Electronics

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<li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205081452/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--topic nist-section-header--hero"> <div class="nist-section-header__hero-img"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2021/02/18/Electronics_1200x248.png" width="1200" height="248" alt="Red glowing "stick" on black background" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Electronics</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-description padding-top-4 margin-top-1"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Overview</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-bottom-4"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>In the realm of electrons and light, NIST provides the standards, develops the instruments and performs the calibrations necessary to keep both the smallest electronic components and the largest power grids running smoothly and safely.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Featured Content</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/el/smart-grid">Smart Grid program</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/measuring-cosmos">Measuring the Cosmos</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-base-lightest padding-y-5 margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-list grid-container"> <div class="views-element-container nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-7d94a8bb69b9254b21bcbf6b5707bd5aec1dfea1f2bc171c806201a217a4a4d5"> <div class="nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Electronics Topics</h2> </div> <ul class="add-list-reset link-list"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/electromagnetics" hreflang="en">Electromagnetics</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/flexible-electronics" hreflang="en">Flexible electronics</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/magnetoelectronics" hreflang="en">Magnetoelectronics</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/optoelectronics" hreflang="en">Optoelectronics</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/organic-electronics" hreflang="en">Organic electronics</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/semiconductors" hreflang="en">Semiconductors</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/sensors" hreflang="en">Sensors</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/superconducting-electronics" hreflang="en">Superconducting electronics</a></div></div></li> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--main"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="grid-container margin-y-5"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-research paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>The Research</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Projects & Programs</h2> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/chemical-functionalization-and-manipulation-nano-materials" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/chemical-functionalization-and-manipulation-nano-materials" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/01/14/hacker_1.png?itok=r6w_hlkq" width="100" height="56" alt="Schematic of interface engineering 2D materials." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/chemical-functionalization-and-manipulation-nano-materials"><span>Chemical Functionalization and Manipulation of Nano Materials</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> This project focuses on understanding the potential for nanoscale engineered materials to advance state-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques and foster the </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/electric-power-metrology-and-smart-grid" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/electric-power-metrology-and-smart-grid" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2017/11/13/goldstein_synchrophasor_calibrator.png?itok=C6EohWO0" width="100" height="80" alt="Allen Goldstein" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/electric-power-metrology-and-smart-grid"><span>Electric Power Metrology and the Smart Grid</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Our country's way of life depends on the electric power distribution system. Keeping the national electric grid in good working order -- and ensuring power is </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/07/10/wafer_1.jpg?itok=mQCzwqT2" width="100" height="74" alt="wafer" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information"><span>Single Photonics and Quantum Information</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The smallest unit of light is a "photon". Generation, manipulation and measurement of light at or near the fundamental limit of a photon can enhance the </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/three-dimensional-nanometer-metrology" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/three-dimensional-nanometer-metrology" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2017/05/30/vladar_2.png?itok=ediq-UDQ" width="100" height="62" alt="The excellent agreement of measured and simulated TSOM images allow for more reliable quantitative results" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/three-dimensional-nanometer-metrology"><span>Three-Dimensional Nanometer Metrology</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> We use physics theories to understand and simulate the interaction of electrons, light, and mechanical probes with nanometer-scale structures, devices and </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/topic/248486">View All Projects/Programs</a></div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Additional Resources Links</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link nist-field--link-list font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?k=&d%5Bmin%5D=&d%5Bmax%5D=&t=&a=&s=All&ta%5B0%5D=248486&ta%5B1%5D=248486&n=">Publications</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-featured paragraph--view-mode--default nist-content-row--width-full bg-base-lightest margin-y-5"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full nist-card--base-lightest"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/measuring-cosmos"> <div class="entity-reference"> <figure class="nist-image"> <img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2021/10/14/AdvACT_MF_array_edge%20%281%29.jpg?itok=4Oxnnvzj" width="800" height="400" alt="Closeup of metallic plate shows circular sensors. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"> <div data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-image__caption-content"> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3> Measuring the Cosmos </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div class="text-long"><p>Scientists around the world use state-of-the-art telescopes to understand our universe. </p> <p>Take a look under the hood and see the NIST technology that helps answer many cosmic questions.</p></div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/measuring-cosmos" class="usa-button ">Learn more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <div class="entity-reference"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/paving-way-electronic-organs-chip"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2020/10/28/organ%20on%20a%20chip.jpg?itok=AqrNVnjy" width="600" height="360" alt="the D squared M squared CM device in action. Red and green cells filter through membranes to meet in the middle of an X pattern." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3><span>Paving the Way for Electronic Organs-on-a-Chip</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">It may sound like science fiction, but “organ on a chip” systems — devices capable of imitating the interaction of cells in a specific organ such as the lungs or liver — have begun to be used to test the effectiveness of drugs in the past few years. We use these systems to quantify the physical properties of cells, which provide information regarding the cells’ health before and after treatment</div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/paving-way-electronic-organs-chip" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-news-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-364221494a3683b4d28e076337e5dd60654886b6169a8fb84e6ae4a913d426f7"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/new-dna-biosensor-could-unlock-powerful-low-cost-clinical-diagnostics"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2023/01/24/DNA-biosensor-draft.png?itok=ZpO2QDAF" width="800" height="400" alt="A graphical representation of a DNA biosensor device for clinical diagnostics that is the size and shape of a smartphone." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">New DNA Biosensor Could Unlock Powerful, Low-Cost Clinical Diagnostics</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/new-dna-biosensor-could-unlock-powerful-low-cost-clinical-diagnostics" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/chip-circuit-light-could-be-applied-quantum-computations"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230205081452im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2023/01/03/photonic-circuits.png?itok=hJaHgP7y" width="800" height="400" alt="photonic circuits illustration" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Chip Circuit for Light Could Be Applied to Quantum Computations</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230205081452/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/chip-circuit-light-could-be-applied-quantum-computations" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a 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