 kidnappings.</li></ul> </details> <p>Regarding [translation] "terrorist acts"<sup id="fn31-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn31"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>31</a></sup> and "subversive acts"<sup id="fn32-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn32"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>32</a></sup> committed by armed groups, the National Police provides the following statistics:</p><h4>"Terrorist Acts" Reported by the National Police<sup id="fn33-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn33"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>33</a></sup></h4> <img alt="The image is a broken line chart indicating the number of " src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_line2.png" /> <details> <summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a broken line chart indicating the number of "terrorist acts" reported by the National Police from 2010 to January-March 2019. The data source is the National Police.</p> <ul><li>2010: 472 terrorist acts.</li><li>2011: 571 terrorist acts.</li><li>2012: 894 terrorist acts.</li><li>2013: 890 terrorist acts.</li><li>2014: 763 terrorist acts.</li><li>2015: 443 terrorist acts.</li><li>2016: 224 terrorist acts.</li><li>2017: 123 terrorist acts.</li><li>2018: 152 terrorist acts.</li><li>January-March 2019: 31 terrorist acts.</li></ul> </details> <h4>"Subversive Acts" Reported by the National Police<sup id="fn34-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn34"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>34</a></sup></h4> <img alt="The image is a broken line chart indicating the number of " src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_line3.png" /> <details> <summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a broken line chart indicating the number of "subversive acts" reported by the National Police from 2010 to January-March 2019. The data sources are the Armed Forces, the National Police, ISA, and ECOPETROL.</p> <ul><li>2010: 131 subversive acts.</li><li>2011: 152 subversive acts.</li><li>2012: 167 subversive acts. </li><li>2013: 157 subversive acts.</li><li>2014: 166 subversive acts.</li><li>2015: 121 subversive acts.</li><li>2016: 56 subversive acts.</li><li>2017: 17 subversive acts.</li><li>2018: 12 subversive acts.</li><li>January-March 2019: 4 subversive acts.</li></ul> </details> <p>CODHES provides the following statistics on warlike actions:<sup id="fn35-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn35"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>35</a></sup> </p><h4>Warlike Actions (<em>acciones bélicas</em>)<sup id="fn36-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn36"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>36</a></sup> - 1 January 2019 to 28 February 2019</h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Department</th><th>Number of Events</th><th>Warlike Actions</th><th>Warlike Actions that Led to Violations of International Humanitarian Law<sup id="fn37-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn37"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>37</a></sup> </th><th>Violations of International Humanitarian Law</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <b>Total</b></td><td> <b>111</b></td><td> <b>45</b></td><td> <b>25</b></td><td> <b>41</b></td></tr><tr><td>Nariño</td><td>19</td><td>14</td><td>3</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Cauca</td><td>17</td><td>7</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Antioquia</td><td>14</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Norte de Santander</td><td>14</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Valle del Cauca</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Chocó</td><td>8</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Arauca</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Putumayo</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Magdalena</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>-</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>La Guajira</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Tolima</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Atlántico</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Bogotá</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Bolívar</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Caldas1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Caquetá</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>César</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Córdoba</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Cundinamarca</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Guaviare</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Huila</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table><h4>Warlike Actions - 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018</h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Department</th><th>Number of Events</th><th>Warlike Actions</th><th>Warlike Actions that Led to Violations of International Humanitarian Law</th><th>Violations of International Humanitarian Law</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <b>Total</b></td><td> <b>1161</b></td><td> <b>579</b></td><td> <b>139</b></td><td> <b>443</b></td></tr><tr><td>Antioquia</td><td>251</td><td>126</td><td>48</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>Nariño</td><td>137</td><td>76</td><td>10</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Cauca</td><td>132</td><td>62</td><td>14</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Norte de Santander</td><td>88</td><td>36</td><td>15</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Chocó</td><td>63</td><td>24</td><td>15</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Tolima</td><td>45</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Bolívar</td><td>44</td><td>25</td><td>7</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Córdoba</td><td>42</td><td>13</td><td>6</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Meta</td><td>38</td><td>25</td><td>1</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Valle del Cauca</td><td>35</td><td>17</td><td>3</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Arauca</td><td>33</td><td>21</td><td>3</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Atlántico</td><td>31</td><td>18</td><td>1</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Caquetá</td><td>31</td><td>20</td><td>1</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Huila</td><td>30</td><td>19</td><td>0</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>César</td><td>25</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Putumayo</td><td>25</td><td>17</td><td>1</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Sucre</td><td>24</td><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Guaviare</td><td>16</td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Bogotá</td><td>13</td><td>8</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Magdalena</td><td>11</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Casanare</td><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Risaralda</td><td>7</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Cundinamarca</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>La Guajira</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Amazonas</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Boyacá</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Caldas</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Vichada</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Guainía</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Santander</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>San Andrés</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Vaupés</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="h2">2. Armed Groups</h2><p>A report produced by several government agencies, including the Office of the Ombudsperson and the Office of the Inspector General (<span lang="es">Procuraduría General de la Nación, PGN</span>), on the monitoring and oversight of the implementation of Law 1448 of 2011, the Victims and Land Restitution Law (<span lang="es"><em>Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras, LVRT</em></span>), between 2014 and 2018, indicates that territorial control by armed groups is being reconfigured in different parts of the country.<sup id="fn38-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn38"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>38</a></sup> In some areas, this dynamic of territory disputes between armed groups has included threats and attacks against human rights advocates and leaders of social and political organizations.<sup id="fn39-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn39"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>39</a></sup> </p><p>The OCHA indicates that attacks against the population in 2018 were committed by the following groups:</p><ul><li>unknown actors (59 percent);</li><li>the EPL (11 percent); </li><li>the ELN (10 percent); </li><li>organized armed groups, including the Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (<span lang="es">Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia, AGC</span>) and the Gulf Clan (<span lang="es">Clan del Golfo</span>) (9 percent); </li><li>other armed groups (7 percent); </li><li>dissidents of the FARC-EP (2 percent); </li><li>and clashes among other armed actors (3 percent). </li></ul><p>These attacks included threats (725 cases), murder of a [translation] "protected person" (672), kidnappings (111), massacres (27), and other categories including forced recruitment, forced disappearance, torture, use of civilians as shields during combat, hostage taking, sexual violence, and the killing of civilians during armed confrontations (530).<sup id="fn40-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn40"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>40</a></sup> </p><p>A document prepared by the Research Directorate based on information provided by CODHES on the presence of armed groups as reported in all 1,122 municipalities in Colombia is attached to this report. The attached document provides information on the 10 most significant armed groups by department and departmental capital. For information on presence of armed groups in a particular municipality as of December 2018, please contact the Research Directorate.</p> <details> <summary>Presence of Armed Groups by Department and Departmental Capital, December 2018</summary> <h3>Presence of Armed Groups by Department and Departmental Capital, December 2018</h3> <p> <b>Note:</b> This document was prepared by the Research Directorate based on the information of the presence of armed groups in all 1,122 municipalities of Colombia, in addition to Bogotá, D.C., provided by the Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento (CODHES). For information on the presence of an armed group in particular municipalities as reported by CODHES as of December 2018, please contact the Research Directorate.</p> <table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Department</th><th>Municipalities</th><th>Departmental Capital</th><th>Armed group</th><th>Number of municipalites that reported on its presence</th><th>Reported presence in the capital of the department</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Amazonas</td><td>11</td><td>Leticia</td><td>FIAC</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>3</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD Front 1</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>LV</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Caqueteños</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>1</td><td>No<br></td></tr><tr><td>Antioquia</td><td>125</td><td>Medellín</td><td>AGC</td><td>125</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>36</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>21</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>19</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>18</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los Pachelly</span></td><td>13</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>9</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>OE</td><td>8</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Caparrapos</span></td><td>8</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD Front 36</td><td>7</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Arauca</td><td>7</td><td>Arauca</td><td>AGC</td><td>7</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>A. Casanare</td><td>7</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>7</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FIAC</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 10</td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>3</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Atlántico</td><td>23</td><td>Barranquilla</td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos C.</span></td><td>23</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>8</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>18</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Gangs</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>OE</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los Pachenca</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Bogotá, D.C.</td><td>1</td><td>Bogotá, D.C.</td><td>AGC</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los Paisas</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AUC</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Bolívar</td><td>46</td><td>Cartagena</td><td>AGC</td><td>45</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>14</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>11</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>CG<br></td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>3</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los de la 18</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los del Hoyo</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los Pachenca</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Boyacá</td><td>123</td><td>Tunja</td><td>AGC</td><td>7</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>5</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FIAC</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Caldas</td><td>27</td><td>Manizales</td><td>GASI</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>BHG</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Caquetá</td><td>16</td><td>Florencia</td><td>AGC</td><td>13</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>13</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>5</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>5</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 14</td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 62</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>3</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 1</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 7</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Casanare</td><td>19</td><td>Yopal</td><td>BHG</td><td>6</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>5</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Cauca</td><td>42</td><td>Popayán</td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>42</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>39</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>34</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>28</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>11</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>10</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>8</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AUC</td><td>5</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Juvenal</td><td>5</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">FD - Los Pija</span></td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Cesar</td><td>25</td><td>Valledupar</td><td>AGC</td><td>25</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>16</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>11</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELP - LP</td><td>8</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FIAC</td><td>7</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>7</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 33</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Chocó</td><td>31</td><td>Quibdó</td><td>AGC</td><td>31</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>26</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>9</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>5</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>CG</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Renacer</span></td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Gangs</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Córdoba</td><td>30</td><td>Montería</td><td>AGC</td><td>29</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>10</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>7</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>3</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>3</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 36</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Caparrapos</span></td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>CG</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Cundinamarca</td><td>125</td><td>Bogotá, D.C.</td><td>AGC</td><td>13</td><td>See presence in the Bogotá, D.C. section</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guainía</td><td>9</td><td>Puerto Inírida</td><td>FIAC</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - FAM</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Guaviare</td><td>4</td><td>San José del Guaviare</td><td>AGC</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>LV</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FIAC</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los Rudos</span></td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>BG</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Bloque Meta</span><br></td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 1</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 7</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>La Guajira</td><td>15</td><td>Rioacha</td><td>AGC</td><td>15</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>8</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>8</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FIAC</td><td>7</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">LA Mano Negra</span></td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los Pachenca</span></td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AUC</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Huila</td><td>37</td><td>Neiva</td><td>AGC</td><td>18</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>18</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>6</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 17</td><td>6</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>5</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AUC</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Magdalena</td><td>30</td><td>Santa Marta</td><td>AGC</td><td>30</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>8</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Gangs</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>EPL - LP</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Meta</td><td>29</td><td>Villavicencio</td><td>LV</td><td>29</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FIAC</td><td>29</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Bloque Meta</span></td><td>21</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>20</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>15</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>12</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PE</td><td>10</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>7</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 1</td><td>5</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Nariño</td><td>64</td><td>Pasto</td><td>AGC</td><td>64</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Los Paisas</span></td><td>64</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>34</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>23</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>16</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>13</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>10</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GO</td><td>9</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - FOS</td><td>7</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>6<br></td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Norte de Santander</td><td>40</td><td>Cúcuta</td><td>AGC</td><td>40</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>24</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>EPL - LP</td><td>11</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>10</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FIAC</td><td>9</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>8</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 33</td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>3</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Putumayo</td><td>13</td><td>Mocoa</td><td>AGC</td><td>9</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>9</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>8</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">La Constru</span></td><td>7</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>5</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>5</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 48</td><td>4</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>3</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - Front 1</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Gangs</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Quindío</td><td>12</td><td>Armenia</td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>12</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Cordillera</span></td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Risaralda</td><td>14</td><td>Pereira</td><td>AGC</td><td>11</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>5</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Cordillera</span></td><td>4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>BHG</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>EPL - LP</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>San Andrés y Providencia</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">La Constru</span></td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Santander</td><td>87</td><td>Bucaramanga</td><td>AGC</td><td>87</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>12</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>8</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Botalones</span></td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Sucre</td><td>26</td><td>Sincelejo</td><td>AGC</td><td>26</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>9</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>5</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>OE</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Tolima</td><td>47</td><td>Ibagué</td><td>PH</td><td>14</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>13</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>12</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>12</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>10</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>HV</td><td>8</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AUC</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>2</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Renacer</span></td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Comando Niche</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Valle del Cauca</td><td>42</td><td>Cali</td><td>AGC</td><td>42</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Rastrojos</span></td><td>42</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Buenaventureños</span></td><td>42</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>18</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>HV</td><td>16</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GASI</td><td>11</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Machos</span></td><td>5</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <span lang="es">Águilas Negras</span></td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Vaupés</td><td>6</td><td>Mitú</td><td>FIAC</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>1</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PH</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Vichada</td><td>4</td><td>Puerto Carreño</td><td> <span lang="es">Bloque Meta</span></td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>LV</td><td>3</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AGC</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FIAC</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ELN</td><td>2</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FD - FAM</td><td>1</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Source:</b><span lang="es">Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento</span> (CODHES), provided to the Research Directorate, 12 July 2019.</p> <p> <b>Abbreviations</b></p> <p>A. Casanare: <span lang="es">Autodefensas del Casanare</span></p> <p>AGC: <span lang="es">Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia</span></p> <p>AUC: <span lang="es">Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia</span></p> <p>BG: <span lang="es">Bloque Ganadero</span></p> <p>BHG: <span lang="es">Bloque Héroes de Guática</span></p> <p>CG: <span lang="es">Clan del Golfo</span></p> <p>ELN: <span lang="es">Ejército de Liberación Nacional</span></p> <p>EPL - LP: <span lang="es">Ejército Popular de Liberación - Los Pelusos</span></p> <p>FAM: <span lang="es">Frente Acacio Medina</span> (Dissidence of the FARC-EP)</p> <p>FD: FARC-EP dissidents</p> <p>FIAC: <span lang="es">Fuerzas Armadas Irregulares de Colombia</span></p> <p>FOS: <span lang="es">Frente Óliver Sinisterra</span> (Dissidence of the FARC-EP)</p> <p>GASI: <span lang="es">Grupos armados sin identificar</span> (Unidentified armed groups)</p> <p>GO: <span lang="es">Gente el Orden</span></p> <p>HV: <span lang="es">Héroes del Valle</span></p> <p>LV: <span lang="es">Libertadores del Vichada</span></p> <p>OE: <span lang="es">Oficina de Envigado</span></p> <p>PE: <span lang="es">Puntilleros del ERPAC</span> (Ejército Revolucionario Popular Antisubersivo de Colombia)</p> <p>PH: <span lang="es">Paramilitary heirs</span></p> <p>Rastrojos C.: <span lang="es">Rastrojos Costeños</span></p> <p>Citation: Research Directorate. July 2019. Presence of Armed Groups by Department and Departmental Capital, December 2018. A compilation of data provided to the Research Directorate by <span lang="es">Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento</span> (CODHES), 12 July 2019.</p> </details> <h3 id="h21">2.1 ELN</h3><p>The ELN, which emerged in 1964 and was inspired by the Cuban revolution,<sup id="fn41-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn41"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>41</a></sup> is one of the "two main guerrilla armies with left-wing political ideologies operating in Colombia."<sup id="fn42-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn42"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>42</a></sup> The ELN has been weakened militarily in recent years, with the number of combatants dropping from approximately 5,000 in the mid-1990s (in addition to "at least" 15,000 sympathizers that included students, union activists and political supporters),<sup id="fn43-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn43"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>43</a></sup> to current estimates of 1,700<sup id="fn44-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn44"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>44</a></sup> or 2,500.<sup id="fn45-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn45"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>45</a></sup> </p><p>The ELN is divided into Fronts (<span lang="es"><em>Frentes</em></span>) and also has urban militias in some major cities and in many small towns.<sup id="fn46-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn46"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>46</a></sup> The ELN has six Fronts, six companies, and two urban Fronts which have [translation] "at least" 639 combatants.<sup id="fn47-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn47"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>47</a></sup> The ELN's National Directorate (<span lang="es">Dirección Nacional</span>) consists of 23 members, and the Central Command (<span lang="es">Comando Central</span>, COCE) is made up of five commanders who are in charge of a different area: military affairs, political affairs, international affairs, finance, and communications (between the COCE and the ELN's Fronts).<sup id="fn48-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn48"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>48</a></sup> The members of the COCE are Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista, also known as "'Gabino'," [who is the leader of the ELN<sup id="fn49-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn49"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>49</a></sup>]; Gustavo Aníbal Giraldo, also known as "'Pablito'"; Eliécer Herlinton [Herlinto] Chamorro, also known as "'Antonio García'"; Israel Ramírez, also known as "'Pablo Beltrán'"; and Rafael Sierra Granados, also known as "'Ramiro Vargas'."<sup id="fn50-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn50"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>50</a></sup></p><p>The ELN is considered a [translation] "federative guerilla" organization with a horizontal chain of command, and it is the most experienced among current guerrilla groups.<sup id="fn51-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn51"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>51</a></sup> The ELN is also reported to have a diffuse chain of command.<sup id="fn52-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn52"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>52</a></sup> </p><p>The ELN operates in 99 municipalities<sup id="fn53-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn53"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>53</a></sup> in nine departments, particularly in the northeast of Colombia.<sup id="fn54-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn54"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>54</a></sup> It has a strong presence in the city of Cúcuta, being superior to Los Rastrojos, Los Pelusos and the Front 33 of the dissidents of the FARC-EP.<sup id="fn55-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn55"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>55</a></sup> InSight Crime notes that the ELN is also present in the departments of Arauca and Norte de Santander, as well as Apure in Venezuela, which represents a strategic area to control drug trafficking routes and flows between the two countries. With the demobilization of the FARC-EP, the ELN increased its presence in the border area in Venezuela, particularly through the Fronts Domingo Laín Sáenz, one of the most powerful structures of the ELN, and Carlos Germán Velasco Villamizar, which is based in Cúcuta and extends its operations to surrounding areas.<sup id="fn56-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn56"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>56</a></sup> </p><p>Activities of the ELN include kidnapping, extortion, attacks on economic infrastructure, drug trafficking-related activities,<sup id="fn57-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn57"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>57</a></sup> [translation] "selective homicides," threats, looting, armed strikes, recruitment of children and adolescents, deployment of anti-personnel mines, and deployment of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) next to protected areas, military and police stations, and oil infrastructure.<sup id="fn58-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn58"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>58</a></sup> </p><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson identified the following targeted profiles by the ELN in the department of Arauca: social leaders, directors of communal associations and victims' organizations, human rights advocates, public servants, drug users, sex workers, homeless people, Venezuelan citizens [crossing into Colombia], women who are perceived to have relationships with members of the armed forces, and children and young people for the purposes of forced recruitment.<sup id="fn59-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn59"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>59</a></sup></p><p>In the area of Catatumbo, Norte de Santander, the ELN has presence with Front Nororiental, and Fronts Camilo Torres Restrepo, Carlos Armando Cacua Guerrero, Compañero Héctor, and the Companies Comandante Diego, Héroes del Catatumbo, and other clusters called [translation] "'public order' commissions" that operate along the border with Venezuela.<sup id="fn60-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn60"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>60</a></sup></p><p>In February 2017, the Colombian government launched a peace process with the ELN in Quito, Ecuador.<sup id="fn61-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn61"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>61</a></sup> However, in April 2018 the Ecuadorian government withdrew its support claiming security concerns, with the President of Ecuador indicating that Ecuador will not host peace negotiations as long as the ELN continues to engage in [translation] "terrorist acts."<sup id="fn62-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn62"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>62</a></sup> The negotiations were moved to Cuba,<sup id="fn63-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn63"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>63</a></sup> but on 17 January 2019, the ELN detonated a car bomb against a police training centre in Bogotá, killing 20 police officers.<sup id="fn64-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn64"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>64</a></sup> As a result, President Duque suspended negotiations with the ELN, reactivated the arrest warrants against the delegation participating in the negotiations, and demanded Cuba extradite them to Colombia.<sup id="fn65-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn65"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>65</a></sup> The Colombian government and the ELN had previously attempted peace negotiations in 2002 and 2004-2005.<sup id="fn66-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn66"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>66</a></sup></p><h4 id="h211">2.1.1 The ELN in Venezuela</h4><p>Interlocutors stated that the ELN is increasing its presence and operations capacity in Venezuela. A map produced by InSight Crime indicates the Venezuelan states in which this group is present:<sup id="fn67-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn67"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>67</a></sup></p> <img alt="The image is a map of the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional —ELN) presence in Venezuela, prepared by Insight Crime and published on March 11, 2019." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_eln.jpg" style="width:700px;" /> <details><summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a map of the National Liberation Army (<span lang="es">Ejército de Liberación Nacional</span> —ELN) presence in Venezuela, prepared by Insight Crime and published on March 11, 2019. A short text at the top of the map reads as follows:</p> <p>"Insight Crime registered ELN presence in more than 12 Venezuelan states during 2018 in different forms and with different means of entry. While in some cases the group gains control of criminal markets first, in others it starts off with community outreach. Common throughout is its receipt of government support." </p> <p>The map indicates the parts of Venezuela where the presence of the ELN has been reported. The areas where the ELN's presence has been recorded are identified either as "areas of influence" or "areas of expansion" of the ELN. The areas of influence of the ELN are the following:</p> <ul><li>Some parts of the state of Zulia, especially in the South.</li><li>Some parts of the state of Táchira, especially in the West.</li><li>Some parts of the state of Apure, especially in the West.</li><li>Some parts of the state of Anzoátegui, especially in the South-West.</li></ul> <p>The areas of expansion of the ELN are the following:</p> <ul><li>The state of Falcón.</li><li>The state of Lara.</li><li>The state of Trujillo.</li><li>The state of Portuguesa.</li><li>The state of Barinas.</li><li>The state of Guárico.</li><li>The state of Bolívar.</li><li>The state of Amazonas.</li></ul> <p>The map further categorizes the types of presence as follows: "general presence", "camps", "recruitment", "operations", "radio coverage", "CLAP distribution", "confrontation", and "mining control".</p> <p>The areas where the type of presence is identified as "general presence" are the following:</p> <ul><li>The municipality of Paez, in the state of Apure.</li><li>The municipality of Roscio, in the state of Bolívar.</li></ul> <p>The areas where the presence of ELN camps has been reported are the following:</p> <ul><li>The municipalities of Roscio and Domingo Sifontes, in the state of Bolívar.</li></ul> <p>The area where recruitment by the ELN has been reported is the following:</p> <ul><li>The municipality of Paez, in the state of Apure.</li></ul> <p>The areas where operations of the ELN have been reported are the following:</p> <ul><li>The municipalities of José María Semprún and Catatumbo, in the state of Zulia.</li><li>The municipalities of Paez, Rómulo Gallegos, and Muñoz, in the state of Apure.</li></ul> <p>The areas where radio coverage by the ELN have been reported are the following:</p> <ul><li>The municipalities of Perijá, Colón, and Lake Maracaibo southern region, in the state of Zulia.</li><li>The municipalities of Fernández Feo, Bolívar, Pedro María Ureña, Rafael Urdaneta, Independencia, Libertad, Libertador, Junin, Torbes, San Cristóbal, in the state of Táchira.</li><li>The state of Barinas.</li><li>The municipality of Paez, in the state of Apure.</li><li>The state of Bolívar.</li><li>The state of Amazonas.</li></ul> <p>The areas where CLAP distribution by the ELN have been reported are the following:</p> <ul><li>The state of Zulia.</li><li>The state of Táchira.</li><li>The state of Apure.</li></ul> <p>The areas where confrontation involving the ELN has been reported are the following:</p> <ul><li>The municipality of Paez, in the state of Apure.</li><li>The municipality of Atures, in the state of Amazonas.</li><li>The municipality of Catatumbo, in the department of Norte de Santander in Colombia (west of the Venezuelan state of Táchira). </li></ul> <p>The areas where mining control by the ELN has been reported are the following:</p> <ul><li>The municipality of José Gregorio Monagas in the state of Anzoátegui.</li><li>The municipality of Domingo Sifontes in the state of Bolívar.</li><li>The municipality of Atures, in the state of Amazonas.</li></ul> <p>The map further includes an arrow corresponding to a "possible route" for the ELN. The arrow runs across Venezuela, from West towards East of the country, passing through the states of Zulia, Táchira, south-west of Barinas, Apure, and Bolívar (while crossing slightly in the south-west of Anzoátegui), in that order. </p> </details> <p>Activities in which the ELN has reportedly engaged in Venezuela include kidnapping, extortion, cross-border drug trafficking, and gasoline smuggling.<sup id="fn68-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn68"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>68</a></sup> The ELN has also been involved in the distribution of food boxes known as Local Supply and Production Committees (<span lang="es">Comités Locales de Abastecimiento y Producción</span>, CLAP),<sup id="fn69-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn69"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>69</a></sup> which is a social program of the Venezuelan government.<sup id="fn70-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn70"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>70</a></sup> According to InSight Crime, the ELN has also worked with the Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (<span lang="es">Servicio Bolivariano de Inteligencia Nacional</span>, SEBIN), the Bolivarian National Guard (<span lang="es">Guardia Nacional Bolivariana</span>, GNB), and the Bolivarian Liberation Forces (<span lang="es">Fuerzas Bolivarianas de Liberación</span>, FBL) [also called the Patriotic Forces of National Liberation -- <span lang="es">Fuerzas Patrióticas de Liberación Nacional</span>, FPLN], although it has engaged in clashes with the FBL for territorial control in the state of Apure. The ELN also uses Venezuelan territory as a hideout, including for its leader.<sup id="fn71-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn71"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>71</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h22">2.2 Dissidents of the FARC-EP</h3><p>According to lists provided by the FARC-EP in August 2017 in the context of the peace negotiations, the number of members of the FARC-EP was 15,001. However, according to the Colombian government's Office of the High Commissioner for Peace (<span lang="es">Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz</span>), the list included duplicate or erroneous entries, and formally recognized a total of 13,049 as members of the FARC-EP, including demobilized guerrilla fighters, militia operatives, foreign members, and members serving prison sentences.<sup id="fn72-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn72"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>72</a></sup></p><p>FARC-EP dissidents started to operate during the peace negotiations.<sup id="fn73-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn73"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>73</a></sup> On 10 June 2016, the dissidents of Front 1 refused to demobilize, stating that the State only seeks [translation] "the disarmament and demobilization of guerrillas, and is not trying solve the country's social and economic problems."<sup id="fn74-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn74"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>74</a></sup> A BBC article, however, reports that the interest behind the refusal to demobilize is to keep the sources of income of illicit activities such as coca cultivation and illegal mining.<sup id="fn75-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn75"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>75</a></sup> For example, it is reported that approximately 300 members of Fronts 1 and 7 of the FARC-EP abandoned peace negotiations and continued activities in the departments of Guaviare, Guainía and Vaupés.<sup id="fn76-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn76"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>76</a></sup> About half of these 300 members joined other groups such as Gente de Orden, United Guerrillas of the Pacific (<span lang="es">Guerrillas Unidas del Pacífico</span>, GUP), and the Óliver Sinisterra Front.<sup id="fn77-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn77"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>77</a></sup></p><p>According to Pares, during the last decade of its activities, the FARC-EP was present in 242 municipalities out of the 1,122 in Colombia.<sup id="fn78-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn78"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>78</a></sup> In 2018, 22 armed groups made up of ex-FARC-EP dissidents were operating in 58 municipalities in 13 departments.<sup id="fn79-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn79"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>79</a></sup> It is estimated that these armed groups have approximately 1,600 combatants, including 1,280 former FARC-EP combatants.<sup id="fn80-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn80"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>80</a></sup></p><p>On 28 February 2018, the Office of the Ombudsperson issued <em>Alerta Temprana</em><sup id="fn81-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn81"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>81</a></sup> No. 026-18 which indicates the following regarding the presence of FARC-EP dissidents in the country:</p><ul><li>Central-Eastern Colombia: Dissidents of Fronts 1, 3, 7, 16 and 39 are present in the departments of Vaupés and Guaviare, the municipalities of La Macarena and San Vicente del Caguán (Meta), western Cundinamarca, and alongside the Orinoco River on the border with Venezuela.</li><li>Departments of Amazonas, Nariño, Cauca, Caquetá, Huila, Putumayo: Dissidents of Fronts 1, 6, 7, 14, 15, 29, 32, 40, 48, 49 and 63 form groups such as GUP, La Gente del Orden, Los Comuneros and [translation] "others with no clear designation."</li><li>Departments of Arauca and Norte de Santander: Ex-combatants of the FARC-EP's Front 33 have formed dissident groups, particularly in Norte de Santander where they have established ties with an EPL group in the municipality of Tibú.</li><li>Pacific Coast: In the department of Nariño, FARC-EP dissidents are disputing the influence in the Port of Tumaco with the ELN and the AGC. Confrontations with the ELN have intensified in the north of the department of Cauca (including the municipalities of Miranda, Caloto, Corinto, Buenos Aires and Morales), and in the south of Valle del Cauca (including the municipalities of Jamundí, Pradera and Florida).</li><li>The dissidents of the FARC-EP are also reportedly operating in the departments of Boyacá and Casanare.<sup id="fn82-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn82"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>82</a></sup> </li></ul><p>Pares notes that FARC-EP dissident groups are reportedly engaging in extortion, kidnapping, deploying IEDs against security forces, selling coca paste, and controlling drug trafficking routes, including to Venezuela and Brazil. In the department of Guaviare, FARC-EP dissidents have reportedly limited the access of humanitarian organizations to rural areas.<sup id="fn83-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn83"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>83</a></sup></p><h3 id="h23">2.3 Dissidents of the EPL</h3><p>The EPL emerged in 1967 as the armed wing of the Colombian Communist Party and adopted a Maoist ideology.<sup id="fn84-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn84"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>84</a></sup> InSight Crime indicates that in March 1991, 2,200 members of the EPL demobilized and formed a political party called Hope, Peace and Liberty (<span lang="es">Esperanza, Paz y Libertad</span>). However, a group of guerrilla fighters from the EPL rejected the peace agreement and formed a dissident group, which is called "Los Pelusos by authorities."<sup id="fn85-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn85"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>85</a></sup> The dissidents of the EPL are classified by authorities as BACRIM.<sup id="fn86-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn86"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>86</a></sup> Similarly, the ELN considers the EPL a non-revolutionary group due to its ties with narco-paramilitary organizations.<sup id="fn87-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn87"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>87</a></sup> The EPL is commanded by "'Pepe'" (for political matters) and "'Pácora'" (for military matters).<sup id="fn88-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn88"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>88</a></sup> The estimated number of combatants varies among sources, ranging between 200<sup id="fn89-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn89"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>89</a></sup> and 400<sup id="fn90-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn90"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>90</a></sup>; most of them are young people under the age of 25 with little military or political training.<sup id="fn91-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn91"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>91</a></sup></p><p>Although the dissident movement of the EPL has better weaponry than the ELN due to its ties with drug trafficking organizations, it has less offensive capacity due to the weakening of its structure.<sup id="fn92-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn92"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>92</a></sup> After the death of its leader "Megateo," the EPL failed to consolidate as a group and its structure is made up of small groups, with differences among them.<sup id="fn93-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn93"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>93</a></sup> The EPL is composed of six [translation] "armed commissions" with presence in several municipalities in the department of Norte de Santander, and an "urban commission" in the city of Cúcuta.<sup id="fn94-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn94"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>94</a></sup></p><h3 id="h24">2.4 Paramilitary Groups</h3><p>The precursors of modern paramilitary groups emerged in the 1980s as self-defence groups for drug lords against guerrilla kidnapping and extortion.<sup id="fn95-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn95"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>95</a></sup> In 1997, the United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (<span lang="es">Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia</span>, AUC) emerged as a right-wing umbrella confederation of paramilitary groups operating in Colombia,<sup id="fn96-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn96"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>96</a></sup> with linkages to the army and some political circles.<sup id="fn97-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn97"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>97</a></sup> In 2003, the AUC signed an agreement with the government to demobilize, and although 32,000 paramilitary troops demobilized, some of them joined new paramilitary successor groups, referred to as BACRIM by the government.<sup id="fn98-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn98"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>98</a></sup> These groups continue to engage in widespread abuses such as killings, disappearances and rape.<sup id="fn99-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn99"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>99</a></sup></p><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson's <span lang="es">Alerta Temprana</span> No. 026-18 indicates that paramilitary groups are present in [translation] "vast areas" of the departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Casanare, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Guaviare, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Putumayo, Risaralda, Sucre, Valle del Cauca, and Vichada, and in the metropolitan area of Cúcuta and the region of Magdalena Medio. There are also a variety of groups that exploit legal and illicit economic activities and are responsible for human rights violations.<sup id="fn100-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn100"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>100</a></sup></p><p>The same source indicates the following regarding the presence of paramilitary groups in the country:</p><ul><li>Caribbean region: Los Pancheca, which operates in Santa Marta and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and has established alliances with paramilitary groups from other regions in Colombia, such as Los Paisas, Águilas Negras and Los Rastrojos, to control territory and trafficking routes along the border with Venezuela, particularly the departments of Guajira, César and Bolívar.</li><li>North-West: Expansion of the AGC in the departments of Chocó, Antioquia, Risaralda and Caldas, where it took over regional organizations such as La Oficina de Envigado and La Cordillera.</li><li>South-West: Presence of the AGC in Valle del Cauca, La Constru in Putumayo, and other local paramilitary organizations in Cauca, Caquetá, Nariño, Putumayo and Valle del Cauca.</li><li>Centre-East: Expansion in the outskirts of metropolitan areas and rural areas of the departments of Meta, Vichada and Guaviare of the AGC, Águilas Negras, Puntilleros, Bloque Meta, Libertadores del Vichada, and Autodefensas de Meta, Guaviare and Vichada.</li><li>North-East: Consolidation of armed groups in Norte de Santander, and dispute of border areas between AGC, Los Rastrojos, and ELN.</li><li>Magdalena Medio: Expansion of the AGC's Bloc Herlin Pinto Duarte and Luis Fernando Gutiérrez Front in the municipalities of Barranco de Loba, San Martín de Loba, Pinillos, Tiquiso, Achí, Montecristo and San Jacinto del Cauca.</li><li>Casanare: Presence of a variety of paramilitary groups, including Autodefensas Campesinas de Casanare, Águilas Negras, Los Carranceros, Renacer de los Buitragueños, Los Rastrojos, Libertadores del Vichada, Bloque Meta and Los Puntilleros.<sup id="fn101-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn101"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>101</a></sup></li></ul><h2 id="h3">3. Main Targeted Profiles</h2><p>According to Human Rights Watch, since the demobilization of the FARC-EP, "[h]uman rights defenders, trade unionists, journalists, indigenous and Afro-Colombian leaders, and other community activists face death threats and violence, mostly from guerrillas and successor groups. Perpetrators of these abuses are rarely held accountable."<sup id="fn102-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn102"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>102</a></sup></p><p>The situation of social leaders and human rights advocates is described as [translation] "critical" or "serious" by the Office of the Ombudsperson.<sup id="fn103-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn103"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>103</a></sup> The Office of the Ombudsperson's <span lang="es">Alerta Temprana</span> No. 026-18 listed 345 organizations operating in Colombia that are [translation] "at risk" of violence being committed against them.<sup id="fn104-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn104"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>104</a></sup></p><p>The main targeted profiles are of social leaders who denounce the presence of armed groups,<sup id="fn105-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn105"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>105</a></sup> promote the substitution of [illicit] crops, advocate for land restitution, promote the rights of sexual minorities, participate in politics,<sup id="fn106-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn106"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>106</a></sup> advocate for the implementation of the peace accord,<sup id="fn107-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn107"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>107</a></sup> community leaders, former members of the FARC-EP, witnesses before the JEP, and environmentalists.<sup id="fn108-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn108"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>108</a></sup></p><p>In its <span lang="es">Alerta Temprana</span> No. 026-18, the Office of the Ombudsperson identified the following as the [translation] "most vulnerable groups" due to their activities in the context of the armed conflict, notwithstanding stating that social leaders in Colombia cover a wide range of areas and a "leader" can refer to individuals who belong to one or more organizations at the local or national levels, for example:</p><ul><li>Communal leader (<span lang="es"><em>líder comunal</em></span>)</li><li>Community leader <span lang="es">(<em>líder comunitario</em></span>)</li><li>Land restitution leaders</li><li>Leaders of peasant (<span lang="es"><em>campesino</em></span>) organizations</li><li>Leaders of women's organizations</li><li>Leaders of Afro-Colombian organizations</li><li>Indigenous leaders</li><li>Union leaders</li><li>Environmental leaders</li><li>Social leaders</li><li>Leaders of victims and displaced persons</li><li>Leaders of youth organizations</li><li>Leaders of cultural organizations</li><li>Leaders of sexual and gender minorities' organizations</li><li>Leaders of health organizations</li><li>Leaders of artisanal miners</li><li>Human rights advocates and lawyers</li><li>Leaders of NGOs</li><li>Student leaders</li><li>Public servants who work in the area of defending human rights, such as municipal ombudspersons (<em>personeros</em>).<sup id="fn109-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn109"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>109</a></sup></li></ul><p>Targeting of these profiles by armed actors is motivated by the drive to eliminate threats to their interests by social leaders whose social/community involvement concerns issues such as:</p><ul><li>Conflicts associated with changes in the use of land and natural resources, including the protection of the environment and the exploitation of mineral resources.</li><li>Implementation of the peace accord [between the national government and the FARC-EP], especially the components on the substitution of illicit crops and the creation of local development plans.</li><li>Land restitution and the return of displaced people to their lands.</li><li>Defense of the land vis-à-vis private interests.</li><li>Complaints or reports related to drug dealing, the presence of armed actors, and the utilization and recruitment of children and adolescents in peripheral areas of urban centres.</li><li>Complaints regarding the use of public funds.</li><li>Access to political participation in elections.<sup id="fn110-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn110"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>110</a></sup></li></ul><h3 id="h31">3.1 Statistics on Attacks and Threats</h3><p>CODHES reported that between 1 January 2019 and 28 February 2019, 72 attacks<sup id="fn111-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn111"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>111</a></sup> were reported against social leaders.<sup id="fn112-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn112"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>112</a></sup> The highest numbers by department are as follows:</p><h4>Departments with the Highest Number of Repoted Attacks Against Social Leaders 1 January 2019 to 28 February 2019<sup id="fn113-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn113"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>113</a></sup></h4> <img alt="The image is a bar chart indicating the Colombian departments with the highest number of reported attacks against social leaders from January 1, 2019 to February 28, 2019." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_bar2.png" /> <details><summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a bar chart indicating the Colombian departments with the highest number of reported attacks against social leaders from January 1, 2019 to February 28, 2019. The data source is the <span lang="es">Sistema de Información sobre Derechos Humanos y Desplazamiento</span> (SISDHES) of the <span lang="es">Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento</span> (CODHES).</p> <p>The number of reported attacks against social leaders for each department are as follows:</p> <ul><li>Valle de Cauca: 19 attacks.</li><li>Bogotá, DC: 10 attacks.</li><li>Antioquia: 6 attacks.</li><li>Cauca: 5 attacks.</li><li>Norte de Santander: 5 attacks.</li><li>César: 4 attacks.</li><li>Nariño: 4 attacks.</li><li>Bolívar: 2 attacks.</li><li>Chocó: 2 attacks.</li><li>La Guajira: 2 attacks.</li><li>Magdalena: 2 attacks.</li><li>Risaralda: 2 attacks.</li><li>Santander: 2 attacks.</li></ul> </details> <p>In 2018, 378 attacks were reported against social leaders, including 49 against Afro-Colombians and 94 against indigenous leaders.<sup id="fn114-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn114"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>114</a></sup> The departments with the highest numbers of reported attacks were as follows:</p><h4>Departments with the Highest Number of Reported Attacks Against Social Leaders 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018<sup id="fn115-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn115"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>115</a></sup></h4> <img alt="The image is a bar chart indicating the Colombian departments with the highest number of reported attacks against social leaders from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_bar3.png" /> <details> <summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a bar chart indicating the Colombian departments with the highest number of reported attacks against social leaders from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. The data source is the <span lang="es">Sistema de Información sobre Derechos Humanos y Desplazamiento</span> (SISDHES) of the <span lang="es">Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento</span> (CODHES).</p> <p>The number of reported attacks against social leaders for each department are as follows:</p> <ul><li>Cauca: 59 attacks.</li><li>Valle de Cauca: 57 attacks.</li><li>Antioquia: 47 attacks.</li><li>Bolívar: 30 attacks.</li><li>Nariño: 20 attacks.</li><li>Meta: 18 attacks.</li><li>Putumayo: 18 attacks.</li><li>Chocó: 16 attacks.</li><li>Córdoba: 15 attacks.</li><li>La Guajira: 15 attacks.</li><li>Risaralda: 11 attacks.</li><li>César: 9 attacks.</li><li>Tolima: 9 attacks.</li><li>Magdalena: 8 attacks.</li><li>Norte de Santander: 8 attacks.</li><li>Bogotá: 6 attacks.</li><li>Caquetá: 6 attacks. </li></ul> </details> <p>In 2017, the Office of the Ombudsperson received 480 complaints regarding threats against social leaders and human rights defenders, the majority of which were in the Urabá region (72), Cauca department (49), Antioquia department (31), Bogotá (28), Magdalena department (27), Cundinamarca department (26), César department (23), Boyacá department (23), Magdalena Medio region (22), and Sucre department (22).<sup id="fn116-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn116"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>116</a></sup></p><h4 id="h311">3.1.1 Methods</h4><p>Threats to targeted persons are issued in different ways. According to the Office of the Ombudsperson, the following were among the ways social leaders received threats reported in 2017:<sup id="fn117-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn117"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>117</a></sup></p> <img alt="The image is a bar chart indicating the methods by which social leaders received threats in 2017. The data source is the Sistema de Alertas Tempranas (SAT) of the Office of the Ombudsperson." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_bar4.png" /> <details><summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a bar chart indicating the methods by which social leaders received threats in 2017. The data source is the <span lang="es">Sistema de Alertas Tempranas</span> (SAT) of the Office of the Ombudsperson. </p> <ul><li>149 threats were received through pamphlets.</li><li>142 threats were received in person.</li><li>63 threats were received through phone calls.</li><li>22 treats were received through text messages.</li><li>21 threats were received through a third party.</li><li>12 threats were received through social media text applications.</li><li>10 threats were received by email.</li></ul> </details> <p>A former official of the Office of the Ombudsperson indicated that, based on her previous work experience, one of the ways armed actors threaten people is by visiting them and informing them that they have a certain amount of time to leave. The same source also indicated that threats against some teachers have consisted of the delivering of funeral wreaths, sometimes to their schools.<sup id="fn118-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn118"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>118</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h32">3.2 Killings</h3><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson indicates that 462 social leaders and human rights advocates were killed between 1 January 2016 and 28 February 2019.<sup id="fn119-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn119"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>119</a></sup></p><p>CODHES reported the killing of 24 social leaders between 1 January 2019 and 28 February 2019. The numbers of homicides of social leaders by department were as follows: Antioquia (5), Nariño (4), Norte de Santander (3), Valle del Cauca (2), and Bolívar, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Putumayo and Santander (1 each).<sup id="fn120-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn120"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>120</a></sup> In 2018, 145 killings were reported against social leaders, including 21 against Afro-Colombians and 30 against indigenous leaders.<sup id="fn121-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn121"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>121</a></sup> The killings took place in the following departments:</p><h4>Killings of Social Leaders in 2018 by Department<sup id="fn122-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn122"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>122</a></sup></h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Department</th><th>Number of Homicides of Social Leaders</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Antioquia</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Cauca</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>Putumayo</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Córdoba</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Nariño</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Valle del Cauca</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Norte de Santander</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Meta</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Caquetá</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>César</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Chocó</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Bolívar</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Sucre</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Huila</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Magdalena</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Quindío</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Tolima</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Arauca</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Atlántico</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Boyacá</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Guaviare</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>La Guajira</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Risaralda</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Santander</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Vichada</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> <b>Total</b></td><td> <b>145</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson's <span lang="es">Alerta Temprana</span> No. 026-18 indicates that between 1 January 2017 and 27 February 2018, 148 social leaders were killed in the country.<sup id="fn123-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn123"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>123</a></sup></p><h4>Number of Homicides of Social Leaders 1 January 2017 to 27 February 2018<sup id="fn124-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn124"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>124</a></sup></h4> <img alt="The image is a bar chart indicating the number of homicides of social leaders, by category of social leaders, from January 1, 2017 to February 27, 2018." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_bar5.png" /> <details><summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a bar chart indicating the number of homicides of social leaders, by category of social leaders, from January 1, 2017 to February 27, 2018. The data source is the <span lang="es">Sistema de Alertas Tempranas</span> (SAT) of the Office of the Ombudsperson. The number of homicides are as follows:</p> <ul><li>Communal leaders: 45 homicides.</li><li>Indigenous leaders: 29 homicides.</li><li>Afro-Colombian leaders: 19 homicides.</li><li>Leaders of community organizations: 17 homicides.</li><li>Campesino leaders: 11 homicides.</li><li>Union leaders: 7 homicides.</li><li>Leaders of victims associations: 4 homicides.</li><li>Social leaders: 4 homicides.</li><li>Leaders of LGBT organizations: 4 homicides.</li><li>Environmental organization leaders: 2 homicides.</li><li>Land restitution leaders: 1 homicide.</li><li>Municipal Ombudspersons: 1 homicide.</li><li>Leaders of women organizations: 1 homicide.</li><li>Leaders of youth organizations: 1 homicide.</li><li>Human rights advocates: 1 homicide.</li><li>Human rights lawyers: 1 homicide. </li></ul> </details> <p>The majority of homicides occurred in remote rural areas (47), followed by rural areas (36), semi-rural areas (33), metropolitan districts (18), and cities (14).<sup id="fn125-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn125"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>125</a></sup> The municipalities with the highest number of homicides of social leaders during the same period were as follows:</p><h4>Localities with the Highest Number of Homicides of Social Leaders January 2017 to February 2018<sup id="fn126-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn126"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>126</a></sup></h4> <img alt="The image is a bar chart indicating the number of homicides committed against social leaders in the localities where the number of homicides is the highest, from January 2017 to February 2018." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_bar6.png" /> <details> <summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a bar chart indicating the number of homicides committed against social leaders in the localities where the number of homicides is the highest, from January 2017 to February 2018. The data source is the <span lang="es">Sistema de Alertas Tempranas</span> (SAT) of the Office of the Ombudsperson.</p> <p>The number of homicides of social leaders in each locality are the following:</p> <ul><li>Riosucio, Chocó: 7 homicides.</li><li>Tumaco, Nariño: 6 homicides.</li><li>Corinto, Cauca: 5 homicides.</li><li>Tame, Arauca: 5 homicides.</li><li>Medellín, Antioquia: 4 homicides.</li><li>Suárez, Cauca: 4 homicides.</li><li>Mesetas, Meta: 3 homicides.</li><li>Bogotá: 3 homicides.</li><li>Pueblo Rico, Risaralda: 3 homicides.</li><li>Tibú, Norte de Santander: 3 homicides.</li></ul> </details> <p>Bolívar, Cartagena and Cúcuta, Norte de Santander each had 2 homicides recorded for the same period of January 2017 to February 2018.<sup id="fn127-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn127"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>127</a></sup> </p><h2 id="h4">4. Displacement</h2><p>According to Human Rights Watch, Colombia has had a long history of displacement: "[v]iolence associated with the conflict has forcibly displaced more than 7.7 million Colombians since 1985, generating the world’s largest population of internally displaced persons (IDPs)."<sup id="fn128-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn128"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>128</a></sup></p><p>The representative from the Victim Assistance and Comprehensive Reparation Unit (<span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span>, UARIV) explained that displacement is a phenomenon that is difficult to detect in part because some people do not file complaints and because some consider it a [translation] "common" occurrence. Forced displacement occurs more often in rural areas. However, there is significant underreporting of urban displacement because this type of displacement is more [translation] "surreptitious" and people prefer to remain silent about it.<sup id="fn129-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn129"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>129</a></sup></p><p>According to the OCHA, the causes of mass displacement in 2018 included confrontations among armed actors not involving the armed forces (32 percent), confrontations between the ELN and EPL (33 percent), unilateral actions by the ELN (7 percent), confrontations among armed actors involving the armed forces (7 percent), unknown actors (7 percent), unilateral actions by the dissidents of the EPL (5 percent), unilateral actions by the dissidents of the FARC-EP (3 percent), and other armed groups (6 percent).<sup id="fn130-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn130"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>130</a></sup></p><p>Targeted individuals often move between urban areas.<sup id="fn131-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn131"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>131</a></sup> In affected communities in the Pacific coast area, for example, when an armed actor creates displacement, displaced persons move for short periods of time with relatives or friends living in neighbouring areas and eventually go back to their communities.<sup id="fn132-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn132"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>132</a></sup> There have been reports of persons being threatened or killed when they return to their place of origin.<sup id="fn133-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn133"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>133</a></sup></p><p>In urban and metropolitan areas, paramilitary groups operate through local gangs, which have the knowledge of the territory and the capacity to monitor and exercise control of the places where these gangs operate.<sup id="fn134-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn134"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>134</a></sup></p><p>It is estimated that approximately 60,000 people were displaced in 2018, the lowest figure since 1994 and approximately 10 percent as much as in 2002, considered the [translation] "worst year" of the conflict, during which 700,000 people were forcibly displaced.<sup id="fn135-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn135"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>135</a></sup></p><h4>Internal Mass Displacement by Year, Numbers and Department, According to the Office of the Ombudsperson<sup id="fn136-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn136"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>136</a></sup> </h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Year</th><th>Mass Displacements</th><th>People Displaced</th><th>Families Displaced</th><th>Departments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2017</td><td>51</td><td>12,841</td><td>3.602</td><td>Antioquia, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>95</td><td>32,190</td><td>9,670</td><td>Antioquia, Arauca, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Guaviare, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Valle del Cauca.</td></tr><tr><td>[January-February] 2019</td><td>8</td><td>2,567</td><td>824</td><td>Antioquia, Cauca, Magdalena, Nariño, Norte de Santander.</td></tr></tbody></table><h4>Internal Mass Displacement by Numbers and Department Between 1 January and 28 February 2019, According to CODHES<sup id="fn137-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn137"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>137</a></sup> </h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Department</th><th>Number of Displacement Events</th><th>People Displaced</th><th>Families Displaced</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <b>Total</b></td><td> <b>24</b></td><td> <b>9,831</b></td><td> <b>2,039</b></td></tr><tr><td>Nariño</td><td>7</td><td>816</td><td>176</td></tr><tr><td>Antioquia</td><td>6</td><td>6,979</td><td>1,405</td></tr><tr><td>Norte de Santander</td><td>4</td><td>1,689</td><td>376</td></tr><tr><td>Chocó</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Caquetá</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Cauca</td><td>1</td><td>200</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Tolima</td><td>1</td><td>25</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Valle del Cauca</td><td>1</td><td>108</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Bolívar</td><td>1</td><td>10</td><td>2</td></tr></tbody></table><h4>Internal Mass Displacement by Numbers and Department Between 1 January and 31 December 2018, According to CODHES<sup id="fn138-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn138"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>138</a></sup> </h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Department</th><th>Number of Displpacement Events</th><th>People Displaced</th><th>Families Displaced</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <b>Total</b></td><td> <b>184</b></td><td> <b>53,650</b></td><td> <b>13,326</b></td></tr><tr><td>Norte de Santander</td><td>50</td><td>16,286</td><td>4,394</td></tr><tr><td>Nariño</td><td>41</td><td>9,882</td><td>2,480</td></tr><tr><td>Antioquia</td><td>39</td><td>13,947</td><td>3,447</td></tr><tr><td>Chocó</td><td>12</td><td>2,566</td><td>526</td></tr><tr><td>Córdoba</td><td>10</td><td>2,475</td><td>630</td></tr><tr><td>Valle del Cauca</td><td>8</td><td>4,638</td><td>955</td></tr><tr><td>Cauca</td><td>5</td><td>2,640</td><td>637</td></tr><tr><td>Putumayo</td><td>5</td><td>51</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Bolívar</td><td>4</td><td>25</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Arauca</td><td>1</td><td>60</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Boyacá</td><td>1</td><td>15</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Caquetá</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>César</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Guaviare</td><td>1</td><td>70</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Huila</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Magdalena</td><td>1</td><td>86</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Meta</td><td>1</td><td>50</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Risaralda</td><td>1</td><td>850</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>Tolima</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson indicates that displacement also occurs after a social leader is killed. After the killing of Plinio Pulgarín Villadiego, the president-elect of the communal association of Alto Mira San Pedrito (Córdoba), in January 2018, an unidentified armed group summoned its inhabitants to tell them that they had to leave the town by noon. As a result, 425 persons from 133 families from the area were displaced.<sup id="fn139-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn139"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>139</a></sup> </p><h2 id="h5">5. Protection</h2><h3 id="h51">5.1 Victims and Land Restitution Law (<em>Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras, LVRT</em>)</h3><p>Law 1448 of 2011, also known as the <em>LVRT</em>, entered into force on 10 June 2011 to provide assistance and reparation to persons who, individually or collectively, have been victims of the armed conflict since 1 January 1985.<sup id="fn140-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn140"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>140</a></sup> The <em>LVRT</em> covers persons who, in the context of the armed conflict, have been victims of the following:</p><ul><li>forced dispossession of lands;</li><li>terrorist acts, attacks, combats, clashes, and assaults;</li><li>threats;</li><li>sexual violence during an armed confrontation;</li><li>forced disappearance;</li><li>forced displacement;</li><li>homicides and massacres;</li><li>landmines, unexploded munitions, and improvised explosive devices;</li><li>kidnapping;<br></li><li>torture;</li><li>child recruitment;</li><li>bodily injury; and</li><li>psychological mistreatment.<sup id="fn141-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn141"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>141</a></sup></li></ul><p>The <em>LVRT </em>provides for the following assistance to persons recognized as victims:</p><ul><li>Humanitarian assistance, which includes the provision of food, personal hygiene needs, temporary housing and transportation, and emergency medical and psychological assistance.</li><li>Access to elementary and middle schooling, as well as lines of credit with the Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Studies Abroad (<span lang="es">Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo y Estudios Técnicos en el Exterior</span>, ICETEX) to pursue post-secondary studies.</li><li>Access to healthcare and services such as hospitalization, medicines, laboratory tests, imaging, transportation, sexual and reproductive rights, and abortion under the terms stipulated by Colombian law.<sup id="fn142-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn142"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>142</a></sup></li></ul><p>Additionally, the <em>LVRT</em> provides emergency humanitarian assistance to persons who have become victims within the previous three months [preceding their declaration]<sup id="fn143-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn143"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>143</a></sup> and provide a declaration before the Public Ministry (<span lang="es">Ministerio Público</span>).<sup id="fn144-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn144"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>144</a></sup> The emergency assistance consists of temporary shelter, food assistance, and assistance to return to the place of origin or relocation.<sup id="fn145-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn145"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>145</a></sup></p><h3 id="h52">5.2 Victim Assistance and Comprehensive Reparation Unit (UARIV)</h3><p>The <em>LVRT</em> created the UARIV, which coordinates the National System for Comprehensive Victim Support and Reparation (<span lang="es">Sistema Nacional de Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span>, SNARIV)<sup id="fn146-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn146"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>146</a></sup> and the resources allocated to provide assistance and reparations to victims of the armed conflict.<sup id="fn147-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn147"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>147</a></sup></p><h4 id="h521">5.2.1 Assistance Provided to Victims</h4><p>In order to access benefits under the <em>LVRT</em>, the person must be registered with the Registry of Victims (see section 5.2.2).<sup id="fn148-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn148"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>148</a></sup> Assistance consists of five components: rehabilitation, compensation, reparation, restitution, and guarantees of no repetition.<sup id="fn149-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn149"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>149</a></sup></p><p> <b>Rehabilitation:</b> Includes psychological assistance for adults, adolescents and children between 6 and 12 years old. It also provides psychological and social assistance for victims who live in other countries through sessions organized by the UARIV. During sessions, the UARIV carries out symbolic acts to give letters of acknowledgement (<em><span lang="es">cartas de dignificación</span></em>) to victims. This component also provides psychological support to the families of victims of homicide and forced disappearance, including during the search and return of bodies.<sup id="fn150-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn150"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>150</a></sup></p><p> <b>Compensation:</b> Consists of a monetary payment made to the victim or the family of the victim, according to the type of the crime committed against them, as follows:<sup id="fn151-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn151"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>151</a></sup></p><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Victimizing Act</th><th>Amount in COP</th><th>Payable to</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Homicide</td><td>40 SMLMV<sup id="fn152-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn152"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>152</a></sup> </td><td>Family members</td></tr><tr><td>Forced disappearance</td><td>40 SMLMV</td><td>Family members</td></tr><tr><td>Kidnapping</td><td>40 SMLMV</td><td>Victim after being released</td></tr><tr><td>Injuries with permanent disability</td><td>Up to 40 SMLMV</td><td>Victim</td></tr><tr><td>Injuries that led to [temporary] disability</td><td>Up to 30 SMLMV</td><td>Victim</td></tr><tr><td>Recruitment of children and adolescents</td><td>30 SMLMV</td><td>Victim</td></tr><tr><td>Sexual violence, including children and adolescents born from a rape during the armed conflict</td><td>30 SMLMV</td><td>Victim</td></tr><tr><td>Torture or cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment</td><td>10 SMLMV;up to 40 SMLMV if the person sustained injuries</td><td>Victim</td></tr><tr><td>Forced displacement</td><td>Between 17 and 27 SMLMVs, up to 40 SMLMVs if the person sustained more than one of the violence act covered</td><td>Victims and their families</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Someone who is a victim of multiple violations can receive a maximum total compensation of 40 SMLMV.<sup id="fn153-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn153"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>153</a></sup></p><p> <b>Reparation:</b> Consists of measures aimed at [translation] "rebuilding the truth, promoting historical memory and dignifying the victims." These measures include the issuing of letters of acknowledgement and compensation letters, which recognize the condition of the addressee as a [translation] "victim"; exemption from compulsory military service, or cessation if already serving in the military; assistance in the search for disappeared relatives, or identification of the bodies of relatives found; and support to carry out local initiatives related to the commemoration of historical memory.<sup id="fn154-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn154"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>154</a></sup></p><p> <b>Restitution:</b> Consists of providing the victim with reparation and restitution of land, housing, lines of credit, and training. It also provides assistance to return to the place from where the victim was displaced, relocation to another part of the country, and integration into the new area of residence.<sup id="fn155-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn155"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>155</a></sup></p><p> <b>Guarantees of no repetition: </b>Consists of measures to prevent further violation of victims' rights and [translation] "eliminate and overcome the structural causes of mass violations of human rights." It consists of programs such as demining, prevention of forced recruitment, education on human rights, and effective application of these measures.<sup id="fn156-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn156"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>156</a></sup></p><p>A document produced by the UARIV indicates that the UARIV also provides [translation] "humanitarian assistance" to Colombians returning from abroad to re-establish residence. This assistance is provided only to persons who were victims of forced displacement. The assistance can be requested at either a Colombian consulate abroad or at any of the UARIV offices in Colombia.<sup id="fn157-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn157"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>157</a></sup></p><h4 id="h522">5.2.2 Registry of Victims</h4><p>The UARIV manages the Registry of Victims (<span lang="es">Registro Único de Víctimas</span>, RUV), which was created in 2011 with the <em>LVRT</em> and absorbs an earlier registry of displaced persons<sup id="fn158-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn158"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>158</a></sup> created in 2000.<sup id="fn159-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn159"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>159</a></sup> The RUV includes the declarations made by persons seeking recognition as a [translation] "victim" within the framework of the<em> LVRT</em>, as well as information related to the armed conflict produced since 1985.<sup id="fn160-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn160"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>160</a></sup> The declaration is made before the Public Ministry, the Office of the Ombudsperson, and the PGN throughout the country, or at Colombian consulates abroad.<sup id="fn161-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn161"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>161</a></sup> For acts that occurred between 1 January 1985 and 10 June 2011, the victims had until 10 June 2015 to file a declaration. For acts committed after 10 June 2011, the victims must file the declaration within two years after the act(s) took place.<sup id="fn162-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn162"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>162</a></sup></p><p>Declarations can be made online, or in paper format where there is no access to the internet.<sup id="fn163-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn163"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>163</a></sup> Persons filing a declaration are encouraged to present any available documentation as evidence of the commission of the crime.<sup id="fn164-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn164"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>164</a></sup> Local Ombudspersons receive the largest number of declarations (about 82 percent) despite their limited resources.<sup id="fn165-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn165"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>165</a></sup> Small municipalities are particularly affected as they do not have as many resources, unlike cities where there are more places to file the declaration.<sup id="fn166-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn166"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>166</a></sup> The statements, both taken within Colombia and in consulates abroad, are sent to the UARIV in Bogotá where they are given a number and a code.<sup id="fn167-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn167"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>167</a></sup></p><p>As of 1 February 2019, 8,771,850 persons have been registered as victims in the RUV. Of this total, 7,026,717 have been deemed eligible for assistance by the national government.<sup id="fn168-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn168"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>168</a></sup></p><h4>Main Segments of the Population Included in the RUV <sup id="fn169-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn169"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>169</a></sup></h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>By Gender</th><th>Number of Victims</th><th>Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Female</td><td>4,397,018</td><td>50.13</td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>4,370,966</td><td>49.83</td></tr><tr><td>Sexual and gender minorities</td><td>3,857</td><td>0.04</td></tr></tbody></table><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>By Age</th><th>Number of Victims</th><th>Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>29-60</td><td>3,275,039</td><td>37.34</td></tr><tr><td>18-28</td><td>2,019,720</td><td>23.03</td></tr><tr><td>12-17</td><td>1,076,575</td><td>12.27</td></tr><tr><td>6-11</td><td>881,374</td><td>10.05</td></tr><tr><td>61-100</td><td>881,374</td><td>10.01</td></tr></tbody></table><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>By Ethnic Group</th><th>Number of Victims</th><th>Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>None</td><td>7,667,527</td><td>87.41</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Colombian</td><td>841,930</td><td>9.60</td></tr><tr><td>Indigenous</td><td>219,011</td><td>2.50</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Presumed Perpetrator</th><th>Number of Victims</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Guerrilla groups</td><td>3,465,471</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown</td><td>3,305,925</td></tr><tr><td>Paramilitary groups</td><td>1,739,999</td></tr><tr><td>Other groups</td><td>915,175</td></tr><tr><td>BACRIM</td><td>448,447</td></tr><tr><td>Armed Forces</td><td>69,168</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The OCHA indicates that, according to statistics provided by the UARIV, the number of persons registered as victims in 2018 was 113,093, which represents an all-time low since 1994. However, the same source indicates that in the department of Norte de Santander, for example, due to the reconfiguration of actors in the armed conflict after the peace agreement with the FARC-EP, the number of persons registered as victims increased from 9,290 in 2017 to 32,719 in 2018:<sup id="fn170-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn170"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>170</a></sup></p> <img alt="The image is a broken line chart indicating the number of persons registered as victims from 2010 to 2018, throughout Colombia and in the department of Norte de Santander in particular." src="/en/country-information/research/PublishingImages/colombia_line4.png" /> <details><summary>Alternate format</summary> <p>The image is a broken line chart indicating the number of persons registered as victims from 2010 to 2018, throughout Colombia and in the department of Norte de Santander in particular. The data source is the Victim Assistance and Comprehensive Reparation Unit (<span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> — UARIV). </p> <p>The number of registered victims across Colombia are the following:</p> <ul><li>2010: 232,497 registered victims.</li><li>2011: 283,393 registered victims.</li><li>2012: 329,839 registered victims.</li><li>2013: 330,962 registered victims.</li><li>2014: 311,394 registered victims.</li><li>2015: 230,282 registered victims.</li><li>2016 (year of the peace agreement with FARC-EP): 134,592 registered victims.</li><li>2017: 117,379 registered victims.</li><li>2018: 113,093 registered victims.</li></ul> <p>The number of registered victims in the department of Norte de Santander are the following:</p> <ul><li>2010: 5,112 registered victims.</li><li>2011: 6,000 registered victims.</li><li>2012: 10,201 registered victims.</li><li>2013: 11,024 registered victims.</li><li>2014: 10,884 registered victims.</li><li>2015: 15,839 registered victims.</li><li>2016 (year of the peace agreement with FARC-EP): 9,212 registered victims.</li><li>2017: 9,290 registered victims.</li><li>2018: 32,719 registered victims.</li></ul> </details> <p>Concerning applications submitted from abroad, between the creation of the RUV in 2011 and January 2019, the UARIV has received 12,159 applications for inclusion in the RUV from victims residing in 45 countries. From these applications, 24,501 people were registered in the RUV. The countries with the highest number of persons registered in the RUV are Ecuador (7,310 persons), Venezuela (3,901), Canada (3,175), the US (2,463), Spain (2,562), and Panama (1,377).<sup id="fn171-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn171"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>171</a></sup></p><p>According to the UARIV, a [translation] "considerable" number of victims do not identify the suspected perpetrator in their declarations as the alleged perpetrators can identify as another actor or not provide any identity of the group at all, depending on the security situation in the area, and the actual perpetrator may strategically change its name when committing acts of violence or a crime.<sup id="fn172-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn172"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>172</a></sup></p><h4>Evaluation of the Declaration:</h4><p>The evaluation of the application takes into account the time, circumstances and place of the events that are narrated in the declaration.<sup id="fn173-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn173"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>173</a></sup> The UARIV cross-references the information with its own observatory which possesses repositories of historical documentation on the armed conflict.<sup id="fn174-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn174"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>174</a></sup> On occasion, the UARIV contacts the victim so they can provide further details on the declaration.<sup id="fn175-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn175"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>175</a></sup></p><p>The UARIV representative indicated that armed actors sometimes seize the identity documents of their victims in order to make it difficult to file complaints. However, the Constitutional Court has ruled that the Public Ministry and Colombian consulates abroad must take the statement of the victim, even when the victim does not have identity documents. The UARIV confirms the identity of the person later.<sup id="fn176-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn176"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>176</a></sup> It is estimated that around 871,699 victims do not have their identity documents.<sup id="fn177-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn177"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>177</a></sup> The Constitutional Court has also ruled that the UARIV must presume the declarant's good faith, and unless the UARIV proves irrefutably that the declaration is false, the person must be included in the RUV; rejected applicants may also appeal this decision.<sup id="fn178-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn178"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>178</a></sup> The Constitutional Court has further indicated that the UARIV can only recognize a victim as such, without ruling whether an event occurred or not.<sup id="fn179-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn179"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>179</a></sup></p><p>The UARIV has 60 working-days to evaluate the declaration and applicants have the right to receive humanitarian assistance provided by municipalities or governorates.<sup id="fn180-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn180"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>180</a></sup> If the applicant is included in the RUV, he or she will be eligible to enter the [translation] "Assistance Road-Map" (<span lang="es"><em>Ruta de Atención</em></span>) to access benefits under the <em>LVRT</em>.<sup id="fn181-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn181"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>181</a></sup> It also indicates that in cases where the application is rejected, the person can file an appeal before the UARIV which will decide within five days. If the appeal is rejected, the person can appeal before the director of the UARIV who will have an additional five days to decide on the second appeal. Whether the application is approved or rejected, the person receives a document that indicates the decision taken by the UARIV.<sup id="fn182-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn182"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>182</a></sup></p><p>The UARIV representative indicated that if a person registers in the RUV fraudulently, the UARIV proceeds with an administrative investigation to exclude the person. As of March 2019, approximately 4,500 people have been excluded from the RUV and there are approximately 33,000 applications being investigated for containing erroneous information which may constitute fraud.<sup id="fn183-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn183"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>183</a></sup></p><h4 id="h523">5.2.3 Effectiveness</h4><p>The report produced by several government agencies, including the Office of the Ombudsperson et al., indicates that between 2014 and 2017, the Colombian government invested 2.1 trillion COP [C$809 million] to provide emergency humanitarian assistance to low-income victims of forced displacement.<sup id="fn184-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn184"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>184</a></sup> </p><p>Between 2014 and 2018, the government assigned 61.2 trillion COP [C$23.5 billion] for the implementation of the <em>LVRT</em>, which was distributed as [translation] "assistance" (76 percent), compensation (14 percent), and institutional costs (7.9 percent).<sup id="fn185-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn185"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>185</a></sup> The national government increased the budget to provide health services and education to victims under the <em>LVRT</em> between 2014 and 2017, and eliminated the costs associated with obtaining identity documents for victims.<sup id="fn186-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn186"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>186</a></sup> The report produced by the Office of the Ombudsperson, et al. indicates, however, that the resources to finance the implementation of the <em>LVRT</em> are [translation] "insufficient" as the budget required to finance the <em>LVRT</em> between 2018 and 2021 is approximately 129 trillion COP [C$50 billion], which exceeds the government's [projected allotment] of 28.4 trillion COP [C$11 billion].<sup id="fn187-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn187"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>187</a></sup></p><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson's <span lang="es">Alerta Temprana</span> No. 026-18 identified the following regarding the effectiveness of the "Assistance Road-Map":</p><ul><li>Difficulties coordinating national and territorial agencies in order to set procedures for providing assistance to social leaders who are considered at risk, as there is a [translation] "lack of clarity" regarding the responsibilities for each agency, as well as officials' lack of knowledge on the implementation of these road-maps.</li><li>Contingency plans that are offered by municipalities and governorates [to prevent human rights violations and provide assistance to victims], including emergency relocation programs, are outdated or do not have a budget.</li><li>In some cases, investigations are archived as no perpetrator or criminal motive were found.<sup id="fn188-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn188"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>188</a></sup></li></ul><p>The UARIV representative indicated that people sometimes prefer not to file a complaint with the FGN because doing so launches a judicial investigation that may lead to new threats<sup id="fn189-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn189"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>189</a></sup> (see section 5.4 on the Judicial System).</p><p>The report produced by the Office of the Ombudsperson, et al. indicates that the number of displaced persons who are returning to their places of origin is unknown and government's initiatives to implement sustainable programs for returnees are [translation] "lacking."<sup id="fn190-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn190"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>190</a></sup> The report estimates that 3,472,453 victims require psychological and social assistance; however, the number of victims who reside in rural areas and may need access to such assistance has not been determined.<sup id="fn191-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn191"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>191</a></sup></p><p>The report produced by the Office of the Ombudsperson, et al. notes improvements in the housing program for victims under the <em>LVRT</em>, which gives preferential access for displaced persons. Under this program, the national government has granted 41,418 housing subsidies to displaced families (56 percent of the total number of subsidies allocated by the national government) and 33,572 housing units (80 percent of the total number assigned). However, the same source notes that due to lack of institutional capacity, 143,412 families who were approved to receive urban housing since 2004 have not yet benefited from the program.<sup id="fn192-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn192"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>192</a></sup> Regarding rural housing, the report indicates that the national government has granted 3,995 housing subsidies out of the 23,000 that were budgeted. The same source notes, however, that the national government does not have an information system that identifies the beneficiaries at each stage of this program.<sup id="fn193-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn193"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>193</a></sup> Out of the 15,000 families that have been identified under land restitution programs, 10,305 have received their restitution. 63 percent of applications for land restitution have been rejected, the majority of them under legal categories such as [translation] "abandonment" of the process, [lack of] "nexus," and that the situation has been resolved (<em><span lang="es">hecho superado</span></em>).<sup id="fn194-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn194"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>194</a></sup></p><p>The report produced by the Office of the Ombudsperson, et al. notes that the national government has a program to assist victims in accessing post-secondary education. However, out of the 80,136 who were registered in this program, 3,243 (4 percent) had access to a student loan. Some of the applicants had to apply for a line of credit with ICETEX, which usually carry higher financing costs [than the loans provided under the <em>LVRT</em>].<sup id="fn195-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn195"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>195</a></sup></p><p>The same report further notes that programs to assist victims to generate income and find employment are [translation] "insufficient" as they only cover 19 percent of those in need of this measure. Additionally, programs aimed at strengthening the skills of registered victims only cover 3.5 percent of the population concerned. The report also states that 759,341 displaced persons under the <em>LVRT</em> have received compensation from the national government and that compensation is pending for 6,207,189. Compensation for victims is dependent on the budget assigned rather than on the right to access it.<sup id="fn196-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn196"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>196</a></sup></p><h3 id="h53">5.3 National Protection Unit (<span lang="es">Unidad Nacional de Protección</span>, UNP)</h3><h4 id="h531">5.3.1 Protection Program</h4><p>The National Protection Unit (<span lang="es">Unidad Nacional de Protección</span>, UNP) is a government agency created in 2011 that is responsible for providing protection to individuals, groups or communities who are at risk as a [translation] "direct" consequence of their "activities or political, public, social or humanitarian roles."<sup id="fn197-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn197"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>197</a></sup> The main population groups that the UNP provides protection to are as follows:</p><ul><li>Leaders of political parties and the opposition;</li><li>Human rights advocates;</li><li>Union leaders and activists;</li><li>Leaders or members of ethnic groups;</li><li>Members of the [translation] "medical mission"<sup id="fn198-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn198"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>198</a></sup>;</li><li>Witnesses or victims of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law;</li><li>Journalists;</li><li>Victims of the armed conflict and land claimants;</li><li>Current and former public servants responsible for activities related to human rights;</li><li>Leaders of armed groups who demobilized in 1994 and 1998;</li><li>Leaders of the Patriotic Union (<span lang="es">Unión Patriótica</span>, UP) party and the Colombian Communist Party (<span lang="es">Partido Comunista Colombiano</span>);</li><li>Legal representatives in judicial processes related to the violation of human rights and international humanitarian law; and</li><li>Teachers<sup id="fn199-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn199"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>199</a></sup></li></ul><p>The UNP website indicates that protection measures are determined by the UNP based on the following levels of risk:</p><p> <b>Ordinary Risk:</b> The risk to which all persons face, under equal conditions, because they belong to a given social group. It generates for the Colombian state the obligation to adopt security measures for the public, but not the obligation to adopt [particular or individual] protection measures.</p><p> <b>Extraordinary Risk:</b> Risk that originates as a direct consequence of the person's exercise of their political, public, social or humanitarian activities or roles, or due to the nature of their position. The risk must meet the following criteria:</p><ul><li>Be specific and personal.</li><li>Be concrete, and based on particular and demonstrated actions or events and not on abstract assumptions.</li><li>Be present, and not remote or possible.</li><li>Be significant, that is, that threatens to violate protected legal rights.</li><li>Be serious, of plausible materialization due to the circumstances of the case.</li><li>Be clear and discernible.</li><li>Be exceptional to the extent that it should not be borne by the wider population.</li><li>Be disproportionate, compared to the benefits the person can have from the situation for which the risk is generated.</li></ul><p> <b>Extreme risk: </b>Risk that occurs when all the criteria indicated for extraordinary risk are met and that is additionally serious and imminent.<sup id="fn200-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn200"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>200</a></sup></p><p>The same source indicates that in order to request protection, the person must submit an application form (available online on the UNP website<sup id="fn201-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn201"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>201</a></sup>), a copy of their national identity card (<em><span lang="es">cédula de ciudadanía</span></em>), evidence of membership to one of the population groups of concern for the UNP and, if applicable, the original copy of the complaint filed with relevant authorities. The application and accompanying documents can be submitted via email to the UNP or at any of the offices of the UNP. The estimated application processing times is three months.<sup id="fn202-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn202"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>202</a></sup></p><p>The UNP website provides the following information on the process of the evaluation of an application for protection:</p><p>Once the application is received, the UNP first evaluates whether the person belongs to the population of concern, as well as the existence of the nexus between the risk and the activities carried out by the applicant. If these conditions are met, an analyst from the Technical Unit for Compilation and Analysis of Information (<span lang="es">Cuerpo de Recolección y Análisis de la Información</span>, CTRAI) starts the risk assessment by interviewing the applicant and obtaining signed consent from him or her. The CTRAI analyst performs a field study to verify and collect additional information. The CTRAI submits a report on its findings to the Preliminary Assessment Unit (<span lang="es">Grupo de Valoración Preliminar</span>, GVP), which assesses the applicant's level of risk. The risk assessment is completed in 30 days. The GVP submits a report to the Committee for Risk Assessment and Recommendation of Measures (<span lang="es">Comité de Evaluación de Riesgo y Recomendación de Medidas</span>, CERREM), which validates the level of risk and recommends to the Director of the UNP the provision of protection measures to the applicant.<sup id="fn203-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn203"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>203</a></sup> In order to implement the protection measures, an agreement that indicates the protection measures assigned is concluded between the UNP and the applicant. Protection measures are subject to re-evaluation.<sup id="fn204-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn204"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>204</a></sup></p><p>The Director of the UNP also has the ability to grant, without the need of a formal risk assessment, [translation] "emergency" protection measures when the risk is "imminent and exceptional." A formal risk assessment is done after the initial protection measures have been granted in order to adjust or modify the existing ones.<sup id="fn205-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn205"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>205</a></sup></p><h4 id="h532">5.3.2 Protection Measures</h4><p>Decree 4912 of 2011 (<em><span lang="es">Decreto</span> 4912 de 2011</em>) outlines the following protection measures provided by the UNP:</p><blockquote><p>[translation]</p><p> <b>Article 11.</b> The following are protection measures:</p><p>1. By virtue of risk.</p><p>a. Protection model: Composed of the physical and human resources granted to those protected by the Program for their protection.</p><p>Type 1: Current individual model to provide security to a single person. Includes:</p><ul><li>1 regular vehicle</li><li>1 driver</li><li>1 bodyguard</li></ul><p>Type 2: Individual armoured model to provide security to a single person. Includes:</p><ul><li>1 armoured vehicle</li><li>1 driver</li><li>1 bodyguard</li></ul><p>Type 3: Individual model reinforced with bodyguards, to provide security to a single person. Includes:</p><ul><li>1 regular or armoured vehicle</li><li>1 driver</li><li>2 bodyguards</li></ul><p>Type 4: Individual model reinforced with bodyguards and vehicle, to provide security to a single person. Includes:</p><ul><li>1 armoured vehicle</li><li>1 regular vehicle</li><li>2 drivers</li><li>Up to 4 bodyguards</li></ul><p>Type 5: Group model, to provide protection to a group of two or more people. Includes:</p><ul><li>1 regular or armoured vehicle</li><li>1 driver</li><li>2 bodyguards</li></ul><p>Paragraph 1. Under no circumstances may personnel assigned by the National Police to carry out protection work drive the vehicles assigned to the model.</p><p>b. Physical resources to support the security models: These are the items necessary for providing the protection service to individuals, and consist of such things as armoured or regular vehicles, motorcycles, bulletproof vests, armoured shields, communication devices and other items that are relevant for this purpose.</p><p>c. Means of movement: This resource is granted to a protected person in an attempt to safeguard his/her life, integrity, freedom and security during travel, and may consist of the following:</p><ul><li>International air tickets. This consists of the assignment of an international air ticket to the person protected by the program and, if necessary, his/her family unit; this will be provided as an exceptional protection measure, and will be provided only once, when the level of risk is extreme and the person or family unit is admitted by the receiving country for a period of more than one year.</li><li>National air tickets. This consists of the provision of air tickets on national routes that are granted to the protected person and, if necessary, to his/her family unit when he/she is faced with a situation of risk and must move to an area that offers better security conditions, or when his/her presence is necessary in administrative actions within the framework of his/her protection.</li><li>Support of land, river or ocean transportation. This consists of sums given to the person protected under the program to defray the price of hiring transportation, [and] to provide conditions of security during transit. The amount given to the person protected by the Program to defray transportation costs may not exceed the amount corresponding to four times the current legal minimum monthly wage, for each approved month.</li></ul><p>d. Temporary Relocation Support: This consists of a monthly allocation and delivery to the protected person of a sum amounting to one (1) to three (3) times the current legal minimum monthly wage, according to the particularities of the family group in question, to facilitate their settlement in a place other than the risk zone. This payment will be approved for up to three (3) months, and the amount will be determined based on the number of people in the family unit with which the protected person has relocated. This protection measure is in addition to minimum subsistence allowances granted by other government entities.</p><p>In exceptional cases, this support may be granted for an additional three months, and for half of the amount initially approved, provided that suitable supporting documents are provided in a timely manner to the effect that the risk situation is ongoing.</p><p>e. Moving support: This consists of moving the furniture and household goods of people who must move due to a situation of extraordinary or extreme risk. </p><p>f. Communication devices: Communication equipment delivered to the protected person to allow timely and effective contact with State agencies and the Prevention and Protection Program for the purpose of issuing warnings concerning emergency situations, or so that the individual can check in on an ongoing basis to report on his/her security situation.</p><p>g. Building security and installation of technical security systems: Consists of comprehensive security elements and equipment for controlling access to buildings owned by the organizations and at which their headquarters are located. In exceptional cases, these elements may be provided for the residences owned by those protected by the Prevention and Protection Program.</p><p>In all cases, this measure will be implemented in accordance with the recommendations of an architectural assessment carried out by the National Protection Unit.</p><p>Paragraph 2. Protection measures other than those stipulated in this Decree may be adopted in light of a differential perspective, level of risk, and the territorial factor. Psychosocial measures may also be implemented in accordance with the provisions of Article 16, paragraph 9, of Decree Law 4065 of 2011.</p><p>Paragraph 3. Each of the protection measures shall be delivered with a user manual and the National Protection Unit shall periodically monitor the timeliness, suitability and effectiveness of the measures, as well as the correct use thereof, for which purpose it shall design a suitable follow-up and monitoring system.</p><p>...<sup id="fn206-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn206"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>206</a></sup><br></p></blockquote><h4 id="h533">5.3.3 Effectiveness</h4><p>The 2019 budget for the UNP is 688,747,241,558 COP [C$275.7 million].<sup id="fn207-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn207"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>207</a></sup></p><p>Efforts by authorities to provide protection to social leaders and human rights advocates has been limited.<sup id="fn208-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn208"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>208</a></sup></p><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson's <span lang="es">Alerta Temprana</span> No. 026-18 indicates that in 2017, the UNP received 6,094 applications for protection, of which the risk for 36 was considered [translation] "extreme," 3,773 "extraordinary," and 2,285 "ordinary." Most of the applications for protection were filed in Bogotá (841 applications), and the departments of Valle del Cauca (621), Cauca (566), Antioquia (508), Nariño (422), and Chocó (403).<sup id="fn209-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn209"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>209</a></sup> The UNP only manages to provide protection to a [translation] "very low" percentage of those who request it.<sup id="fn210-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn210"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>210</a></sup></p><p>The report by the Office of the Ombudsperson, et al. indicates that the UNP has not established adequate criteria for evaluating the risk of threatened social leaders and human rights advocates, and that the implementation of protection measures has not become more efficient.<sup id="fn211-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn211"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>211</a></sup> The UARIV indicated, however, that the UNP has evaluation parameters that have been modified and shortened over time to accommodate the most serious cases.<sup id="fn212-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn212"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>212</a></sup></p><p>Risk assessments undertaken by UNP analysts experience delays and, in many cases, the protection measures granted are not proportional to the risk faced by victims.<sup id="fn213-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn213"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>213</a></sup> </p><p>There have been documented cases were the UNP qualifies the risk as [translation] "ordinary" and afterwards the person is attacked or killed by armed groups.<sup id="fn214-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn214"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>214</a></sup> There are also cases of persons who had been approved for protection measures and are killed while waiting for their implementation, such as the case of Alirio Antonio Arenas, councillor for the town of Convención, Norte de Santander, who had been threatened by the ELN and was killed on 2 September 2018 while waiting for the implementation of the protection measures that had been approved a month before by the UNP.<sup id="fn215-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn215"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>215</a></sup></p><p>The most common protection measure include regular police check-ins (rounds).<sup id="fn216-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn216"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>216</a></sup><span lang="es">Alerta Temprana</span> No. 026-18 indicates that the application of protection measures is [translation] "inconsistent." The most common example is that of the police rounds which, even though they are supposed to be done daily, in some cases the police officers are absent for several days and when they make their presence, the person receiving protection measures is asked to sign the police round sheet for the missing days.<sup id="fn217-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn217"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>217</a></sup></p><h3 id="h54">5.4 Judicial System</h3><p>An annual report produced by the FGN indicates that the budget for the FGN for 2018 was 3.3 trillion COP [C$1.3 billion].<sup id="fn218-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn218"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>218</a></sup> In August 2018, the FGN had 2,547,842 active cases, of which 48.9 percent were cases that had been active since before 2016 and 36.7 percent had seen progress (defined as at least one [translation] "important action") in the investigation proceedings. A [translation] "large number" of cases have been suspended and "temporarily inactivat[ed]", since there has not been any progress in the proceedings.<sup id="fn219-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn219"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>219</a></sup> The FGN annual report indicates that 34 percent of active cases on homicides and 27 percent on sexual violence had their last proceeding more than two years ago, while for the active cases of theft and bodily injury, 34 percent and 33 percent, respectively, had their last proceeding in the last year, which indicates that approximately a third of the active cases for these crimes have not seen any progress.<sup id="fn220-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn220"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>220</a></sup></p><h4>Evolution of Accusation and Sentencing Rates on Homicides<sup id="fn221-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn221"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>221</a></sup></h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Year</th><th>Percentage of cases that led to an accusation</th><th>Percentage of accusations that led to sentencing</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>August 2015-July 2016</td><td>23.3</td><td>66.7</td></tr><tr><td>August 2016-July 2017</td><td>27.9</td><td>68.2</td></tr><tr><td>August 2017-July 2018</td><td>26.8</td><td>53.7</td></tr></tbody></table><h4>Evolution of Accusation and Sentencing Rates on Sexual Violence<sup id="fn222-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn222"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>222</a></sup></h4><table class="table table-bordered table-hover"><thead><tr class="info"><th>Year</th><th>Percentage of cases that led to an accusation</th><th>Percentage of accusations that led to sentencing</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>August 2015-July 2016</td><td>19.4</td><td>43.5</td></tr><tr><td>August 2016-July 2017</td><td>21.7</td><td>43.4</td></tr><tr><td>August 2017-July 2018</td><td>23.2</td><td>44</td></tr></tbody></table><p>On 26 July 2017, the FGN launched ADenunciar, an online application for filing police reports<sup id="fn223-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn223"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>223</a></sup> for crimes such as theft, break-ins, and extortion.<sup id="fn224-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn224"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>224</a></sup> The FGN annual report indicates that since its launch until August 2018, the FGN received 200,000 complaints from 943 municipalities, of which 180,000 became <em>notitia criminis</em>. The complaints received through ADenunciar constituted 13 percent of all complaints received in the country for the same period of time.<sup id="fn225-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn225"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>225</a></sup></p><p>The FGN report indicates that on 26 July 2017 it also launched the Contact Centre (<span lang="es">Centro de Contacto</span>), a hotline to file police reports without the requirement of appearing in person at an FGN office. The hotline is free of charge, operates 24/7, and covers the national territory through a national line as well as 13 international lines that cover the following countries: Spain, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic, China, Japan, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and the US and Puerto Rico. The Contact Centre has 19 criminologists, two lawyers, one psychologist, four investigators, and two officials working on transitional justice to work with victims of the armed conflict.<sup id="fn226-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn226"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>226</a></sup></p><h4 id="h541">5.4.1 Investigation into Cases of Threats and Attacks on Social Leaders</h4><p>The investigation and prosecution of cases of threats [against social leaders] is [translation] "basically non-existent" given the "high levels of impunity" around these cases.<sup id="fn227-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn227"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>227</a></sup> Alerta Temprana No. 026-18 indicates that out of the 113 cases referred to the <span lang="es">Atlántico</span> division of the FGN, for example, only one case is under investigation and it is related to [translation] "alleged self-threats" by a member of the armed forces.<sup id="fn228-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fn228"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>228</a></sup></p><h2 id="notes">Notes on Interlocutors</h2><p> <b>Former Official of the Office of the Ombudsperson</b></p><p>Meeting held with the joint delegation in Cúcuta on 7 March 2019.</p><p> <b> <span lang="es">Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz</span>, JEP (Special Jurisdiction for Peace)</b></p><p>The JEP is the mechanism of transitional justice to investigate former members of the FARC-EP, members of security forces and civilians who committed crimes within the context of the armed conflict. On 6 March 2019, the joint delegation held a meeting in Bogotá with judges of the JEP.</p><p> <b> <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span>, UARIV (Victim Assistance and Comprehensive Reparation Unit)</b></p><p>The UARIV is a government agency that coordinates the National System for Comprehensive Victim Support and Reparation (<span lang="es">Sistema Nacional de Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span>, SNARIV) and the resources allocated to provide assistance and reparations to victims of the armed conflict. On 4 March 2019, the joint delegation held a meeting in Bogotá with two officers from the Governance and International Relations Branch.</p><h2 id="ref">References</h2><p> <span lang="es">Agencia</span> EFE. 9 May 2019. "<a href="https://www.efe.com/efe/america/politica/las-fuerzas-militares-de-colombia-denuncian-que-la-mitad-del-eln-esta-en-venezuela/20000035-3971700%3E"><span lang="es">Las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia denuncian que la mitad del ELN está en Venezuela</span></a>." [Accessed 24 June 2019]</p><p> <span lang="es">Agencia</span> EFE. 8 January 2018. "<a href="https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/colombia-sends-2-000-troops-to-fight-drug-trafficking-in-southwestern-region/50000262-3486351">Colombia Sends 2,000 Troops to Fight Drug Trafficking in Southwestern Region</a>." [Accessed 1 July 2019]</p><p>British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 8 July 2016. Natalio Cosoy. "<a href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-36738327"><span lang="es">Colombia: la dura respuesta al Frente Primero, el grupo guerrillero de las FARC que no quiere dejar las armas</span></a>." [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p>British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 29 August 2013. "<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11400950">Profiles: Colombia's Armed Groups</a>." [Accessed 30 June 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 29 May 2019. <span lang="es">Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social</span>. "<a href="https://www.minsalud.gov.co/salud/PServicios/Paginas/mision-medica.aspx"><span lang="es">Misión Médica</span></a>." [Accessed 29 May 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 23 May 2019. <span lang="es">Ministerio del Interior, Unidad Nacional de Protección</span> (UNP). "<a href="https://www.unp.gov.co/atencion-al-ciudadano/formularios-de-solicitud-de-proteccion/formulario-de-solicitud-de-proteccion-individual"><span lang="es">Formulario de Solicitud de Protección Individual</span></a>." [Accessed 29 May 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 26 April 2019. <span lang="es">Ministerio del Interior, Unidad Nacional de Protección</span> (UNP). "<a href="https://www.unp.gov.co/la-unp/que-hacemos"><span lang="es">¿Qué hacemos?</span></a>." [Accessed 29 May 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 22 April 2019. <span lang="es">Ministerio del Interior, Unidad Nacional de Protección</span> (UNP). "<a href="https://www.unp.gov.co/atencion-al-ciudadano/preguntas-y-respuestas-frecuentes"><span lang="es">Preguntas y respuestas frecuentes</span></a>." [Accessed 27 May 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 12 April 2019. <span lang="es">Banco de la República</span>. "<a href="http://obieebr.banrep.gov.co/analytics/saw.dll?Go&Action=prompt&lang=es&NQUser=publico&NQPassword=publico&path=/shared/Series%20Estad%C3%ADsticas_T/1.%20Salarios/1.1%20Salario%20m%C3%ADnimo%20legal%20en%20Colombia/1.1.1.SLR_Serie%20hist%C3%B3rica&Options=rdf"><span lang="es">Salario mínimo legal en Colombia</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 6 March 2019. <span lang="es">Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz</span> (JEP). 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Presentation deck provided to the delegation during the meeting with the UARIV, 4 March 2019.</p><p>Colombia. 15 February 2019. <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo.</span><i><span lang="es">Alerta temprana</span> No 011-19</i>. Provided to the delegation during the meeting with the <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo</span>, 6 March 2019.</p><p>Colombia. 2 January 2019. <span lang="es">Ministerio del Interior, Unidad Nacional de Protección</span> (UNP). <a href="https://www.unp.gov.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/resol-0001-2019.pdf"><i><span lang="es">Resolución 0001 de 2019</span></i></a>. [Accessed 29 May 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 23 November 2018. <span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la Nación</span> (FGN). <a href="https://www.fiscalia.gov.co/colombia/wp-content/uploads/Informe-de-gestion-v-22-11-2018-PDF2.pdf"> <i><span lang="es">Rendición de cuentas</span> 2017-2018</i></a>. [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 15 November 2018. <span lang="es">Presidencia de la República.</span> "<a href="http://www.camara.gov.co/sites/default/files/2018-11/19-%20RTA.ALTO%20COMISIONADO%20PARA%20LA%20PAZ.PROPOSICIÓN%20009%20-%202018.pdf">EXT18-00116201 <span lang="es">Citación a sesión plenaria proposición No. 009 de 26 de Julio del 2018, 21 de Noviembre</span></a>." (OFI18-00148606/IDM112000) [Accessed 6 Mar. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 17 August 2018. <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo</span>, et al. <a href="http://www.defensoria.gov.co/public/pdf/Info17_08_17.pdf"><i><span lang="es">Quinto informe de seguimiento al Congreso de la República 2017-2018: Informe ejecutivo</span></i></a>. Provided to the delegation during the meeting with the <span lang="es">Procuraduría General de la Nación</span> (PGN), 6 March 2019.</p><p>Colombia. June 2018. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). <i><span lang="es">Guía de atención a víctimas en el exterior y víctimas retornadas</span></i>. Provided to the delegation during the meeting with the UARIV, 4 March 2019.</p><p>Colombia. 28 February 2018. <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo. </span> <i><span lang="es">Alerta temprana</span> No 026-18</i>. Provided to the delegation during the meeting with the <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo</span>, 6 March 2019.</p><p>Colombia. 15 January 2018. <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo. </span> <i><span lang="es">Alerta temprana de inminencia</span> No 006-18</i>. Provided to the delegation during the meeting with the <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo</span>, 6 March 2019.</p><p> <i></i></p><p>Colombia. 26 July 2017. <span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la Nación</span> (FGN). "<a href="https://www.fiscalia.gov.co/colombia/fiscal-general-de-la-nacion/ahora-los-ciudadanos-podran-denunciar-desde-su-computador-o-celular"><span lang="es">Ahora los ciudadanos podrán denunciar desde su computador o celular</span></a>." Boletín 20925. [Accessed 30 June 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 3 February 2016. <span lang="es">Ministerio del Interior</span>, et al. <a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/sites/default/files/documentosbiblioteca/cartillapddl290116.pdf"><i><span lang="es">Orientaciones para la incorporación estratégica de la política pública de víctimas y restitución de tierras en los planes territoriales de desarrollo</span> 2016-2019</i></a>. Provided to the delegation during the meeting with the <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV), 4 March 2019.</p><p>Colombia. 2011a. <a href="http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/ley-de-victimas/download/86_597647a7f9e10bf93108d468eaa71869"><i><span lang="es">Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras</span></i></a>. [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 2011b. <a href="https://www.mininterior.gov.co/sites/default/files/decreto_4912_de_2011.pdf"><i><span lang="es">Decreto 4912 de 2011</span></i></a>. Excerpt translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p>Colombia. 2000. <a href="http://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1468523"><i><span lang="es">Decreto 2569 de 2000</span></i></a>. [Accessed 16 Aug. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.a. <span lang="es"></span>Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición (Comisión de la Verdad). <a href="https://comisiondelaverdad.co/la-comision/que-es-la-comision-de-la-verdad"><span lang="es">¿Qué es la Comisión de la Verdad?</span></a> [Accessed 24 June 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.b. <span lang="es">Unidad de Búsqueda de Personas dadas por Desaparecidas</span> (UBPD). "<a href="https://www.ubpdbusquedadesaparecidos.co/acerca-de-la-busqueda"><span lang="es">Acerca de la UBPD</span></a>." [Accessed 24 June 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.c. <a href="http://www.defensoria.gov.co/"><span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo</span>. Home page</a>. [Accessed 27 Mar. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.d. <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo. </span> <i><span lang="es">Defensoría delegada para los derechos de la población desplazada.</span> </i>Slideshow deck provided to the delegation during the meeting with the Office of the Ombudsperson, 6 March 2019.</p><p>Colombia. N.d.e. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/paso-paso-para-el-registro/13401"><span lang="es">Paso a paso para el registro</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.f. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/atencion-asistencia-y-reparacion-integral/ruta-integral-individual/11416"><span lang="es">Ruta integral individual</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.g. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/ruta-integral-individual/rehabilitacion/8939"><span lang="es">Rehabilitación</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.h. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/indemnizacion/8920"><span lang="es">Indemnización</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.i. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/medidas-de-satisfaccion/172"><span lang="es">Medidas de satisfacción</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.j. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/ruta-integral-individual/restitucion/8945"><span lang="es">Restitución</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.k. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/ruta-integral-individual/garantias-de-no-repeticion/173"><span lang="es">Garantías de no repetición</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.l. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<a href="https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/solicitud-de-inscripcion-en-el-registro-unico-de-victimas/281"><span lang="es">Solicitud de inscripción en el registro único de víctimas</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019]</p><p>Colombia. N.d.m. <span lang="es">Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas</span> (UARIV). "<span lang="es">Procedimiento ordinario del programa de protección</span>." Provided to the delegation during the meeting with the UARIV, 4 March 2019.</p><p> <span lang="es">Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento</span> (CODHES). N.d.a. <span lang="es">Sistema de Información sobre Derechos Humanos y Desplazamiento</span> (SISDHES). "<span lang="es">Conflicto armado, desplazamiento forzado, agresiones contra líderes y lideresas</span>." Provided to the delegation by CODHES, 4 March 2019.</p><p> <span lang="es">Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento</span> (CODHES). N.d.b. <i><span lang="es">Marco conceptual de monitoreo situacional</span>. </i>Provided to the Research Directorate by CODHES, 12 July 2019.</p><p>Deutsche Welle (DW). 22 June 2019. "<a href="https://www.dw.com/es/colombia-farc-denuncia-asesinato-de-exguerrilleros-clara-violación-del-acuerdo-de-paz/a-49315469"><span lang="es">Colombia: FARC denuncia asesinato de exguerrilleros, 'clara violación' del acuerdo de paz</span></a>." [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p>Deutsche Welle (DW). 26 January 2019. "<a href="https://www.dw.com/es/colombia-juez-ordena-captura-de-líderes-de-eln-por-atentado-contra-escuela-de-cadetes-en-bogotá/a-47250647"><span lang="es">Colombia: juez ordena captura de líderes de ELN por atentado contra Escuela de Cadetes en Bogotá</span></a>." [Accessed 24 June 2019]</p><p>Deutsche Welle (DW). 21 January 2019. "<a href="https://www.dw.com/es/colombia-eln-asume-autoría-de-atentado-contra-escuela-de-policía/a-47160985"><span lang="es">Colombia: ELN asume autoría de atentado contra Escuela de Policía</span></a>." [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p>Deutsche Welle (DW). 18 April 2018. "<a href="https://www.dw.com/es/ecuador-deja-de-ser-garante-en-proceso-de-paz-colombiano-con-eln/a-43445633"><span lang="es">Ecuador deja de ser garante en proceso de paz colombiano con ELN</span></a>." [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p> <i> <span lang="es">El Colombiano</span></i>. 25 June 2019. Olga Patricia Rendón M. "<a href="https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/paz-y-derechos-humanos/ya-van-133-exfarc-asesinados-IE11042758"><span lang="es">Hay alerta: ya van 133 exFarc asesinados</span></a>." [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p> <i>El País</i>. 19 April 2018. Francesco Manetto and Sara España. "<a href="https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/04/18/colombia/1524076016_796224.html"><span lang="es">Ecuador deja de ser garante del proceso de paz con el ELN</span></a>." [Accessed 25 June 2019]</p><p> <em>El Tiempo</em>. 25 January 2019. Martha Maya Calle. "<a href="https://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/conflicto-y-narcotrafico/la-paz-con-el-eln-despues-de-ataque-con-carro-bomba-columna-319136"><span lang="es">Enfrentar al Eln sin darle un portazo a la paz</span></a>." [Accessed 14 May 2019]</p><p> <i> <span lang="es">El Tiempo</span></i>. 3 September 2018. "<a href="https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/concejal-asesinado-en-norte-de-santander-estaba-amenazado-por-el-eln-263740"><span lang="es">Concejal asesinado en Norte de Santander estaba amenazado por el Eln</span></a>." [Accessed 20 June 2019]</p><p>Former Official of the <span lang="es">Defensoría del Pueblo</span>. 7 March 2019. Interview with the Research Directorate, Cúcuta.</p><p> <span lang="es">Fuerza Alternativa Revolucionaria del Común</span> (FARC). N.d. "<a href="http://partidofarc.com.co/es/candidatos-y-dirigentes"><span lang="es">Programa - Dirigentes</span></a>." [Accessed 24 June 2019]</p><p>F<span lang="es">undación Ideas para la Paz</span> (FIP). July 2017. Eduardo Álvarez V., et al. <a href="http://cdn.ideaspaz.org/media/website/document/596b780902224.pdf"><i><span lang="es">Crimen organizado y saboteadores armados en tiempos de transición</span></i></a>. No. 27. [Accessed 3 Oct. 2019]</p><p> <span lang="es">Fundación Paz y Reconciliación</span> (Pares). 8 January 2019. <a href="https://pares.com.co/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/INFORME-COMO-VA-LA-PAZ-1.pdf"><i><span lang="es">La reestructuración unilateral del Acuerdo de Paz</span></i></a>. [Accessed 29 May 2019]</p><p> <span lang="es">Fundación Redes</span> (Fundaredes). [2018]. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1b_L444fbAIHLqK6G29I-TJ5DjDLHYZY7/view"><i><span lang="es">2018 Informe anual</span></i></a>. [Accessed 29 May 2019]</p><p>Human Rights Watch. 18 January 2018. "<a href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/colombia">Colombia</a>." <em>World Report 2018: Events of 2017.</em> [Accessed 30 June 2019] </p><p>InSight Crime. 11 March 2019. "<a href="https://www.insightcrime.org/venezuela-organized-crime-news/eln-in-venezuela/">ELN in Venezuela</a>." Accessed 8 Apr. 2019] Map reproduced with the permission of InSight Crime.</p><p>InSight Crime. 16 October 2018. "<a href="https://www.insightcrime.org/colombia-organized-crime-news/eln-profile/%3E">ELN</a>." [Accessed 14 May 2019]</p><p>InSight Crime. 14 March 2018. "<a href="https://www.insightcrime.org/colombia-organized-crime-news/epl/%3E">EPL</a>." [Accessed 18 Sept. 2019]</p><p>Insight Crime. 9 January 2018. Parker Asmann. "<a href="https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/colombia-deploys-troops-eln-ceasefire-ends/">Colombia Deploys Troops to Tumaco as ELN Ceasefire Ends</a>." [Accessed 18 Sept. 2019]</p><p>InSight Crime. 5 October 2017. Tristan Clavel. "<a href="https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/colombia-epl-latest-armed-group-seek-talks-authorities/">Colombia’s EPL Is Latest Armed Group to Seek Talks with Authorities</a>." [Accessed 12 Oct. 2019]</p><p> <em>La Opinión</em>. 20 January 2019. Andrés Julián González Pardo. "<a href="https://www.laopinion.com.co/judicial/narcotrafico-terror-y-muerte-de-los-grupos-armados-ilegales-169745"><span lang="es">Narcotráfico, terror y muerte de los grupos armados ilegales</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Mar. 2019]</p><p> <span lang="es">La Silla Vacía</span>. 16 December 2018. Jineth Prieto. "<a href="https://lasillavacia.com/silla-santandereana/el-eln-el-nuevo-mandamas-del-catatumbo-69313"><span lang="es">El ELN, el nuevo mandamás del Catatumbo</span></a>." [Accessed 12 Mar. 2019]</p><p>Radio Canada International (RCI). 22 January 2019. Rufo Valencia. "<a href="http://www.rcinet.ca/es/2019/01/22/el-eln-declara-que-el-atentado-en-colombia-fue-un-acto-legitimo-de-guerra/"><span lang="es">El ELN declara que el atentado en Colombia fue un acto legítimo de guerra</span></a>." [Accessed 14 May 2019]</p><p>Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC), Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. 4 December 2018. "<a href="http://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/non-international-armed-conflicts-in-colombia">Non-International Armed Conflicts in Colombia</a>." [Accesed 30 June 2019]</p><p>United Nations (UN). 16 July 2019. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). <a href="https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/colombia/document/situación-humanitaria-enero-junio-2019"><i><span lang="es">Situación humanitaria enero-junio 2019</span></i></a>. [Accessed 12 Oct. 2019]</p><p>United Nations (UN). December 2018. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). <a href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/boletin_humanitario_nuevoformato_vf.pdf"><em><span lang="es">Boletín humanitario: Colombia</span></em></a>. No. 74. Provided by the OCHA representative through correspondence with the delegation, 8 March 2019. <br></p><p>United Nations (UN). March 2016. Department of Field Support, Geospatial Information Section. <a href="https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/colombia.pdf"><i>Colombia</i>. Map No. 3102, Rev. 2.</a> [Accessed 23 Apr. 2019] Reproduced with the permission of the UN Geospatial Information Section.</p><p>United Nations (UN). N.d. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). <i>Contexto humanitario Norte de Santander</i>. Provided by the OCHA representative through correspondence with the delegation, 8 March 2019.</p> <aside class="wb-fnote" role="note"> <section> <h2 id="fn">Footnotes</h2> <dl><dt>Footnote 1</dt><dd id="fn1"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV; Human Rights Watch 18 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn1-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>1<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 2</dt><dd id="fn2"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn2-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>2<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 3</dt><dd id="fn3"><p>Colombia n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn3-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>3<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 4</dt><dd id="fn4"><p>Colombia n.d.b.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn4-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>4<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 5</dt><dd id="fn5"><p>Human Rights Watch 18 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn5-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>5<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 6</dt><dd id="fn6"><p>FARC n.d.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn6-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>6<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 7</dt><dd id="fn7"><p>DW 22 June 2019; <em> </em> <span lang="es"> <em>El Colombiano</em></span> 25 June 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn7-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>7<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 8</dt><dd id="fn8"><p>Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn8-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>8<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 9</dt><dd id="fn9"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV; Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn9-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>9<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 10</dt><dd id="fn10"><p>Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn10-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>10<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 11</dt><dd id="fn11"><p>RULAC 4 Dec. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn11-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>11<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 12</dt><dd id="fn12"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018; Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 30.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn12-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>12<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 13</dt><dd id="fn13"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 49-50; Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 31.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn13-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>13<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 14</dt><dd id="fn14"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 30-32; <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 27.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn14-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>14<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 15</dt><dd id="fn15"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 30-33.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn15-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>15<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 16</dt><dd id="fn16"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn16-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>16<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 17</dt><dd id="fn17"><p>UN 16 July 2019, 9.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn17-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>17<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 18</dt><dd id="fn18"><p>InSight Crime 9 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn18-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>18<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 19</dt><dd id="fn19"><p> <span lang="es">Agencia EFE</span> 8 Jan. 2018; InSight Crime 9 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn19-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>19<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 20</dt><dd id="fn20"><p>Colombia 15 Feb. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn20-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>20<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 21</dt><dd id="fn21"><p>Colombia Mar. 2019a, 51-57.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn21-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>21<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 22</dt><dd id="fn22"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 51-53.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn22-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>22<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 23</dt><dd id="fn23"><p>Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP; <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 8.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn23-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>23<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 24</dt><dd id="fn24"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 8.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn24-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>24<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 25</dt><dd id="fn25"><p>Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn25-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>25<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 26</dt><dd id="fn26"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 8.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn26-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>26<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 27</dt><dd id="fn27"><p>Colombia Mar. 2019a, 8.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn27-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>27<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 28</dt><dd id="fn28"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 35.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn28-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>28<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 29</dt><dd id="fn29"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 38.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn29-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>29<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 30</dt><dd id="fn30"><p>Colombia Mar. 2019a, 13.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn30-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>30<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 31</dt><dd id="fn31"><p>Law 599 of 2000 defines [translation] "terrorism" as "the act of provoking or maintaining in a state of anxiety or terror the population or a part of it, through acts that endanger the lives, physical integrity or the freedom of persons or buildings or means of communication, transport, processing or conduction of fluids or motive power, using means capable of wreaking destruction" (Colombia Mar. 2019a, 37).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn31-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>31<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 32</dt><dd id="fn32"><p>The report provided by the Ministry of National Defense indicates that even though a [translation] "subversive act" is not a type of crime, it is a concept used to describe "hostile actions committed by illegal armed groups against the National Police and, in some cases, against the civilian population. These actions include: attacks to police stations, attacks on aircrafts, urban attacks, armed clashes, ambushes, harassment, raids into towns and attacks on towns" (Colombia Mar. 2019a, 39).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn32-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>32<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 33</dt><dd id="fn33"><p>Colombia Mar. 2019a, 37.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn33-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>33<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 34</dt><dd id="fn34"><p>Colombia Mar. 2019a, 39.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn34-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>34<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 35</dt><dd id="fn35"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn35-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>35<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 36</dt><dd id="fn36"><p>CODHES defines "warlike actions" as: [translation] "a type of violence exerted by insurgent groups or antagonistic factions that fight against the State or against the current social order, where the perpetrated violence is in accordance with the laws or customs of war. This type of action has the objective of maintaining, modifying, replacing or destroying a model of State or society." Actions recognized within this category include road blockings, bombardments, attacks on military objectives, sabotage, captures, ambushes, combats, forced disappearance of agents of the State, and seizures (CODHES n.d.b, 6-7).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn36-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>36<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 37</dt><dd id="fn37"><p>International Humanitarian Law related to armed conflicts [translation] "is an instrument that regulates the conduct of war, limiting the means and methods of warlike actions during conflicts." It includes [translation] "infractions" such as gender-based violence, threats, attacks on road infrastructure, occupations, attacks on religious or cultural assets, kidnapping, torture, arbitrary detention, massacres, taking hostages, and indiscriminate attacks (CODHES n.d.b, 11-13).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn37-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>37<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 38</dt><dd id="fn38"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 15, 33.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn38-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>38<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 39</dt><dd id="fn39"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 33.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn39-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>39<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 40</dt><dd id="fn40"><p>UN Dec. 2018, 4.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn40-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>40<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 41</dt><dd id="fn41"><p>RCI 22 Jan. 2019; InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn41-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>41<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 42</dt><dd id="fn42"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn42-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>42<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 43</dt><dd id="fn43"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn43-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>43<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 44</dt><dd id="fn44"><p> <em> <span lang="es">El Tiempo</span></em> 25 Jan. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn44-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>44<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 45</dt><dd id="fn45"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn45-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>45<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 46</dt><dd id="fn46"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn46-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>46<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 47</dt><dd id="fn47"><p> <span lang="es">La Opinión</span> 20 Jan. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn47-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>47<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 48</dt><dd id="fn48"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn48-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>48<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 49</dt><dd id="fn49"><p>DW 26 Jan. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn49-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>49<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 50</dt><dd id="fn50"><p> <span lang="es">Agencia EFE</span> 9 May 2019; DW 26 Jan. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn50-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>50<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 51</dt><dd id="fn51"><p> <span lang="es">La Silla Vacía</span> 16 Dec. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn51-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>51<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 52</dt><dd id="fn52"><p>RCI 22 Jan. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn52-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>52<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 53</dt><dd id="fn53"><p>Pares 8 Jan. 2019, 24.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn53-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>53<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 54</dt><dd id="fn54"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn54-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>54<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 55</dt><dd id="fn55"><p> <span lang="es">La Opinión</span> 20 Jan. 2019</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn55-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>55<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 56</dt><dd id="fn56"><p>InSight Crime 11 Mar. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn56-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>56<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 57</dt><dd id="fn57"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn57-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>57<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 58</dt><dd id="fn58"><p>Colombia 15 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn58-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>58<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 59</dt><dd id="fn59"><p>Colombia 15 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn59-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>59<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 60</dt><dd id="fn60"><p>Colombia 15 Feb. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn60-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>60<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 61</dt><dd id="fn61"><p> <em> <span lang="es">El País</span></em> 19 Apr. 2018; InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn61-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>61<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 62</dt><dd id="fn62"><p> <em> <span lang="es">El País</span> </em>19 Apr. 2018; DW 18 Apr. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn62-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>62<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 63</dt><dd id="fn63"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn63-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>63<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 64</dt><dd id="fn64"><p>RCI 22 Jan. 2019; DW 21 Jan. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn64-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>64<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 65</dt><dd id="fn65"><p>DW 21 Jan. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn65-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>65<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 66</dt><dd id="fn66"><p>InSight Crime 16 Oct. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn66-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>66<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 67</dt><dd id="fn67"><p>InSight Crime 11 Mar. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn67-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>67<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 68</dt><dd id="fn68"><p>InSight Crime 11 Mar. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn68-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>68<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 69</dt><dd id="fn69"><p>For further information on the CLAP, see Response to Information Request <a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457482">VEN106113</a> of May 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn69-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>69<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 70</dt><dd id="fn70"><p>InSight Crime 11 Mar. 2019; Fundaredes [2018], 15.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn70-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>70<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 71</dt><dd id="fn71"><p>InSight Crime 11 Mar. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn71-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>71<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 72</dt><dd id="fn72"><p>Colombia 15 Nov. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn72-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>72<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 73</dt><dd id="fn73"><p>Colombia 15 Feb. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn73-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>73<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 74</dt><dd id="fn74"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 49; BBC 8 July 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn74-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>74<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 75</dt><dd id="fn75"><p>BBC 8 July 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn75-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>75<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 76</dt><dd id="fn76"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 46.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn76-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>76<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 77</dt><dd id="fn77"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 46.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn77-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>77<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 78</dt><dd id="fn78"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 24.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn78-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>78<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 79</dt><dd id="fn79"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 15.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn79-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>79<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 80</dt><dd id="fn80"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 47.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn80-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>80<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 81</dt><dd id="fn81"><p>An <em><span lang="es">Alerta Temprana</span></em> (Early Warning Communication) is a communication issued by the Office of the Ombudsperson's Early Warning System (<span lang="es">Sistema de Alertas Tempranas</span>, SAT) to the national government to advise the possible commission of human rights violations or risk situations faced by groups such as human rights advocates, social leaders, communal associations, women's rights advocates, land restitution advocates and LGBT populations. There are two types of Alertas Tempranas: those of imminent risk, for urgent cases where the Office of the Ombudsperson carries out a risk assessment and requests the government to implement protection measures to mitigate that risk; and cyclical (<em><span lang="es">coyunturales</span></em>), which consists of a set of measures that the government can implement in order to mitigate the risk (Colombia 6 Mar. 2019b, interview with the Office of the Ombudsperson).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn81-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>81<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 82</dt><dd id="fn82"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 31-32.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn82-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>82<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 83</dt><dd id="fn83"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 50-51.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn83-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>83<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 84</dt><dd id="fn84"><p>InSight Crime 14 Mar. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn84-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>84<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 85</dt><dd id="fn85"><p>InSight Crime 14 Mar. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn85-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>85<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 86</dt><dd id="fn86"><p>InSight Crime 5 Oct. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn86-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>86<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 87</dt><dd id="fn87"><p>Colombia 15 Feb. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn87-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>87<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 88</dt><dd id="fn88"><p> <span lang="es">La Silla Vacía</span> 16 Dec. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn88-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>88<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 89</dt><dd id="fn89"><p>FIP July 2017, 33.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn89-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>89<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 90</dt><dd id="fn90"><p> <span lang="es">La Opinión</span> 20 Jan. 2019; <span lang="es">La Silla Vacía</span> 16 Dec. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn90-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>90<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 91</dt><dd id="fn91"><p> <span lang="es">La Silla Vacía</span> 16 Dec. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn91-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>91<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 92</dt><dd id="fn92"><p>Colombia 15 Feb. 2019; <span lang="es">La Silla Vacía</span> 16 Dec. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn92-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>92<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 93</dt><dd id="fn93"><p> <span lang="es">La Silla Vacía</span> 16 Dec. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn93-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>93<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 94</dt><dd id="fn94"><p> <span lang="es">La Opinión</span> 20 Jan. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn94-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>94<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 95</dt><dd id="fn95"><p>BBC 29 Aug. 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn95-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>95<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 96</dt><dd id="fn96"><p>BBC 29 Aug. 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn96-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>96<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 97</dt><dd id="fn97"><p>BBC 29 Aug. 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn97-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>97<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 98</dt><dd id="fn98"><p>BBC 29 Aug. 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn98-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>98<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 99</dt><dd id="fn99"><p>Human Rights Watch 18 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn99-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>99<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 100</dt><dd id="fn100"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 32-33.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn100-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>100<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 101</dt><dd id="fn101"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 33-34.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn101-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>101<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 102</dt><dd id="fn102"><p>Human Rights Watch 18 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn102-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>102<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 103</dt><dd id="fn103"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 33; Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 20.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn103-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>103<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 104</dt><dd id="fn104"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 20.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn104-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>104<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 105</dt><dd id="fn105"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn105-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>105<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 106</dt><dd id="fn106"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 15-16.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn106-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>106<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 107</dt><dd id="fn107"><p>Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn107-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>107<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 108</dt><dd id="fn108"><p>Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn108-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>108<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 109</dt><dd id="fn109"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 20, 28-29.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn109-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>109<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 110</dt><dd id="fn110"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 44.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn110-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>110<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 111</dt><dd id="fn111"><p>Attacks include homicides, individual and collective threats, injuries, sexual violence and forced disappearance (CODHES n.d.b, 67-68).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn111-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>111<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 112</dt><dd id="fn112"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn112-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>112<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 113</dt><dd id="fn113"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn113-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>113<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 114</dt><dd id="fn114"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn114-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>114<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 115</dt><dd id="fn115"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn115-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>115<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 116</dt><dd id="fn116"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 47-48.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn116-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>116<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 117</dt><dd id="fn117"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 48.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn117-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>117<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 118</dt><dd id="fn118"><p>Former official of the Office of the Ombudsperson 7 Mar. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn118-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>118<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 119</dt><dd id="fn119"><p>Colombia n.d.c.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn119-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>119<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 120</dt><dd id="fn120"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn120-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>120<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 121</dt><dd id="fn121"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn121-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>121<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 122</dt><dd id="fn122"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn122-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>122<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 123</dt><dd id="fn123"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 43.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn123-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>123<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 124</dt><dd id="fn124"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 43.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn124-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>124<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 125</dt><dd id="fn125"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 42.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn125-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>125<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 126</dt><dd id="fn126"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 41.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn126-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>126<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 127</dt><dd id="fn127"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 41.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn127-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>127<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 128</dt><dd id="fn128"><p>Human Rights Watch 18 Jan. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn128-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>128<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 129</dt><dd id="fn129"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn129-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>129<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 130</dt><dd id="fn130"><p>UN Dec. 2018, 3.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn130-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>130<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 131</dt><dd id="fn131"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn131-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>131<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 132</dt><dd id="fn132"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn132-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>132<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 133</dt><dd id="fn133"><p>Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn133-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>133<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 134</dt><dd id="fn134"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 33-34.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn134-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>134<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 135</dt><dd id="fn135"><p> <span lang="es">Pares</span> 8 Jan. 2019, 33.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn135-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>135<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 136</dt><dd id="fn136"><p>Colombia n.d.d.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn136-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>136<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 137</dt><dd id="fn137"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn137-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>137<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 138</dt><dd id="fn138"><p>CODHES n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn138-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>138<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 139</dt><dd id="fn139"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 44-45.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn139-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>139<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 140</dt><dd id="fn140"><p>Colombia 2011a, Arts. 1-3.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn140-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>140<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 141</dt><dd id="fn141"><p>Colombia n.d.e.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn141-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>141<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 142</dt><dd id="fn142"><p>Colombia 2011a, Arts. 47-54.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn142-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>142<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 143</dt><dd id="fn143"><p>Colombia 3 Feb. 2016, 16.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn143-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>143<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 144</dt><dd id="fn144"><p>Colombia n.d.e. </p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn144-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>144<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 145</dt><dd id="fn145"><p>Colombia 3 Feb. 2016, 16.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn145-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>145<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 146</dt><dd id="fn146"><p>The SNARIV is made up of public and private agencies that design plans and programs to provide assistance to victims of the armed conflict (Colombia, Mar. 2019b, 20).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn146-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>146<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 147</dt><dd id="fn147"><p>Colombia 2011a, Art. 166, 168.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn147-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>147<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 148</dt><dd id="fn148"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn148-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>148<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 149</dt><dd id="fn149"><p>Colombia n.d.f.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn149-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>149<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 150</dt><dd id="fn150"><p>Colombia n.d.g.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn150-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>150<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 151</dt><dd id="fn151"><p>Colombia n.d.h.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn151-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>151<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 152</dt><dd id="fn152"><p>Current Legal Minimum Monthly Wage (<span lang="es">Salario Mínimo Legal Mensual Vigente</span>, SMLMV). For the year 2019, the SMLMV is 828,116 COP [C$320] (Colombia, 12 Apr. 2019).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn152-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>152<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 153</dt><dd id="fn153"><p>Colombia n.d.h. </p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn153-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>153<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 154</dt><dd id="fn154"><p>Colombia n.d.i.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn154-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>154<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 155</dt><dd id="fn155"><p>Colombia n.d.j.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn155-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>155<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 156</dt><dd id="fn156"><p>Colombia n.d.k.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn156-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>156<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 157</dt><dd id="fn157"><p>Colombia June 2018, 8-9, 11.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn157-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>157<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 158</dt><dd id="fn158"><p>Colombia 2011a, Art. 154.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn158-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>158<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 159</dt><dd id="fn159"><p>Colombia 2000, Art. 4.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn159-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>159<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 160</dt><dd id="fn160"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn160-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>160<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 161</dt><dd id="fn161"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn161-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>161<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 162</dt><dd id="fn162"><p>Colombia n.d.i.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn162-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>162<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 163</dt><dd id="fn163"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn163-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>163<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 164</dt><dd id="fn164"><p>Colombia n.d.j.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn164-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>164<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 165</dt><dd id="fn165"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn165-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>165<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 166</dt><dd id="fn166"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn166-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>166<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 167</dt><dd id="fn167"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn167-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>167<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 168</dt><dd id="fn168"><p>Colombia Mar. 2019b, 7.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn168-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>168<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 169</dt><dd id="fn169"><p>Colombia Mar. 2019b, 8-10, 15.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn169-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>169<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 170</dt><dd id="fn170"><p>UN n.d., 3.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn170-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>170<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 171</dt><dd id="fn171"><p> Colombia Mar. 2019b, 17.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn171-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>171<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 172</dt><dd id="fn172"><p>Colombia Mar. 2019b, 14.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn172-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>172<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 173</dt><dd id="fn173"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn173-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>173<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 174</dt><dd id="fn174"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn174-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>174<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 175</dt><dd id="fn175"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn175-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>175<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 176</dt><dd id="fn176"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn176-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>176<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 177</dt><dd id="fn177"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 45-47.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn177-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>177<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 178</dt><dd id="fn178"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn178-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>178<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 179</dt><dd id="fn179"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn179-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>179<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 180</dt><dd id="fn180"><p>Colombia n.d.e.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn180-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>180<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 181</dt><dd id="fn181"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn181-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>181<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 182</dt><dd id="fn182"><p>Colombia n.d.e.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn182-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>182<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 183</dt><dd id="fn183"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn183-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>183<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 184</dt><dd id="fn184"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 43.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn184-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>184<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 185</dt><dd id="fn185"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 28.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn185-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>185<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 186</dt><dd id="fn186"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 47.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn186-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>186<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 187</dt><dd id="fn187"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 27.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn187-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>187<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 188</dt><dd id="fn188"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 25-26, 51-52.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn188-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>188<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 189</dt><dd id="fn189"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn189-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>189<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 190</dt><dd id="fn190"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 47-48.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn190-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>190<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 191</dt><dd id="fn191"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 52.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn191-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>191<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 192</dt><dd id="fn192"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 55, 57.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn192-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>192<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 193</dt><dd id="fn193"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 57.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn193-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>193<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 194</dt><dd id="fn194"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 53-54.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn194-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>194<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 195</dt><dd id="fn195"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 59-60.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn195-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>195<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 196</dt><dd id="fn196"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 61-63.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn196-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>196<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 197</dt><dd id="fn197"><p>Colombia 26 Apr. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn197-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>197<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 198</dt><dd id="fn198"><p>The "medical mission" (<em><span lang="es">misión médica</span></em>) is [translation] "the set of goods, facilities, institutions, land, air, fluvial and maritime transport, equipment and materials necessary to carry out the activities for the provision of health services, such as health care, preventive health, health education, administration and support in the provision of health services, pre-hospital and out-of-hospital care, formed in turn by professionals in the health care area and other disciplines, with employment or civil relationship, who perform health care functions, within the context of humanitarian missions in situations or zones of armed conflict or other situations of violence that affect public safety, natural disasters and other calamities" (Colombia 29 May 2019).</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn198-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>198<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 199</dt><dd id="fn199"><p>Colombia 26 Apr. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn199-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>199<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 200</dt><dd id="fn200"><p>Colombia 26 Apr. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn200-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>200<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 201</dt><dd id="fn201"><p>Available at <a href="https://www.unp.gov.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ger-ft-96-v2-formulario-de-solicitud-de-inscripcion-a-los-programas-de-proteccion-liderados-por-la-unidad-nacional-de-proteccion-ruta-individual.pdf">https://www.unp.gov.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ger-ft-96-v2-formulario-de-solicitud-de-inscripcion-a-los-programas-de-proteccion-liderados-por-la-unidad-nacional-de-proteccion-ruta-individual.pdf</a> , accessed 18 Mar. 2020.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn201-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>201<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 202</dt><dd id="fn202"><p>Colombia 23 May 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn202-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>202<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 203</dt><dd id="fn203"><p>Colombia 22 May 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn203-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>203<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 204</dt><dd id="fn204"><p>Colombia n.d.m.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn204-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>204<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 205</dt><dd id="fn205"><p>Colombia 22 Apr. 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn205-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>205<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 206</dt><dd id="fn206"><p>Colombia 2011b.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn206-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>206<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 207</dt><dd id="fn207"><p>Colombia 2 Jan. 2019, preamble.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn207-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>207<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 208</dt><dd id="fn208"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 33; Colombia 6 Mar. 2019, interview with the JEP.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn208-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>208<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 209</dt><dd id="fn209"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 50.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn209-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>209<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 210</dt><dd id="fn210"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn210-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>210<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 211</dt><dd id="fn211"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 34.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn211-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>211<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 212</dt><dd id="fn212"><p>Colombia 4 Mar. 2019, interview with the UARIV.<br></p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn212-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>212<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 213</dt><dd id="fn213"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 52.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn213-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>213<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 214</dt><dd id="fn214"><p>Colombia 17 Aug. 2018, 34.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn214-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>214<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 215</dt><dd id="fn215"><p> <em> <span lang="es">El Tiempo</span></em> 3 Sept. 2018.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn215-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>215<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 216</dt><dd id="fn216"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 52.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn216-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>216<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 217</dt><dd id="fn217"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 52.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn217-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>217<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 218</dt><dd id="fn218"><p>Colombia 23 Nov. 2018, para. 285.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn218-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>218<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 219</dt><dd id="fn219"><p>Colombia 23 Nov. 2018, paras. 242-243.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn219-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>219<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 220</dt><dd id="fn220"><p>Colombia 23 Nov. 2018, para. 244.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn220-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>220<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 221</dt><dd id="fn221"><p>Colombia 23 Nov. 2018, para. 115.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn221-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>221<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 222</dt><dd id="fn222"><p>Colombia 23 Nov. 2018, para. 129.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn222-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>222<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 223</dt><dd id="fn223"><p>Colombia 23 Nov. 2018, para. 205.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn223-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>223<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 224</dt><dd id="fn224"><p>Colombia 26 July 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn224-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>224<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 225</dt><dd id="fn225"><p>Colombia 23 Nov. 2018, para. 205. For further Information on <em><span lang="es">notitia criminis</span></em> and investigation of criminal complaints, see Response for Information Request <a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457863">COL106338</a> of July 2019.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn225-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>225<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 226</dt><dd id="fn226"><p>Colombia 23 Nov. 2018, para. 208-209.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn226-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>226<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 227</dt><dd id="fn227"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 51.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn227-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>227<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 228</dt><dd id="fn228"><p>Colombia 28 Feb. 2018, 51.</p><p class="fn-rtn"> <a href="#fn228-rf"><span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>228<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd></dl> </section> </aside> <br></div> </div> </section> <div style='display:none' id='hidZone'><ul class="ms-hide"> <li id="MSOMenu_Help" style='background:url("/_layouts/15/images/HelpIcon.gif");display:none;' onclick="MSOWebPartPage_SetNewWindowLocation(MenuWebPart.getAttribute('helpLink'), MenuWebPart.getAttribute('helpMode'))" > </li> </ul></div> <div id="DeveloperDashboard" class="ms-developerdashboard"> </div> </main> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bottom-fold-wrapper"> <div class="s4-notdlg"> <!--Initiatives and Activities --> <aside class="gc-nttvs container"> <h2>Features</h2 > <div id="gcwb_prts" class="wb-eqht row"><section class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 mrgn-bttm-md"><a rel ="external" href="https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/jobs/Pages/index.aspx"> <div class="mrgn-bttm-sm"> <div class="acFooterImage"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/WET4ActivitiesInitiatives/Jobs_feature-360x207.jpg" alt=""> </div> <h3 class="h5 lnkFeature">Careers at the IRB</h3> </div></a> <p>Grow your career with us and help shape the future of Canada</p> </section><section class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 mrgn-bttm-md"><a rel ="external" href="https://mycase-mondossier.irb-cisr.canada.ca/en-US/"> <div class="mrgn-bttm-sm"> <div class="acFooterImage"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/WET4ActivitiesInitiatives/My Case Feature-ext-360x207-en.jpg" alt=""> </div> <h3 class="h5 lnkFeature">My Case</h3> </div></a> <p>Secure online document exchange with our counsel community</p> </section><section class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 mrgn-bttm-md"><a rel ="external" href="https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/transparency/accessibility/pages/index.aspx"> <div class="mrgn-bttm-sm"> <div class="acFooterImage"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/WET4ActivitiesInitiatives/IRB-accessibility-plan-2023-2025-atlas_feature-360x207.jpg" alt=""> </div> <h3 class="h5 lnkFeature">IRB Accessibility Plan 2023 to 2025</h3> </div></a> <p>Our plan to identify, remove and prevent barriers to accessibility and contribute to an accessible and barrier-free Canada</p> </section></div> </aside> <!-- --> </div> <div class="container s4-notdlg"> <div class="row pagedetails"> <script type="text/javascript"> //Constants /* reCaptcha start*/ // QC Invisible Recaptcha var captchaPublicKey = "6LfLJbIZAAAAALESCE4xE6U0FQlJka6tvYYIUoEE"; 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