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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Навігацыя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Адкрыць Галоўную старонку [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Галоўная старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Пра праект, чым можна заняцца, дзе што шукаць"><span>Супольнасць</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChanges" title="Пералік нядаўніх змяненняў у віксе. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія змены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:NewPages"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-Village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Random" title="Паказаць выпадковую старонку [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Выпадковая старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дзе можна атрымаць тлумачэнні."><span>Даведка</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Паведаміць пра памылку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпедыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be.svg" style="width: 7.625em; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Назва" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Назва"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Назва</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Назва-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гісторыя" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гісторыя"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Гісторыя</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Гісторыя-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Гісторыя</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Гісторыя-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Старажытны_свет" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Старажытны_свет"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Старажытны свет</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Старажытны_свет-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Сярэднявечча" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Сярэднявечча"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Сярэднявечча</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Сярэднявечча-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Новы_час" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Новы_час"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Новы час</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Новы_час-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дыяспары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дыяспары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Дыяспары</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дыяспары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Зноскі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Зноскі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Зноскі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Зноскі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гл._таксама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гл._таксама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Гл. таксама</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гл._таксама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спасылкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спасылкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Спасылкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спасылкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Яўрэі</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 150 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 моў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jode" title="Jode – афрыкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="афрыкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodigos" title="Chodigos – арагонская" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chodigos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebi_Ju" title="Ebi Ju – абола" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ebi Ju" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="абола" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%97%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܝܗܘܕܝܐ – арамейская" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܗܘܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_xud%C3%ADu" title="Pueblu xudíu – астурыйская" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu xudíu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ЖугьутӀал – аварская" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЖугьутӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="аварская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99hudil%C9%99r" title="Yəhudilər – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəhudilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="یهودیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یهودیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Йәһүдтәр – башкірская" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәһүдтәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judn" title="Judn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Judn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%ABd%C4%81" title="Žīdā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žīdā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Габрэі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Габрэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF" title="ইহুদি – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzevien" title="Yuzevien – брэтонская" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yuzevien" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="брэтонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevreji" title="Jevreji – баснійская" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="баснійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Еврей үндэһэтэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Еврей үндэһэтэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jueus" title="Jueus – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jueus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9-t%C3%A1i-n%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Iù-tái-nè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù-tái-nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Жуьгтий – чачэнская" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жуьгтий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чачэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudiyo" title="Hudiyo – себуана" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hudiyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88" title="جوو – цэнтральнакурдская" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="цэнтральнакурдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreu" title="Ebreu – карсіканская" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ebreu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="карсіканская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeudiler" title="Yeudiler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yeudiler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9" title="Židé – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Еврейсем – чувашская" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Еврейсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddewon" title="Iddewon – валійская" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iddewon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jøder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahuda" title="Yahuda – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yahuda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juden" title="Juden – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1hudi" title="Cıhudi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cıhudi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Εβραίοι – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εβραίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jews" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judoj" title="Judoj – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_jud%C3%ADo" title="Pueblo judío – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo judío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudid" title="Juudid – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juudid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judu" title="Judu – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یهودیان – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahuudinko%27en" title="Yahuudinko'en – фула" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yahuudinko'en" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="фула" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaiset" title="Juutalaiset – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dar" title="Jødar – фарэрская" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jødar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарэрская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juifs" title="Juifs – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juifs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaden" title="Joaden – заходняя фрызская" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joaden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="заходняя фрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1f%C4%B1tlar" title="Çıfıtlar – гагаузская" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çıfıtlar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="гагаузская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_xudeu" title="Pobo xudeu – галісійская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo xudeu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галісійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8A%D9%87%DB%8A%D8%AF" title="جۊهۊد – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جۊهۊد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudioku%C3%A9ra" title="Hudiokuéra – гуарані" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hudiokuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарані" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewnyn" title="Ewnyn – мэнская" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ewnyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudawa" title="Yahudawa – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yahudawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9-thai-ng%C3%ACn" title="Yù-thai-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yù-thai-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יהודים – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="यहूदी – хіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहूदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovi" title="Židovi – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Židovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwif" title="Jwif – гаіцянская крэольская" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jwif" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаіцянская крэольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsid%C3%B3k" title="Zsidók – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsidók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հրեաներ – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo" title="Judeo – інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Judeo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Judah" title="Orang Judah – ібан" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Orang Judah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ібан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi" title="Orang Yahudi – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew – ігба" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jew" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ігба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Жугтий – інгушская" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Жугтий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="інгушская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi" title="Judi – іда" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Judi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="іда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B0ingar" title="Gyðingar – ісландская" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gyðingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei" title="Ebrei – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E4%BA%BA" title="ユダヤ人 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – яванская" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ებრაელები – грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ებრაელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1yahuda" title="A̱yahuda – т’яп" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱yahuda" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="т’яп" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayuda" title="Bayuda – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bayuda" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Yahudi" title="Jolma Yahudi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Еврейлер – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еврейлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C" title="ជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វ – кхмерская" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ – канада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="канада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="유대인 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чууутлула – карачай-балкарская" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чууутлула" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="карачай-балкарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cih%C3%BB" title="Cihû – курдская" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cihû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%82%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Жөөттөр – кіргізская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жөөттөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кіргізская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaei" title="Iudaei – лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iudaei" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_djudio" title="Pueblo djudio – ладына" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pueblo djudio" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладына" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чувудар – лезгінская" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чувудар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDydai" title="Žydai – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žydai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreji" title="Ebreji – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ebreji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiosy" title="Jiosy – малагасійская" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jiosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Yahudi" title="Urang Yahudi – мінангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="мінангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB" title="ജൂതൻ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൂതൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Еврей – мангольская" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Еврей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="мангольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0" title="ဂျူ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂျူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="ज्यू लोक – маратхі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्यू लोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi" title="Orang Yahudi – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhud" title="Lhud – мальтыйская" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lhud" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальтыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="جهود – мазандэранская" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جهود" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандэранская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joden" title="Joden – ніжненямецкая" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Joden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ніжненямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuden" title="Jeuden – ніжнесаксонская" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jeuden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="ніжнесаксонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – ніас" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="ніас" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joden" title="Joden – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dar" title="Jødar – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jødar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jøder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juis" title="Juis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Juis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusieus" title="Jusieus – аксітанская" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jusieus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="аксітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Дзуттаг адæм – асецінская" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзуттаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="асецінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਯਹੂਦੀ – панджабі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਹੂਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджабі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jua" title="Jua – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jua" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydzi" title="Żydzi – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żydzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="یہودی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہودی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="یهود – пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یهود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeus" title="Judeus – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judeus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evrei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Дьэбириэйдэр – якуцкая" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьэбириэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="якуцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreos" title="Ebreos – сардзінская" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ebreos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардзінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbreu" title="Ebbreu – сіцылійская" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ebbreu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сіцылійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews – шатландская" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jews" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шатландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevreji" title="Jevreji – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="යුදෙවුවෝ – сінгальская" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුදෙවුවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сінгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jew" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidia" title="Židia – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judje" title="Judje – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajudha" title="Vajudha – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vajudha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahudit%C3%AB" title="Jahuditë – албанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jahuditë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Јевреји – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јевреји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – сунда" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judar" title="Judar – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayahudi" title="Wayahudi – суахілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wayahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydy" title="Żydy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Żydy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="யூதர் – тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="ชาวยิว – тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวยิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Hudyo" title="Mga Hudyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Hudyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C9%99hudijon" title="Jəhudijon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Jəhudijon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiler" title="Yahudiler – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Яһүдләр – татарская" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яһүдләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="يەھۇدىلار – уйгурская" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەھۇدىلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Євреї – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євреї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF" title="یہود – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiylar" title="Yahudiylar – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yahudiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Do_Th%C3%A1i" title="Người Do Thái – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Do Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudeyo" title="Hudeyo – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hudeyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人 – ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹太人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ურიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="ייד – ідыш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ייד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ідыш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%B4d%27n" title="Joôd'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Joôd'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ – стандартная мараканская тамазіхт" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="стандартная мараканская тамазіхт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犹太人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-th%C3%A0i-l%C3%A2ng" title="Iû-thài-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-thài-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="猶太人 – кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猶太人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Паказаць уласна змест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Старонка</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B:%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" rel="discussion" title="Размовы пра змест гэтай старонкі [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Выгляд</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button 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border:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Welt-Galleria_T039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Welt-Galleria_T039.jpg/300px-Welt-Galleria_T039.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Welt-Galleria_T039.jpg/450px-Welt-Galleria_T039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Welt-Galleria_T039.jpg/600px-Welt-Galleria_T039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="2277" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0px; border:none;"><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">Яўрэй і яўрэйка (мал. 1704 г.)<small> </small></div></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#fee8ab;">Агульная колькасць </th> <td style="background-color:#fff6d9;">ад 12 да 14 млн. чал. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#fee8ab;">Рэгіёны пражывання </th> <td style="background-color:#fff6d9;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ЗША">ЗША</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ізраіль">Ізраіль</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя">Францыя</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аргенціна">Аргенціна</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь">Беларусь</a> і інш. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#fee8ab;">Мова </th> <td style="background-color:#fff6d9;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Іўрыт">іўрыт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ідыш">ідыш</a> і інш. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#fee8ab;">Рэлігія </th> <td style="background-color:#fff6d9;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Іўдаізм">іўдаізм</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#fee8ab;">Блізкія этнічныя групы </th> <td style="background-color:#fff6d9;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Арабы">арабы</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Яўрэ́і</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Іўрыт">іўрыт</a>: <i>יְהוּדִים</i>), <b>жыды́</b>, <b>габрэ́і</b>, — этнічная супольнасць, якая пражывае дысперсна ў многіх краінах свету, складаецца з субэтнічных груп, мае адзіную этнічную свядомасць і аб’яднана гістарычнай тоеснасцю са старажытнымі іўдзеямі. </p><p>Яўрэі складаюць асноўную частку насельніцтва <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ізраіль">Дзяржавы Ізраіль</a>, у вялікай колькасці жывуць у <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Амерыка">Амерыцы</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Еўропа">Еўропе</a>, на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Блізкі Усход">Блізкім</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Сярэдні Усход">Сярэднім Усходзе</a>. </p><p>Размаўляюць на мовах <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Іўрыт">іўрыт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ідыш">ідыш</a> і інш. </p><p>Асноўная рэлігія — <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Іўдаізм">іўдаізм</a>. </p><p>У <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь">Беларусі</a> паводле перапісу насельніцтва 2009 зарэгістравана 12,9 тыс. яўрэяў (у 1999 — 27,8 тыс., у 1989 — 111 тыс.). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Назва"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.B0"></span>Назва</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Назва" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Назва"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Этнонім <i>яўрэі</i> праз царкоўна-славянскую мову ўзыходзіць да <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грэчаская мова">грэчаскага</a> εβραίος <i>ебраёс</i> («яўрэй»), у сваю чаргу ўзыходнаму да іўрытскага <i>ібры</i> «тыя што перайшлі раку». Славянскі этнонім <i>яўрэі</i>, як і аднакарэнныя англійскае <i>Hebrew</i>, французскае <i>Hebreu</i>, нямецкае <i>Hebraer</i>, адносіцца да кніжнай біблейскай традыцыі. У жывым вусновым ужыванні таксама выкарыстоўваецца назва <i>іўдзей</i> («іўдзей, жыхар Іўдзеі»), этнонім стаў саманазвай яўрэяў з сярэдзіны 1-га тыс. да нашай эры. </p><p>У некаторых славянскіх народаў у дачынені да яўрэяў выкарыстоўваецца слова <i>жыды</i> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ідыш">ідыш</a> דער איד). У мінулым, яно з’яўлялася асноўным нейтральным пазначэннем яўрэяў сярод <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Беларусы">беларусаў</a>. Пад вялікім уплывам рускай мовы (там слова «жыд» мае выключна абразлівае значэнне) многімі жыхарамі Беларусі гэтае слова цяпер успрымаецца як негатыўнае, але насамрэч з пункту гледжання беларускай філалогіі слова «жыд» было і засталося нейтральным. У заходнеславянскіх народаў і сёння ўжываецца як нейтральны этнонім. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гісторыя"><span id=".D0.93.D1.96.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.8F"></span>Гісторыя</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Гісторыя" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гісторыя"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Старажытны_свет"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B6.D1.8B.D1.82.D0.BD.D1.8B_.D1.81.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.82"></span>Старажытны свет</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Правіць раздзел: Старажытны свет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Старажытны свет"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>У якасці нацыі, старажытныя яўрэі склаліся ў 2 тыс. да н. э. на тэрыторыі старажытнага <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханаан">Ханаана</a>. Па адной з версій, гэта адбылося ў выніку асіміляцыі <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Семіцкія мовы">семітамоўнымі</a> качэўнікамі сярэдняга цячэння <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Еўфрат">Еўфрата</a> земляробаў аазісаў Ханаана, якія гаварылі на іншых семіцкіх мовах і мясцовага насельніцтва. </p><p>Паводле яўрэйскай традыцыі, запісанай у Торы, яўрэйскі народ склаўся ў выніку зыхода з <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Старажытны Егіпет">Старажытнага Егіпта</a> і прыняцця Закона <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора">Торы</a> каля <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Гара Сінай">гары Сінай</a>. Яўрэі які прыйшлі ў Ханаан былі падзелены на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дванаццаць каленаў Ізраліевых (няма такой старонкі)">12 плямёнаў</a> («каленаў»), выводзячых сваё паходжанне ад сыноў <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85)" title="Якаў (патрыярх)">Ізраіля</a>. </p><p>На мяжы 2-1 тыс. да н. э. узнікае <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ізраільскае царства">Ізраільскае царства</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Давід">Давіда</a>. </p><p>У <a href="/wiki/X_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD.%D1%8D." title="X стагоддзе да н.э.">X ст. да н. э.</a> царом <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саламон">Саламонам</a> быў пабудаваны <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Іерусалімскі храм">Іерусалімскі храм</a>. Пасля смерці Саламона яўрэйская дзяржава падзяляецца на два царствы — <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ізраільскае царства">Ізраільскае</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Іўдзейскае царства">Іўдзейскае</a>. На працягу шматлікіх стагоддзяў ствараецца яўрэйскае святое пісанне — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Танах">Танах</a>). </p><p>У <a href="/w/index.php?title=722_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD.%D1%8D.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="722 да н.э. (няма такой старонкі)">722 г. да н. э.</a> насельніцтва Паўночнага Ізраільскага царства — нашчадкі дзесяці з дванаццаці каленаў былі пераселены асірыйцамі ў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мідыя">Мідыю</a>, дзе растварыліся сярод мясцовага насельніцтва. Паданні пра «дзесяць зніклых каленаў» былі папулярныя ў яўрэйскім, хрысціянскім і мусульманскім фальклоры, дагэтуль распаўсюджаны сярод усходніх яўрэйскіх абшчын. Паводле адной з версій яны вернуцца перад прыходам <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Месія">Месіі</a>. </p><p>У <a href="/w/index.php?title=586_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD.%D1%8D.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="586 да н.э. (няма такой старонкі)">586 г. да н. э.</a> вавіланяне заваявалі <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Іўдзейскае царства">Іўдзейскае царства</a>, разбурылі <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Іерусалімскі храм">Іерусалімскі храм</a> і адвялі значную частку яўрэяў у <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавілон">Вавілон</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вавілонскае паланенне (няма такой старонкі)">Вавілонскае паланенне</a>). </p><p>З падзеннем <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Новававілонскае царства (няма такой старонкі)">Новававілонскага царства</a> (<a href="/wiki/539_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD.%D1%8D." title="539 да н.э.">539 да н.э.</a>) частка яўрэяў вярнулася ў Іудзею, дзе быў пабудаваны <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Другі Храм (няма такой старонкі)">Другі Храм</a>, вакол якога аднавілася дзяржаўная і этнічная кансалідацыя яўрэяў. </p><p>З гэтага часу пачынае складацца дамінантная мадэль этнічнага развіцця яўрэяў, якая ўключае сімвалічны і культурны цэнтр у Ізраілі і шырокую дыяспару. Паўстаўшы першапачаткова ў Месапатаміі і Егіпце, з канца 1 тыс. да н. э. дыяспара ахоплівае Паўночную Афрыку, Малую Азію, Сірыю, Іран, Каўказ, Крым, Заходняе Міжземнамор’е. У перыяд падпарадкоўвання ізраільскіх зямель Пталамеям і Селеўкідам (IV—II стст. да н. э.) яўрэі падвяргаюцца культурнай элінізацыі, нароўне з <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнаяўрэйская мова">старажытнаяўрэйскай</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Арамейская мова">арамейскай</a> распаўсюджваецца таксама <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">старажытнагрэчаская мова</a>. </p><p>У выніку паўстання <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Макавеі (няма такой старонкі)">Макавеяў</a> паўстала <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хасманейскае царства (няма такой старонкі)">Хасманейскае царства</a> (164—37). У той час элінізіраванныя групы і неяўрэйскія семіты ўліліся ў склад яўрэйскага народа. </p><p>Заваёва Іўдзеі <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Рым">Рымам</a> (63—37 да н. э.) і разгром вызваленчых рухаў I—II стст. н. э. прывялі да разбурэння Другога Храма (<a href="/wiki/70" title="70">70 год н. э.</a>) і выгнання вялікага ліку яўрэяў. Тады ж з’явіўся ўведзены рымлянамі тэрмін «Палесціна», які павінен быў сцерці памяць пра яўрэйскую прысутнасць на ізраільскай зямлі. </p><p>Этнічны цэнтр у Палесціне практычна спыніў існаванне пасля арабскага заваявання <a href="/wiki/638" title="638">638</a>, аднак яўрэйская прысутнасць заўсёды захоўвалася. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Сярэднявечча"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.8F.D1.80.D1.8D.D0.B4.D0.BD.D1.8F.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.87.D1.87.D0.B0"></span>Сярэднявечча</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Правіць раздзел: Сярэднявечча" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Сярэднявечча"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>З <a href="/wiki/VII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="VII стагоддзе">VII ст.</a> н.э. становішча яўрэяў ускладнілася. Яўрэйскія абшчыны апынуліся падзелены паміж дзвюма цывілізацыямі — хрысціянствам і ісламам, якія хоць і былі гістарычна злучаны са старажытнай яўрэйскай духоўнай спадчынай, на справе заяўлялі пра сваё прынцыповае адмежаванне ад яўрэйства. </p><p>У моманты сацыяльных і рэлігійных узрушэнняў яўрэі станавіліся першымі ахвярамі гвалту. Крывавыя пераследы яўрэяў пачаліся з часу Першага крыжовага паходу (1096 г.), калі былі разгромлены багатыя яўрэйскія абшчыны на Рэйне, у Майнцы і Кёльне. Яўрэі былі знішчаны, жанчыны падвергліся гвалту, а дзеці сілаю хрысціліся. З гэтых пор да канца <a href="/wiki/XVIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XVIII стагоддзе">XVIII ст.</a> яўрэі ў Заходняй Еўропе перыядычна падвяргаліся ганенням. Некаторыя каралі і князі, калі мелі патрэбу ў грошах, выганялі яўрэяў са сваіх зямель, адбіралі ў іх уся маёмасць і заклікалі назад для ажыўлення гандлю. У ХIII — ХV ст. яўрэі былі выгнаны з Францыі і Іспаніі. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Новы_час"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.BE.D0.B2.D1.8B_.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.81"></span>Новы час</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Правіць раздзел: Новы час" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&section=5" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Новы час"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Bundesarchiv_N_1576_Bild-006,_Minsk,_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bundesarchiv_N_1576_Bild-006%2C_Minsk%2C_Juden.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_N_1576_Bild-006%2C_Minsk%2C_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bundesarchiv_N_1576_Bild-006%2C_Minsk%2C_Juden.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_N_1576_Bild-006%2C_Minsk%2C_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bundesarchiv_N_1576_Bild-006%2C_Minsk%2C_Juden.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_N_1576_Bild-006%2C_Minsk%2C_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мінск">Мінск</a>, 1941 г. Да пачатку Другой сусветнай вайны 40 % насельніцтва горада складалі яўрэі, пасля прыходу Краснай арміі ў 1944 г. у горадзе засталося толькі некалькі яўрэяў</figcaption></figure> <p>Пераход ад Сярэднявечча да Новага часу быў адзначаны пачаткам эмансіпацыйнага працэсу, паэтапным наданнем яўрэям грамадзянскіх правоў. Эмансіпацыя прывяла да ўзнікнення разнастайных кантактаў паміж яўрэямі і іх суседзямі: яўрэі пракраліся ва ўсе сферы грамадскага і культурнага жыцця. Яўрэйская нацыя дала міру шматлікіх выбітных дзеячаў грамадства, навукі і культуры. </p><p>З утварэннем гітлераўскай Германіі пачынаецца новая трагічная гісторыя яўрэйскага народа. Здзейснены нацыстамі <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Халакост">генацыд</a> забраў жыццё мільёнаў чалавек, па ўсім свеце. </p><p>Масавае знішчэнне яўрэяў Еўропы пабудзіла развітыя краіны пагадзіцца на адраджэнне яўрэйскай нацыянальнай дзяржавы Ізраіль са сталіцай у Іерусаліме. Умацаванне дзяржавы Ізраіль адбываецца ва ўмовах бесперапыннага араба-ізраільскага канфлікту, а сучасная яўрэйская дыяспара служыць апорай Ізраіля ў барацьбе за выжыванне. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дыяспары"><span id=".D0.94.D1.8B.D1.8F.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Дыяспары</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Правіць раздзел: Дыяспары" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&section=6" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Дыяспары"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/220px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/440px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="2749" /></a><figcaption>Яўрэйскія дзеці з настаўнікам. Самарканд. Фотаздымак <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Сяргей Міхайлавіч Пракудзін-Горскі">С. М. Пракудзіна-Горскага</a>, 1910 г.</figcaption></figure> <p>Лад жыцця яўрэяў, у розны час, прыводзіў да ўзнікнення шматлікіх дыяспар і да ўтварэння этнічных груп, такіх як: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сефарды">сефарды</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Ашкеназы">ашкеназы</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Іракскія яўрэі (няма такой старонкі)">вавіланяне</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фалаша (няма такой старонкі)">фалаша</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бухарскія яўрэі (няма такой старонкі)">бухарцы</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Горскія яўрэі (няма такой старонкі)">горскія яўрэі</a> і інш. </p><p>Адна з найстаражытных этнічных груп — вавілонскія або іракскія яўрэі, склалася ў сярэдзіне 1 тыс. да н. э. Абшчына выкарыстоўвала спачатку <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Арамейская мова">арамейскую мову</a>, выціснутую каля VIII—IX ст. першай хваляй арабскіх дыялектаў. Апошнія прадстаўнікі дыяспары пакінулі Ірак напачатку амерыкана-іракскай вайны (2003). </p><p>Яўрэі, якія захавалі арамейскую мову пасля арабскай заваёвы, былі адціснуты ў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Курдыстан">Курдыстанскае</a> нагор’е, дзе сфарміраваліся ў этнічную групу таргум, ці лахлугаў. У сучасным Ізраілі яны вядомыя як <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Курдыстанскія яўрэі (няма такой старонкі)">курдыстанскія яўрэі</a>, захоўваюць у побыце яўрэйска-арамейскія мовы. </p><p>Яўрэйскія паселішчы на Аравійскім паўвостраве ўзнікалі з сярэдзіны — 2-й паловы 1 тыс. да н. э. Мухамед ствараў новую рэлігію ў супрацьстаянні з яўрэйскім насельніцтвам Медзіны, аднак асобныя яўрэйскія кланы ўвайшлі ў першапачатковую ісламскую абшчыну. Арабамоўныя нашчадкі яўрэяў—насельніцтва паўднёвай Аравіі, сёння жывуць галоўным чынам у Ізраілі (каля 140 тыс. чалавек), каля 200 чалавек — у <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Емен">Емене</a>. У раннім Сярэднявеччы складаюцца арабамоўныя групы ў Паўночнай Сірыі і Паўднёвай Турцыі, Паўднёвай Сірыі і Ліване. Пачынаючы з <a href="/wiki/XVI_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XVI стагоддзе">XVI ст.</a> ў іх склад інтэграваліся ўцекачы з Іспаніі. </p><p>У <a href="/wiki/XVIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XVIII стагоддзе">XVIII ст.</a> некалькі кланаў турэцкіх і іракскіх яўрэяў перасяліліся ў Індыю на службу брытанскай кароне, адкуль далей яны рассяліліся па Паўднёва-усходняй Азіі (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сінгапур">Сінгапур</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="М'янмар (няма такой старонкі)">М'янмар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганконг">Ганконг</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Інданезія">Інданезія</a> і інш.), дзе яны вядомыя пад назвай багдадзі. </p><p>Нашчадкаў яўрэяў, якія ўтварылі буйныя дыяспары можна праслядзіць у Грэцыі, Эфіопіі, Іране, Грузіі і інш. краінах свету. </p><p>Да пачатку XX стагоддзі агульная колькасць яўрэяў ацэньваецца ў 11 мільёнаў. З іх 46 % (каля 5,2 млн.) жыла ў межах <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Расійская імперыя">Расійскай імперыі</a>, галоўным чынам на тэрыторыі сучасных <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча">Польшчы</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна">Украіны</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь">Беларусі</a> (гл. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лінія аселасці (няма такой старонкі)">Лінія аселасці</a>). Яшчэ каля 30 % жыло ў іншых краінах Еўропы і толькі 14 % у Паўночнай Амерыцы. У Палесціне тады жыло толькі 78 тыс. яўрэяў. </p><p>У гады, якія папярэднічалі Другой сусветнай вайне і падчас яе, былі сістэматычна знішчаны каля шасці мільёнаў яўрэяў<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nurnberg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nurnberg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Прыведзеныя лічбы спрабуюць аспрэчваць <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Адмаўленне Халакоста">адмаўляльнікі Халакоста</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Зноскі"><span id=".D0.97.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Зноскі</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269548/Holocaust">«Holocaust»</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Энцыклапедыя Брытаніка">Энцыклапедыя Брытаніка</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nurnberg-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nurnberg_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-02/tgmwc-02-20-05.shtml">The Trial of German Major War Criminals. Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany. December 3 to December 14, 1945. Twentieth Day: Friday, 14th December, 1945 (Part 5 of 9)</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623122056/http://ftp.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-02/tgmwc-02-20-05.shtml">Архівавана</a> 23 чэрвеня 2007.</span></small>, The Nizkor Projec</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гл._таксама"><span id=".D0.93.D0.BB._.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Гл. таксама</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Правіць раздзел: Гл. таксама" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&section=7" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гл. таксама"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Халакост">Масавае знішчэнне яўрэйскага насельніцтва, 1933-1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Крымчакі">Крымчакі</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Яўрэі ў Другой Сусветнай вайне">Яўрэі ў Другой Сусветнай вайне</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спасылкі"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Спасылкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Правіць раздзел: Спасылкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96&action=edit&section=8" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Спасылкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Лагатып Вікісховішча"><img alt="Лагатып Вікісховішча" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> На <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вікісховішча">Вікісховішчы</a> ёсць медыяфайлы па тэме <a 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