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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition&params=33_23_55_N_91_2_54_W_region:US-MS"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°23′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°2′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.39861°N 91.04833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.39861; -91.04833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Civil War operation in Mississippi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Bayou_expedition" title="Steele's Bayou expedition">Steele's Bayou expedition</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Steele's Greenville expedition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Steele_(cropped,_retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bearded man in a 19th-century United States military uniform facing the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frederick_Steele_%28cropped%2C_retouched%29.jpg/260px-Frederick_Steele_%28cropped%2C_retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frederick_Steele_%28cropped%2C_retouched%29.jpg/390px-Frederick_Steele_%28cropped%2C_retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frederick_Steele_%28cropped%2C_retouched%29.jpg/520px-Frederick_Steele_%28cropped%2C_retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span><br />Major General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a>, who commanded the expedition</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>April 2, 1863<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1863-04-2</span>)</span> – April 25, 1863<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1863-04-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville, Mississippi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deer_Creek_(Mississippi)" title="Deer Creek (Mississippi)">Deer Creek</a> area</div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition&params=33_23_55_N_91_2_54_W_region:US-MS"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°23′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°2′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.39861°N 91.04833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.39861; -91.04833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Ferguson" title="Samuel W. Ferguson">Samuel W. Ferguson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dill_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Dill Lee">Stephen Dill Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5,600</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4,300</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou" title="Battle of Chickasaw Bayou">Chickasaw Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1863)" title="Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)">Arkansas Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Pass_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazoo Pass Expedition">Yazoo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Bayou_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Steele's Bayou Expedition">Steele's Bayou expedition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steele's Greenville expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid" title="Grierson's Raid">Grierson's Raid</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newton%27s_Station" title="Battle of Newton's Station">Battle of Newton's Station</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Gulf" title="Battle of Grand Gulf">Grand Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Snyder%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Snyder's Bluff">Snyder's Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Gibson" title="Battle of Port Gibson">Port Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raymond" title="Battle of Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson" title="Battle of Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champion_Hill" title="Battle of Champion Hill">Champion Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Black_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Big Black River Bridge">Big Black River Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milliken%27s_Bend" title="Battle of Milliken's Bend">Milliken's Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Providence" title="Battle of Lake Providence">Lake Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Richmond,_Louisiana" title="Battle of Richmond, Louisiana">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goodrich%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Goodrich's Landing">Goodrich's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helena" title="Battle of Helena">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_expedition" title="Jackson expedition">Jackson expedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p><b>Steele's Greenville expedition</b> took place from April 2 to 25, 1863, during the <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville, Mississippi</a>, and operated in the surrounding area, to divert <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> attention from a more important movement made in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> by Major General <a href="/wiki/John_A._McClernand" title="John A. McClernand">John A. McClernand</a>'s corps. Minor skirmishing between the two sides occurred, particularly in the early stages of the expedition. Over 1,000 slaves were freed during the operation, and large quantities of supplies and animals were destroyed or removed from the area. Along with other operations, including <a href="/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid" title="Grierson's Raid">Grierson's Raid</a>, Steele's Greenville expedition distracted Confederate attention from McClernand's movement. Some historians have suggested that the Greenville expedition represented the Union war policy's shifting more towards expanding the war to Confederate social and economic structures and the Confederate homefront. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a></div> <p>During early 1863, when the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> was ongoing, <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> were undertaking the <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a>-held city of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200390–91_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200390–91-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After having repeatedly failed to maneuver out of the surrounding swamps and onto high ground near Vicksburg, Grant decided between three options: an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious crossing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and attack of the Confederate riverfront defenses; pulling back to <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, and then making an overland drive south to Vicksburg; and moving south of Vicksburg and then crossing the Mississippi River to operate against the city. The first option risked heavy casualties and the second could be misconstrued as a retreat by the civilian population and political authorities, so Grant chose the third option.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss199119–21_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss199119–21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late March, Grant ordered the <a href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIII Corps (Union Army)">XIII Corps</a>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/John_A._McClernand" title="John A. McClernand">John A. McClernand</a>, to move down the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (west) side of the Mississippi River and then prepare to cross the river at a point south of Vicksburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200390–91_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200390–91-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of an attempt to distract the Confederate forces at Vicksburg, who were commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (CSA)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Pemberton" title="John C. Pemberton">John C. Pemberton</a>, from McClernand's movement, Grant sent the division of Major General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville, Mississippi</a>, roughly 70 miles (110 km) upriver from Vicksburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200391–92_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200391–92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steele's instructions were to land in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>, advance to Greenville, and then operate in the <a href="/wiki/Deer_Creek_(Mississippi)" title="Deer Creek (Mississippi)">Deer Creek</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major General <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>, the commander of <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XV Corps (Union Army)">XV Corps</a> and Steele's superior officer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelcher1993283_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelcher1993283-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hoped that Steele might reach to where Deer Creek met Rolling Fork, which was the furthest Union penetration in the <a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Bayou_expedition" title="Steele's Bayou expedition">Steele's Bayou expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023290_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023290-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once there, the Union soldiers were to burn any baled cotton marked with "CSA" (for Confederate States of America), clear out any Confederate forces in the area, and burn abandoned plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steele was also instructed to warn civilians in the region that retaliation would be made for attacks on Union transports on the Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2012292–293_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012292–293-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 5,600 soldiers of Steele's division were part of the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991127_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991127-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Ferguson" title="Samuel W. Ferguson">Samuel W. Ferguson</a> commanded the Confederate forces in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019334_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019334-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition">Expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Washington_County,_Mississippi_LOC_2012593697_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Greenville/Deer Creek area. Greenville is in the upper left corner of the map, on a bend of the Mississippi River. Black Bayou runs generally north-south down the center of the map, east of Greenville. Fish Lake is a wider portion of Black Bayou on an east-west portion of the bayou almost directly due east of Greenville. East of Black Bayou and to the right side of the map, Deer Creek runs roughly north-south. The French plantation is along Deer Creek at the very top of the map; the Thomas and Willis plantations are along Deer Creek at the south of the map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Map_of_Washington_County%2C_Mississippi_LOC_2012593697_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-Map_of_Washington_County%2C_Mississippi_LOC_2012593697_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="606" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Map_of_Washington_County%2C_Mississippi_LOC_2012593697_%28cropped%29.jpg/525px-Map_of_Washington_County%2C_Mississippi_LOC_2012593697_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Map_of_Washington_County%2C_Mississippi_LOC_2012593697_%28cropped%29.jpg/700px-Map_of_Washington_County%2C_Mississippi_LOC_2012593697_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4730" data-file-height="8196" /></a><figcaption>An 1871 map of the Greenville area, showing Fish Lake/Black Bayou and Deer Creek down to the Thomas and Willis properties</figcaption></figure> <p>Steele's troops left the Young's Point area<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> late on April 2, heading upriver via steamboats. The soldiers in the ranks did not know their destination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991108_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991108-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next morning, the boats reached Smith's Landing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was 20 miles (32 km) south of Greenville. Flooding rendered the terrain impassable in this area except on the levees,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabau200063_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabau200063-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Union soldiers learned that a large stash of cotton known to be in the area had already been burned. On either April 4<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or April 5, the expedition reached Washington's Landing. While much of Steele's force remained in the Washington's Landing area, detachments patrolled inward, away from the Mississippi, learning that the path leading to Deer Creek was flooded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the soldiers returned to the transports, they made for Greenville that evening, and the Union troops disembarked the next morning at a point about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the town. Two regiments and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tinclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinclad">tinclad</a> steamer <a href="/wiki/USS_Prairie_Bird" title="USS Prairie Bird">USS <i>Prairie Bird</i></a> were left at the landing point to guard it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109–110_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109–110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steele's <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_(military)" title="Pioneer (military)">pioneer</a> force rebuilt a bridge near the plantation of Confederate officer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_G._French" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel G. French">Samuel G. French</a>, and continued inland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union commander learned of the presence of Ferguson's Confederate soldiers on April 6. The Union officers pushed their troops hard, hoping to overtake and capture the Confederate force. Ferguson had known of the Union presence since not long after their landing, and he sent a messenger to Major General <a href="/wiki/Carter_L._Stevenson" title="Carter L. Stevenson">Carter L. Stevenson</a> at Vicksburg, asking for instructions. Stevenson dispatched a brigade under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dill_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Dill Lee">Stephen Dill Lee</a> to the area, with orders to secure Rolling Fork and then move up the <a href="/wiki/Bogue_Phalia" title="Bogue Phalia">Bogue Phalia</a> stream and strike Steele's forces in the rear. Ferguson, in turn, withdrew his troops to the Thomas plantation, which was about 20 miles (32 km) north of Rolling Fork.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110–111_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110–111-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More reinforcements were positioned at Snyder's Bluff and along the <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_River" title="Sunflower River">Sunflower River</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Cottonclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottonclad">cottonclad</a> gunboats were shifted southwards in response to the threat. Ferguson also sent a task force to a bend on the Mississippi River with instructions to cut a levee near Black Bayou, with the intent of flooding the terrain in the area, particularly where a road in Steele's rear crossed a swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023291_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023291-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the commands of Ferguson and Lee, the Confederates had about 4,300 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991128_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991128-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferguson prepared a delaying action. When, on the afternoon of April 7, Steele's column approached the Thomas plantation, Ferguson had <a href="/wiki/Bledsoe%27s_Missouri_Battery" title="Bledsoe's Missouri Battery">Bledsoe's Missouri Battery</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sengstak%27s_Alabama_Battery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sengstak's Alabama Battery (page does not exist)">Sengstak's Alabama Battery</a> open fire on them;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991111–112_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991111–112-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferguson's force was deployed in front of a <a href="/wiki/Canebrake" title="Canebrake">canebrake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023291_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023291-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union forces had operated in this area before, during an expedition in February commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Burbridge" title="Stephen G. Burbridge">Stephen G. Burbridge</a>, which had been intended to drive out Confederate troops that were harassing Union shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023166–167,_291_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023166–167,_291-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steele, in turn, deployed artillery and prepared to make an attack, but Ferguson withdrew,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209–210_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209–210-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6 miles (9.7 km) south to the Willis plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991112_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the pursuit, Union troops stumbled across the body of a <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynched</a> African-American who, believing Ferguson's troops were Union forces, had requested a gun with which to kill his master and supposedly had expressed an intent to rape white women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steele halted the pursuit on the morning on April 8, and his troops confiscated and destroyed goods found on the plantations in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023292_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023292-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scouting force sent by Steele detected the presence of Lee's force,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Union general ordered a withdrawal, not wanting to fight both Confederate forces too far from Greenville. During the march back, the Union troops destroyed supplies and took horses, mules, and livestock from the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederates pursued, and the Union troops skirmished with them on April 8, continuing on to the French plantation on the 9th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114–115_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114–115-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on April 9, Pemberton learned from Stevenson that Union troops had landed at Greenville and that Lee had been sent to counter them; Pemberton ordered the transfer of 1,500 soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pemberton_(Mississippi)" title="Fort Pemberton (Mississippi)">Fort Pemberton</a> to Rolling Fork to reinforce Lee and Ferguson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabau200071_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabau200071-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridge the Union troops had built there collapsed on April 10 while a herd of cattle crossed it, leading to a delay that allowed Confederate troops to catch up to the Union column.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023293_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023293-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union artillery fire held the Confederate troops at bay; after the Union forces crossed the bridge, they destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991116_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991116-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of the expedition, Steele's troops had moved 43 miles (69 km) down Deer Creek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023293_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023293-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the manoeuvres, many slaves flocked to the Union lines and followed the troops to gain their freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steele did not want this,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encouraged them to remain on their plantations; when the campaign began, he had been ordered to discourage slaves from fleeing to Union lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsure of what to do with the large number of followers, Steele sent a message to Sherman; when Sherman did not respond, Steele contacted Grant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant advised Steele to encourage any slaves to come to Union lines, and suggested that he should form any former male slaves who volunteered for military service into regiments of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a>, much as Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a> had begun doing. About 500 African-Americans volunteered for service, placed in new regiments to be led by white officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335–336_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335–336-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>April 13 saw Union troops make another sweep of the Greenville area. Ferguson had withdrawn his troops, but had left behind large quantities of supplies and cattle, which the Union soldiers found and brought back to camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991121_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991121-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Lee's command withdrew from the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991120_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991120-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 20, Steele sent the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Missouri_Infantry_Regiment_(Union)" title="3rd Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union)">3rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/31st_Missouri_Infantry_Regiment" title="31st Missouri Infantry Regiment">31st Missouri Infantry Regiments</a> to the Williams Bayou area; they returned on April 22 with large quantities of mules, corn, and livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991125_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991125-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union troops were ordered to avoid disturbing local families who were peaceful and remained at home, but these orders were often ignored. Many of the plantations in the area were burned,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019336_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019336-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hard feelings against the Union forces grew among the local populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004211_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004211-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the expedition, Union forces confiscated more than a thousand animals and destroyed 500,000 US bushels (18,000,000 L) of grain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist Franc Wilkie accompanied the expedition and estimated the damages as at least $3 million (equivalent to $60,313,000 in 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2012298–299_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012298–299-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naval historian Myron J. Smith and the historians William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel say that around a thousand slaves were freed;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2012299_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012299-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the historian Timothy B. Smith cites estimates that up to two or three thousand slaves followed Steele's column back to Greenville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023294_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023294-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 22, Grant instructed Steele to return from the Greenville area, but a shortage of transports prevented the Union soldiers from setting off until late on April 24. The next morning, Steele's forces returned to Young's Point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991125_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991125-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of operations related to the Vicksburg campaign. Union forces moved north-south along a route west of the Mississippi River. The Union forces then crossed the Mississippi River, and fought Confederates at Port Gibson in the lower left of the map. The Confederates withdrew north from Port Gibson and Grand Gulf, which is also in the lower left of the map. Union forces moved northeast towards the center-right of the map, with battles fought at Raymond (somewhat right of the center of the map) and then Jackson (near the right edge of the map). Union forces then turned westwards, fighting at Champion Hill (slightly northwest of Raymond) and then at Big Black River Bridge (near the center of the map). The Union forces then laid siege to Vicksburg, on the Mississippi River to the west of Big Black River Bridge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf/page1-220px-Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf/page1-330px-Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf/page1-440px-Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the movement through Louisiana, and Grant's operations leading up to the Siege of Vicksburg</figcaption></figure> <p>In the words of <a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilson" title="James H. Wilson">James H. Wilson</a>, Steele's Greenville expedition made the Union army an implement of "agricultural disorganization and distress as well as of emancipation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335–336_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335–336-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Sherman and Steele believed that Union troops had gone too far in behavior that affected civilians, rather than just Confederate military targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019336_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019336-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shea and Winschel see the expedition as demonstrating a shift in the Union's war policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an earlier communication, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> (who had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">General-in-Chief</a> of the Union Army in July 1862) had written to Grant that he believed that there would be "no peace but that which is forced by the sword". Grant accepted the policy of carrying the war to the social and economic structures of the Confederacy. In the future, in the words of Shea and Winschel, the Union army brought "the war home to [Confederate] civilians by enforcing emancipation and seizing or destroying all items of possible military value".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200333,_92_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200333,_92-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides ravaging an area important to the Confederate forces at Vicksburg of supplies, the Greenville expedition also drew Confederate attention away from McClernand's more important operations in Louisiana,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991126_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991126-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other operations such as <a href="/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid" title="Grierson's Raid">Grierson's Raid</a> also played a role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200393_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200393-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late April, Union forces crossed the Mississippi River south of Vicksburg and then moved inland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998158,_160_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998158,_160-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union troops defeated a Confederate force in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Gibson" title="Battle of Port Gibson">Battle of Port Gibson</a> on May 1, and on May 12 won another victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raymond" title="Battle of Raymond">Battle of Raymond</a>. After the action at Raymond, Grant decided to strike a Confederate force forming at <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, and then turn west towards Vicksburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998164–167_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998164–167-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant's troops won <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson,_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jackson, Mississippi">a small battle at Jackson</a> on May 14, and then defeated Pemberton's army in the climactic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champion_Hill" title="Battle of Champion Hill">Battle of Champion Hill</a> on May 16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998167–170_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998167–170-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After another Confederate defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Black_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Big Black River Bridge">Battle of Big Black River Bridge</a> on May 17, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Siege of Vicksburg</a> began on May 18. When the city surrendered on July 4, it was a major defeat for the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998170–173_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998170–173-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young's Point was a Union supply base of operations 8 miles (13 km) west from Vicksburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabau200016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabau200016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historian <a href="/wiki/Ed_Bearss" title="Ed Bearss">Ed Bearss</a> states that the bridge was over Fish Lake,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the historian Timothy B. Smith states that the bridge was over Black Bayou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023290_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023290-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200390–91-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200390–91_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200390–91_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWinschel2003">Shea & Winschel 2003</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss199119–21-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss199119–21_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200391–92-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200391–92_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWinschel2003">Shea & Winschel 2003</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallard2004">Ballard 2004</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelcher1993283-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelcher1993283_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelcher1993">Welcher 1993</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023290-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023290_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023290_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012292–293-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2012292–293_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2012">Smith 2012</a>, pp. 292–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991127-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991127_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019334-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019334_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2019">Miller 2019</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabau200016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabau200016_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabau2000">Grabau 2000</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991108-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991108_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabau200063-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabau200063_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabau2000">Grabau 2000</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109–110-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991109–110_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110–111-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991110–111_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023291-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023291_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023291_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991128-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991128_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991111–112-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991111–112_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023166–167,_291-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023166–167,_291_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, pp. 166–167, 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209–210-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004209–210_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallard2004">Ballard 2004</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991112-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991112_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004210_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallard2004">Ballard 2004</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023292-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023292_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114–115-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991114–115_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabau200071-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabau200071_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabau2000">Grabau 2000</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023293-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023293_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023293_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991116-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991116_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2019">Miller 2019</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335–336-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335–336_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019335–336_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2019">Miller 2019</a>, pp. 335–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991121-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991121_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991120-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991120_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991125-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991125_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991125_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019336-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019336_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2019336_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2019">Miller 2019</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard2004211-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallard2004211_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallard2004">Ballard 2004</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200392_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWinschel2003">Shea & Winschel 2003</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012298–299-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2012298–299_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2012">Smith 2012</a>, pp. 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012299-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2012299_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2012">Smith 2012</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023294-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023294_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200333,_92-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200333,_92_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWinschel2003">Shea & Winschel 2003</a>, pp. 33, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1991126-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1991126_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss1991">Bearss 1991</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200393-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200393_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWinschel2003">Shea & Winschel 2003</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998158,_160-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998158,_160_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1998">Kennedy 1998</a>, pp. 158, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998164–167-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998164–167_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1998">Kennedy 1998</a>, pp. 164–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998167–170-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998167–170_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1998">Kennedy 1998</a>, pp. 167–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998170–173-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998170–173_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1998">Kennedy 1998</a>, pp. 170–173.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBallard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, Michael B. (2004). <i>Vicksburg: The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi</i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2893-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2893-9"><bdi>0-8078-2893-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vicksburg%3A+The+Campaign+that+Opened+the+Mississippi&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8078-2893-9&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBearss1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bearss" title="Ed Bearss">Bearss, Edwin C.</a> (1991) [1986]. <i>The Campaign for Vicksburg</i>. Vol. II: Grant Strikes a Fatal Blow. Dayton, Ohio: Morningside Bookshop. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89029-313-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89029-313-9"><bdi>0-89029-313-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaign+for+Vicksburg&rft.place=Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Morningside+Bookshop&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-89029-313-9&rft.aulast=Bearss&rft.aufirst=Edwin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabau2000" class="citation book cs1">Grabau, Warren (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ninetyeightdaysg0000grab/page/456/mode/2up"><i>Ninety-eight Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Campaign</i></a>. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-068-9"><bdi>978-1-57233-068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninety-eight+Days%3A+A+Geographer%27s+View+of+the+Vicksburg+Campaign&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57233-068-9&rft.aulast=Grabau&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fninetyeightdaysg0000grab%2Fpage%2F456%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1998" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Kennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide/mode/2up"><i>The Civil War Battlefield Guide</i></a> (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5"><bdi>978-0-395-74012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&rft.place=Boston%2FNew+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-395-74012-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Miller" title="Donald L. Miller">Miller, Donald L.</a> (2019). <i>Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign that Broke the Confederacy</i>. New York City: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4139-4"><bdi>978-1-4516-4139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vicksburg%3A+Grant%27s+Campaign+that+Broke+the+Confederacy&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4139-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheaWinschel2003" class="citation book cs1">Shea, William L.; Winschel, Terrence J. (2003). <i>Vicksburg Is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River</i>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9344-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-9344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vicksburg+Is+the+Key%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Mississippi+River&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9344-1&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Winschel%2C+Terrence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Myron J. (2012). <i>The Fight for the Yazoo, August 1862–July 1864: Swamps, Forts and Fleets on Vicksburg's Northern Flank</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6281-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6281-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-6281-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+the+Yazoo%2C+August+1862%E2%80%93July+1864%3A+Swamps%2C+Forts+and+Fleets+on+Vicksburg%27s+Northern+Flank&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6281-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Myron+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2023" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Timothy B. (2023). <i>Bayou Battles for Vicksburg: The Swamp and River Expeditions, January 1–April 30, 1863</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3566-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3566-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-3566-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayou+Battles+for+Vicksburg%3A+The+Swamp+and+River+Expeditions%2C+January+1%E2%80%93April+30%2C+1863&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-3566-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Timothy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelcher1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Welcher, Frank J. (1993). <i>The Union Army 1861–1865: Organization and Operations</i>. Vol. II: The Western Theater. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-36454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-36454-X"><bdi>0-253-36454-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Union+Army+1861%E2%80%931865%3A+Organization+and+Operations&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-253-36454-X&rft.aulast=Welcher&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteele%27s+Greenville+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War2995" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mississippi_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template:Mississippi in the Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mississippi_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Mississippi in the Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi_in_the_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi in the Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War2995" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_Civil_War_Confederate_units" title="List of Mississippi Civil War Confederate units">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Troops" title="Mississippi State Troops">State Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_Union_Civil_War_units" title="List of Mississippi Union Civil War units">Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Pass_expedition" title="Yazoo Pass expedition">Yazoo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Bayou_expedition" title="Steele's Bayou expedition">Bayou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid" title="Grierson's Raid">Grierson's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_expedition" title="Jackson expedition">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_campaign" title="Meridian campaign">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_City_expedition" title="Yazoo City expedition">Yazoo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Expedition_to_Tupelo" title="Smith's Expedition to Tupelo">Tupelo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1862</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">First Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Booneville" title="Battle of Booneville">Booneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iuka" title="Battle of Iuka">Iuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Corinth" title="Second Battle of Corinth">Second Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou" title="Battle of Chickasaw Bayou">Chickasaw Bayou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newton%27s_Station" title="Battle of Newton's Station">Newton's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Gulf" title="Battle of Grand Gulf">Grand Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Snyder%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Snyder's Bluff">Snyder's Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Gibson" title="Battle of Port Gibson">Port Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raymond" title="Battle of Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson" title="Battle of Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champion_Hill" title="Battle of Champion Hill">Champion Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Black_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Big Black River Bridge">Big Black River Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Aberdeen,_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish at Aberdeen, Mississippi">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okolona" title="Battle of Okolona">Okolona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yazoo_City" title="Battle of Yazoo City">Yazoo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brice%27s_Cross_Roads" title="Battle of Brice's Cross Roads">Brice's Cross Roads</a></li> <li>Oxford</li> <li>Seminary</li> <li>Senatobia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tupelo" title="Battle of Tupelo">Tupelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Egypt_Station" title="Battle of Egypt Station">Egypt Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Reconstruction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Military_District" title="Fourth Military District">Fourth Military District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials_in_Mississippi" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Mississippi">List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauvoir_(Biloxi,_Mississippi)" title="Beauvoir (Biloxi, Mississippi)">Beauvoir Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Confederate_Soldier" title="Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier">Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Mississippi in the American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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