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In this study, we investigate the biases introduced by time-averaging in the study of social and economic networks from the archaeological record. Using three different archaeological network datasets, we combine network slices from multiple time periods to mimic the effects of time-averaging to understand how the palimpsest nature of the archaeological record affects our interpretations of the network. The results of our analysis indicate that time-averaging reduces the fidelity of network interpretations compared to the non-time-averaged networks when analyzing network or node properties. Our results also showed that the effects of time-averaging are highly dependent on initial network structures. This makes it difficult to establish general rules for how to interpret time-averaged networks in archaeology. However, our study shows that it is of paramount importance that archaeologists are aware of these biases and evaluate the reliability of their data accordingly.","publication_date":"2023,3,23","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"108080148"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Effects of Time-Averaging on Archaeological Networks","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [463584]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div 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J. (2015). Networks in Archaeology: Phenomena, Abstraction, Representation. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 22/1: 1–32. DOI: 10.1007/s10816-014-9235-6</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="362537" href="https://au.academia.edu/TomBrughmans">Tom Brughmans</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="164470" href="https://soton.academia.edu/AnnaCollar">Anna Collar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The application of method and theory from network science to ar- chaeology has dramatically increased over the last decade. In this article, we document this growth over time, discuss several of the important concepts that are used in the application of network approaches to archaeology, and introduce the other articles in this special issue on networks in archaeology. We argue that the suitability and contribution of network science techniques within particular archaeological research contexts can be usefully explored by scruti- nizing the past phenomena under study, how these are abstracted into concepts, and how these in turn are represented as network data. For this reason, each of the articles in this special issue is discussed in terms of the phenomena that they seek to address, the abstraction in terms of concepts that they use to study connectivity, and the representations of network data that they employ in their analyses. The approaches currently being used are diverse and interdisciplinary, which we think are evidence of a healthy exploratory stage in the application of network science in archaeology. To facilitate further innovation, application, and collaboration, we also provide a glossary of terms that are currently being used in network science and especially those in the applications to archaeological case studies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Collar, A., Coward, F., Brughmans, T., \u0026 Mills, B. J. (2015). Networks in Archaeology: Phenomena, Abstraction, Representation. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 22/1: 1–32. DOI: 10.1007/s10816-014-9235-6","attachmentId":39604825,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10598993/Collar_A_Coward_F_Brughmans_T_and_Mills_B_J_2015_Networks_in_Archaeology_Phenomena_Abstraction_Representation_Journal_of_Archaeological_Method_and_Theory_22_1_1_32_DOI_10_1007_s10816_014_9235_6","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10598993/Collar_A_Coward_F_Brughmans_T_and_Mills_B_J_2015_Networks_in_Archaeology_Phenomena_Abstraction_Representation_Journal_of_Archaeological_Method_and_Theory_22_1_1_32_DOI_10_1007_s10816_014_9235_6"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="6925120" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6925120/Brughmans_T_2014_The_roots_and_shoots_of_archaeological_network_analysis_A_citation_analysis_and_review_of_the_archaeological_use_of_formal_network_methods_Archaeological_Review_from_Cambridge_29_1_">Brughmans, T. (2014). The roots and shoots of archaeological network analysis: A citation analysis and review of the archaeological use of formal network methods. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 29(1).</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="362537" href="https://au.academia.edu/TomBrughmans">Tom Brughmans</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Brughmans, T. (2014). The roots and shoots of archaeological network analysis: A citation analysis and review of the archaeological use of formal network methods. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 29(1).","attachmentId":33600032,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6925120/Brughmans_T_2014_The_roots_and_shoots_of_archaeological_network_analysis_A_citation_analysis_and_review_of_the_archaeological_use_of_formal_network_methods_Archaeological_Review_from_Cambridge_29_1_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6925120/Brughmans_T_2014_The_roots_and_shoots_of_archaeological_network_analysis_A_citation_analysis_and_review_of_the_archaeological_use_of_formal_network_methods_Archaeological_Review_from_Cambridge_29_1_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="7578298" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7578298/Network_Analysis_in_archaeology_New_Approaches_to_Regional_Interaction_by_Carl_Knappett_ed_2013">Network Analysis in archaeology: New Approaches to Regional Interaction by Carl Knappett (ed.) 2013</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4065179" href="https://zcu.academia.edu/MonikaBaumanova">Monika Baumanova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24 (2), 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Network Analysis in archaeology: New Approaches to Regional Interaction by Carl Knappett (ed.) 2013","attachmentId":34133985,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7578298/Network_Analysis_in_archaeology_New_Approaches_to_Regional_Interaction_by_Carl_Knappett_ed_2013","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7578298/Network_Analysis_in_archaeology_New_Approaches_to_Regional_Interaction_by_Carl_Knappett_ed_2013"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="99124194" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99124194/Preview_of_Modeling_the_Past_Archaeology_History_and_Dynamic_Networks">Preview of: Modeling the Past Archaeology, History, and Dynamic Networks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="366619" href="https://fieldmuseum.academia.edu/JohnTerrell">John Terrell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Berghahn Books, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">How do researchers use dynamic network analysis (DYRA) to explore, model, and try to understand the complex global history of our species? Reduced to bare bones, network analysis is a way of understanding the world around us — a way called relational thinking — that is liberating but challenging. Using this handbook, researchers learn to develop historical and archaeological research questions anchored in DYRA. Undergraduate and graduate students, as well as professional historians and archaeologists can consult on issues that range from hypothesis-driven research to critiquing dominant historical narratives, especially those that have tended to ignore the diversity of the archaeological record. https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/TerrellModeling</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Preview of: Modeling the Past Archaeology, History, and Dynamic Networks","attachmentId":100294024,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99124194/Preview_of_Modeling_the_Past_Archaeology_History_and_Dynamic_Networks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99124194/Preview_of_Modeling_the_Past_Archaeology_History_and_Dynamic_Networks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="1646219" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1646219/Brughmans_T_2013_Thinking_Through_Networks_A_Review_of_Formal_Network_Methods_in_Archaeology_Journal_of_Archaeological_Method_and_Theory_20_623_662">Brughmans, T. 2013. Thinking Through Networks: A Review of Formal Network Methods in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20: 623–662. </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="362537" href="https://au.academia.edu/TomBrughmans">Tom Brughmans</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This review aims to expose the potential of formal network methods for archaeology by tracing the origins of the academic traditions, network models and techniques that have been most influential to archaeologists. A brief discussion of graph theoretic applications in archaeology reveals how graph visualization and analysis was used since the 1960’s in a very similar way to later network analysis applications but did not seem to have influenced the more widespread adoption of network techniques over the past decade. These recent archaeological applications have been strongly influenced by two academic traditions, social network analysis and socio-physics. The most influential and promising techniques and models adopted from these traditions are critically discussed. This review reveals some general trends which are considered to be the result of two critical issues that will need to be addressed in future archaeological network analysis: (1) a general unawareness of the historicity and diversity of formal network methods both within and outside the archaeological discipline has resulted in a very limited methodological scope; (2) the adoption or development of network methods has very rarely been driven by specific archaeological research questions and is dominated by a few popular models and techniques, which has in some cases resulted in a routinized explanatory process. This review illustrates, however, the great potential of formal network methods for archaeology and argues that, if this potential is to be applied in a critical way, a broad multi-disciplinary scope is necessary and specific archaeological research contexts should dominate applications.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Brughmans, T. 2013. Thinking Through Networks: A Review of Formal Network Methods in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20: 623–662. 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