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.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Computer_accessibility" title="Special:EditPage/Computer accessibility">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Computer_accessibility" title="Talk:Computer accessibility">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>confusingly laid out.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Computer_accessibility" title="Special:EditPage/Computer accessibility">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Computer_accessibility" title="Special:EditPage/Computer accessibility">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Computer+accessibility%22">"Computer accessibility"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Computer+accessibility%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Computer+accessibility%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Computer+accessibility%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Computer+accessibility%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Computer+accessibility%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Computer accessibility</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer system">computer system</a> to all people, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> type or severity of impairment. The term <i>accessibility</i> is most often used in reference to specialized hardware or <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, or a combination of both, designed to enable the use of a computer by a person with a disability or impairment. </p><p>Accessibility features are meant to make the use of technology less challenging for those with disabilities. Common accessibility features include <a href="/wiki/Text_to_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text to Speech">text-to-speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed-captioning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_shortcut" title="Keyboard shortcut">keyboard shortcuts</a>. More specific technologies that need additional hardware are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many disabilities or impairments that can be a barrier to effective computer use. Some of these impairments, which can be acquired from <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">trauma</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital disorders</a>, include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive disabilities">Cognitive impairments</a> (head injury, autism, developmental disabilities) and <a href="/wiki/Learning_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning disabilities">learning disabilities</a>, (such as <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia">dyscalculia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a>, such as low-vision, complete or partial <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blindness</a>.</li> <li>Hearing-related disabilities (deafness), including <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deafness</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Hard_of_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard of hearing">hard of hearing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperacusis" title="Hyperacusis">hyperacusis</a>.</li> <li>Motor or dexterity impairment such as <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">dyspraxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">repetitive strain injury</a>.</li></ul> <p>A topic closely linked to computer accessibility is <a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">web accessibility</a>. Similar to computer accessibility, web accessibility is the practice of making the use of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> easier to use for individuals with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accessibility_-_a11y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Accessibility_-_a11y.svg/220px-Accessibility_-_a11y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Accessibility_-_a11y.svg/330px-Accessibility_-_a11y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Accessibility_-_a11y.svg/440px-Accessibility_-_a11y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="242"></a><figcaption>a11y, numeronym of accessibility illustrated</figcaption></figure> <p>Accessibility is often abbreviated as the <a href="/wiki/Numeronym" title="Numeronym">numeronym</a> <i><b>a11y</b></i>, where the number 11 refers to the number of letters omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-roselli-2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roselli-2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This parallels the abbreviations of <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization"><i>internationalization</i> and <i>localization</i></a> as <i>i18n</i> and <i>l10n</i>, respectively. Moreover, <i>a11y</i> is also listed on the <a href="/wiki/USPTO" class="mw-redirect" title="USPTO">USPTO</a> <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Register" title="Supplemental Register">Supplemental Register</a> under Accessibility Now, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-roselli-2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roselli-2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Special_Needs_Assessments"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Special Needs Assessments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Accessibility_options_for_specific_impairments"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Accessibility options for specific impairments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cognitive_impairments_and_illiteracy"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cognitive impairments and illiteracy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Visual_impairment"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Visual impairment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Motor_and_dexterity_impairments"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Motor and dexterity impairments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Hearing_impairment"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hearing impairment</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Types_of_software_accessibility"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Types of software accessibility</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Accessibility_application_programming_interfaces"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Accessibility application programming interfaces</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Accessibility_features_in_mainstream_software"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Accessibility features in mainstream software</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Support_for_learning_disabilities"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Support for learning disabilities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Open_Accessibility_Framework"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Open Accessibility Framework</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Positive_effects_of_computer_accessibility"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Positive effects of computer accessibility</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Effects_in_school"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Effects in school</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Impacts_in_the_classroom"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Impacts in the classroom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Impacts_outside_the_classroom"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Impacts outside the classroom</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Effects_in_the_workplace"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Effects in the workplace</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Standards_and_regulations_regarding_computer_accessibility"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Standards and regulations regarding computer accessibility</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Section_508_of_the_Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#International_Standards"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">International Standards</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Special_Needs_Assessments">Special Needs Assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Special Needs Assessments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>People wishing to overcome an impairment in order to use a computer comfortably may require a "special needs assessment" by an assistive technology consultant (such as an <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">occupational therapist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_engineering_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehabilitation engineering technologist">rehabilitation engineering technologist</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Educational_Technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational Technologist">educational technologist</a>) to help them identify and configure appropriate assistive technologies to meet individual needs. Even those who are unable to leave their own home or who live far from assessment providers may be assessed (and assisted) remotely using <a href="/wiki/Remote_desktop_software" title="Remote desktop software">remote desktop software</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Web_cam" class="mw-redirect" title="Web cam">web cam</a>. For example, the assessor logs on to the client's computer via a <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> connection, observes the user's computer skills, and then remotely makes accessibility adjustments to the client's computer where necessary. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Accessibility_options_for_specific_impairments">Accessibility options for specific impairments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accessibility options for specific impairments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBC_News_web_accessibility_demo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BBC_News_web_accessibility_demo.jpg/220px-BBC_News_web_accessibility_demo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BBC_News_web_accessibility_demo.jpg/220px-BBC_News_web_accessibility_demo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/BBC_News_web_accessibility_demo.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> shown in 'desktop mode,' with accessibility links at the top. The screenshot is taken from Windows Mobile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (December 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg/220px-Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg/220px-Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg/330px-Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg/440px-Single_switch_onscreen_keyboard.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A single-switch <a href="/wiki/Assistive_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistive device">assistive device</a> that enables the user to access an <a href="/wiki/On-screen_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="On-screen keyboard">on-screen keyboard</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_impairments_and_illiteracy">Cognitive impairments and illiteracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cognitive impairments and illiteracy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The biggest challenge in computer accessibility is to make resources accessible to people with cognitive disabilities—particularly those with poor communication and reading skills. For example, people with learning disabilities may rely on proprietary symbols and identify particular products via the product's symbols or icons. Unfortunately, copyright laws can limit icon or symbol release to web-based programs and websites by owners who are unwilling to release them to the public. </p><p>In these situations, an alternative approach for users who want to access public computer-based terminals in <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATMs</a>, and information kiosks is for the user to present a token to the computer terminal - such as a <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a> - that has configuration information to adjust the computer speed, text size, etc. to their particular needs. </p><p>This concept is encompassed by the <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Europ%C3%A9en_de_Normalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Comité Européen de Normalisation">CEN</a> standard "Identification card systems – Human-machine interface".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development of this standard has been supported in Europe by <a href="/wiki/SNAPI" title="SNAPI">SNAPI</a> and has been successfully incorporated into the Local Authority Smartcards Standards e-Organisation (LASSeO) specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_impairment">Visual impairment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Visual impairment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Since computer interfaces often require visual input and provide visual feedback, another significant challenge in computer accessibility involves making software usable by people with visual impairments. </p><p>For people with mild to medium vision impairment, things like large <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">fonts</a>, high DPI displays, high-contrast themes and <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a> combined with auditory feedback and screen magnifying software are very useful. In the case of severe vision impairment such as blindness, <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a> software that provides feedback via <a href="/wiki/Text_to_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text to speech">text to speech</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille display</a> is a necessary accommodation for interaction with a computer. </p><p>About 8% of men and about 0.4% of women have some form of <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color-blindness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main color combinations that might be confused by people with visual deficiency include red/green and blue/yellow. However, in a well-designed user interface, color isn't the primary way to distinguish between different pieces of information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_and_dexterity_impairments">Motor and dexterity impairments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motor and dexterity impairments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Some people may not be able to use a conventional <a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">input device</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>. Therefore, it is important for software functions to be accessible using both devices. Ideally, the software will use a generic input <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> that permits the use even of highly specialized devices unheard of at the time of software's initial development. <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard shortcuts">Keyboard shortcuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse_gesture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse gesture">mouse gestures</a> are ways to achieve this access, as are more specialized solutions, including on-screen software keyboards and alternate input devices (<a href="/wiki/Switch_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch Access">switches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joysticks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackballs</a>). Users may enable a <a href="/wiki/Bounce_keys" title="Bounce keys">bounce key</a> feature, allowing the keyboard to ignore repeated presses of the same key. <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> technology is also a compelling and suitable alternative to conventional keyboard and mouse input as it simply requires a commonly available audio headset. </p><p><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">UI design</a> can also improve accessibility for users with motor impairments. For example, <a href="/wiki/Barrier_pointing" title="Barrier pointing">barrier pointing</a> design allows commonly-used functions to require less accuracy to select. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> is an example of someone with severe motor and physical limitations who used assistive technology to support <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">activities of daily living</a>. He used a switch, combined with special software, that allowed him to control his <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a>-mounted computer using his limited and small movement ability. This personalized system allowed him to remain mobile, do research, and produce his written work. Prof. Hawking also used <a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">augmentative and alternative communication</a> technology to speak and an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_device" title="Environmental control device">environmental control device</a> to access equipment independently. </p><p>A small amount of modern research indicates that utilizing a standard computer mouse device improves fine-motor skills.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing_impairment">Hearing impairment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hearing impairment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Sound_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound user interface">sound user interfaces</a> have a secondary role in common desktop computing, these interfaces are usually limited to using <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a> as feedback. Some software producers take into account people who cannot hear due to hearing impairments, <a href="/wiki/Silence" title="Silence">silence</a> requirements, or lack of sound-producing software. The system sounds like beeps can be substituted or supplemented with visual notifications and captioned text (akin to <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a>). Closed captions are a very popular means of relaying information for the Deaf and hearing-impaired communities. Modern <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> also allows for translation of content into sign language by means of sign language avatars, such as SiMAX.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Types_of_software_accessibility">Types of software accessibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of software accessibility" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility_application_programming_interfaces">Accessibility application programming interfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Accessibility application programming interfaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Software <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> (application programming interfaces) exist to allow assistive technology products such as <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screen_magnifier" title="Screen magnifier">screen magnifiers</a> to work with mainstream software. The current or past APIs include: </p> <ul><li>Java Accessibility and the <a href="/wiki/Java_Access_Bridge" title="Java Access Bridge">Java Access Bridge</a> for <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> software<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (being standardized as ISO/IEC TR 13066-6<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_Technology_Service_Provider_Interface" title="Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface">Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface</a> (AT-SPI) on <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (being standardized as ISO/IEC PDTR 13066-4<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Microsoft Active Accessibility</a> (MSAA) on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAccessible2" title="IAccessible2">IAccessible2</a> on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, a competitor of Microsoft UI Automation also replacing MSAA by <a href="/wiki/Free_Standards_Group" title="Free Standards Group">Free Standards Group</a> (standardized as ISO/IEC 13066-3:2012<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> Accessibility;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">Microsoft UI Automation</a> on Microsoft Windows, replacing MSAA.</li></ul> <p>Some of these APIs are being standardized in the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1">ISO/IEC</a> 13066 series of standards.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility_features_in_mainstream_software">Accessibility features in mainstream software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accessibility features in mainstream software" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Accessibility software can also make input devices easier to access at the user level. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard shortcuts">Keyboard shortcuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/MouseKeys" class="mw-redirect" title="MouseKeys">MouseKeys</a> allow the user to substitute keyboarding for mouse actions. <a href="/wiki/Macro_recorder" title="Macro recorder">Macro recorders</a> can greatly extend the range and sophistication of keyboard shortcuts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_keys" title="Sticky keys">Sticky keys</a> allows characters or commands to be typed without having to hold down a <a href="/wiki/Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">modifier key</a> (Shift, Ctrl, or Alt) while pressing a second key. Similarly, ClickLock<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> feature that remembers a mouse button is down so that items can be highlighted or dragged without holding the mouse button down while scrolling.</li> <li>Customization of mouse or mouse alternatives' responsiveness to movement, double-clicking, and so forth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToggleKeys" title="ToggleKeys">ToggleKeys</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a feature of Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> onwards. A high sound is heard when the <a href="/wiki/Caps_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Caps lock">caps lock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scroll_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroll lock">scroll lock</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Number_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Number lock">number lock</a> key is switched on. A low sound is heard when any of those keys is switched off.</li> <li>Customization of <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(user_interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer (user interface)">pointer</a> appearance, such as size, color, and shape.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_text" title="Predictive text">Predictive text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar_checker" title="Grammar checker">grammar checkers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_learning_disabilities">Support for learning disabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Support for learning disabilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Other approaches may be particularly relevant to users with a learning disability. These include: </p> <ul><li>Cause and effect software<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Switch-accessible software (navigable with a switch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand%E2%80%93eye_coordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand–eye coordination">Hand–eye coordination</a> skills software</li> <li>Diagnostic assessment software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a> software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_skills" title="Study skills">Study skills</a> software</li> <li>Symbol-based software<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-speech">Text-to-speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_typing" title="Touch typing">Touch typing</a> software</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Open_Accessibility_Framework">Open Accessibility Framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Open Accessibility Framework" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The Open Accessibility Framework (OAF)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides an outline of the steps that must be in place in order for any <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">computing platform</a> to be considered accessible. These steps are analogous to those necessary to make a physical or built environment accessible. The OAF divides the required steps into two categories: creation and use. </p><p>The "creation" steps describe the precursors and building blocks required for technology developers to create accessible applications and products. They are as follows: </p> <ol><li>Define what "accessible" means for the identified use of the platform. It must be clear what is meant by "accessible" as this will differ according to the <a href="/wiki/Modality_(human-computer_interaction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (human-computer interaction)">modality</a> and capabilities of each platform. Accessibility features may include <a href="/wiki/Tabbing_navigation" title="Tabbing navigation">tabbing navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theme_(computing)" title="Theme (computing)">theming</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader#Accessibility_APIs" title="Screen reader">accessibility API</a>.</li> <li>Provide accessible stock <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_graphical_user_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Elements of graphical user interfaces">user interface elements</a>. Pre-built "stock" user interface elements, used by application developers and authoring tools, must be implemented to make use of the accessibility features of a platform.</li> <li>Provide authoring tools that support accessibility. Application developers and content authors should be encouraged to implement tools that will improve the accessibility features of a platform. Using these tools can support accessible stock user interface elements, prompt for information required to properly implement an accessibility API, and identify accessibility evaluation and repair tools.</li></ol> <p>The "use" steps describe what is necessary for the computing environment in which these accessible applications will run. They are as follows: </p> <ol><li>Provide platform supports. Computing platforms must properly implement the accessibility features that are specified in their accessibility definition. For example, the accessibility API definitions must be implemented correctly in the program code.</li> <li>Provide accessible <a href="/wiki/Computer_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer applications">application software</a>. Accessible applications must be available for the platform and they must support the accessibility features of the platform. This may be achieved by simply engaging the accessible stock elements and authoring tools that support accessibility.</li> <li>Provide <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistive technologies">assistive technologies</a>. Assistive technologies (e.g. screen readers, screen magnifiers, voice input, adapted keyboards) must actually be available for the platform so that the users can effectively interface with the technology.</li></ol> <p>The following examples show that the OAF can be applied to different types of platforms: desktop operating systems, web applications<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mobile platform. A more complete list can be found in the Open Source Accessibility Repository by the Open Accessibility Everywhere Group (OAEG). </p> <ol><li>Accessibility APIs include the <a href="/wiki/Assistive_Technology_Service_Provider_Interface" title="Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface">Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface</a> and <a href="/wiki/UI_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="UI Automation">UI Automation</a> on the desktop, <a href="/wiki/WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">WAI-ARIA</a> in web applications, and the Blackberry Accessibility API<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Blackberry operating system.</li> <li>Other APIs are keyboard access and theming in widget libraries like <a href="/wiki/Java_Swing" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Swing">Java Swing</a> for desktop applications, the <a href="/wiki/JQuery_UI" title="JQuery UI">jQuery UI</a> and Fluid Infusion<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Web applications, and the <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_User_Interface_Toolkit" title="Lightweight User Interface Toolkit">Lightweight User Interface Toolkit</a> (LWUIT) for mobile applications.</li> <li>Support for accessible development can be effective by using <a href="/wiki/Glade_Interface_Designer" title="Glade Interface Designer">Glade</a> (for the GTK+ toolkit),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the DIAS plugin for NetBeans IDE,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a> IDE for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accessibility inspection tools like Accerciser (for <a href="/wiki/Assistive_Technology_Service_Provider_Interface" title="Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and support for accessible authoring with the AccessODF plugin for <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice" title="Apache OpenOffice">Apache OpenOffice</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also fit into this step.</li> <li>Support for UI Automation on Microsoft Windows,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support for ATK and AT-SPI in Linux GNOME,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WAI-ARIA support in Firefox,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the MIDP LWUIT mobile runtime<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or the MIDP LCDUI mobile runtime) that is available on mobile phones with Java are examples of APIs.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/DAISY_Digital_Talking_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="DAISY Digital Talking Book">DAISY</a> player AMIS on the Microsoft Windows desktop<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the AEGIS Contact Manager for phones with Java ME<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are designed for accessibility.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Shell" title="GNOME Shell">GNOME Shell</a> Magnifier and <a href="/wiki/Orca_(assistive_technology)" title="Orca (assistive technology)">Orca</a> on the GNOME desktop, GNOME's <a href="/wiki/Accessibility_Toolkit" title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</a> (Accessibility Toolkit), the web-based screen reader <a href="/wiki/WebAnywhere" title="WebAnywhere">WebAnywhere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the alternative text-entry system <a href="/wiki/Dasher_(software)" title="Dasher (software)">Dasher</a> for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, iOS and Android<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are examples of assistive technologies.</li></ol> <p>The goal of the listed tools is to embed accessibility into various mainstream technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Positive_effects_of_computer_accessibility">Positive effects of computer accessibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Positive effects of computer accessibility" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_in_school">Effects in school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects in school" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Computer accessibility plays a large role in the classroom. Accessible technology can enable <a href="/wiki/Personalized_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalized learning">personalized learning</a> for all students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impacts_in_the_classroom">Impacts in the classroom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impacts in the classroom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>When accessible technology allows personalized learning, there are positive impacts on students. Personalized learning switches the focus from what is being taught to what is being learned. This allows the students to need to become an integral part of the learning process. Accessibility in the classroom allows millions of students of all backgrounds to have equal educational opportunities and keep up with their non-disabled peers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When PCs are personalized for students in the classroom, students are more comfortable in the classroom, special needs students are better assisted and teachers can save time and effort.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While PCs can provide a large amount of support in the classroom, iPads and apps can play a large role as well. Apps are constantly being developed to aid teachers, parents, and children. Educators have noted that the ease and portability of tablets make them a preferred choice that offers usage in a variety of environments. The advantages include interactivity, Internet access and text messaging. Educators have noticed improvements in motor skills, reading skills, and interaction with others in students.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impacts_outside_the_classroom">Impacts outside the classroom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Impacts outside the classroom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Parents and teachers can notice the long-term effects that accessibility has on students with disabilities. This can include enhanced social skills, better relationships with family and friends, increased understanding of the world around them, and an exhibition of self-reliance and confidence. Changes can be seen in not only children but adults as well. Social media can help parents to learn, share knowledge, and receive moral support.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_in_the_workplace">Effects in the workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Effects in the workplace" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Computer accessibility plays a large role in the workplace. In the past few years, adults have had their disabilities accommodated by the ability to work from home and by the availability of reliable software. This allows workers to work in a comfortable area while still being able to support themselves. This is allowing thousands of people with disabilities to create and earn jobs for themselves. The inexpensiveness and reliability of computers has facilitated the process.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Standards_and_regulations_regarding_computer_accessibility">Standards and regulations regarding computer accessibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Standards and regulations regarding computer accessibility" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Section_508_of_the_Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973">Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Section_508_Amendment_to_the_Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Section 508</a> requires US Federal agencies make their electronic and information technology (EIT) accessible to all disabled employees and members of the public. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Access_Board" title="United States Access Board">US Access Board</a> develops and maintains the <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and Communication Technology (ICT)</a> accessibility standards.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Access Board issued a final rule that went into effect on January 18, 2018, updating accessibility requirements under Section 508. This final rule requires that all electronic content generated by US Federal agencies must conform to Level A and Level AA success criteria in <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">WCAG</a> 2.0, with four exceptions for non-Web documents: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks, 2.4.5 Multiple Ways, 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation, and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Standards">International Standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International Standards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dt>ISO 9241-171:2008</dt></dl> <p>ISO 9241-171:2008 is a standard that provides <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">ergonomics</a> guidance and specifications for the design of accessible software for public use. </p><p>Compiled from independent standards experts, this document is the most comprehensive and technical standard for designing accessible features for software, covering all disabilities and all aspects of software. It provides examples of two priority levels ('Required' and 'Recommended') and offers a handy checklist designed to help with recording software testing results. </p><p>Because of its complexity and technical nature, and with upwards of 150 individual statements, ISO 9241-172 is difficult to interpret and apply. Luckily, not every statement is relevant to every situation, so it may be advisable to identify a subset of statements that are tailored to the particular software environment, making the use of this document much more achievable.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_accessibility" title="Game accessibility">Game accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Accessibility_Awareness_Day" title="Global Accessibility Awareness Day">Global Accessibility Awareness Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowbility" title="Knowbility">Knowbility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modding" title="Modding">Modding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_accessibility&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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