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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Reduksjonisme" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Reduksjonisme" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke 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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Typer_reduksjonisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typer_reduksjonisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Typer reduksjonisme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typer_reduksjonisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Typer reduksjonisme</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typer_reduksjonisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metodologisk_reduksjonisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metodologisk_reduksjonisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Metodologisk reduksjonisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metodologisk_reduksjonisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontologisk_reduksjonisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontologisk_reduksjonisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ontologisk reduksjonisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontologisk_reduksjonisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reduksjonisme</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 48 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduksjonisme" title="Reduksjonisme – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Reduksjonisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduktionisme" title="Reduktionisme – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reduktionisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduktionism" title="Reduktionism – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reduktionism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduksionisme" title="Reduksionisme – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reduksionisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اختزالية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اختزالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduccionismu" title="Reduccionismu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reduccionismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="হ্রাসবাদ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্রাসবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Редукционизъм – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Редукционизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduccionisme" title="Reduccionisme – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reduccionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redukcionismus" title="Redukcionismus – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Redukcionismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduktionismus" title="Reduktionismus – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reduktionismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduktsionism" title="Reduktsionism – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reduktsionism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αναγωγισμός – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναγωγισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reductionism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduccionismo" title="Reduccionismo – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reduccionismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduktismo" title="Reduktismo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reduktismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erredukzionismo" title="Erredukzionismo – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erredukzionismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فروکاست‌گرایی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فروکاست‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ductionnisme" title="Réductionnisme – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réductionnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducionismo" title="Reducionismo – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reducionismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="환원주의 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환원주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ռեդուկցիոնիզմ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեդուկցիոնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अवव्याख्यावाद – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवव्याख्यावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduksionisme" title="Reduksionisme – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reduksionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riduzionismo_(filosofia)" title="Riduzionismo (filosofia) – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riduzionismo (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="רדוקציוניזם – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדוקציוניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Редукционизм – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Редукционизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionismus" title="Reductionismus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reductionismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အဆင့်ရှင်းပြည့် ဝါဒ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဆင့်ရှင်းပြည့် ဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionisme" title="Reductionisme – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reductionisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%85%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="還元主義 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="還元主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardussionism" title="Ardussionism – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ardussionism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redukcjonizm" title="Redukcjonizm – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Redukcjonizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducionismo" title="Reducionismo – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reducionismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduc%C8%9Bionism_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific" title="Reducționism științific – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reducționism științific" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Редукционизм – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Редукционизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reductionism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redukcionizmus" title="Redukcionizmus – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Redukcionizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_(%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95)" title="کشاندنەوە (فەلسەفە) – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کشاندنەوە (فەلسەفە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Редукционизам – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Редукционизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redukcionizam" title="Redukcionizam – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Redukcionizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduktionismi" title="Reduktionismi – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reduktionismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%C3%BCksiyonizm" title="Redüksiyonizm – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Redüksiyonizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Редукціонізм – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Редукціонізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_r%C3%BAt_g%E1%BB%8Dn" title="Chủ nghĩa rút gọn – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa rút gọn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="还原论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%96" title="還原論 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="還原論" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="还原论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Digesting_Duck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Digesting_Duck.jpg/300px-Digesting_Duck.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Digesting_Duck.jpg/450px-Digesting_Duck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Digesting_Duck.jpg/600px-Digesting_Duck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> hevdet i <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_(Descartes)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World (Descartes) (ikke skrevet ennå)">De homine</a> (1662) at dyr kunne forklartes reduksjonistisk som <a href="/wiki/Automatteori" title="Automatteori"><i>automata</i></a>, altså at de i praksis er mer mekanisk komplekse varianter av <i>Canard Digérateur</i> (en anderobot)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Reduksjonisme</b>, i <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a>, er ideen om å forklare egenskapene til ting eller organismer utfra egenskapene til byggestenene. Det finnes to hovedtyper reduksjonisme innen filosofi, <a href="/wiki/Metodologisk_reduksjonisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Metodologisk reduksjonisme">metodologisk reduksjonisme</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ontologisk_reduksjonisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontologisk reduksjonisme">ontologisk reduksjonisme</a>. </p><p>Motsetningen til reduksjonisme er <a href="/wiki/Holisme" title="Holisme">holisme</a>, ideen om at det hele er mer enn summen av delene – for eksempel vil mange hevde at et menneske er mer enn kun en sammensetning av atomer. Et annet aspekt av holisme kan være at alt henger sammen og at det er helheten som har betydning, ikke delene. </p><p>I 1637 skrev <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> del 5 av <i>Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la verité dans les sciences</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk">fransk</a>: <i>Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason in the Search for Truth in the Sciences</i>), hvor han tok til orde for reduksjonisme. Descartes prøvde å beskrive verden som en maskin eller et urverk som kunne studeres ved at man tok alle delene fra hverandre (analytisk strategi) og studerte dem hver for seg, for deretter å sette dem tilbake (syntetisk strategi) for å se helheten. Han var en ekte ontologisk reduksjonist. Dette innebar at han trodde man kunne forklare alt i verden (med unntak av menneskene) ved å studere én og én av delene. </p><p>Ontologisk reduksjonisme er teorien om at helheten av alt kan forklares ved å studere alle delene det er satt sammen av. Dette er en svært kontroversiell teori, og har derfor mange motstandere. Den skiller seg fra den metodiske reduksjonismen ved at den sier at alt kan forklares, mens den metodiske reduksjonismen bare er en teori om at man kan øke kunnskapen om helheten ved å analysere delene. Dette er det få, om noen, som er uenig i. </p><p>Når det gjelder reduksjonistiske strategier, har man to forskjellige, og de er hverandres motstykker. Den analytiske strategien består i å dele opp en helhet for å studere delene, mens den syntetiske går ut på å sette sammen deler for å analysere helheten. </p><p>Metodologisk reduksjonisme er teorien om at forklaringer av ting, som vitenskapelige forklaringer, bør bli redusert til den aller minste mulige enhet, men ikke mindre. Ontologisk reduksjonisme er teorien om at alt som eksisterer er sammensatt av et lite antall generelle substanser som oppfører seg på en konkret måte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typer_reduksjonisme">Typer reduksjonisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduksjonisme&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Typer reduksjonisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduksjonisme&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Typer reduksjonisme"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metodologisk_reduksjonisme">Metodologisk reduksjonisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduksjonisme&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Metodologisk reduksjonisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduksjonisme&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Metodologisk reduksjonisme"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Metodologisk reduksjonisme</b> blir definert som «alle komplekse fenomener i naturen kan beskrives som relasjoner mellom enklere eller fundamentale enheter». Det er et kjennetegn at et nivå reduserer til noe helt annet. Skyer kan reduseres til vanndråper, lyn til ladninger i luften, og så videre. Dette er den svake formen for reduksjonisme, som skiller seg fra <a href="/wiki/Ontologisk_reduksjonisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontologisk reduksjonisme">ontologisk reduksjonisme</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontologisk_reduksjonisme">Ontologisk reduksjonisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduksjonisme&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ontologisk reduksjonisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduksjonisme&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ontologisk reduksjonisme"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ontologisk reduksjonisme</b> er definert som «troen på at virkeligheten er sammensatt av et minimum antall typer enheter eller stoffer». Denne påstanden er vanligvis metafysisk, og kan være monoistisk, dualistisk eller polyteistisk. En dualist som er ontologisk reduksjonistisk vil tro at alt er reduserbart til to stoffer, der den ene vanligvis er den materielle verden. Den andre verden har hatt forskjellige former oppigjennom den fillosofiske historien. Platon snakket om en ideverden, mens Descartes snakket om sjel og ånd. <sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancey_Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancey Murphy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nancey Murphy</a> har hevdet at det er to typer av ontologisk reduksjonisme: den første som benekter at helheter er noe mer enn sine deler, og den andre som er den sterkere tesen om atomistisk reduksjonisme som sier at helheter ikke er «virkelig ekte». Hun innrømmer at uttrykket «virkelig ekte» er tilsynelatende meningsløst, men har likevel forsøkt å forklare den antatte forskjellen mellom de to. Dette er den sterke formen for reduksjonisme som skiller seg fra <a href="/wiki/Metodologisk_reduksjonisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Metodologisk reduksjonisme">Metodologisk reduksjonisme</a>. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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