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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American War of Independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Southern theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Virginia campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Return to Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor-General_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor-General_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governor-General of India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governor-General_of_India-sublist" class="cdx-button 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master_of_the_Ordnance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Master of the Ordnance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Master_of_the_Ordnance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Amiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Amiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Treaty of Amiens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Amiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تشارلز كورنواليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز كورنواليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8,_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="চার্লস কর্নওয়ালিস, ১ম মার্কেস কর্নওয়ালিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লস কর্নওয়ালিস, ১ম মার্কেস কর্নওয়ালিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="लार्ड कार्नवालिस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लार्ड कार्नवालिस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mann_Cornwallis" title="Charles Mann Cornwallis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Mann Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_prvn%C3%AD_mark%C3%BDz_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, první markýz Cornwallis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, první markýz Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_Ardalydd_1af_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, Ardalydd 1af Cornwallis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, Ardalydd 1af Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1._Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1. Marquess Cornwallis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, 1. Marquess Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="چارلز کورن‌والیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز کورن‌والیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%BD%98%EC%9B%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%ED%9B%84%EC%9E%91_%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BD%98%EC%9B%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="제1대 콘월리스 후작 찰스 콘월리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 콘월리스 후작 찰스 콘월리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="लॉर्ड कॉर्नवालिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लॉर्ड कॉर्नवालिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_Marquess_Cornwallis_Pertama" title="Charles Cornwallis, Marquess Cornwallis Pertama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, Marquess Cornwallis Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_I_marchese_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, I marchese Cornwallis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, I marchese Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="צ'ארלס קורנווליס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס קורנווליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಕಾರ್ನ್‍ವಾಲಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಕಾರ್ನ್‍ವಾಲಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ კორნუოლისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ კორნუოლისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%81" title="കോൺവാലിസ് പ്രഭു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺവാലിസ് പ്രഭു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تشارلز كورن واليس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز كورن واليس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_Marquis_Cornwallis_Pertama" title="Charles Cornwallis, Marquis Cornwallis Pertama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, Marquis Cornwallis Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="チャールズ・コーンウォリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・コーンウォリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="چارلس کارنوالس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارلس کارنوالس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis_(1._markiz_Cornwallis)" title="Charles Cornwallis (1. markiz Cornwallis) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Cornwallis (1. markiz Cornwallis)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1.%C2%BA_Marqu%C3%AAs_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1.º Marquês Cornwallis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, 1.º Marquês Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Корнуоллис, Чарльз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корнуоллис, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Чарлс Корнволис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Корнволис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1:e_markis_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1:e markis Cornwallis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, 1:e markis Cornwallis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="కారన్ వాలీసు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కారన్ వాలీసు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="چارلس کارنوالس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلس کارنوالس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_H%E1%BA%A7u_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Cornwallis_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t" title="Charles Cornwallis, Hầu tước Cornwallis thứ nhất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles Cornwallis, Hầu tước Cornwallis thứ nhất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第一代康沃利斯侯爵查尔斯·康沃利斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一代康沃利斯侯爵查尔斯·康沃利斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Army officer (1738–1805)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Charles Cornwallis (disambiguation)">Charles Cornwallis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cornwallis" and "General Cornwallis" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cornwallis (disambiguation)">Cornwallis (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Cornwallis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Cornwallis (disambiguation)">General Cornwallis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Honourable" title="The Most Honourable">The Most Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Marquess Cornwallis</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">KG</a> <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Gainsborough_(1727-88)_-_Charles,_Second_Earl_and_First_Marquess_Cornwallis_(1738-1805)_-_RCIN_400748_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Marquess Cornwallis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_Charles%2C_Second_Earl_and_First_Marquess_Cornwallis_%281738-1805%29_-_RCIN_400748_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_Charles%2C_Second_Earl_and_First_Marquess_Cornwallis_%281738-1805%29_-_RCIN_400748_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_Charles%2C_Second_Earl_and_First_Marquess_Cornwallis_%281738-1805%29_-_RCIN_400748_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/330px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_Charles%2C_Second_Earl_and_First_Marquess_Cornwallis_%281738-1805%29_-_RCIN_400748_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_Charles%2C_Second_Earl_and_First_Marquess_Cornwallis_%281738-1805%29_-_RCIN_400748_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/440px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_Charles%2C_Second_Earl_and_First_Marquess_Cornwallis_%281738-1805%29_-_RCIN_400748_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General<br />of the Presidency of Fort William</a></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 July 1805 – 5 October 1805</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">The Marquess Wellesley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Barlow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet">Sir George Barlow, Bt</a><br /><small>As Acting Governor-General</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 September 1786 – 28 October 1793</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Macpherson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet">Sir John Macpherson, Bt</a><br /><small>As Acting Governor-General</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Shore,_1st_Baron_Teignmouth" title="John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth">Sir John Shore</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 June 1798 – 27 April 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">The Earl Camden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_3rd_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke">The Earl Hardwicke</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Eye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Eye (UK Parliament constituency)">Eye</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1760–1762</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Townshend_(died_1762)" title="Henry Townshend (died 1762)">Henry Townshend</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton_Phillipson" title="Richard Burton Phillipson">Richard Burton</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Edward Cornwallis V</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1738-12-31</span>)</span>31 December 1738<br /><a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 1805<span style="display:none">(1805-10-05)</span> (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ghazipur" title="Ghazipur">Gauspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benares_State" title="Benares State">Kingdom of Kashi-Benares</a> (present-day in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Jemima Tullekin Jones</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="14 July 1768">1768</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="14 April 1779">1779</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, incl. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_2nd_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Marquess Cornwallis">Charles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College, Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Military officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knight#Chivalric_orders" title="Knight">Knight Companion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">The Most Noble Order of the Garter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornwallis_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis's signature"><img alt="Signature of the Marquess Cornwallis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cornwallis_Signature.svg/128px-Cornwallis_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cornwallis_Signature.svg/192px-Cornwallis_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cornwallis_Signature.svg/256px-Cornwallis_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span><br />(1757–1801)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a><br />(1801–1805)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1757–1805</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">India</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ireland" title="Commander-in-Chief, Ireland">Ireland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eastern Command (United Kingdom)">South-East England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_1803%E2%80%9305" title="British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–05">Anti-invasion preparations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis</b>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">KG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> (31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805) was a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer, <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> politician and colonial administrator. In the United States and the United Kingdom, he is best known as one of the leading British <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general officers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">siege of Yorktown</a> ended significant hostilities in North America. Cornwallis later served as a civil and military governor in Ireland, where he helped bring about the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a>; and in India, where he helped enact the <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_Code" title="Cornwallis Code">Cornwallis Code</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a>. </p><p>Born into an aristocratic family and educated at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, Cornwallis joined the army in 1757, seeing action in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Upon his father's death in 1762 he succeeded to his peerage and entered the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. From 1766 until 1805, he was colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Wellington's Regiment">33rd Regiment of Foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis next saw military action in 1776 in the American War of Independence. Active in the advance forces of many campaigns, in 1780 he inflicted a major defeat on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Battle of Camden</a>. He also commanded British forces in the March 1781 <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a>. Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown in October 1781 after an extended campaign <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">through the Southern colonies</a>, marked by disagreements between him and his superior, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Sir Henry Clinton</a>. </p><p>Despite this defeat, Cornwallis retained the confidence of successive British governments and continued to enjoy an active career. Knighted in 1786, he was in that year appointed to be <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</a> and commander-in-chief in India. There he enacted numerous significant reforms within the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> and its territories, including the Cornwallis Code, part of which implemented important land taxation reforms known as the Permanent Settlement. From 1789 to 1792 he led British and Company forces in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysorean</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>. </p><p>Returning to Britain in 1794, Cornwallis was given the post of <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a>. In 1798 he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant</a> and Commander-in-chief of Ireland, where he oversaw the response to the <a href="/wiki/1798_Irish_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1798 Irish Rebellion">1798 Irish Rebellion</a>, including a French invasion of Ireland, and was instrumental in bringing about the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Following his Irish service, Cornwallis was the chief British signatory to the 1802 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> and was reappointed to India in 1805. He died in India not long after his arrival. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Special:EditPage/Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cornwallis was born in <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Square" title="Grosvenor Square">Grosvenor Square</a> in London, though his family's estates were in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. He was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Earl_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis</a>. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend</a>, and niece of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Sir Robert Walpole</a>. His uncle, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. Frederick's twin brother, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward</a>, was a military officer, colonial governor, and founder of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>. His brother <a href="/wiki/William_Cornwallis" title="William Cornwallis">William</a> became an Admiral in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. His other brother, <a href="/wiki/James_Cornwallis,_4th_Earl_Cornwallis" title="James Cornwallis, 4th Earl Cornwallis">James</a>, eventually inherited the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Cornwallis" title="Earl Cornwallis">earldom</a> from Cornwallis's son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_2nd_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Marquess Cornwallis">Charles</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The family was established at Brome Hall, near <a href="/wiki/Eye,_Suffolk" title="Eye, Suffolk">Eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, in the 14th century, and its members would represent the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Suffolk (UK Parliament constituency)">county</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> over the next three hundred years. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis,_1st_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a>, created a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet</a> in 1627, fought for <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>, and followed <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> into exile. He was made Baron Cornwallis, of Eye in the County of Suffolk, in 1661, and by judicious marriages, his descendants increased the importance of his family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <p>Cornwallis was educated at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College, Cambridge</a>. While playing <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a> at Eton, his eye was injured by an accidental blow from <a href="/wiki/Shute_Barrington" title="Shute Barrington">Shute Barrington</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained his first commission as <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">Ensign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">1st Foot Guards</a>, on 8 December 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then sought and gained permission to engage in military studies abroad. After travelling on the continent with a <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> officer, Captain de Roguin, he studied at the military academy of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon completion of his studies in Turin in 1758, he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, where he learned that British troops were to be sent to North America in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Although he tried to reach his regiment before it sailed from the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, he learnt upon reaching <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> that it had already sailed. He managed instead to secure an appointment as a staff officer to <a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby" title="John Manners, Marquess of Granby">Lord Granby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, he participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minden" title="Battle of Minden">Battle of Minden</a>, a major battle that prevented a French invasion of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a>. After the battle, he purchased a captaincy in the <a href="/wiki/85th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="85th Regiment of Foot">85th Regiment of Foot</a>. In 1761, he served with the <a href="/wiki/12th_(The_East_Suffolk)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="12th (The East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot">12th Foot</a> and was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">Brevet</a> Lieutenant-Colonel. He led his regiment in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villinghausen" title="Battle of Villinghausen">Battle of Villinghausen</a> on 15–16 July 1761, and was noted for his gallantry. In 1762 his regiment was involved in heavy fighting during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilhelmsthal" title="Battle of Wilhelmsthal">Battle of Wilhelmsthal</a>. A few weeks later they defeated <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxon</a> troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutterberg_(1762)" title="Battle of Lutterberg (1762)">Battle of Lutterberg</a> and ended the year by participating in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Cassel">siege of Cassel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliament,_politics,_and_marriage"><span id="Parliament.2C_politics.2C_and_marriage"></span>Parliament, politics, and marriage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Watson_after_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds,_Jemima_Countess_Cornwallis,_1771,_NGA_119687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/James_Watson_after_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds%2C_Jemima_Countess_Cornwallis%2C_1771%2C_NGA_119687.jpg/220px-James_Watson_after_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds%2C_Jemima_Countess_Cornwallis%2C_1771%2C_NGA_119687.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/James_Watson_after_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds%2C_Jemima_Countess_Cornwallis%2C_1771%2C_NGA_119687.jpg/330px-James_Watson_after_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds%2C_Jemima_Countess_Cornwallis%2C_1771%2C_NGA_119687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/James_Watson_after_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds%2C_Jemima_Countess_Cornwallis%2C_1771%2C_NGA_119687.jpg/440px-James_Watson_after_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds%2C_Jemima_Countess_Cornwallis%2C_1771%2C_NGA_119687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Jemima, Countess Cornwallis</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1760 Cornwallis became a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>, entering the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> for the village of Eye in Suffolk. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl Cornwallis in 1762, which resulted in his elevation to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross9_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a protege of the leading <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> magnate, and future Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Lord Rockingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was one of five peers who voted against the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">1765 Stamp Act</a> out of sympathy with the colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Weintraub34_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weintraub34-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, he maintained a strong degree of support for the colonists during the tensions and crisis that led to the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 July 1768, he married Jemima Tullekin Jones, daughter of a regimental colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union was, by all accounts, happy. They settled in <a href="/wiki/Culford" title="Culford">Culford, Suffolk</a>, where their children, Mary (28 June 1769 – 17 July 1840), and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_2nd_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Marquess Cornwallis</a> (19 October 1774 – 9 August 1823) were born. Jemima died on 14 April 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_War_of_Independence">American War of Independence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_in_North_America" title="Cornwallis in North America">Cornwallis in North America</a></div> <p>During the postwar years, Cornwallis remained active in military matters. He became colonel of the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="33rd Regiment of Foot">33rd Regiment of Foot</a> in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-Weintraub34_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weintraub34-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 September 1775 he was promoted to major general. With the outbreak of the war in North America, Cornwallis put his previous misgivings aside and sought active service; proposing an expedition to the southern colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_campaigns">Early campaigns</h3></div> <p>Promoted to lieutenant general in North America, he began his service in 1776 under General Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(1730%E2%80%931795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (1730–1795)">Henry Clinton</a> with the failed <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island" title="Battle of Sullivan's Island">siege of Charleston</a>. He and Clinton then sailed for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, where they participated in <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">General William Howe's</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">campaign for New York City</a>. Cornwallis was often given a leading role during this campaign; his division was in the lead at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, and he chased the retreating <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> across <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> after the city fell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA95_p._95]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA95_p._95]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe recognized the successful close of the campaign "much to the honor of his lordship and the officers and soldiers under his command."<sup id="cite_ref-W95_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Howe granted Cornwallis leave in December 1776; however, it was cancelled after Washington launched his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">surprise attack on Trenton</a> on 26 December. Howe ordered Cornwallis to return to New Jersey to deal with Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-W95_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis gathered together garrisons scattered across New Jersey and moved them towards Trenton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA291_p._291]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA291_p._291]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 January 1777, as he advanced on Trenton, his forces were engaged in extended skirmishing that delayed the army's arrival at Washington's position on the <a href="/wiki/Assunpink_Creek" title="Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a> until late in the day. Cornwallis was unable to dislodge Washington in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a> that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-W96_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis prepared his troops to continue the assault on Washington's position the next day, but critically failed to send out adequate patrols to monitor the Americans. During the night, Washington's forces slipped around Cornwallis's and attacked the British outpost at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a>. Washington's success was aided by a deception: he had men maintain blazing campfires and keep up sounds of camp activity during his movement.<sup id="cite_ref-W97_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W97-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis spent the winter in New York and New Jersey, where the forces under his command were engaged in <a href="/wiki/Forage_War" title="Forage War">ongoing skirmishes</a> with the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA343_p._343]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA343_p._343]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis continued to serve under Howe on his <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">campaign</a> for control of the rebel capital, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Cornwallis was again often in an advance role, leading the flanking manoeuvre at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and playing key roles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mercer" title="Fort Mercer">Fort Mercer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the army in winter quarters in Philadelphia, Cornwallis finally returned home for leave.<sup id="cite_ref-W105_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W105-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return in 1778, Howe had been replaced by Clinton as commander in chief, and Cornwallis was now second in command.<sup id="cite_ref-W107_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W107-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entry of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France into the war</a> prompted the British leaders to redeploy their armed forces for a more global war, and Philadelphia was abandoned. Cornwallis commanded the rearguard during the overland withdrawal to New York City and played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a> on 28 June 1778. After a surprise attack on the British rearguard, Cornwallis launched a counter-attack which checked the enemy advance.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Clinton praised Cornwallis for his performance at Monmouth, he eventually came to blame him for failing to win the day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1778, Cornwallis once more returned to England to be with his ailing wife Jemima, who died in February 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_theatre">Southern theatre</h3></div> <p>Cornwallis returned to America in July 1779, where he was to play a central role as the lead commander of the British "Southern strategy" (which was to invade the south on the assumption that a significantly more Loyalist population would rise up and assist in putting the rebellion down).<sup id="cite_ref-Wickwire_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickwire-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1779, Henry Clinton and Cornwallis transported a large force south and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">second siege of Charleston</a> during the spring of 1780, which resulted in the surrender of the Continental forces under <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the siege of Charleston and the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Buford" title="Abraham Buford">Abraham Buford</a>'s Virginia regiments at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waxhaws" title="Battle of Waxhaws">Waxhaw</a>, Clinton returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between Clinton and Cornwallis had noticeably soured during the Charleston campaign, and they were barely on speaking terms when Clinton left.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SirHenryClinton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SirHenryClinton.jpg/220px-SirHenryClinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SirHenryClinton.jpg/330px-SirHenryClinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SirHenryClinton.jpg/440px-SirHenryClinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Sir Henry Clinton</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Smart" title="John Smart">John Smart</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1777</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The task Clinton left Cornwallis with was to, first and foremost, preserve the gains made by taking Charleston, and only then engage in offensive moves.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton's orders gave Cornwallis wide latitude in how to achieve the goal of pacifying both South and North Carolina, after which Clinton expected Cornwallis to move into <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Clinton wrote, "I should wish you to assist in operations which will certainly be carried on in the Chesapeake as soon as we are relieve from our apprehension of a superior fleet and the season will admit ..."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinton provided Cornwallis with a relatively modest force of British, German, and provincial (Loyalist) regiments—about 3,000 men—with which to accomplish all of this.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forces he was given to accomplish this were limited by the necessity of keeping a large British force in New York under Clinton to shadow Washington. Cornwallis was expected to recruit more Loyalists, who were believed to be more numerous in the southern colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickwire_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickwire-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis established a series of outposts in South Carolina, but keeping communication and supply lines open was an ongoing challenge. Supplies not available locally (like uniforms, camp gear, arms, and ammunition) were delivered all too infrequently, supply ships were frequent targets of local <a href="/wiki/Privateer#American_Revolutionary_War" title="Privateer">privateers</a>, and bad weather impeded the work.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to help provide fresh food and forage for his troops, Cornwallis established two commissioners. The first was responsible for administering goods confiscated from Patriots (he avoided confiscating supplies from Loyalists since he depended on them for manpower and intelligence), and the second for administering land that was confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickwire_1970,_pp._140–142_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickwire_1970,_pp._140–142-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A chronic shortage of hard currency (another supply only infrequently delivered to Charleston) made it difficult to purchase supplies from any source, either Patriot or Loyalist.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickwire_1970,_pp._140–142_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickwire_1970,_pp._140–142-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis also attempted to reestablish civil authority under British or Loyalist oversight. Although these attempts met with limited success, they were continually undermined by Patriot activity, both political and military, and the indifferent abuses of British and Loyalist forces. Patriot militia companies constantly harassed Loyalists, small British units, and supply and communication lines.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1780 Cornwallis's forces met a larger but relatively untried army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Battle of Camden</a>, where they inflicted heavy casualties and routed part of the force.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This served to keep South Carolina clear of Continental forces, and was a blow to rebel morale.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory added to his reputation, although the rout of the American rebels had as much to do with the failings of Gates (whose rapid departure from the battlefield was widely noted) as it did the skill of Cornwallis.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In London, Cornwallis was perceived as a hero, and was viewed by many there as the right man to lead the British forces to victory over the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the opposition seemed to melt away, Cornwallis optimistically began to advance north into North Carolina while militia activity continued to harass the troops he left in South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts by Cornwallis to rally Loyalist support were dealt significant blows when a large gathering of them was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">defeated at Kings Mountain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only a day's march from Cornwallis and his army,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another large detachment of his army was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">decisively defeated at Cowpens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then clashed with the rebuilt Continental army under General <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a> in North Carolina, winning a Pyrrhic victory with a bayonet charge against a numerically superior enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the battle, he controversially ordered <a href="/wiki/Grape_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape shot">grape shot</a> to be fired into a mass of combat that resulted in friendly casualties but helped break the American line.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis then moved his forces to <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a> on the coast to resupply. Cornwallis himself had generally been successful in his battles, but the constant marching and the losses incurred had shrunk and tired out his army.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene, whose army was still intact after the loss at Guilford Courthouse, shadowed Cornwallis toward Wilmington, but then crossed into South Carolina, where over the course of several months American forces regained control over most of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis received dispatches in Wilmington informing him that another <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="British Army during the American War of Independence">British army</a> under Generals <a href="/wiki/William_Phillips_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Phillips (British Army officer)">William Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> had been sent to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Believing that North Carolina could not be subdued unless its supply lines from Virginia were cut, he decided to join forces with Phillips.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginia_campaign">Virginia campaign</h3></div> <p>On arrival in Virginia, Cornwallis took command of Phillips' army. Phillips, a personal friend of Cornwallis, died one week before Cornwallis reached his position at <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then sought to fulfill orders Clinton had given to Phillips, and raided the Virginia countryside, destroying American military and economic targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickwire_1970,_p._326_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickwire_1970,_p._326-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/240px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/360px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/480px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1781, in response to the threat posed by Arnold and Phillips, General Washington dispatched the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> to defend Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young Frenchman had 3,200 men at his command, but British troops under Cornwallis's command totalled 7,200.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickwire_1970,_p._326_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickwire_1970,_p._326-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette skirmished with Cornwallis, avoiding a decisive battle while gathering reinforcements. It was during this period that Cornwallis and Clinton exchanged a series of letters in which Clinton issued a number of confusing, contradictory, and not entirely forceful orders.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis eventually received firm orders from Clinton to choose a position on the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a>—referred to in contemporary letters as the "Williamsburg Neck"—and construct a fortified naval post to shelter <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In complying with this order, Cornwallis put himself in a position to become trapped in the area of <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown</a>. With the arrival of the French fleet under the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">Comte de Grasse</a> and General Washington's combined French-American army, Cornwallis found himself cut off. After the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Thomas Graves</a> was defeated by the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>, and the French <a href="/wiki/Siege_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege train">siege train</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, his position became untenable.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender-of-cornwallis-at-york-town-va-oct-1781-by-nathaniel-currier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Surrender-of-cornwallis-at-york-town-va-oct-1781-by-nathaniel-currier.jpg/220px-Surrender-of-cornwallis-at-york-town-va-oct-1781-by-nathaniel-currier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Surrender-of-cornwallis-at-york-town-va-oct-1781-by-nathaniel-currier.jpg/330px-Surrender-of-cornwallis-at-york-town-va-oct-1781-by-nathaniel-currier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Surrender-of-cornwallis-at-york-town-va-oct-1781-by-nathaniel-currier.jpg/440px-Surrender-of-cornwallis-at-york-town-va-oct-1781-by-nathaniel-currier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption><i>Surrender of Cornwallis. At York-town, VA Oct. 1781</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Currier" title="Nathaniel Currier">Nathaniel Currier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michele_and_Donald_D%27Amour_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Michele and Donald D'Amour Museum of Fine Arts">D'Amour Museum of Fine Arts</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>He surrendered after about <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">three weeks' siege</a> to General Washington and the French commander, the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Comte de Rochambeau</a>, on 19 October 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis, apparently not wanting to face Washington, claimed to be ill on the day of the surrender, and sent Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Charles_O%27Hara" title="Charles O'Hara">Charles O'Hara</a> in his place to surrender his sword formally. Washington had his second-in-command, Major General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a>, accept Cornwallis's sword.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Britain">Return to Britain</h3></div> <p>Cornwallis returned to Britain with <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>, and they were cheered when they landed in Britain on 21 January 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His surrender did not mark the end of the war, though it ended major fighting in the American theatre. Because he was released on parole, Cornwallis refused to serve again until the war came to an end in 1783. An attempt failed to exchange him for<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, an American diplomat who was released from the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> in anticipation that Cornwallis would be freed from his parole.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His tactics in America, especially during the southern campaign, were a frequent subject of criticism by his political enemies in London, principally General Clinton, who tried to blame him for the failures of the southern campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to an exchange of pamphlets between the two men in which Cornwallis had much the better of the argument.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis also retained the confidence of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> and the government of <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">the earl of Shelburne</a>, but he was placed in a financially precarious state by his inability to be on active duty.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1785 he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> as an ambassador to the court of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> to sound out a possible alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended manoeuvres along with the <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick, Duke of York">Duke of York</a> where they encountered his old opponent Lafayette.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1785, Cornwallis wrote dismissively of Prussian military manoeuvres while in Hanover, writing that: ''Their manoeuvres were such as the worst General in England would be hooted at for practising; two lines coming up within six yards of one another, and firing in one another's faces till they had no ammunition left: nothing could be more ridiculous.''<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor-General_of_India">Governor-General of India</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_in_India" title="Cornwallis in India">Cornwallis in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis,_KG,_PC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis%2C_KG%2C_PC.png/220px-Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis%2C_KG%2C_PC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis%2C_KG%2C_PC.png/330px-Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis%2C_KG%2C_PC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis%2C_KG%2C_PC.png/440px-Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis%2C_KG%2C_PC.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Quartered arms of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, KG, PC</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1786, Cornwallis was made a <a href="/wiki/Knight#Chivalric_orders" title="Knight">Knight Companion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Most Noble Order of the Garter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year he accepted appointment as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</a> and commander in chief in <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">India</a>. He had in 1782 been offered the governor-generalship only, but refused the post until he also received military command as well.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3></div> <p>Cornwallis engaged in reforms of all types, that affected many areas of civil, military, and corporate administration. According to historian Jerry Dupont, Cornwallis was responsible for "laying the foundation for British rule throughout India and setting standards for the services, courts and revenue collection that remained remarkably unaltered almost to the end of the British era."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also enacted important reforms in the operations of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> and, with the notable exception of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, managed to keep the company out of military conflicts during his tenure. </p><p>Prior to Cornwallis's tenure, company employees were allowed to trade on their own accounts and use company ships to send their own goods back to Europe. This practice was tolerated when the company was profitable, but by the 1780s the company's finances were not in good shape. Cornwallis eliminated the practice, increasing employee salaries in compensation. He also worked to reduce nepotism and political favouritism, instituting the practice of <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">merit-based advancement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/170px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/255px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/340px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Criminal and civil justice systems in the company's territories were a confusing overlay of legal systems, jurisdictions, and methods of administration. Cornwallis had the company take over the few remaining judicial powers of the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>, the titular local ruler of much of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, and gave some judicial powers to company employees. In 1790 he introduced <a href="/wiki/Circuit_court" title="Circuit court">circuit courts</a> with company employees as judges, and set up a court of appeals in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>. He had the legal frameworks of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> law translated into English, and promulgated administrative regulations and a new civil and criminal code. This work, introduced in 1793, was known as the <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_Code" title="Cornwallis Code">Cornwallis Code</a>. One consequence of the code was that it instituted a type of racism, placing the British as an elite class on top of the complex status hierarchy of caste and religion that existed in India at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis held racist views, in a manner common at the time; of mixed European-Indians, he wrote, "...as on account of their colour & extraction they are considered in this country as inferior to Europeans, I am of opinion that those of them who possess the best abilities could not command that authority and respect which is necessary in the due discharge of the duty of an officer."<sup id="cite_ref-W89_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W89-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis's attitude toward the lower classes did, however, include a benevolent and somewhat paternalistic desire to improve their condition. He introduced legislation to protect native weavers who were sometimes forced into working at starvation wages by unscrupulous company employees, outlawed child slavery, and established in 1791 a Sanskrit college for Hindus that is now the <a href="/wiki/Government_Sanskrit_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Sanskrit College">Government Sanskrit College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also established a <a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Kolkata" title="India Government Mint, Kolkata">mint in Calcutta</a> that, in addition to benefiting the poor by providing a reliable standard currency, was a forerunner of India's modern currency.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the Cornwallis Code was an important land taxation reform known in India as the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a>. This reform permanently altered the way the company collected taxes in its territories, by taxing landowners (known as <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a>) based on the value of their land and not necessarily the value of its produce. In the minds of Cornwallis and its architects, the reforms would also protect land tenants (<a href="/wiki/Ryot" title="Ryot">ryots</a>) from the abusive practices of the zamindars intended to maximize production. Cornwallis, a landed gentleman himself, especially believed that a class of landed gentry would naturally concern themselves with the improvement of the lands, thus also improving the condition of its tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Permanent Settlement effectively left the peasants at the mercy of the landowners. While the Company fixed the land revenue to be paid by the landowners, the zamindars were left free to extract as much as they could from the peasantry<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy_and_war_with_Mysore">Diplomacy and war with Mysore</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/200px-Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/300px-Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/400px-Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption><i>General Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipoo Sultan's sons as hostages</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Home" title="Robert Home">Robert Home</a>, c. 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>Cornwallis had been sent to India with instructions to avoid conflict with the company's neighbours. Early in his tenure, he abrogated agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> that he saw as violating the 1784 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a> that ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a>. This ensured the company's non-involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Maratha-Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha-Mysore War">Maratha-Mysore War</a> (1785–1787).<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue546_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue546-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was, however, manoeuvred into the establishment of a new company based at <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>), where conflict was avoided when he agreed to pay a stipend to the local rajah for use of the base. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cornwallis" title="Fort Cornwallis">Fort Cornwallis</a> in Penang is named for Cornwallis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi786_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi786-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> appealed to Cornwallis in 1792 for military assistance. Cornwallis declined the king's request, sending instead Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Kirkpatrick_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="William Kirkpatrick (East India Company officer)">William Kirkpatrick</a> to mediate the dispute. Kirkpatrick was the first Englishman to see Nepal; by the time he reached <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> in 1793, the parties had already resolved their dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilbur354_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur354-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a></div> <p>The company was unavoidably drawn into war with Mysore in 1790. <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, Mysore's ruler, had expressed contempt for the British not long after signing the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore, and also expressed a desire to renew conflict with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue546_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue546-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1789 he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nedumkotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Nedumkotta">invaded</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Travancore">Kingdom of Travancore</a>, a company ally according to that treaty, because of territorial disputes and Travancore's harbouring of refugees from other Mysorean actions. Cornwallis ordered company and Crown troops to <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">mobilize in response</a>. The 1790 campaign against Tipu was conducted by General <a href="/wiki/William_Medows" title="William Medows">William Medows</a>, and it was a limited success. Medows successfully occupied the <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore district</a>, but Tipu counterattacked and was able to reduce the British position to a small number of strongly held outposts. Tipu then invaded the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a>, where he attempted unsuccessfully to draw the French into the conflict. Because of Medows' weak campaigning, Cornwallis personally took command of the British forces in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gillray_-_The_Coming-on_of_the_monsoons_-_or_-_the_retreat_from_Seringapatam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gillray_-_The_Coming-on_of_the_monsoons_-_or_-_the_retreat_from_Seringapatam.jpg/220px-Gillray_-_The_Coming-on_of_the_monsoons_-_or_-_the_retreat_from_Seringapatam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gillray_-_The_Coming-on_of_the_monsoons_-_or_-_the_retreat_from_Seringapatam.jpg/330px-Gillray_-_The_Coming-on_of_the_monsoons_-_or_-_the_retreat_from_Seringapatam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gillray_-_The_Coming-on_of_the_monsoons_-_or_-_the_retreat_from_Seringapatam.jpg/440px-Gillray_-_The_Coming-on_of_the_monsoons_-_or_-_the_retreat_from_Seringapatam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A political cartoon by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> making fun of Cornwallis after his retreat from Seringapatam</figcaption></figure> <p>When the war broke out, Cornwallis negotiated alliances with the Marathas and Hyderabad.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis ascended the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a> to reach the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> in February 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After successfully <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bangalore" title="Siege of Bangalore">besieging Bangalore</a>, Cornwallis then joined forces with Hyderabadi forces that he described as "extremely defective in almost every point of military discipline", and their presence in the army ultimately presented more difficulties than assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forces then marched toward the Mysorean capital at <a href="/wiki/Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Seringapatam">Seringapatam</a>, compelling Tipu to retreat into the city at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arakere" title="Battle of Arakere">Battle of Arakere</a> on 15 May. Dwindling provisions, exacerbated by Tipu's slash-and-burn tactics, forced Cornwallis to abandon the idea of besieging Seringapatam that season, so he retreated to Bangalore.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1792 the army, now well-provisioned, set out for Seringapatam. Arriving before the city on 5 February, Cornwallis quickly eliminated Tipu's defensive positions outside the city, and then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1792)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1792)">began siege operations</a>. Tipu requested negotiations on 23 February, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam" title="Treaty of Seringapatam">peace was agreed</a> on 18 March. Cornwallis and his allies demanded the cession of half of the Mysorean territory, much of which went to the allies. As a guarantee of Tipu's performance, two of his sons were delivered to Cornwallis as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis and other British commanders, in a move appreciated by their soldiers, donated prize money awarded them to be distributed among the rank and file.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his success in conducting the war, Cornwallis was created <b>Marquess Cornwallis</b> in 1792,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he did not learn of it until the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He departed for England in October 1793, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Shore,_1st_Baron_Teignmouth" title="John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth">Sir John Shore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Master_of_the_Ordnance">Master of the Ordnance</h2></div> <p>Upon his return to Britain in 1794, he found it militarily engaged in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. After he was sent on an ultimately fruitless diplomatic mission to stop the fighting, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_ordnance" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of the ordnance">master of the ordnance</a>, a post he held until 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this position he was responsible for much of the British Army's military infrastructure, overseeing its storage depots and supply infrastructure, as well as commanding its artillery and engineering forces. He oversaw improvements to Britain's coastal defences, and was able to expand <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolwich Academy">Woolwich Academy</a>'s artillery training program to address a significant shortage of qualified artillery officers. His attempts to significantly reform the military were hampered by the ongoing war.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_in_Ireland" title="Cornwallis in Ireland">Cornwallis in Ireland</a></div> <p>In June 1798 he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ireland" title="Commander-in-Chief, Ireland">Commander-in-Chief, Ireland</a>. His appointment, which had been discussed as early as 1797, was made in response to the outbreak in late May of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His appointment was greeted unfavourably by the Irish elite, who preferred his predecessor <a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">Lord Camden</a>, and suspected he had liberal sympathies with the predominantly Catholic rebels. However, he struck up a good working relationship with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a>, whom he had appointed as Chief Secretary for Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his combined role as both Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(Kingdom_of_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)">Royal Irish Army</a> Cornwallis oversaw the defeat of both the Irish rebels and a French invasion force led by General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Amable_Humbert" title="Jean Joseph Amable Humbert">Jean Humbert</a> that landed in <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> in August 1798. Panicked by the landing and the subsequent British defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castlebar" title="Battle of Castlebar">Battle of Castlebar</a>, Pitt despatched thousands of reinforcements to Ireland, swelling British forces there to 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French invaders were defeated and forced to surrender at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ballinamuck" title="Battle of Ballinamuck">Battle of Ballinamuck</a>, after which Cornwallis ordered the execution by lot of a number of Irish rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the autumn Cornwallis secured government control over most of the island, and organised the suppression of the remaining supporters of the United Irish movement. </p><p>Cornwallis was also instrumental in securing passage in 1800 of the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_(Ireland)_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union (Ireland) 1800">Act of Union</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a>, a necessary step in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process, which essentially required the buying of Parliamentary votes through patronage and the granting of peerages, was one that Cornwallis found quite distasteful: he wrote "My occupation is now of the most unpleasant nature, negotiating and jobbing with the most corrupt people under heaven. I despise and hate myself every hour for engaging in such dirty work, and am supported only by the reflection that without a Union the British Empire must be dissolved."<sup id="cite_ref-W243_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W243-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Cornwallis recognised that the union with Ireland was unlikely to succeed without <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>, he and William Pitt were unable to move King George on the subject. Pitt consequently resigned, and Cornwallis also resigned his offices, returning to London in May 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesCornwallis.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/CharlesCornwallis.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Coin commemorating Cornwallis's role in negotiating the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>, 1802</figcaption></figure> <p>Expecting an opportunity to relax at home, Cornwallis was instead despatched not long after his return to take command of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eastern Command (United Kingdom)">Eastern District</a> with orders to lead the defences of eastern Britain against a threatened French invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis was then sent to France to finalise peace terms with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>. The peace negotiations were made possible in Britain by financial pressure brought on by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">ongoing wars</a> and by Bonaparte's desire to consolidate his hold on the Continent. Pitt's resignation brought <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a> to power, and he appointed Cornwallis as <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">plenipotentiary minister</a> to France.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>, which Cornwallis signed on behalf of the United Kingdom on 25 March 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a>, but the peace was short-lived. Actions by Bonaparte over the next year alarmed the other European powers, and the United Kingdom refused to withdraw forces from <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> as specified in the treaty. By May 1803 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">war was again declared</a>. Cornwallis is often seen as being partially responsible for conceding too much in the negotiations, although much had already been granted to France in the preliminary negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Cornwallis_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lord_Cornwallis_Tomb.jpg/220px-Lord_Cornwallis_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lord_Cornwallis_Tomb.jpg/330px-Lord_Cornwallis_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lord_Cornwallis_Tomb.jpg/440px-Lord_Cornwallis_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Cornwallis's Tomb in <a href="/wiki/Ghazipur" title="Ghazipur">Ghazipur</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Cornwallis_monument,_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Charles_Cornwallis_monument%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_02.jpg/220px-Charles_Cornwallis_monument%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Charles_Cornwallis_monument%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_02.jpg/330px-Charles_Cornwallis_monument%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Charles_Cornwallis_monument%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_02.jpg/440px-Charles_Cornwallis_monument%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="3148" /></a><figcaption>Cornwallis monument, St Paul's Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1805 Cornwallis was reappointed Governor-General of India by Pitt (who had again become Prime Minister), this time to curb the expansionist activity of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Lord Wellesley</a> (older brother of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in India in July 1805, and died on 5 October of a fever at <a href="/wiki/Ghazipur" title="Ghazipur">Gauspur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghazipur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazipur District">Ghazipur</a>, at that time in the <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis was buried there, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where his memorial is a protected monument maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a memorial to him in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son Charles became the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_2nd_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Marquess Cornwallis">2nd Marquess</a>. Having five daughters but no sons, the marquessate became extinct on his death, but he was succeeded in his remaining titles by his uncle, the brother of the general, the Right Reverend <a href="/wiki/James_Cornwallis,_4th_Earl_Cornwallis" title="James Cornwallis, 4th Earl Cornwallis">James Cornwallis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CornwallisCalcuttaStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CornwallisCalcuttaStatue.jpg/170px-CornwallisCalcuttaStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CornwallisCalcuttaStatue.jpg/255px-CornwallisCalcuttaStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CornwallisCalcuttaStatue.jpg/340px-CornwallisCalcuttaStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="3929" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Cornwallis by <a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(sculptor,_born_1740)" title="John Bacon (sculptor, born 1740)">John Bacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(sculptor,_1777%E2%80%931859)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bacon (sculptor, 1777–1859)">John Bacon Jr.</a> The statue now stands in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial (India)">Victoria Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cornwallis appears in the 1835 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Horse-Shoe_Robinson" title="Horse-Shoe Robinson">Horse-Shoe Robinson</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Pendleton_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pendleton Kennedy">John Pendleton Kennedy</a>, a historical romance set against the background of the Southern campaigns in the American War of Independence, and interacts with the fictional characters in the book. He is depicted as courtly in manner, but tolerant, or even supportive, of brutal practices against those found deficient among his own forces, and against enemy prisoners. In the 2000 film <a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_(2000_film)" title="The Patriot (2000 film)"><i>The Patriot</i></a> about the events leading up to Yorktown, Cornwallis was portrayed by English actor <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wilkinson" title="Tom Wilkinson">Tom Wilkinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland his legacy also includes the Wicklow Military Road (now the <a href="/wiki/R115_road" class="mw-redirect" title="R115 road">R115</a>) through the <a href="/wiki/Wicklow_Mountains" title="Wicklow Mountains">Wicklow Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fictional accounts of the rebellion, such as <i>The Year of the French</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flanagan_(writer)" title="Thomas Flanagan (writer)">Thomas Flanagan</a>, feature Cornwallis. In India, he is remembered for his victory against Tipu Sultan in the Mysore war and his promulgation of revenue and judicial acts. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cornwallis" title="Fort Cornwallis">Fort Cornwallis</a>, founded in 1786 in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Prince of Wales Island</a> (now the island part of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>), is named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi786_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi786-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is remembered for his deeds in England. </p><p>The coastal township of <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis,_New_Zealand" title="Cornwallis, New Zealand">Cornwallis, New Zealand</a> was named after him by his nephew, <a href="/wiki/William_Cornwallis_Symonds" title="William Cornwallis Symonds">William Cornwallis Symonds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Redman_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redman-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A building is named after him at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a>, as are boarding houses at <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Hospital_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Hospital School">The Royal Hospital School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culford_School" title="Culford School">Culford School</a> in Suffolk. Statues of Cornwallis can be seen in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a>, London, Fort Museum, <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St. George</a>, Chennai, and in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial (India)">Victoria Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public house "The Marquis of Cornwallis" in <a href="/wiki/Layham" title="Layham">Layham</a>, Suffolk, was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roads named after him include Cornwallis Street in Liverpool, Cornwallis Road in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington" title="London Borough of Islington">London Borough of Islington</a>, and Cornwallis Road in Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis was the recipient of the first British commemorative statue sent to the Indian subcontinent. On his retirement in 1792, and in celebration of his victory over Tipu Sultan, the British residents of Madras (renamed Chennai in 1996) voted in May that year to commission a portrait in oils, and a statue, for their city.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A request was sent, through Sir John Call, to the Council of the Royal Academy in London to hold a competition. Only one artist submitted a model, and that was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Banks_(sculptor)" title="Thomas Banks (sculptor)">Thomas Banks</a>, RA. The statue was unveiled on the Parade Grounds of <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St. George</a>, Madras, on 15 May 1800, after being exhibited at the Royal Academy. The eight-foot-tall marble with its pedestal base depicts the children of Tipu Sultan being handed over to Cornwallis as part of the treaty to end the war. Cornwallis wears the robes of a Garter Knight.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Independence, the statue was moved to the Reading Room of the Connemara Library, Madras, before it was transferred to the entrance of the Fort Museum in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first British statue to be erected in Calcutta, the capital of British India, was also to Cornwallis. The marble portrait statue, with figures of <i>Fortitude</i> and <i>Truth</i> on each side of the plinth's base, was completed by John Bacon Jr., and was a variant of the statue finished by John Bacon Sr. for <a href="/wiki/East_India_House" title="East India House">East India House</a> in London. In this work, Cornwallis appears as a hero wearing a Roman kilt and carrying a sheathed short sword. A cornucopia symbolizing the abundance pouring into the coffers of the East India Company (EIC) is behind the left foot.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third statue, for Bombay, was commissioned from the studios of John Bacon Jr. Bacon was paid £5250 for the standing figure, which portrayed Cornwallis wearing an officer's tailcoat, breeches, brocade and an immense cloak. The statue was covered by a protective cupola on Elphinstone Circle, before it was damaged in August 1965 and removed to the grounds of the Bhau Daji Lad Museum, Byculla, Bombay.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last memorial erected to Cornwallis in British India was his <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> at Ghazipur, completed in 1824 and funded by a public subscription raised by the people of Bengal. Designed by Thomas Fraser, the free-standing marble cenotaph, topped by a funerary urn, was created by <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>, RA. It was commissioned by the Court of Directors of the East India Company at a General Meeting held in February 1822. Flaxman completed the work in March 1824 and it was shipped to India in April. Flaxman received £525 for his portrait medallion of Cornwallis, carved in relief for two of the four panels. The two others have a figure of a Hindu and Muslim, heads bowed in mourning (a typical motif for Flaxman). The reverse has a figure of a British soldier and an Indian sepoy, also in mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="background:white;float:center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">Ensign</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> </td> <td>1756 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Captain</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> </td> <td>1759 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Colonel">Lieutenant-Colonel</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> </td> <td>1761 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> </td> <td>1766 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Major-General_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General (United Kingdom)">Major-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> </td> <td>1775 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> </td> <td>1777 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> </td> <td>1793 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030302/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=308">"Colonels of the Regiment"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=308">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonels+of+the+Regiment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwr.org.uk%2Fdwr.php%3Fid%3D308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADCNWS755C" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=CNWS755C&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Cornwallis, Charles, Viscount Brome (CNWS755C)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cornwallis%2C+Charles%2C+Viscount+Brome+%28CNWS755C%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DCNWS755C%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross9_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross9_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bicheno, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weintraub34-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weintraub34_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weintraub34_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weintraub, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 79–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA95_p._95]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA95_p._95]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2004">Fischer (2004)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oreq1YztDcQC&pg=PA95">p. 95</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W95-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W95_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W95_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA291_p._291]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA291_p._291]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2004">Fischer (2004)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oreq1YztDcQC&pg=PA291">p. 291</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W96-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W96_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W97-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W97_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA343_p._343]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOreq1YztDcQCpgPA343_p._343]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2004">Fischer (2004)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oreq1YztDcQC&pg=PA343">p. 343</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W105-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W105_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W107-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W107_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 110–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickwire-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wickwire_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickwire_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 135–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borick (2003) recounts the siege of Charleston in detail</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borick (2003), pp. 237–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borick (2003), pp. 127–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alden, p. 417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 137–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickwire_1970,_pp._140–142-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wickwire_1970,_pp._140–142_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickwire_1970,_pp._140–142_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 140–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, pp. 81–83, 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 145–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey (2001), pp. 424–427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alden, p. 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piecuch, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piecuch, pp. 102–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alden, p. 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alden, p. 458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, pp. 118–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, pp. 133–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, pp. 185–186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 307–308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, pp. 187–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickwire_1970,_p._326-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wickwire_1970,_p._326_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickwire_1970,_p._326_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrington, pp. 584–585</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), pp. 336–349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickwire (1970), p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, pp. 226–229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, pp. 158–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 294, 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weintraub, p. 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2013" class="citation journal cs1">Middleton, Richard (2013). 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Putney, London: BACSA. pp. 58–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907799-74-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-907799-74-4"><bdi>0-907799-74-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statues+of+the+Raj&rft.place=Putney%2C+London&rft.pages=58-60&rft.pub=BACSA&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-907799-74-4&rft.aulast=Steggles&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegglesBarnes2011" class="citation book cs1">Steggles, Mary Ann; Barnes, Richard (2011). <i>British Sculpture in India: New Views and Old Memories</i>. Norfolk, UK: Frontier. pp. 43, 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-872914-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-872914-41-1"><bdi>978-1-872914-41-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Sculpture+in+India%3A+New+Views+and+Old+Memories&rft.place=Norfolk%2C+UK&rft.pages=43%2C+165&rft.pub=Frontier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-872914-41-1&rft.aulast=Steggles&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteggles2000" class="citation book cs1">Steggles, Mary Ann (2000). <i>Statues of the Raj</i>. Putney, London: BACSA. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907799-74-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-907799-74-4"><bdi>0-907799-74-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statues+of+the+Raj&rft.place=Putney%2C+London&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=BACSA&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-907799-74-4&rft.aulast=Steggles&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegglesBarnes2011" class="citation book cs1">Steggles, Mary Ann; Barnes, Richard (2011). <i>British Sculpture in India: New Views and Old Memories</i>. Norfolk: Frontier. pp. 99–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-872914-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-872914-41-1"><bdi>978-1-872914-41-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Sculpture+in+India%3A+New+Views+and+Old+Memories&rft.place=Norfolk&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=Frontier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-872914-41-1&rft.aulast=Steggles&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegglesBarnes2011" class="citation book cs1">Steggles, Mary Ann; Barnes, Richard (2011). <i>British Sculpture in India: New Views and Old Memories</i>. Norfolk, UK: Frontier. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-872914-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-872914-41-1"><bdi>978-1-872914-41-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Sculpture+in+India%3A+New+Views+and+Old+Memories&rft.place=Norfolk%2C+UK&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Frontier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-872914-41-1&rft.aulast=Steggles&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteggles2000" class="citation book cs1">Steggles, Mary (2000). <i>Statues of the Raj</i>. Putney, London: BACSA. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907799-74-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-907799-74-4"><bdi>0-907799-74-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statues+of+the+Raj&rft.place=Putney%2C+London&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=BACSA&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-907799-74-4&rft.aulast=Steggles&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicheno_H.2003" class="citation book cs1">Bicheno H. 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Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-487-9"><bdi>978-1-57003-487-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50511391">50511391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gallant+Defense%3A+the+Siege+of+Charleston%2C+1780&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50511391&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-487-9&rft.aulast=Borick&rft.aufirst=Carl+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1997" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, J (1997). <i>The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution and the Carolinas</i>. 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New York: A. S. 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London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0689115486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0689115486"><bdi>978-0689115486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great%3A+A+Military+Life&rft.place=London&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0689115486&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitarylifeoffr00duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupont2001" class="citation book cs1">Dupont, Jerry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCX660FA5wMC&pg=PA483"><i>The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire</i></a>. 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Hein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-3125-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-3125-4"><bdi>978-0-8377-3125-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44016553">44016553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Common+Law+Abroad%3A+Constitutional+and+Legal+Legacy+of+the+British+Empire&rft.place=Littleton%2C+CO&rft.pub=Wm.+S.+Hein&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44016553&rft.isbn=978-0-8377-3125-4&rft.aulast=Dupont&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCX660FA5wMC%26pg%3DPA483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling1988" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (1988). <i>The World Turned Upside Down: The American Victory in the War of Independence</i>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517034-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517034-2"><bdi>0-19-517034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Crossing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-517034-2&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1902" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, John William (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA546"><i>A History of the British army, Volume 3</i></a>. 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New York: Savas Beatie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932714-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-932714-05-7"><bdi>1-932714-05-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60642656">60642656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guns+of+Independence%3A+The+Siege+of+Yorktown%2C+1781&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60642656&rft.isbn=1-932714-05-7&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2001" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, R (2001). <i>A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Few+Bloody+Noses%3A+The+American+War+of+Independence&rft.place=London&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2007" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, R (2007). <i>War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France 1789–1815</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+Wars%3A+The+Epic+Struggle+Between+Britain+and+France+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1881" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Henry Phelps (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yorktowncampaign00johnrich"><i>The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781</i></a>. New York: Harper & Bros. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yorktowncampaign00johnrich/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426009">426009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yorktown+Campaign+and+the+Surrender+of+Cornwallis%2C+1781&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426009&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Henry+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyorktowncampaign00johnrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lecky5" class="citation book cs1">Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah1aoBdoQOoC&pg=PA15"><i>A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6724-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6724-9"><bdi>978-1-4021-6724-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312999699">312999699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ireland+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1892&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312999699&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-6724-9&rft.aulast=Lecky&rft.aufirst=William+Edward+Hartpole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAh1aoBdoQOoC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillWilson1858" class="citation book cs1">Mill, James; Wilson, Horace Hayman (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA275"><i>The History of British India, Volume 5</i></a>. London: Piper, Stephenson, and Spence. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3019507">3019507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+British+India%2C+Volume+5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Piper%2C+Stephenson%2C+and+Spence&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3019507&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Horace+Hayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlQIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. 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University, AL: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-0191-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-0191-7"><bdi>0-8173-0191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Destructive+War&rft.place=University%2C+AL&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8173-0191-7&rft.aulast=Pancake&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisdestructivew00panc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiecuch2006" class="citation book cs1">Piecuch, Jim (2006). <i>The Battle of Camden: a Documentary History</i>. Charleston, SC: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-144-7"><bdi>978-1-59629-144-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70219827">70219827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Camden%3A+a+Documentary+History&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70219827&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-144-7&rft.aulast=Piecuch&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohatgiParlett2009" class="citation web cs1">Rohatgi, Pauline; Parlett, Graham (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629020108/http://illwa.org/chapter_2.htm">"Indian Life and Landscape by Western Artists: Beginnings – The English East India Company"</a>. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illwa.org/chapter_2.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Life+and+Landscape+by+Western+Artists%3A+Beginnings+%E2%80%93+The+English+East+India+Company&rft.pub=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Maharaj+Vastu+Sangrahalaya&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rohatgi&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft.au=Parlett%2C+Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illwa.org%2Fchapter_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwallis1859" class="citation book cs1">Cornwallis, Charles (1859). 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Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1163639">1163639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondence+of+Charles%2C+First+Marquis+Cornwallis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1859&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1163639&rft.aulast=Cornwallis&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Jk9AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1994" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1994). <i>Anglo–Maratha Relations, 1785–96</i>. 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New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=H.G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1952" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Christopher (1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofrevolution00ward"><i>War of the Revolution</i></a></span>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/214962727">214962727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F214962727&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofrevolution00ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub2005" class="citation book cs1">Weintraub, Stanley (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irontearsamerica00wein"><i>Iron Tears, Rebellion in America 1775–1783</i></a>. London: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2687-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2687-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-2687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Tears%2C+Rebellion+in+America+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2687-5&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firontearsamerica00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickwire1970" class="citation book cs1">Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cornwallisameric00wick"><i>Cornwallis: The American Adventure</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62690">62690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwallis%3A+The+American+Adventure&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62690&rft.aulast=Wickwire&rft.aufirst=Franklin+and+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcornwallisameric00wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickwire1980" class="citation book cs1">Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cornwallisimperi0000wick"><i>Cornwallis: The Imperial Years</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1387-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1387-7"><bdi>0-8078-1387-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwallis%3A+The+Imperial+Years&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8078-1387-7&rft.aulast=Wickwire&rft.aufirst=Franklin+and+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcornwallisimperi0000wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilbur" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer (1945). <i>The East India Company and the British Empire in the Far East</i>. New York: R. Smith. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186486927">186486927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company+and+the+British+Empire+in+the+Far+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=R.+Smith&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186486927&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=Marguerite+Eyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelpton2005" class="citation book cs1">Whelpton, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnepal00whel"><i>A history of Nepal</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80470-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55502658">55502658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Nepal&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55502658&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80470-7&rft.aulast=Whelpton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnepal00whel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1931" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, R (October 1931). "A View of Cornwallis's Surrender at Yorktown". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 25–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1842255">10.2307/1842255</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842255">1842255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+View+of+Cornwallis%27s+Surrender+at+Yorktown&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-49&rft.date=1931-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1842255&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1842255%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement1979" class="citation journal cs1">Clement, R (January–March 1979). "The World Turned Upside down At the Surrender of Yorktown". <i>Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>92</b> (363): 66–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F538844">10.2307/538844</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/538844">538844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=The+World+Turned+Upside+down+At+the+Surrender+of+Yorktown&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=363&rft.pages=66-67&rft.date=1979-01%2F1979-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F538844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F538844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske,_John1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, John</a> (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cornwallis, Charles, Earl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Cornwallis,_Charles,_Earl">"Cornwallis, Charles, Earl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cornwallis%2C+Charles%2C+Earl&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Fiske%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert2001" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (2001). <i>Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through British Eyes</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+and+Redcoats%3A+The+American+Revolution+Through+British+Eyes&rft.place=London&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackesy1964" class="citation book cs1">Mackesy, Piers (1964). <i>The War for America</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+America&rft.place=London&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Mackesy&rft.aufirst=Piers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2022" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Richard (2022). <i>Cornwallis: Soldier and Statesman in a Revolutionary World</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26550-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26550-7"><bdi>978-0-300-26550-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwallis%3A+Soldier+and+Statesman+in+a+Revolutionary+World&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26550-7&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1969" class="citation book cs1">Pakenham, Thomas (1969). <i>The Year of Liberty : the History of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/229133087">229133087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+of+Liberty+%3A+the+History+of+the+Great+Irish+Rebellion+of+1798&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F229133087&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckham1967" class="citation book cs1">Peckham, H (1967). <i>The War for Independence, A Military History</i>. Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Independence%2C+A+Military+History&rft.place=Chicago&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaberton2010" class="citation book cs1">Saberton, Ian, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527132059/http://www.naval-military-press.com/cornwallis_papers-the-campaigns-of-1780-and-1781-in-the-southern-theatre-of-the-american-revolutionary-war.html#"><i>The Cornwallis Papers: The Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary War</i></a>. Vol. 6. The Naval & Military Press Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-military-press.com/cornwallis_papers-the-campaigns-of-1780-and-1781-in-the-southern-theatre-of-the-american-revolutionary-war.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornwallis+Papers%3A+The+Campaigns+of+1780+and+1781+in+the+Southern+Theatre+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=The+Naval+%26+Military+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-military-press.com%2Fcornwallis_papers-the-campaigns-of-1780-and-1781-in-the-southern-theatre-of-the-american-revolutionary-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens,_H._Morse1887" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Morse_Stephens" title="H. Morse Stephens">Stephens, H. Morse</a> (1887). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cornwallis, Charles (1738–1805)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Cornwallis,_Charles_(1738%E2%80%931805)">"Cornwallis, Charles (1738–1805)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cornwallis%2C+Charles+%281738%E2%80%931805%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Stephens%2C+H.+Morse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F62314">"Archival material relating to Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Charles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF62314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Cornwallis%2C+1st+Marquess+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01033">Portraits of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Cornwallis%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Cornwallis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cornwallis%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Cornwallis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cornwallis%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Cornwallis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cornwallis%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Cornwallis%22%29%20OR%20%28%221738-1805%22%20AND%20Cornwallis%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_St_John,_2nd_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke">The Viscount Bolingbroke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Bedchamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Bedchamber">Lord of the Bedchamber</a> </b><br />1765–1765 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Not replaced</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Townshend_(died_1762)" title="Henry Townshend (died 1762)">Henry Townshend</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Eye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Eye (UK Parliament constituency)">Eye</a> </b><br />1760–1762 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Courthorpe_Clayton" title="Courthorpe Clayton">Courthorpe Clayton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cornwallis_(MP_for_Eye)" title="Henry Cornwallis (MP for Eye)">Henry Cornwallis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Townshend_(died_1762)" title="Henry Townshend (died 1762)">Henry Townshend</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton_Phillipson" title="Richard Burton Phillipson">Richard Burton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_MacPherson_(governor_of_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="John MacPherson (governor of India)">John MacPherson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> </b><br />1786–1793 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Shore,_1st_Baron_Teignmouth" title="John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth">The Lord Teignmouth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_3rd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond">The Duke of Richmond</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a> </b><br />1795–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham">The Earl of Chatham</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">The Marquess Camden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> </b><br />1798–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_3rd_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke">The Earl of Hardwicke</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">The Marquess Wellesley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> </b><br />1805 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Barlow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet">Sir George Barlow, Bt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Monson,_2nd_Baron_Monson" title="John Monson, 2nd Baron Monson">The Lord Monson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Justice_in_Eyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice in Eyre">Justice in Eyre</a><br />South of the Trent </b><br />1767–1769 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Norton,_1st_Baron_Grantley" title="Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley">The Lord Grantley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">due to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/George_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Duke_of_Sutherland" title="George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland">The Marquess of Stafford</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Ambassadors_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Ambassadors to France">British Plenipotentiary to France</a> </b><br />1801–1802 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Whitworth,_1st_Earl_Whitworth" title="Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth">The Lord Whitworth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sloper" title="Robert Sloper">Sir Robert Sloper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a> </b><br />1786–1793 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Abercromby_of_Airthrey" title="Robert Abercromby of Airthrey">Sir Robert Abercromby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">The Viscount Lake</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ireland" title="Commander-in-Chief, Ireland">Commander-in-Chief, Ireland</a> </b><br />1798–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Medows" title="William Medows">William Medows</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a> </b><br />1805 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">The Viscount Lake</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Berkeley,_5th_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton" title="John Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley of Stratton">The Lord Berkeley of Stratton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_Tower_Hamlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets">Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets</a> </b><br />1771–1784 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Lennox" title="Lord George Lennox">Lord George Lennox</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Lennox" title="Lord George Lennox">Lord George Lennox</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_Tower_Hamlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets">Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets</a> </b><br />1784–1805 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Earl of Moira</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Marquess_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess Cornwallis">Marquess Cornwallis</a> </b><br />1792–1805 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_2nd_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Earl_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Cornwallis" title="Earl Cornwallis">Earl Cornwallis</a> </b><br />1762–1805 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India <br />Company</a><br /><span class="nobold">(1773–1858)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a> (1774–85)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Earl Cornwallis</a> (1786–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shore,_1st_Baron_Teignmouth" title="John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth">The Lord Teignmouth</a> (1793–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">The Marquess Wellesley</a> (1798–1805)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Marquess Cornwallis</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> (1807–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Marquess of Hastings</a> (1813–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst" title="William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst">The Earl Amherst</a> (1823–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> (1828–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Earl of Auckland</a> (1836–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">The Earl of Ellenborough</a> (1842–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">The Viscount Hardinge</a> (1844–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">The Marquess of Dalhousie</a> (1848–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Viscount Canning</a> (1856–58)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:5em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">The Lord Lawrence</a> (1864–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo" title="Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo">The Earl of Mayo</a> (1869–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">The Earl of Northbrook</a> (1872–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">The Earl of Lytton</a> (1876–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a> (1880–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a> (1884–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a> (1888–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">The Earl of Elgin</a> (1894–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">The Lord Curzon of Kedleston</a> (1899–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> (1905–10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" title="Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst</a> (1910–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">The Lord Chelmsford</a> (1916–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">The Earl of Reading</a> (1921–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">The Lord Irwin</a> (1926–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">The Earl of Willingdon</a> (1931–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">The Marquess of Linlithgow</a> (1936–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">The Viscount Wavell</a> (1943–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Governors General after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian <br />independence</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">The Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1947–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari</a> (1948–50)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Governors General after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistani <br />independence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (1947–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin</a> (1948–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Ghulam Muhammad</a> (1951–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a> (1955–56)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding-top:0.3em; line-height:1.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 Sepoy Mutiny</a>. <sup><small>2</small></sup> As representatives of <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> in his role as King of India (1947–50). <sup><small>3</small></sup> As representatives of George VI and then <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in their roles as King and Queen of Pakistan, respectively.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commander-in-Chief,_India" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Template:Commander-in-Chief, India"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Template talk:Commander-in-Chief, India"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commander-in-Chief, India"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commander-in-Chief,_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Craig" title="James Henry Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe" title="John Graves Simcoe">Simcoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hewett_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Hewett (British Army officer)">Hewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Champagn%C3%A9" title="Forbes Champagné">Champagné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Nugent,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Moira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Paget" title="Edward Paget">Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere" title="Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ramsay,_9th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnes_(British_Army_officer)" title="Edward Barnes (British Army officer)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Watson (British Army officer)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fane_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry Fane (British Army officer)">Fane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Nicolls" title="Jasper Nicolls">Nicolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gough,_1st_Viscount_Gough" title="Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough">Gough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Napier" title="Charles James Napier">Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Maynard_Gomm" title="William Maynard Gomm">Gomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson_(British_Army_officer,_born_1797)" title="George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797)">Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Grant_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Patrick Grant (Indian Army officer)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Clyde</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/100px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/150px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/200px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Rose,_1st_Baron_Strathnairn" title="Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mansfield,_1st_Baron_Sandhurst" title="William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Haines" title="Frederick Haines">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Stewart,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)" title="George White (British Army officer)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Nairne" title="Charles Edward Nairne">Nairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lockhart_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)">Lockhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Power_Palmer" title="Arthur Power Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Moore_Creagh" title="O'Moore Creagh">Creagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauchamp_Duff" title="Beauchamp Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Monro,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet">Monro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baron_Rawlinson" title="Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson">Rawlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claud_Jacob" title="Claud Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood" title="William Birdwood">Birdwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Chetwode,_1st_Baron_Chetwode" title="Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode">Chetwode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cassels" title="Robert Cassels">Cassels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Auchinleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hartley" title="Alan Hartley">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Auchinleck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/21px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/42px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164723#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164723#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164723#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000073730910">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20760091">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/242986/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJptYdx3TBgmdfpPPprcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129360236">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88148317">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14967010h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14967010h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35603309">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cornwallis, Charles Cornwallis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20211117021&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5435445">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p258464240">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1093904">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811514362805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/111832">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278025305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522521906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1011208">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cornwallis, Charles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.002058.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd129360236.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/129360236">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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