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href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Internal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>External</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glottolog_4.1_(2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glottolog_4.1_(2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span><i>Glottolog</i> 4.1 (2019)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glottolog_4.1_(2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowern_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowern_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Bowern (2011)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowern_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Survival</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Survival-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Survival subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preservation_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Preservation measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Language revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Common features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetics_and_phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics_and_phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Phonetics and phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics_and_phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Segmental_inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segmental_inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Segmental inventory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segmental_inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronal_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronal_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Coronal consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronal_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics (2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_linguists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_linguists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable linguists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_linguists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Aboriginal languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiese_tale" title="Australiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Australiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغات الأصلية الأسترالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغات الأصلية الأسترالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_abor%C3%ADchens_australianas" title="Luengas aboríchens australianas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas aboríchens australianas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_abor%C3%ADxenes_d%27Australia" title="Llingües aboríxenes d'Australia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües aboríxenes d'Australia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya_aborigen_dill%C9%99ri" title="Avstraliya aborigen dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstraliya aborigen dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="অস্ট্রেলীয় আদিবাসী ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রেলীয় আদিবাসী ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Австралийски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австралийски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_australianes" title="Llengües australianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües australianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Austrálské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Austrálské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Brodorion_Awstralia" title="Ieithoedd Brodorion Awstralia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Brodorion Awstralia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اللوغات لأصلية دؤسطراليا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="اللوغات لأصلية دؤسطراليا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australische_Sprachen" title="Australische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Australische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_abor%C3%ADgenes_de_Australia" title="Lenguas aborígenes de Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas aborígenes de Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstralia_lingvaro" title="Aŭstralia lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭstralia lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های بومی استرالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های بومی استرالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_aborig%C3%A8nes_d%27Australie" title="Langues aborigènes d'Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues aborigènes d'Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Bund%C3%BAchasacha_na_hAstr%C3%A1ile" title="Teangacha Bundúchasacha na hAstráile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Bundúchasacha na hAstráile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_aborixes_de_Australia" title="Linguas aborixes de Australia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas aborixes de Australia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%A3%BC%EB%AF%BC_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="오스트레일리아 원주민 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트레일리아 원주민 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="आस्ट्रेलिया की मूल भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आस्ट्रेलिया की मूल भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australski_jezici" title="Australski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Australski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81str%C3%B6lsk_m%C3%A1l" title="Áströlsk mál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Áströlsk mál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_australiane_aborigene" title="Lingue australiane aborigene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue australiane aborigene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות אבוריג'יניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות אבוריג'יניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Австралия тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Австралия тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Australianae" title="Linguae Australianae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Australianae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australijos_aborigen%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Australijos aborigenų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Australijos aborigenų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australische_spraoke" title="Australische spraoke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Australische spraoke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_australian_orijinal" title="Linguas australian orijinal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas australian orijinal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztr%C3%A1liai_nyelvek" title="Ausztráliai nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ausztráliai nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitenin%27_ny_tompon-tanin%27_i_Aostralia" title="Fitenin' ny tompon-tanin' i Aostralia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitenin' ny tompon-tanin' i Aostralia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australische_talen" title="Australische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Australische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="オーストラリア諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストラリア諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austraalisk_spriiken" title="Austraalisk spriiken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Austraalisk spriiken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Australske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Australske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Australske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Australske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_aborig%C3%A8nas_d%27Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Lengas aborigènas d'Austràlia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas aborigènas d'Austràlia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya_tillari" title="Avstraliya tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstraliya tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آسٹریلوی اصلی النسل زباناں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسٹریلوی اصلی النسل زباناں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_australian-e" title="Lenghe australian-e – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe australian-e" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_australijskie" title="Języki australijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki australijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_abor%C3%ADgenes_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Línguas aborígenes da Austrália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas aborígenes da Austrália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Австралийские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австралийские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Аустралијски домородачки језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аустралијски домородачки језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australialaiset_kielet" title="Australialaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Australialaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Australiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Australiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Австралійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австралійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="آسٹریلوی اصلی النسل زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسٹریلوی اصلی النسل زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="澳大利亚原住民语言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澳大利亚原住民语言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205143#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous languages of Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Australian languages" redirects here. For all the languages of Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages of Australia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pama-Nyungan_and_non-Pama-Nyungan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Pama-Nyungan_and_non-Pama-Nyungan.png/330px-Pama-Nyungan_and_non-Pama-Nyungan.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Pama-Nyungan_and_non-Pama-Nyungan.png/495px-Pama-Nyungan_and_non-Pama-Nyungan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Pama-Nyungan_and_non-Pama-Nyungan.png/660px-Pama-Nyungan_and_non-Pama-Nyungan.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The primary typological division in Australian languages: <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a> (tan) and non-Pama–Nyungan languages (mustard and grey)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2571_Speaks_other_language_Australian_Indigenous_Languages_Persons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2571_Speaks_other_language_Australian_Indigenous_Languages_Persons.svg/330px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2571_Speaks_other_language_Australian_Indigenous_Languages_Persons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2571_Speaks_other_language_Australian_Indigenous_Languages_Persons.svg/495px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2571_Speaks_other_language_Australian_Indigenous_Languages_Persons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2571_Speaks_other_language_Australian_Indigenous_Languages_Persons.svg/660px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2571_Speaks_other_language_Australian_Indigenous_Languages_Persons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>People who speak Australian Aboriginal languages as a percentage of the population in Australia, divided geographically by statistical local area at the 2011 census</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indigenous languages of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowern2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowern2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>, perhaps as many as 13, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia</a> and a few nearby islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20032_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20032-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationships between the language families are not clear at present although there are proposals to link some into larger groupings. Despite this uncertainty, the Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2011253–254_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2011253–254-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the "Australian family".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term can include both <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Western Torres Strait language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh199127_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh199127-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a> to the mainland Australian languages of the former is unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowern20124593_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowern20124593-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the latter is <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a>, though it shares features with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a> languages, in particular <a href="/wiki/Meriam_language" title="Meriam language">Meriam Mir</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan Tip">Papuan Tip</a> Austronesian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Australian languages belong to the widespread Pama–Nyungan family, while the remainder are classified as "non-Pama–Nyungan", which is a term of convenience that does not imply a genealogical relationship. </p><p>In the late 18th century there were more than 250 distinct <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_Australian_group_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Aboriginal Australian group names">First Nations Peoples social groupings</a> and a similar number of languages or <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh199127_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh199127-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status and knowledge of Aboriginal languages today varies greatly. Many languages became extinct with settlement as the encroachment of colonial society broke up Indigenous cultures. For some of these languages, few records exist for vocabulary and grammar. At the start of the 21st century, fewer than 150 Aboriginal languages remained in daily use,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby201543_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby201543-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the majority being highly <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>. In 2020, 90 per cent of the barely more than 100 languages still spoken are considered endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirteen languages are still being transmitted to children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving languages are located in the most isolated areas. Of the five least endangered Western Australian Aboriginal languages, four belong to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Language">Western Desert</a> grouping of the Central and <a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria Desert</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu languages</a> from north-east <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> are also currently learned by children. <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual education</a> is being used successfully in some communities. Seven of the most widely spoken Australian languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh-patha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a>, retain between 1,000 and 3,000 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Indigenous communities and linguists show support for learning programmes either for language revival proper or for only "post-vernacular maintenance" (Indigenous communities having the opportunity to learn some words and concepts related to the lost language).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermann2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermann2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_Aboriginal_languages">Living Aboriginal languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Living Aboriginal languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>National Indigenous Languages Survey</i> is a regular Australia-wide survey of the status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducted in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2014<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Languages with more than 100 speakers: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>: <ul><li>3 languages (~ 600): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung_languages" title="Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages">Yugambeh-Bundjalung</a> <ul><li>Bundjalung (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh_language" title="Yugambeh language">Yugambeh</a> (~ 20; shared with Queensland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Githabul_language" title="Githabul language">Githabul</a> (~ 10; shared with Queensland)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri</a> (~ 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamilaraay_language" title="Gamilaraay language">Gamilaraay</a> (~ 100)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>: <ul><li>4 languages (~ 3,900): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Ngarrindjeri</a> (~ 300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adyamathanha</a> (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_dialect" title="Yankunytjatjara dialect">Yankunytjatjara</a> (~ 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a> (~ 3,100; shared with Northern Territory and Western Australia)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>: <ul><li>5 languages (~ 1,800): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yalandji_language" title="Guugu Yalandji language">Kuku Yalanji</a> (~ 300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_language" title="Guugu Yimithirr language">Guugu Yimidhirr</a> (~ 800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Thaayorre_language" title="Kuuk Thaayorre language">Kuuk Thaayore</a> (~ 300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik_Mungkan_language" title="Wik Mungkan language">Wik Mungkan</a> (~ 400)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>: <ul><li>17 languages (~ 8,000): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyungar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyungar language">Noongar</a> (~ 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangkatha" title="Wangkatha">Wangkatha</a> (~ 300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra_dialect" title="Ngaanyatjarra dialect">Ngaanyatjarra</a> (~ 1,000)</li> <li>Manytjilyitjarra (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martu_Wangka_dialect" title="Martu Wangka dialect">Martu Wangka</a> (~ 700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyjima_language" title="Panyjima language">Panyjima</a> (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinjibarndi_language" title="Yinjibarndi language">Yinjibarndi</a> (~ 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangumarta_language" title="Nyangumarta language">Nyangumarta</a> (~ 200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardi_language" title="Bardi language">Bardi</a> (~ 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajarri_language" title="Wajarri language">Wajarri</a> (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi</a> (~ 100; shared with Northern Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a> (~3,100; shared with Northern Territory and South Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language#Kukatja" title="Western Desert language">Kukatja</a> (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmatjarri</a> (~ 300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guniyandi_language" title="Guniyandi language">Gooniyandi</a> (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djaru_language" title="Djaru language">Djaru</a> (~ 200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kija_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kija language">Kija</a> (~ 200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriwoong_language" title="Miriwoong language">Miriwoong</a> (~ 200)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>: <ul><li>19 languages (~ 28,100): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Luritja</a> (~ 1,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Arrernte_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Arrernte language">Upper Arrernte</a> (~ 4,500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a> (~ 2,300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaytetye_language" title="Kaytetye language">Kaytetye</a> (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a> (~ 300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_language" title="Gurindji language">Gurindji</a> (~ 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh Patha</a> (~ 2,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a> (~ 2,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi</a> (~ 100; shared with Western Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a> (~3,100; shared with Western Australia and South Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidja_language" title="Iwaidja language">Iwaidja</a> (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maung_language" title="Maung language">Maung</a> (~ 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwinjku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunwinjku language">Kunwinjku</a> (~ 1,800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a> (~ 1,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a> (~4,200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djinang_language" title="Djinang language">Djinang</a> (~ 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunggubuyu_language" title="Nunggubuyu language">Nunggubuyu</a> (~ 300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a> (~ 1,500)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Total 46 languages, 42,300 speakers, with 11 having only approximately 100. 11 languages have over 1,000 speakers. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kriol language">Kriol</a> (~ 20,000)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_language_families.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Australian_language_families.png/300px-Australian_language_families.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Australian_language_families.png/450px-Australian_language_families.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Australian_language_families.png/600px-Australian_language_families.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Australian language families. From west to east: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00A1E8; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#98D9EA; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFADC9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6666; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6666ff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindi languages">Mindi</a> (2 areas)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#21B04B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly</a> (4 families)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#880015; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7E26; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B87956; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a> (offshore)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C8BEE7; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A248A3; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EFE4AF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFC90E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem</a>, incl. <a href="/wiki/Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Gunwinyguan languages">Gunwinyguan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B4E61C; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF200; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> (3 areas)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal">Internal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Australian languages are commonly held to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan family</a>, a family accepted by most linguists, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">Robert M. W. Dixon</a> as a notable exception. For convenience, the rest of the languages, all spoken in the far north, are commonly lumped together as "Non-Pama–Nyungan", although this does not necessarily imply that they constitute a valid <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>. Dixon argues that after perhaps 40,000 years of mutual influence, it is no longer possible to distinguish deep genealogical relationships from areal features in Australia, and that not even Pama–Nyungan is a valid language family.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, few other linguists accept Dixon's thesis. For example, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Hale" title="Kenneth L. Hale">Kenneth L. Hale</a> describes Dixon's scepticism as an erroneous phylogenetic assessment which is "such an insult to the eminently successful practitioners of Comparative Method Linguistics in Australia, that it positively demands a decisive riposte".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'GradyHale200469_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'GradyHale200469-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hale provides pronominal and grammatical evidence (with suppletion) as well as more than fifty basic-vocabulary cognates (showing regular sound correspondences) between the proto-Northern-and-Middle Pamic (pNMP) family of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a> on the Australian northeast coast and proto-Ngayarta of the Australian west coast, some 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) apart, to support the Pama–Nyungan grouping, whose age he compares to that of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a> suggests that the northern families may be relatively recent arrivals from <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, perhaps later replaced there by the spread of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>. That could explain the typological difference between Pama–Nyungan and non-Pama–Nyungan languages, but not how a single family came to be so widespread. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Evans_(linguist)" title="Nicholas Evans (linguist)">Nicholas Evans</a> suggests that the Pama–Nyungan family spread along with the now-dominant Aboriginal culture that includes the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a> system. </p><p>In late 2017, Mark Harvey and Robert Mailhammer published a study in <i>Diachronica</i> that hypothesised, by analysing <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> paradigms across both Pama-Nyungan and the minority non-Pama-Nyungan languages, that a Proto-Australian could be reconstructed from which all known Australian languages descend. This Proto-Australian language, they concluded, would have been spoken about 12,000 years ago in northern Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEABC2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEABC2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2018_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarveyMailhammer2017470–515_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarveyMailhammer2017470–515-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External">External</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a long time unsuccessful attempts were made to detect a link between Australian and Papuan languages, the latter being represented by those spoken on the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> facing the Torres Strait and the <a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereltsvaig2017278_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereltsvaig2017278-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986 <a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">William A. Foley</a> noted lexical similarities between Robert M. W. Dixon's 1980 reconstruction of proto-Australian and the <a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">East New Guinea Highlands languages</a>. He believed that it was naïve to expect to find a single Papuan or Australian language family when New Guinea and Australia had been a single landmass (called the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Sahul continent</a>) for most of their human history, having been separated by the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> only 8000 years ago, and that a deep reconstruction would likely include languages from both. Dixon, in the meantime, later abandoned his proto-Australian proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2002xvii,_xviii_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2002xvii,_xviii-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Families">Families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glottolog_4.1_(2019)"><span id="Glottolog_4.1_.282019.29"></span><i>Glottolog</i> 4.1 (2019)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Glottolog 4.1 (2019)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i> 4.1 (2019) recognises 23 independent families and 9 isolates in Australia, comprising a total of 32 independent language groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog-4-1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-4-1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Families (23)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan languages">Pama-Nyungan</a> (248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Gunwinyguan languages">Gunwinyguan</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a> (11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_Proper_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwaidjan Proper languages">Iwaidjan Proper</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarrayi-Maran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarrayi-Maran languages">Mangarrayi-Maran</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Giimbiyu languages">Giimbiyu</a> (3) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangmanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangmanic languages">Yangmanic</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunaban languages">Bunaban</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a> (2) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Daly_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Daly languages">Northern Daly</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrwan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrwan languages">Garrwan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limilngan-Wulna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Limilngan-Wulna languages">Limilngan-Wulna</a> (2) (extinct; would be moribund if Laragiya were included as it is in other breakdowns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrku-Wurrugu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrku-Wurrugu languages">Marrku-Wurrugu</a> (2) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Eastern Tasmanian languages">North-Eastern Tasmanian</a> (2) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Eastern Tasmanian languages">South-Eastern Tasmanian</a> (2) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a> (2) (extinct)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Isolates (9)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laragia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Laragia language">Laragia</a> (moribund)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkin language">Minkin</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay-Big_River-Little_Swanport_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language">Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbugarla_language" title="Umbugarla language">Umbugarla</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjiginy_language" title="Wadjiginy language">Wadjiginy</a> (moribund)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wageman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wageman language">Wageman</a> (moribund)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bowern_(2011)"><span id="Bowern_.282011.29"></span>Bowern (2011)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bowern (2011)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Claire_Bowern" title="Claire Bowern">Claire Bowern</a>'s <i>Australian Languages</i> (2011), Australian languages divide into approximately 30 primary sub-groups and 5 isolates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowern2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowern2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Presumptive isolates: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrgu_language" title="Marrgu language">Marrgu</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a> (moribund)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Previously established families: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly</a> (four to five families, with 11–19 languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a> (3–7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a> (3–5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a> (7–12)</li></ul></li> <li>Newly proposed families: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a> (5–7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan languages</a> (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Greater Pama–Nyungan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan proper</a> (approximately 270 languages)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell" title="Arthur Capell">Arthur Capell</a> gave his assessment of the origins and internal grouping of Aboriginal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He referred to many attempts having been made to link the Australian languages to other parts of the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> of South India, those of the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, and African languages. "All must be regarded as failures. In fact, it seems quite possible to explain the multiple forms of languages in Australia on the basis of a single original." </p><p>Capell proposed 5 main groupings as clear at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to earlier classifications by Schmidt (1914–19) and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kroeber" title="Alfred Kroeber">Kroeber</a> (1923): </p> <ol><li>Prefixing languages (<a href="/wiki/Kimberleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberleys">Kimberleys</a> and north Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert Languages</a></li> <li>Aranda (<a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>)(Central Australia)</li> <li>Victoria with New South Wales south coastal region</li> <li>Unclassified groups occupying the bulk of Queensland and New South Wales.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival">Survival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been inferred from the probable number of languages and the estimate of pre-contact population levels that there may have been from 3,000 to 4,000 speakers on average for each of the 250 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConvellThieberger200116_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConvellThieberger200116-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of these languages were almost immediately wiped out within decades of colonisation, the case of the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Aboriginal Tasmanians</a> being one notorious example of precipitous linguistic <a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">ethnocide</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (July 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Tasmania had been separated from the mainland at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a>, and Indigenous Tasmanians remained isolated from the outside world for around 12,000 years. <a href="/wiki/Claire_Bowern" title="Claire Bowern">Claire Bowern</a> has concluded in a recent study that there were twelve Tasmanian languages, and that those languages are unrelated (that is, not demonstrably related) to those on the Australian mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowern20124590,_4593_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowern20124590,_4593-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990 it was estimated that 90 languages still survived of the approximately 250 once spoken, but with a high rate of attrition as elders died out. Of the 90, 70% by 2001 were judged as 'severely endangered' with only 17 spoken by all age groups, a definition of a 'strong' language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConvellThieberger200117,_61_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConvellThieberger200117,_61-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On these grounds it is anticipated that despite efforts at linguistic preservation, many of the remaining languages will disappear within the next generation. The overall trend suggests that in the not too distant future all of the Indigenous languages will be lost, perhaps by 2050,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrest20171_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest20171-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with them the cultural knowledge they convey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConvellThieberger200196_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConvellThieberger200196-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>, Aboriginal children were removed from their families and placed in institutions where they were punished for speaking their Indigenous language. Different, mutually unintelligible language groups were often mixed together, with <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kriol language">Australian Kriol language</a> as the only <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. The result was a disruption to the inter-generational transmission of these languages that severely impacted their future use. Today, that same transmission of language between parents and grandparents to their children is a key mechanism for reversing language shift.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrest2017_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest2017-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For children, proficiency in the language of their cultural heritage has a positive influence on their ethnic identity formation,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and it is thought to be of particular benefit to the emotional well-being of Indigenous children<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. There is some evidence to suggest that the reversal of the Indigenous language shift may lead to decreased self-harm and suicide rates among Indigenous youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallettChandlerLalonde2007392–399_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallettChandlerLalonde2007392–399-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Aboriginal people to use Australian Aboriginal languages in the Australian parliament were <a href="/wiki/Aden_Ridgeway" title="Aden Ridgeway">Aden Ridgeway</a> on 25 August 1999 in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Australia">Senate</a> when he said "On this special occasion, I make my presence known as an Aborigine and to this chamber I say, perhaps for the first time: <span title="Australian languages collective text"><i lang="aus">Nyandi baaliga Jaingatti. Nyandi mimiga Gumbayynggir. Nya jawgar yaam Gumbyynggir.</i></span>" (Translation: My father is Dhunghutti. My mother is Gumbayynggir. And, therefore, I am Gumbayynggir.)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House of Representatives</a> on 31 August 2016 <a href="/wiki/Linda_Burney" title="Linda Burney">Linda Burney</a> gave an acknowledgment of country in Wiradjuri in her first speech<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was sung in by Lynette Riley in Wiradjuri from the public gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_measures">Preservation measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Preservation measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2019 was the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Indigenous_Languages" title="International Year of Indigenous Languages">International Year of Indigenous Languages</a> (IYIL2019), as declared by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. The commemoration was used to raise awareness of and support for the preservation of Aboriginal languages within Australia, including spreading knowledge about the importance of each language to the identity and knowledge of Indigenous groups. Warrgamay/Girramay man Troy Wyles-Whelan joined the North Queensland Regional Aboriginal Corporation Language Centre (NQRACLC) in 2008, and has been contributing oral histories and the results of his own research to their database.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyles2019_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyles2019-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the efforts to raise awareness of <a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri language</a> a <i>Grammar of Wiradjuri language</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published in 2014 and <i>A new Wiradjuri dictionary</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New South Wales <i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Languages_Act_2017" title="Aboriginal Languages Act 2017">Aboriginal Languages Act 2017</a></i> became law on 24 October 2017 and established a board to advise on the preservation of Aboriginal languages that is known as the Aboriginal Languages Trust.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first legislation in Australia to acknowledge the significance of first languages.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Mint" title="Royal Australian Mint">Royal Australian Mint</a> issued a 50-cent coin to celebrate the International Year of Indigenous Languages which features 14 different words for "money" from Australian Indigenous languages.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meakins_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meakins-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coin was designed by Aleksandra Stokic in consultation with Indigenous language custodian groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Meakins_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meakins-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of digitising and transcribing many word lists created by ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(author)" title="Daisy Bates (author)">Daisy Bates</a> in the 1900s at Daisy Bates Online<sup id="cite_ref-daisyonline_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daisyonline-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides a valuable resource for those researching especially <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australian</a> languages, and some languages of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinedaisymap_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinedaisymap-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is co-ordinated by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Thieberger" title="Nicholas Thieberger">Nick Thieberger</a>, who works in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a> "to have all the microfilmed images from Section XII of the Bates papers digitised".<sup id="cite_ref-daisyonlinetech_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daisyonlinetech-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is succeeded by the Nyingarn Project<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> , which digitises manuscripts and crowdsources transcriptions through DigiVol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_revival">Language revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades, there have been attempts to revive indigenous languages.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant challenges exist, however, for the revival of languages in the dominant English language culture of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-warraparna_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warraparna-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Kaurna" title="Kaurna">Kaurna</a> people of the Adelaide plains, has been the subject of a concerted revival movement since the 1980s, coordinated by <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_Warra_Pintyanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi">Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi</a>, a unit working out of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language had rapidly disappeared after the settlement of South Australia and the breaking up of local indigenous people. Ivaritji, the last known speaker of the language, died in 1931. However, a substantial number of primary source records existed for the language, from which the language was reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-warraparna_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warraparna-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_features">Common features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Common features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"Some Aboriginal people distinguish between <i>usership</i> and <i>ownership</i>. There are even those who claim that they own a language although they only know one single word of it: its name."<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 212">: 212 </span></sup> </p><p>Whether it is due to genetic unity or some other factor such as occasional contact, typologically the Australian languages form a language area or <i><a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">Sprachbund</a></i>, sharing much of their vocabulary and many distinctive <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> features across the entire continent. </p><p>A common feature of many Australian languages is that they display so-called <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech">avoidance speech</a>, special speech registers used only in the presence of certain close relatives. These registers share the phonology and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of the standard language, but the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> is different and usually very restricted. There are also commonly speech <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> during extended periods of mourning or initiation that have led to numerous <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Aboriginal sign languages</a>. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic alignment</a>, many Australian languages have <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>–<a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive case</a> systems. These are typically <a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">split</a> systems; a widespread pattern is for <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first and second persons</a>) to have <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>–<a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> marking and for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third person</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive</a>, though splits between <a href="/wiki/Animacy#Animacy_hierarchy_and_split_ergativity" title="Animacy">animate</a> and inanimate are also found. In some languages the persons in between the accusative and ergative inflections (such as second person, or third-person human) may be <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite language">tripartite</a>: that is, marked overtly as either ergative or accusative in <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitive</a> clauses, but not marked as either in <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a> clauses. There are also a few languages which employ only <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">nominative–accusative</a> case marking. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetics_and_phonology">Phonetics and phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonetics and phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div><p>The following represents a canonical 6-place Australian Aboriginal consonant system. It does not represent any single language, but is instead a simplified form of the consonant inventory of what would be found in many Australian languages, including most <a href="/wiki/Arandic_languages" title="Arandic languages">Arandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20188_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20188-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_consonant" title="Peripheral consonant">Peripheral</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive">ȶ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal nasal">ȵ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant">ȴ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Glide_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide (linguistics)">Glide</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Segmental_inventory">Segmental inventory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Segmental inventory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical Australian phonological inventory includes just three vowels, usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span>, which may occur in both long and short variants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20189_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20189-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few cases the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> has been <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> to give <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ,<span class="wrap"> </span>a]</span>. </p><p>There is almost never a <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing contrast</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20187–8_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20187–8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, a consonant may sound like a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> at the beginning of a word, but like a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> between vowels, and either letter could be (and often is) chosen to represent it. Australia also stands out as being almost entirely free of <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative consonants</a>, even of the otherwise universal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20187_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20187-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the few cases where fricatives do occur, they developed recently through the <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> (weakening) of stops, and are therefore non-sibilants like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> that are common elsewhere in the world. Some languages also have three <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotics</a>, typically a <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant</a> (that is, like the combined rhotics of English and Spanish) and many have four laterals. </p><p>Besides the lack of fricatives, the most striking feature of Australian speech sounds is the large number of <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">places of articulation</a>. Some 10-15% of Australian languages have four places of articulation, with two <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> places of articulation, 40-50% have five places, and 40-45% have six places of articulation, including four coronals. The four-way distinction in the coronal region is commonly accomplished through two variables: the position of the tongue (front, alveolar or dental, or <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a>), and its shape (<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20188_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20188-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonants</a>, but a complete absence of <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular consonants</a> and only a few languages with a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a> occur at all six places, and in many languages <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">laterals</a> occur at all four coronal places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20188_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20188-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A language which displays the full range of stops, nasals and laterals is <a href="/wiki/Kalkatungu_language" title="Kalkatungu language">Kalkatungu</a>, which has labial <i>p, m</i>; "dental" <i>th, nh, lh</i>; "alveolar" <i>t, n, l</i>; "retroflex" <i>rt, rn, rl</i>; "palatal" <i>ty, ny, ly</i>; and velar <i>k, ng</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wangganguru_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangganguru dialect">Wangganguru</a> has all this, as well as three rhotics. <a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a> has even more contrasts, with an additional true dorso-palatal series, plus <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalised consonants</a> at all <i>seven</i> places of articulation, in addition to all four laterals. </p><p>A notable exception to the above generalisations is <a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a>, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, which has an inventory more like its <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan</a> neighbours than the languages of the Australian mainland, including full voice contrasts: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>b/</span>, dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪/</span>, alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span>, the sibilants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s<span class="wrap"> </span>z/</span> (which have allophonic variation with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> respectively) and velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span>, as well as only one rhotic, one lateral and three nasals (labial, dental and velar) in contrast to the 5 places of articulation of stops/sibilants. Where vowels are concerned, it has 8 vowels with some morpho-syntactic as well as phonemic length contrasts (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i<span class="wrap"> </span>iː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e<span class="wrap"> </span>eː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a<span class="wrap"> </span>aː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə<span class="wrap"> </span>əː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o<span class="wrap"> </span>oː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊː</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u<span class="wrap"> </span>uː</span>), and glides that distinguish between those that are in origin vowels, and those that in origin are consonants. <a href="/wiki/Kunjen_language" title="Kunjen language">Kunjen</a> and other neighbouring languages have also developed contrasting <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated consonants</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʰ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[cʰ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span>) not found further south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coronal_consonants">Coronal consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Coronal consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descriptions of the coronal articulations can be inconsistent. </p><p>The alveolar series <i>t, n, l</i> (or <i>d, n, l</i>) is straightforward: across the continent, these sounds are <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> (that is, pronounced by touching the tongue to the ridge just behind the gum line of the upper teeth) and <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> (that is, touching that ridge with the tip of the tongue). This is very similar to English <i>t, d, n, l</i>, though the Australian <i>t</i> is not aspirated, even in Kalaw Lagaw Ya, despite its other stops being aspirated. </p><p>The other apical series is the retroflex, <i>rt, rn, rl</i> (or <i>rd, rn, rl</i>). Here the place is further back in the mouth, in the <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">prepalatal</a> region. The articulation is actually most commonly <a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">subapical</a>; that is, the tongue curls back so that the <i>underside</i> of the tip makes contact. That is, they are true <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>. It has been suggested that subapical pronunciation is characteristic of more careful speech, while these sounds tend to be apical in rapid speech. Kalaw Lagaw Ya and many other languages in North Queensland differ from most other Australian languages in not having a retroflexive series. </p><p>The dental series <i>th, nh, lh</i> are always <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> (that is, pronounced by touching with the surface of the tongue just above the tip, called the <i>blade</i> of the tongue), but may be formed in one of three different ways, depending on the language, on the speaker, and on how carefully the speaker pronounces the sound. These are <a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">interdental</a> with the tip of the tongue visible between the teeth, as in <i>th</i> in English; dental with the tip of the tongue down behind the lower teeth, so that the blade is visible between the teeth; and <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a>, that is, with both the tip and the blade making contact with the back of the upper teeth and alveolar ridge, as in French <i>t, d, n, l</i>. The first tends to be used in careful enunciation, and the last in more rapid speech, while the tongue-down articulation is less common. </p><p>Finally, the palatal series <i>ty, ny, ly</i>. (The stop is often spelled <i>dj</i>, <i>tj</i>, or <i>j</i>.) Here the contact is also laminal, but further back, spanning the alveolar to postalveolar, or the postalveolar to prepalatal regions. The tip of the tongue is typically down behind the lower teeth. This is similar to the "closed" articulation of <a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian</a> fricatives (see <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar consonant</a>). The body of the tongue is raised towards the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>. This is similar to the "domed" English postalveolar fricative <i>sh</i>. Because the tongue is "peeled" from the roof of the mouth from back to front during the release of these stops, there is a fair amount of frication, giving the <i>ty</i> something of the impression of the English <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a> <i>ch</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> affricate <i>ć</i>. That is, these consonants are not <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> in the IPA sense of the term, and indeed they contrast with true palatals in <a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a>. In Kalaw Lagaw Ya, the palatal consonants are sub-phonemes of the alveolar sibilants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>. </p><p>These descriptions do not apply exactly to all Australian languages, as the notes regarding Kalaw Lagaw Ya demonstrate. However, they do describe most of them, and are the expected norm against which languages are compared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some have suggested that the most appropriate unit to describe the phonotactics of Australian languages is the phonological word. The most common word length is two <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a>, and a typical phonological word would have the form: </p> <blockquote><p>(C<sub>INIT</sub>)V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>)V<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>FIN</sub>)</p></blockquote> <p>with the first syllable being stressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20189_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20189-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optionality of C<sub>FIN</sub> is cross-linguistically normal, since coda consonants are weak or nonexistent in many languages, as well as in the early stages of language acquisition. The weakening of C<sub>INIT</sub>, on the other hand, is very unusual. No Australian language has <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> in this position, and those languages with <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a> distinctions do not make such distinctions in this position. Place of articulation distinctions are also less common in this position, and <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">deletions</a> are historically common here. While in most languages the word-initial position is prominent, maintaining all a language's contrasts, that is not the case in Australia. Here the prominent position is C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>), in the middle of the word. C<sub>1</sub> is typically the only position allowing all of a language's place of articulation contrasts. Fortis/lenis contrasts can only occur at C<sub>1</sub>, or at C<sub>2</sub> when C<sub>1</sub> is a sonorant. Consonant clusters are often restricted to the C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>) position, and are most commonly <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> + <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> sequences. In languages with pre-stopped nasals or laterals, those sounds only occur at C<sub>1</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20189_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20189-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian languages typically resist certain connected speech processes which might blur the place of articulation of consonants at C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>), such as anticipatory <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a> of place of articulation, which is common around the world. In Australia, this type of assimilation seems only to have affected consonants within the apical and laminal categories. There's little evidence of assimilation between the labial, apical, laminal, and dorsal categories. Many <a href="/wiki/Proto-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_language" title="Proto-Pama–Nyungan language">proto-Pama–Nyungan</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-np-/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nk-/</span> clusters have been preserved across Australia. Heterorganic nasal + stop sequences remain stable even in modern connected speech, which is highly unusual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20189_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20189-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anticipatory assimilation of nasality is quite common in various languages around the world. Typically, a vowel will become <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a> before a following nasal consonant. However, this process is resisted in Australian languages. There was a historical process in many languages where nasal + stop C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> clusters lost the nasal element if C<sub>INIT</sub> was a nasal. Also, many languages have morphophonemic alterations whereby initial nasals in suffixes are denasalized if the preceding stem contains a nasal consonant. While the existence of phonemic <a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">pre-stopped</a> nasals and laterals, contrasting with plain nasals and laterals, has been documented in some Australian languages, nasals and laterals are pre-stopped on a phonetic level in most languages of the continent. These phenomena are the result of a general resistance to the anticipatory assimilation of nasality and laterality. The lack of assimilation makes coda nasals and laterals more acoustically distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher20189–10_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher20189–10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most speakers of Australian languages speak with a 'pressed' <a href="/wiki/Voice_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice quality">voice quality</a>, with the glottal opening narrower than in modal voice, a relatively high frequency of <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voice</a>, and low airflow. This may be due to an avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a>. This pressed quality could therefore serve to enhance the clarity of speech and ensure the perception of place of articulation distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher201810_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher201810-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a></div> <p>Probably every Australian language with speakers remaining has had an orthography developed for it, in each case in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. Sounds not found in English are usually represented by <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, or more rarely by <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, such as underlines, or extra symbols, sometimes borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. Some examples are shown in the following table. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Language </th> <th scope="col">Example </th> <th scope="col">Translation </th> <th scope="col">Type </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a> </th> <td>pa<b>ṉ</b>a </td> <td>'earth, dirt, ground; land' </td> <td>diacritic (underline) indicates retroflex 'n' </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Wajarri_language" title="Wajarri language">Wajarri</a> </th> <td><b>nh</b>a<b>nh</b>a </td> <td>'this, this one' </td> <td>digraph indicating 'n' with dental articulation </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu</a> </th> <td>yol<b>ŋ</b>u </td> <td>'person, man' </td> <td>'<b><a href="/wiki/Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">ŋ</a>'</b> (from <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) for velar nasal </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_(2016)"><span id="Demographics_.282016.29"></span>Demographics (2016)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics (2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Northern Territory, 62.5% of Aboriginal Australians spoke an indigenous language at home in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-broken-census-ref_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broken-census-ref-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINKROT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINKROT"><span title="The link preceding this tag appears to be dead. If this is the case, please attempt to locate the resource that used to reside at the link if possible. (November 2021)">moved resource?</span></a></i>]</sup> In Queensland, almost 95% of Torres Strait Islanders spoke an indigenous language at home in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-broken-census-ref_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broken-census-ref-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINKROT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINKROT"><span title="The link preceding this tag appears to be dead. If this is the case, please attempt to locate the resource that used to reside at the link if possible. (November 2021)">moved resource?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Population that speaks an Indigenous language </th> <th>Percentage that speaks an Indigenous language </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a> </td> <td>3,159 </td> <td>69.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> </td> <td>34,956 </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> </td> <td>10,251 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> </td> <td>13,474 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> </td> <td>3,392 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> </td> <td>1,922 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> </td> <td>526 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> </td> <td>132 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> </td> <td>70 </td> <td>0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_linguists">Notable linguists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable linguists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of linguists and ethnographers have contributed greatly to the sum of knowledge about Australian languages. Of particular note are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Blake" title="Barry Blake">Barry Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Bowern" title="Claire Bowern">Claire Bowern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavan_Breen" title="Gavan Breen">Gavan Breen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell" title="Arthur Capell">Arthur Capell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">R. M. W. Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Hale" title="Kenneth L. Hale">Kenneth Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heffernan_(linguist)" title="Margaret Heffernan (linguist)">Margaret Heffernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Hercus" title="Luise Hercus">Luise Hercus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nash_(linguist)" title="David Nash (linguist)">David Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynette_Frances_Oates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynette Frances Oates">Lynette Oates</a> (1921–2013)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Evans_(linguist)" title="Nicholas Evans (linguist)">Nicholas Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Nordlinger" title="Rachel Nordlinger">Rachel Nordlinger</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_Australian_group_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Aboriginal Australian group names">List of Aboriginal Australian group names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="List of Australian Aboriginal languages">List of Australian Aboriginal languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_languages_of_New_South_Wales" title="List of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales">List of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_place_names_of_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin">List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_with_mobile_apps" title="List of endangered languages with mobile apps">List of endangered languages with mobile apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reduplicated_Australian_place_names" title="List of reduplicated Australian place names">List of reduplicated Australian place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Archive_of_Aboriginal_Languages" title="Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages">Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages">Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dixon (1980) claimed that all but two or three of the 200 languages of Australia can be shown to belong to one language family – the 'Australian family'. In the same way that most of the languages of Europe and Western Asia belong to the Indo-European family."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon19803_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon19803-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon20022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon20022_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon2002">Dixon 2002</a>, pp. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowern2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowern2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowern2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowern2011">Bowern 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20032-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20032_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2011253–254-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2011253–254_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon2011">Dixon 2011</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon19803-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon19803_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon1980">Dixon 1980</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh199127-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh199127_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh199127_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh1991">Walsh 1991</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowern20124593-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowern20124593_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowern2012">Bowern 2012</a>, p. 4593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2015">Mitchell 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby201543-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby201543_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalby2015">Dalby 2015</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorse2020" class="citation web cs1">Morse, Dana (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-14/australias-ancient-languages-brought-into-the-future/12882204">"The next generation is bringing Australia's ancient languages into the future"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113215814/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-14/australias-ancient-languages-brought-into-the-future/12882204">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+next+generation+is+bringing+Australia%27s+ancient+languages+into+the+future&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-11-14%2Faustralias-ancient-languages-brought-into-the-future%2F12882204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2014">Goldsworthy 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO atlas (online)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermann2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermann2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuckermann2009">Zuckermann 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/research/research-themes/languages-and-cultural-expression/national-indigenous-languages-report-nilr">"National Indigenous Languages Report (NILR)"</a>. <i>Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</i>. 6 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806034438/https://aiatsis.gov.au/research/research-themes/languages-and-cultural-expression/national-indigenous-languages-report-nilr">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Studies&rft.atitle=National+Indigenous+Languages+Report+%28NILR%29&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-themes%2Flanguages-and-cultural-expression%2Fnational-indigenous-languages-report-nilr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/national-indigenous-languages-survey-report-2005">"National Indigenous Languages Survey Report 2005"</a>. <i>Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</i>. 19 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801222305/https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/national-indigenous-languages-survey-report-2005">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Studies&rft.atitle=National+Indigenous+Languages+Survey+Report+2005&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Fproducts%2Fnational-indigenous-languages-survey-report-2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages-survey">"Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey"</a>. <i>Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</i>. 16 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200816112823/https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages-survey">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Studies&rft.atitle=Community%2C+identity%2C+wellbeing%3A+The+report+of+the+Second+National+Indigenous+Languages+Survey&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Fproducts%2Fcommunity-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2002: 48,53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'GradyHale200469-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'GradyHale200469_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'GradyHale2004">O'Grady & Hale 2004</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEABC2018-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEABC2018_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFABC2018">ABC 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2018-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2018_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC2018">BBC 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarveyMailhammer2017470–515-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarveyMailhammer2017470–515_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarveyMailhammer2017">Harvey & Mailhammer 2017</a>, pp. 470–515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereltsvaig2017278-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereltsvaig2017278_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPereltsvaig2017">Pereltsvaig 2017</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2002xvii,_xviii-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2002xvii,_xviii_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon2002">Dixon 2002</a>, pp. xvii, xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-4-1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog-4-1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Language+is+connected+to+all+things%27%3A+Why+reviving+Indigenous+languages+is+so+important+%E2%80%93+ABC+Life&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Flife%2Finside-the-battle-to-keep-australias-indigenous-languages-alive%2F10825812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warraparna-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warraparna_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warraparna_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmery2016" class="citation book cs1">Amery, Rob (2016). <i>Warraparna Kuarna: Reclaiming an Australian Language</i>. Adelaide: Adelaide University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925261-24-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925261-24-0"><bdi>978-1-925261-24-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warraparna+Kuarna%3A+Reclaiming+an+Australian+Language&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=Adelaide+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-925261-24-0&rft.aulast=Amery&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-07/kaurna-language-revived-adelaide/5796282">"Project brings Kaurna language back to life"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127181912/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-07/kaurna-language-revived-adelaide/5796282">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Project+brings+Kaurna+language+back+to+life&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-10-07%2Fkaurna-language-revived-adelaide%2F5796282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revivalistics-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermann,_Ghil'ad2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/Revivalistics:_From_the_Genesis_of_Israeli_to_Language_Reclamation_in_Australia_and_Beyond" class="mw-redirect" title="Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond">Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Ground&rft.atitle=First+Nations+languages&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.aulast=Glynn-McDonald&rft.aufirst=Rona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonground.org.au%2Flearn%2Findigenous-languages-avoiding-a-silent-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-broken-census-ref-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-broken-census-ref_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-broken-census-ref_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guest.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/downloadTable?fileTemplate=templates%2FXLSX_Template.xlsx">"Indigenous language in Australia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107080935/https://guest.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/downloadTable/login.xhtml?invalidSession=true&reason=Session+not+established.">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wycliffe+Australia&rft.atitle=Lynette+Oates+%281921%E2%80%932013%29&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwycliffe.org.au%2Flynette-oates-1921-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-512032">"Oates, Lynette F. (Lynette Frances)"</a>, <i>Trove</i>, National Library of Australia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107080923/https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/512032?c=people">archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trove&rft.atitle=Oates%2C+Lynette+F.+%28Lynette+Frances%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.party-512032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2018" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-43564134">"Australia's indigenous languages have one source, study says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 28 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628030931/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-43564134">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Acoustical Society of America. p. 060004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F2.0001004">10.1121/2.0001004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+special+nature+of+Australian+phonologies%3A+Why+auditory+constraints+on+human+language+sound+systems+are+not+universal&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+Meetings+on+Acoustics&rft.series=177th+Meeting+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.pages=060004&rft.pub=Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F2.0001004&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-408-10214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-408-10214-5"><bdi>978-1-408-10214-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223200750/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+definitive+reference+to+more+than+400+languages&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-408-10214-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dHNCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">Dixon, R. M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Australia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29450-8&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=R.+M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0b5XGja0HKIC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">Dixon, R. M. W.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR17"><i>Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47378-1"><bdi>978-0-521-47378-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221225452/https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR17">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Languages%3A+Their+Nature+and+Development&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47378-1&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=R.+M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSqIBNJtG0AC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">Dixon, R. M. W.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWHiDB9rJ5kC&pg=PA253"><i>Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02504-1"><bdi>978-1-108-02504-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201133356/https://books.google.com/books?id=tWHiDB9rJ5kC&pg=PA253">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Aboriginal+Languages%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Field+Worker&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-108-02504-1&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=R.+M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWHiDB9rJ5kC%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Evans" title="Nicholas Evans">Evans, Nicholas</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJEOAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the Continent's Most Linguistically Complex Region</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Linguistics" title="Pacific Linguistics">Pacific Linguistics</a>, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-858-83538-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-858-83538-2"><bdi>978-0-858-83538-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417172131/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJEOAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Non-Pama-Nyungan+Languages+of+Northern+Australia%3A+Comparative+Studies+of+the+Continent%27s+Most+Linguistically+Complex+Region&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+and+Asian+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-858-83538-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJEOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest2017" class="citation journal cs1">Forrest, Walter (June 2017). "The intergenerational transmission of Australian Indigenous languages: why language maintenance programmes should be family-focused". <i>Ethnic and Racial Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.2017.1334938">10.1080/01419870.2017.1334938</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149318200">149318200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=The+intergenerational+transmission+of+Australian+Indigenous+languages%3A+why+language+maintenance+programmes+should+be+family-focused&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.2017.1334938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149318200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Goldsworthy" title="Anna Goldsworthy">Goldsworthy, Anna</a> (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land">"In Port Augusta, an Israeli linguist is helping the Barngarla people reclaim their language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monthly" title="The Monthly">The Monthly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311035302/https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monthly&rft.atitle=In+Port+Augusta%2C+an+Israeli+linguist+is+helping+the+Barngarla+people+reclaim+their+language&rft.date=2014-09&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themonthly.com.au%2Fissue%2F2014%2Fseptember%2F1409493600%2Fanna-goldsworthy%2Fvoices-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallettChandlerLalonde2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hallett, Darcy; Chandler, Michael J.; Lalonde, Christopher E. (July–September 2007). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diachronica&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+remote+relationships%3A+Proto-Australian+noun+class+prefixation&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E470-%3C%2Fspan%3E515&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187740911x558798&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Mailhammer%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Fdia.15032.har&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterBowernRound2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Jessica; <a href="/wiki/Claire_Bowern" title="Claire Bowern">Bowern, Claire</a>; Round, Erich (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5164535/download_file?st=MTUwNDA5MDg1MiwxNTEuMzEuMTMwLjEwMiw1ODgxMjM0MA%3D%3D&s=profile">"Reappraising the Effects of Language Contact in the Torres Strait"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Contact</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">106–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187740911x558798">10.1163/187740911x558798</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107080917/https://www.academia.edu/signup?a_id=5164535">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Contact&rft.atitle=Reappraising+the+Effects+of+Language+Contact+in+the+Torres+Strait&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187740911x558798&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Bowern%2C+Claire&rft.au=Round%2C+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fattachments%2F5164535%2Fdownload_file%3Fst%3DMTUwNDA5MDg1MiwxNTEuMzEuMTMwLjEwMiw1ODgxMjM0MA%253D%253D%26s%3Dprofile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABC2018" class="citation news cs1">Marchese, David (28 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-28/indigenous-language-comes-from-a-single-root-tongue/9594414">"Indigenous languages come from just one common ancestor, researchers say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330054018/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-28/indigenous-language-comes-from-a-single-root-tongue/9594414">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indigenous+languages+come+from+just+one+common+ancestor%2C+researchers+say&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Marchese&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-03-28%2Findigenous-language-comes-from-a-single-root-tongue%2F9594414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConvellThieberger2001" class="citation book cs1">McConvell, P.; Thieberger, Nicholas (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/34091/66504_00001559_01_indigenous-languages.pdf?sequence=1"><i>State of Indigenous languages in Australia 2001</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_and_Heritage" title="Department of the Environment and Heritage">Department of the Environment and Heritage</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226011228/https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/34091/66504_00001559_01_indigenous-languages.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Indigenous+languages+in+Australia+2001&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Environment+and+Heritage&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=McConvell&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Thieberger%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerva-access.unimelb.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11343%2F34091%2F66504_00001559_01_indigenous-languages.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConvellEvans1997" class="citation book cs1">McConvell, Patrick; <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Evans" title="Nicholas Evans">Evans, Nicholas</a>, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEliAAAAMAAJ"><i>Archaeology and linguistics: aboriginal Australia in global perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-53728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-53728-4"><bdi>978-0-195-53728-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222180400/https://books.google.com/books?id=FEliAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+linguistics%3A+aboriginal+Australia+in+global+perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Australia&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-195-53728-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFEliAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McConvell, Patrick & Claire Bowern. 2011. The prehistory and internal relationships of Australian languages. Language and Linguistics Compass 5(1). 19–32.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Mitchell (page does not exist)">Mitchell, Rod</a> (April 2015), "Ngalmun Lagaw Yangukudu: The Language of our Homeland <i>in</i> Goemulgaw Lagal: Cultural and Natural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait", <i>Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture</i>, <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">323–</span>446, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1440-4788">1440-4788</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Queensland+Museum+%E2%80%93+Culture&rft.atitle=Ngalmun+Lagaw+Yangukudu%3A+The+Language+of+our+Homeland+in+Goemulgaw+Lagal%3A+Cultural+and+Natural+Histories+of+the+Island+of+Mabuyag%2C+Torres+Strait&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.date=2015-04&rft.issn=1440-4788&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Rod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'GradyHale2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_O%27Grady" title="Geoffrey O'Grady">O'Grady, Geoffrey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Hale" title="Kenneth L. Hale">Hale, Ken</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmvmCvs9zQcC&pg=PA69">"The Coherence and Distinctiveness of the Pama–Nyungan Language Family within the Australian Linguistic Phylum"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Claire_Bowern" title="Claire Bowern">Bowern, Claire</a>; Koch, Harold (eds.). <i>Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Benjamins Publishing">John Benjamins Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-027-29511-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-027-29511-8"><bdi>978-9-027-29511-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225153239/https://books.google.com/books?id=rmvmCvs9zQcC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coherence+and+Distinctiveness+of+the+Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan+Language+Family+within+the+Australian+Linguistic+Phylum&rft.btitle=Australian+Languages%3A+Classification+and+the+comparative+method&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9-027-29511-8&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Hale%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmvmCvs9zQcC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaig2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asya_Pereltsvaig" title="Asya Pereltsvaig">Pereltsvaig, Asya</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DB4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA278"><i>Languages of the World: An Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17114-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17114-5"><bdi>978-1-107-17114-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222053721/https://books.google.com/books?id=DB4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA278">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-17114-5&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDB4xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1991" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Michael (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odXuIsxHaOYC&pg=PA27">"Overview of indigenous languages of Australia"</a>. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.). <i>Language in Australia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33983-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33983-4"><bdi>978-0-521-33983-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224040204/https://books.google.com/books?id=odXuIsxHaOYC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview+of+indigenous+languages+of+Australia&rft.btitle=Language+in+Australia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33983-4&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodXuIsxHaOYC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyles2019" class="citation news cs1">Wyles, Dwayne (2 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-31/country-talks-back-preserving-indigenous-languages-in-iyil2019/11160388">"Preserving Indigenous languages in IYIL2019 helps custodians heal, taps into knowledge of country"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603022904/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-31/country-talks-back-preserving-indigenous-languages-in-iyil2019/11160388">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Preserving+Indigenous+languages+in+IYIL2019+helps+custodians+heal%2C+taps+into+knowledge+of+country&rft.date=2019-06-02&rft.aulast=Wyles&rft.aufirst=Dwayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-05-31%2Fcountry-talks-back-preserving-indigenous-languages-in-iyil2019%2F11160388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermann2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (26 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923233756/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25980525-25192,00.html">"Aboriginal languages deserve revival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25980525-25192,00.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+languages+deserve+revival&rft.date=2009-08-26&rft.aulast=Zuckermann&rft.aufirst=Ghil%27ad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C25197%2C25980525-25192%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermannWalsh2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a>; Walsh, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Revival_Linguistics.pdf">"Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Linguistics" title="Australian Journal of Linguistics">Australian Journal of Linguistics</a></i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268602.2011.532859">10.1080/07268602.2011.532859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145627187">145627187</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928071405/http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Revival_Linguistics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Stop%2C+Revive%2C+Survive%3A+Lessons+from+the+Hebrew+Revival+Applicable+to+the+Reclamation%2C+Maintenance+and+Empowerment+of+Aboriginal+Languages+and+Cultures&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07268602.2011.532859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145627187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zuckermann&rft.aufirst=Ghil%27ad&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zuckermann.org%2Fpdf%2FRevival_Linguistics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/aer" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/aer">Eastern Arrernte test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/rop" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/rop">Kriol test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/nys" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/nys">Noongar test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/rop:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:rop:Main Page">Main page/Kriol edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, the free library</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/piu" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/piu">Pintupi-Luritja test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/pjt" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/pjt">Pitjantjatjara test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/tcs" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/tcs">Torres Strait Creole test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/tiw" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/tiw">Tiwi test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/wbp" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/wbp">Warlpiri test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Australian Aboriginal languages</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Australian+Aboriginal+languages">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Australian+Aboriginal+languages&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2019" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Jane (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-state-of-australias-indigenous-languages-and-how-we-can-help-people-speak-them-more-often-109662">"The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+state+of+Australia%27s+Indigenous+languages+%E2%80%93+and+how+we+can+help+people+speak+them+more+often&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-state-of-australias-indigenous-languages-and-how-we-can-help-people-speak-them-more-often-109662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425131813/http://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/disclaimer.php">AUSTLANG Australian Indigenous Languages Database</a> at <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/culture/topic/aboriginal-australia-map">Aboriginal Australia map</a>, a guide to Aboriginal language, tribal and nation groups published by <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnathan.com/VL/austLang.htm">Aboriginal Languages of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050709053041/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/pathways.asp">The AIATSIS map of Aboriginal Australia</a> (recorded ranges; full view <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420063830/http://www.reconciliationsa.org.au/pdf%20and%20docs/Aboriginal%20Australia%20Map.pdf">here</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AU">Languages of Australia</a>, as listed by <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/products/report_research_outputs/2014-report-of-the-2nd-national-indigenous-languages-survey.pdf">Report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey 2014</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/aboriginalwords">Finding the meaning of an Aboriginal word</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625111909/http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/index.html">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/index.html">Social Justice Report 2009</a> for more information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages and policy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laal.cdu.edu.au/">Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314105952/http://laal.cdu.edu.au/">Archived</a> 14 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Northern Territory languages only)</li> <li>Bowern, Claire. 2016. "Chirila: Contemporary and Historical Resources for the Indigenous Languages of Australia". Language Documentation and Conservation 10 (2016): 1–44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=1002">http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=1002</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gov.au/closing-the-gap-data/dashboard/socioeconomic/outcome-area16">Cultures and languages are strong, supported and flourishing</a> Data relating to the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages spoken in Australia and its States and Territories.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://50words.online/">50 Words Project</a> (audio recordings of 50 words in Australian Indigenous languages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chirila.yale.edu/">CHIRILA: A database of the languages of Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023234140/http://chirila.yale.edu/">Archived</a> 23 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Contemporary and Historical Reconstruction in the Indigenous Languages of Australia)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pamanyungan.net/chirila/">CHIRILA, Yale Pama-Nyungan Lab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gambay.com.au/">Gambay - First Languages Map</a>, an interactive map of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/dls06p/alma99183644320302061">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander word lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/dls06p/alma99183673120702061">Spoken: celebrating Queensland languages digital stories</a>, State Library of Queensland</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Australian_Aboriginal_and_Tasmanian_languages786" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Template:Australian Aboriginal languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Template talk:Australian Aboriginal languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Aboriginal languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_Aboriginal_and_Tasmanian_languages786" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australian Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> languages</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> <br />subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victorian P–N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotayotic_languages" title="Yotayotic languages">Yotayotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gippsland_languages" title="Gippsland languages">Gippsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulin_languages" title="Kulin languages">Kulin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_language" title="Bungandidj language">Bungandidj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New South Wales P–N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuin%E2%80%93Kuric_languages" title="Yuin–Kuric languages">Yuin–Kuric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanggati_language" title="Dhanggati language">Dhanggati</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anewan_language" title="Anewan language">Anewan (Nganyaywana)</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_South_Wales_languages" title="Central New South Wales languages">Central New South Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiradhuric_languages" title="Wiradhuric languages">Wiradhuric</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barranbinja_language" title="Barranbinja language">Barranbinja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muruwari_language" title="Muruwari language">Muruwari</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durubalic_languages" title="Durubalic languages">Durubalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung_languages" title="Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages">Bandjalangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbaynggiric_languages" title="Gumbaynggiric languages">Gumbaynggiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka%E2%80%93Kabic_languages" title="Waka–Kabic languages">Waka–Kabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait language">Western Torres Strait</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Paman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Cape_York_Paman_languages" title="North Cape York Paman languages">Northern Paman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uradhi_language" title="Uradhi language">Uradhi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik_languages" title="Wik languages">Wik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Middle Paman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_language" title="Umpila language">Umpilaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpithamu_language" title="Umpithamu language">Umbindhamuic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamalamic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamalamic languages">Lamalamic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Umbuygamu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbuygamu language">Umbuygamu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamalama_language" title="Lamalama language">Mbarrumbathama</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Paman_languages" title="Southwestern Paman languages">Southwest Paman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Thayorre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuuk Thayorre language">Kuuk Thayorre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paman languages">Southern Paman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbabaram_language" title="Mbabaram language">Mbabaram</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_language" title="Flinders Island language">Flinders Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maric_languages" title="Maric languages">Maric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrongo_language" title="Warrongo language">Warrongo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biri_language" title="Biri language">Biri</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidyara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidyara language">Bidyara–Gungabula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margany_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Margany language">Margany–Gunya</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bindal_language" title="Bindal language">Bindal</a></i> ?</li> <li>Guwa–Yanda ? <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guwa_language" title="Guwa language">Guwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanda_language" title="Yanda language">Yanda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingkel_languages" title="Kingkel languages">Kingkel</a> ? <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharumbal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharumbal language">Dharumbal</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayali_language" title="Bayali language">Bayali</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dyirbalic_languages" title="Dyirbalic languages">Dyirbalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrgamay_language" title="Warrgamay language">Warrgamay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyawaygi_language" title="Nyawaygi language">Nyawaygi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a> ?</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimidhirr_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guugu Yimidhirr language">Guugu Yimidihirr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuku_Yalanji_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuku Yalanji language">Kuku Yalanji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulf</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungic_languages" title="Kalkatungic languages">Kalkatungic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungu_language" title="Kalkatungu language">Kalkatungu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yalarnnga_language" title="Yalarnnga language">Yalarnnga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayabic_languages" title="Mayabic languages">Mayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arandic–Thura–Yura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arandic_languages" title="Arandic languages">Arandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaytetye_language" title="Kaytetye language">Kaytetye</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thura%E2%80%93Yura_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Thura–Yura languages">Thura–Yura</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnic_languages" title="Karnic languages">Karnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern (Palku) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitta-Pitta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitta-Pitta language">Pitta-Pitta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana–Wangkangurru</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Central <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Diyari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_River_language" title="Wilson River language">Wilson River (Wangkumara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulloo_River_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulloo River language">Bulloo River (Galali)</a></i> ?</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_language" title="Paakantyi language">Paakantyi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Dhaŋu–Djaŋu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritharngu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritharngu language">Ritharrŋu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhangu_language" title="Nhangu language">Nhaŋu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal–Dhuwala</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Djambarrpuyngu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djambarrpuyngu language">Djambarrpuyŋu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gupapuyngu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupapuyngu language">Gupapuyŋu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djinang_language" title="Djinang language">Djinaŋ</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djinba_language" title="Djinba language">Djinba</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganalbingu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganalbingu language">Ganhalpuyŋu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Ngarna/Warluwarric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Southern</a> <ul><li>Ngarru</li> <li>Thawa</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desert Nyungic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marrngu_languages" title="Marrngu languages">Marrngu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngumpin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngumpin languages">Ngumpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapa languages">Yapa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wati_languages" title="Wati languages">Wati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-West P–N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pilbara <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngayarda_languages" title="Ngayarda languages">Ngayarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyara%E2%80%93Mantharta_languages" title="Kanyara–Mantharta languages">Kanyara–Mantharta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartu%E2%80%93Nhanda_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartu–Nhanda languages">Kartu–Nhanda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yinggarda_language" title="Yinggarda language">Yinggarda</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirning_languages" title="Mirning languages">Mirning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyungic_languages" title="Nyungic languages">Nyunga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_language" title="Proto-Pama–Nyungan language">Proto-Pama–Nyungan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a> (register: <a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayardild_language" title="Kayardild language">Kayardild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukulta_language" title="Yukulta language">Yukulta</a> (Ganggalida, Nyangga)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingginda_language" title="Mingginda language">Mingginda</a> (Minkin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Garawa language">Garawa</a> (Garrwa, north)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waanyi_language" title="Waanyi language">Waanyi</a> (Wanji, south)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunindiri_language" title="Gunindiri language">Gunindiri</a> (Kurnindirri, southwest)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurr-goni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurr-goni language">Gurr-goni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndj%C3%A9bbana_language" title="Ndjébbana language">Ndjébbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkara_language" title="Nakkara language">Nakkara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marra_language" title="Marra language">Marra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warndarang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warndarang language">Warndarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugul_language" title="Yugul language">Yugul</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawa_language" title="Alawa language">Alawa</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarrayi_language" title="Mangarrayi language">Mangarrayi</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gunwinyguan proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawoyn_language" title="Jawoyn language">Jawoyn</a> (Djauan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warray_language" title="Warray language">Waray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwinymil_language" title="Uwinymil language">Uwinymil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bininj_Gun-Wok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bininj Gun-Wok language">Bininj Kunwok</a> (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunbarlang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunbarlang language">Kunbarlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalabon_language" title="Dalabon language">Dalabon</a> (Ngalkbun)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rembarrnga_language" title="Rembarrnga language">Rembarrnga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalakgan_language" title="Ngalakgan language">Ngalakgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngandi_language" title="Ngandi language">Ngandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunggubuyu_language" title="Nunggubuyu language">Nunggubuyu</a> (Wubuy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enindhilyagwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enindhilyagwa language">Anindilyakwa</a> (Enindhilyagwa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (Warrkbi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidja_language" title="Iwaidja language">Iwaidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilgar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilgar language">Garig–Ilgar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garig_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Garig dialect">Garig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilgar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilgar dialect">Ilgar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern (Goulburn Island)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maung_language" title="Maung language">Maung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manangkari_language" title="Manangkari language">Manangkari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amurdak_language" title="Amurdak language">Amurdag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wurrugu_language" title="Wurrugu language">Wurrugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrgu_language" title="Marrgu language">Marrgu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laragiya_language" title="Laragiya language">Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limilngan–Wulna?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limilngan_language" title="Limilngan language">Limilngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulna_language" title="Wulna language">Wulna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umbugarlic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbugarla_language" title="Umbugarla language">Umbugarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngomburr_language" title="Ngomburr language">Ngurmbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugurnidja_language" title="Bugurnidja language">Bugurnidja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly River Sprachbund</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadjiginy_language" title="Wadjiginy language">Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandjerramalh_language" title="Kandjerramalh language">Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giyug_language" title="Giyug language">Giyug</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Northern Daly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Tyerraty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marringarr_language" title="Marringarr language">Marri Ngarr</a> <ul><li>Magati Ke</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marranj_language" title="Marranj language">Merranunggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrithiyel_language" title="Marrithiyel language">Marrithiyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrithiyel_language" title="Marrithiyel language">Marramaninjsji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matngala_language" title="Matngala language">Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamu_language" title="Kamu language">Kamu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh-patha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngan%27gityemerri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngan'gityemerri language">Ngan’gityemerri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingulu_language" title="Jingulu language">Jingulu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yirram_languages" title="Yirram languages">Yirram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nungali_language" title="Nungali language">Nungali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaminjung_language" title="Jaminjung language">Jaminjung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngurlun_languages" title="Ngurlun languages">Ngurlun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngarnka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngarnka language">Ngarnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambaya_language" title="Wambaya language">Wambaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kija_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kija language">Kija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriwoong_language" title="Miriwoong language">Miriwoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajirrawoong_dialect" title="Gajirrawoong dialect">Gajirrawoong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunuba_language" title="Bunuba language">Bunuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooniyandi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gooniyandi language">Gooniyandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wunambal_language" title="Wunambal language">Wunambal</a> (Northern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarinyin_language" title="Ngarinyin language">Ngarinyin</a> (Eastern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorra_language" title="Worrorra language">Worrorra</a> (Western)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western (Nyulnyulic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyul_language" title="Nyulnyul language">Nyulnyul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardi_language" title="Bardi language">Bardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_dialect" title="Jawi dialect">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djabirr-Djabirr_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djabirr-Djabirr language">Djabirr-Djabirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimanburru_language" title="Nimanburru language">Nimanburru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern (Dyukun)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yawuru_language" title="Yawuru language">Yawuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyugun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyugun language">Dyugun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrwa_language" title="Warrwa language">Warrwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyigina_language" title="Nyigina language">Nyigina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngumbarl_language" title="Ngumbarl language">Ngumbarl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> <br />family-level groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerapper_language" title="Peerapper language">Northwestern Tasmanian</a> (Peerapper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toogee_language" title="Toogee language">Southwestern Tasmanian</a> (Toogee) ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommeginne_language" title="Tommeginne language">Northern Tasmanian</a> (Tommeginne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sorell_language" title="Port Sorell language">Port Sorell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyemmairre_language" title="Pyemmairre language">Pyemmairre</a> (Northeastern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyerrernotepanner_language" title="Tyerrernotepanner language">Tyerrernotepanner</a> (North Midland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotsky/Blackhouse_Tasmanian_language" title="Lhotsky/Blackhouse Tasmanian language">Lhotsky/Blackhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tasmanian_language" title="Norman Tasmanian language">Norman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paredarerme_language" title="Paredarerme language">Oyster Bay</a> (Paredarerme)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Swanport_language" title="Little Swanport language">Little Swanport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuenonne_language" title="Nuenonne language">Southeast Tasmanian</a> (Nuenonne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruny_Island_Tasmanian_language" title="Bruny Island Tasmanian language">Bruny Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Indigenous <br />languages and <br /><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal Englishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Australian Kriol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Roper River Kriol (<a href="/wiki/Ngukurr" title="Ngukurr">Ngukurr</a>)</li> <li>Bamyili Kriol (<a href="/wiki/Barunga,_Northern_Territory" title="Barunga, Northern Territory">Barunga</a>)</li> <li>Kimberley Kriol (<a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzroy Crossing">Fitzroy Valley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daly_River,_Northern_Territory" title="Daly River, Northern Territory">Daly River</a> Kriol</li> <li>Westside Kriol (<a href="/wiki/Victoria_River,_Northern_Territory" title="Victoria River, Northern Territory">Victoria River</a>)</li> <li>Barkly Kriol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mornington_Island" title="Mornington Island">Mornington Island</a> Creole</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowanyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kowanyama">Kowanyama</a> Creole</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeastern <br />creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a> (Yumplatok)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Peninsula_Area_Region#Language" title="Northern Peninsula Area Region">Cape York Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockhart_River,_Queensland" title="Lockhart River, Queensland">Lockhart River</a> Creole</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Napranum">Napranum</a> Creole</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English" title="Port Jackson Pidgin English">Port Jackson Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broome_Pearling_Lugger_Pidgin" title="Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin">Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Pidgin_English" title="South Australian Pidgin English">South Australian Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarluma_language#dialects" title="Ngarluma language">Pidgin Ngarluma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed languages">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_Warlpiri" title="Light Warlpiri">Light Warlpiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_Kriol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurindji Kriol">Gurindji Kriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language#Modern_Tiwi" title="Tiwi language">Modern Tiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu" title="Warumungu">Wumpurrarni</a> English (<a href="/wiki/Tennant_Creek" title="Tennant Creek">Tennant Creek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyawarr" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyawarr">Alyawarr</a> English</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nyungar" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nyungar">Neo-Nyungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunga_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunga English">Nunga English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrabah,_Queensland" title="Yarrabah, Queensland">Yarrie</a> Lingo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Island,_Queensland" title="Palm Island, Queensland">Palm</a> Talk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woorabinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Woorabinda">Woorie</a> Talk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherbourg,_Queensland" title="Cherbourg, Queensland">Cherbourg</a> Talk</li> <li>Murdi Language</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate individual languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Australia319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Australia319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">Western Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh Patha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmajarri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Luritja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu Matha</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Djambarrpuyngu</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly</a> (5 families)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>? (3 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>? (5-6 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> (4 families?)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Broome_Pearling_Lugger_Pidgin" title="Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin">Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_Kriol_language" title="Gurindji Kriol language">Gurindji Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Light_Warlpiri" title="Light Warlpiri">Light Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norfuk_language" title="Norfuk language">Norfuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English" title="Port Jackson Pidgin English">Port Jackson Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Kanaka_English" title="Queensland Kanaka English">Queensland Kanaka English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Pidgin_English" title="South Australian Pidgin English">South Australian Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Indigenous Sign Language</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian Irish Sign Language</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205143#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1030" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205143#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1030" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205143#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>49 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-4fbx9","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.452","walltime":"1.840","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12137,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":383683,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14397,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":226496,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1415.711 1 -total"," 14.67% 207.695 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.89% 154.211 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