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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proto-Indo-European language sound law</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PIE_%C7%B5h.svg/40px-PIE_%C7%B5h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PIE_%C7%B5h.svg/60px-PIE_%C7%B5h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PIE_%C7%B5h.svg/80px-PIE_%C7%B5h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains characters used to write reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> words (for an explanation of the notation, see <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European phonology</a>).</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> combining characters and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> characters.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, <b>Weise's law</b> describes the loss of <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> quality that some consonants undergo in specific contexts in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> (PIE). Specifically, when the palatovelar consonants <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱ</span></span></i> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵ</span></span></i> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵʰ</span></span></i> are followed by <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i>, they lose their palatal quality, leading to <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">a loss in distinction</a> between them and the <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar consonants">plain velar consonants</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*k</span></span> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*g</span></span> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʰ</span></span></i>. Some exceptions exist, such as when the <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> is followed by <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*i</span></span></i> or when the palatal form is restored <a href="/wiki/Analogical_change" title="Analogical change">by analogy</a> with related words. Although this <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> is most prominent in the satem languages, the change probably occurred prior to the <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">centum–satem division</a>, based on an earlier sound change which affected the distribution of PIE <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*u</span></span></i> and <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i>. </p><p>The law is named after the German linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Weise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Weise (page does not exist)">Oskar Weise</a>, who postulated it in 1881 in order to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> (PIE) is the hypothetical ancestor of all the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. It was spoken around the 4th millennium BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask2000267_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask2000267-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiner2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No record of the language exists, but its forms have been <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weise's law describes a sound change that affects the palatovelar consonants of PIE, sometimes called dorso-palatal or simply palatal consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sounds are articulated both with the back part of the tongue and the <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">hard palate</a> of the mouth, represented with <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱ</span></span></i>, <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵ</span></span></i>, and <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵʰ</span></span></i>, where the <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> signifies a reconstructed or unattested form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are contrasted with plain velar consonants, also referred to as dorso-velar or simply velar consonants, which are articulated with the back part of the tongue and the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a>, represented by <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*k</span></span></i>, <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*g</span></span></i>, and <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʰ</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these sets were further contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelar consonants</a>, likely pronounced with a simultaneous articulation with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate and the <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">rounding of the lips</a>, represented by <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*kʷ</span></span></i>, <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʷ</span></span></i>, and <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʷʰ</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three contrastive sets are often known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">guttural consonants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiggers2011184_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiggers2011184-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although only one branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> – maintained a distinction between all three sets of consonants,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguists</a> divide the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Daughter_language" title="Daughter language">daughter languages</a> into two categories based on how these sounds developed, namely the <i>centum</i> and the <i>satem</i> languages. In the centum languages, the palatovelar sounds lost their palatal quality and merged with the plain velars, creating only a two-way contrast between plain velars and labiovelar sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, PIE <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱm̥tóm</span></span></i> 'one hundred'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130,_303_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130,_303-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask200053_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask200053-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became <i>centum</i> in Latin. In the satem languages, the labiovelar sounds lost their labialization, and <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">merged</a> with the plain velar sounds. The palatovelar sounds, on the other hand, underwent <a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">assibilation</a> – also called satemization in this particular context – whereby these palatovelars became <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant consonants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sibilant consonants comprise <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">[t͡ʃ]</a> (as in <i><b>ch</b>at</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">[s]</a> (as in <i><b>s</b>unk</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011302_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011302-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱm̥tóm</span></span></i> became 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨 <i>satəm</i> in <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black sign with gold Gothic lettering on the side of a concrete building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg/220px-Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg/330px-Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg/440px-Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque to Weise in <a href="/wiki/Eisenberg,_Thuringia" title="Eisenberg, Thuringia">Eisenberg, Germany</a>, which reads in part: 'Here lived the researcher and teacher of our mother tongue, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geheimrat" title="Geheimrat">Geheimrat</a></i></span> Prof. Dr. Oskar Weise [...]'</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Weise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Weise (page does not exist)">Oskar Weise</a> first described a problem in correspondences between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> cognates in his 1881 article "Is initial γ dropped before λ?" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ist anlautendes γ vor λ abgefallen?</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, he notes an imbalance in the relationship between Ancient Greek and Sanskrit cognates, writing: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>If we examine the Indic words beginning with guttural + <i>r</i> or <i>l</i> and compare them with their Greek reflexes, we will notice that all those which have retained the guttural in Indic intact show guttural + <i><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">ρ</a></i>, whereas Greek guttural + <i><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">λ</a></i> only occurs regularly when the palatal sibilants [<i>ś</i>], <i>j</i>, <i>h</i> appear in Indic. The absence of exceptions in this rule automatically prohibits the assumption that coincidence prevailed here. Of course, this excludes cases where <i>r</i> (or <i>l</i>) is not immediately after the guttural, but there is a vowel in between, although the rule stated above often applies here too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise1881115_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise1881115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Alwin Kloekhorst</a> in 2011, Weise's original article has "been largely forgotten by the scholarly world", but its findings have appeared sporadically in linguistic literature with some of it needing revision in light of other research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Antoine Meillet</a> described the law and defended it as established fact in a dissertation for the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Linguistique_de_Paris" title="Société de Linguistique de Paris">Société de Linguistique de Paris</a> on the difficulty of determining gutturals in PIE, citing Weise as its progenitor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Frederik Kortlandt</a> similarly considered Weise's findings strong but limited in scope, citing both Weise's and Meillet's works on the law in his own research on the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a> also described the process derived from the law, but did not reference its origins with Weise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011126_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011126-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kloekhorst presented a defense of the law in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by a more complete account – <i>Weise's Law: Depalatalization of Palatovelars before </i>*r<i> in Sanskrit</i> – in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 defense conglomerates several different sources on the topic, some referencing Weise and some not, and summarizes its general characteristics, its relative chronology, and possible violations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kloekhorst has been credited with reviving interest in the law.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:441px;max-width:441px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustrated view of the inside of the mouth with the middle of the tongue pressed against the roof of the mouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg/143px-Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg/215px-Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg/286px-Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustrated gif of the inside of the mouth where the tip of the tongue alternates between the pressing against the alveolar ridge and constricting airflow just behind the teeth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif/143px-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif" decoding="async" width="143" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif/215px-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif/286px-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustrated view of the inside of the mouth with the tip of the tongue constricting airflow just behind the teeth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg/143px-Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg/215px-Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg/286px-Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Assibilation process: <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">palatal stop</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[c]</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">alveolar sibilant affricate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡s]</a></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">alveolar fricative</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[s]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Weise's law describes a depalatalization which affects the palatovelar consonants of PIE: <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ</span></span></i>. In the satem languages, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these sounds became fricatives, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">[s]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">[z]</a></span>, rather than remaining <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a>. Weise's law, however, demonstrates that these sounds depalatalize before <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i>, thereby merging with the plain velar stops <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*k</span></span> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*g</span></span> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʰ</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the palatovelar sounds became <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">assibilation</a>) – in the satem languages while the plain velars did not, the merging of palatovelars with plain velars explains why these words have plain velar <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflexes</a> in words that share a common Indo-European root containing a palatovelar. In other words, while the palatovelar stops were made into alveolar sibilants in most cases, Weise's law explains many exceptions, though not all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of the law are commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut#Ablaut_grades" title="Indo-European ablaut">zero-grade</a> stems – that is, stems without a vowel<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011301_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011301-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – which may receive <a href="/wiki/Anaptyxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaptyxis">inserted</a> vowels in the <a href="/wiki/Daughter_language" title="Daughter language">daughter languages</a>. One such example may be found in <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Old Avestan</a> <span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae" dir="rtl">𐬐𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬞𐬇𐬨</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kəhrpə̄m</i></span> 'figure, body', derived from <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱrp-os-</span></span></i> 'body'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137–138_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137–138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the original palatovelar <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱ</span></span></i> does not immediately precede <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> in the Avestan reflex, it is still in accordance with the depalatalization described by Weise's law since <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱ</span></span></i> immediately precedes <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> in the zero-grade form <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱrp-os-</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137–138_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137–138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sanskrit contains many apparent violations of the rule, particularly where the surface representation of the word contains <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">śr-</i></span> or <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">hr-</i></span>, implying a derivation from an unmodified <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱr-</span></span></i> or <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵʰr-</span></span></i> source. However, these are often the result of later sound changes particular to a language or <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>. For example, where /l/ became /r/ in many circumstances, such as in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">श्रवस्</span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">śravas</i></span> 'fame', which is derived from PIE <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱleu-es-</span></span></i>, and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ह्राद्</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">hrād</i></span> 'to resound, to make a noise', which is derived from <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵʰleh₃d-</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011265–266_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011265–266-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, these apparent counterexamples do not actually represent exceptions to the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other apparent violations occur in contexts in which the palatovelar consonant and <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> cross a morphemic boundary, such as between an <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> and the root it modifies, or share a clear derivational relationship with another word that would not have been subjected to the sound law, leading to an <a href="/wiki/Analogical_change" title="Analogical change">analogical change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With respect to the first apparent violation, the Sanskrit word <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अज्र</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ájra</i></span> 'field, plain' is derived from <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82%C3%A9%C7%B5ros" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éǵros">*h₂éǵ-ro-</a></span></span></i> 'field, pasturage', where the expected outcome is <span title="Sanskrit-language text">*<span lang="sa">अग्र</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">*ágra</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the typical reflex of the palatovelar consonant has been restored because the palatovelar and the <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> are separated by a morphemic boundary, represented here with a dash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another apparent violation, Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">शृङ्ग</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">śṛṅgá</i></span> 'horn' is derived from the zero-grade form <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%E1%B8%B1erh%E2%82%82-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱerh₂-">*ḱr-n-go-</a></span></span></i>. Although the expected reflex is <span title="Sanskrit-language text">*<span lang="sa">क्ङ्ग</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">*kṛṅgá</i></span>, the attested form may have been restored based on a relationship with related words like <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">शरभ</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">śarabhá</i></span> 'a kind of deer', which is derived from a full-grade form of the root, <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱer-n-bʰó-</span></span></i> where the <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> is not immediately preceded by the palatovelar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011267_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011267-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All other violations of the rule appear in the particular sequence <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*Ḱri</span></span></i>, where <i>Ḱ</i> represents any palatovelar sound. Kloekhorst suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">high front vowel</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*i</span></span></i> may have palatalized the preceding <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i>, giving no motivation to depalatalize the initial palatovelar sound.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relative_chronology">Relative chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relative chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chronology of Weise's law is the subject of some debate. The depalatalization described by the law must have occurred by at least the time the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> diverged from the rest of PIE (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kloekhorst argues that it probably occurred much earlier, after the divergence of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500 BC</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the distribution of late PIE <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*u</span></span></i> and <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> underwent an exchange in placement, or <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a>, which only occurred after both the Anatolian language family had diverged from PIE and palatovelars had undergone the depalatalization described by Weise's law. This explains exceptions such as Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">श्मश्रु</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">śmáśru</i></span> 'beard', which derives from the form <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*smóḱ-ru-</span></span></i> rather than from the earlier <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*smóḱ-ur</span></span></i>, attested in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> <span title="Hittite-language text"><span lang="hit">𒍝𒈠𒀭𒆳</span></span> <span title="Hittite-language romanization"><i lang="hit-Latn">zama(n)kur</i></span> 'beard'. The Sanskrit form does not show depalatalization because the depalatalization occurred only in environments where the palatovelar was followed by <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> prior to this metathesis.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Frederik Kortlandt</a> noted that, while it is tempting to assert that Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian depalatalizations derive from a common innovation, the scope of depalatalization is much larger in the Balto-Slavic languages and there is positive evidence that this kind of depalatalization never occurred in Armenian, pointing to examples like <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">սրունք</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">srunkʿ</i></span> 'leg' from PIE <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱrūs-ni-</span></span></i> and <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">մերձ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">merj</i></span> 'near, close to' from <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*méǵʰ(s)ri</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Kortlandt suggested that Weise's law applies only to Indo-Iranian languages and, although Indo-Iranian languages and Balto-Slavic languages restored palatal features in a similar fashion, these restorations occurred independently of one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on Albanian and Balto-Slavic agreement in depalatalization, he considers Albanian to have been a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">transitional dialect</a> of Balto-Slavic and Armenian during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a>, disputing some of Kortlandt's etymologies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003175,_196_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003175,_196-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote that depalatalization is assumed to have taken place before <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> in Armenian as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003176_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003176-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the effects of the law are most clearly demonstrated in satem languages, Kloekhorst suggests that this sound change occurred before the centum–satem split, arguing that it almost certainly occurred in late PIE after the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because their reflexes appear to be in accordance with the law, Kloekhorst groups <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> in with the satem languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261,_269_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261,_269-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further notes that it is likely that secondary depalatalizations took place at a later date in each of the satem language families outside the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, as depalatalization is more extensive in those languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouk%C3%B3los_rule" title="Boukólos rule"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Boukólos</i></span> rule</a> – a similar rule affecting labiovelar consonants in PIE, which affected the centum languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sound_laws_in_the_Indo-European_languages" title="Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages">Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albanian and Armenian have a controversial placement in centum–satem taxonomy. See <a href="#Relative_chronology">§ Relative chronology</a> for further discussion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although de Vaan posits the palatovelar form <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱrp-</span></span></i> as a possible reconstruction, other linguists – such as <a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Ranko Matasović</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guus_Kroonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guus Kroonen (page does not exist)">Guus Kroonen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guus_Kroonen" class="extiw" title="lt:Guus Kroonen">lt</a>]</span> – have reconstructed the root as <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*krep-</span></span></i> (zero-grade <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*krp-</span></span></i>) without the palatovelar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009224_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009224-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013244_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013244-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अग्र</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ágra</i></span> 'foremost, summit' is an attested form in Sanskrit,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is either a derivative of <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अङ्ग्</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">aṅg</i></span> 'to go'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams18996_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams18996-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or otherwise related to <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">agrs</i></span> 'early'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">mjekër</i> 'chin, beard' and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">smãkras</i> 'chin' also derive from <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*smóḱ-ru-</span></span></i>; however, the presence of plain velars suggests a later depalatalization in Albanian and Balto-Slavic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This opinion is not unique to Kloekhorst; many linguists also categorize Albanian and Armenian as satem languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapović2017Map_1.1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapović2017Map_1.1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xxiii_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xxiii-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Larry Trask</a> also categorizes both as satem languages, but cautions that Albanian can only be categorized as such "with qualifications".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask2000297_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask2000297-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask2000267-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask2000267_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiner2024_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleiner2024">Kleiner 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the lack of record of Proto-Indo-European, see <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 267.</li><li>For its reconstruction by comparative linguistics, see <a href="#CITEREFClackson2007">Clackson 2007</a>, p. 1 and <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. xv.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For palatovelar nomenclature and those consonants' relationship to Weise's law, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261.</li><li>For dorso-palatal, see <a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xvii.</li><li>For palatal, see <a href="#CITEREFClackson2007">Clackson 2007</a>, p. 49 and <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 53.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the precise description of how the sound is articulated, see <a href="#CITEREFVineUntermann1998">Vine & Untermann 1998</a>.</li><li>For the term in Indo-Europeanist literature and the associated graphemes, see <a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xx, <a href="#CITEREFClackson2007">Clackson 2007</a>, p. 49, <a href="#CITEREFSwiggers2011">Swiggers 2011</a>, p. 184, and <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 181.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiggers2011184-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiggers2011184_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiggers2011">Swiggers 2011</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the definition of depalatalization, see <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 86.</li><li>For its derivation from the Latin term, see <a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xvi and <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 53.</li><li>For the centum example of depalatalization, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, p. 30.</li><li>For the process of merging, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261 and <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 53.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130,_303-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130,_303_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, pp. 30, 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask200053-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask200053_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xxiii.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 302.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 297.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011302-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011302_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sibilant">"sibilant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=sibilant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsibilant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWeise1881">Weise 1881</a>, p. 115.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBlancde_Lamberterie2015">Blanc & de Lamberterie 2015</a>.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 238.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise1881115-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise1881115_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeise1881">Weise 1881</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeillet1894">Meillet 1894</a>, p. 278: "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Or on a constaté depuis longtemps que les cas de correspondance α′β sont particulièrement fréquents dans le voisinage de certains phonèmes: après <i>u</i> (de Saussure, dans ces Mémoires, 6, 161) et devant <i>r</i> (Weise, dans Bezz. Beit., 6, 115).</span></span>" (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'Now we have long noted that cases of α′β correspondence are particularly frequent in the vicinity of certain phonemes: after <i>u</i> [de Saussure, in those Mémoires, 6, 161] and before <i>r</i> [Weise, in Bezz. Beit., 6, 115].'</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, pp. 238–240:</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">"The palatal feature of the palatovelars was lost before a following <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> in Indo-Iranian. This development was established by Weise (1881:115f.), [...] The same development can be established for Balto-Slavic [...]" (§7–8)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">"The similarity between the Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic developments suggests that they arose from a common innovation. This is not necessarily the case. [...] It had a much wider range in Balto-Slavic, where the palatal feature was also lost before other resonants under certain conditions." (§10)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">"The loss of the palatal feature was not limited to the position before a following <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> in Balto-Slavic." (§13)</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011126-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011126_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008a-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008a_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2008a">Kloekhorst 2008a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261: "This article is a revision of my <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Kleine Scriptie</i></span> (~ BA thesis) [...] written in 1999 [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlancde_Lamberterie2015">Blanc & de Lamberterie 2015</a>: "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Selon ce auteur, d'après une loi établie par O. Weise et remise en honneur par A. Kloekhorst [...]</span></span>" (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'According to this author, following a law established by O. Weise and brought to new appreciation by A. Kloekhorst [...]'</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">For the definitions of affricate and assibilation, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, pp. 301–302.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">For the places of articulation, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 300.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">For the symbols used to represent these sounds and the manners of articulation, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 299.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011301-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011301_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137–138-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137–138_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137–138_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vaan2008">de Vaan 2008</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009224-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009224_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatasović2009">Matasović 2009</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013244-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013244_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011265–266-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011265–266_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, pp. 265–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For apparent violations that cross a morpheme boundary, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 266.</li><li>For apparent violations that occur as a result of a clear derivational relationship, see <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 238 and <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 266.</li></ul></div>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayrhofer1986">Mayrhofer 1986</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams18996-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams18996_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1899">Monier-Williams 1899</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011267-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011267_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 268: "It is therefore attractive to assume that in the sequence <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*Ḱri-</span></span></i> the palatovelar was not depalatalized because the <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> itself was phonetically somewhat palatalized due to the following <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*i</span></span></i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 269: "This means that the depalatalization before <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*r</span></span></i> must be at least an Indo-Iranian development."</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 238.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFKulikov2017">Kulikov 2017</a>, p. 205: "All Indo-Iranian languages derive from a common ancestor, the reconstructed Proto-Indo-Iranian language that was spoken around the end of the 3rd millennium BCE."</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the law's relationship to the Anatolian split, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 269.</li><li>For the approximate time the Anatolian languages diverged from Proto-Indo-European, see <a href="#CITEREFGoedegebuure2020">Goedegebuure 2020</a>, 46:09: "Anatolians left the Pontic–Caspian steppe before 4500 BC, but in what direction?".</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the role of the metathesis on the law, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 269 and <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2008a">Kloekhorst 2008a</a>, §11.</li><li>For the metathesis itself and the Hittite and Sanskrit examples, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2008b">Kloekhorst 2008b</a>, p. 1029 and <a href="#CITEREFLubotsky1994">Lubotsky 1994</a>, 5–6§6.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For Proto-Indo-European derivation of <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">merj</i></span>, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, p. 204.</li><li>For the Proto-Indo-European derivation of <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">srunkʿ</i></span>, see <a href="#CITEREFMartirosyan2010">Martirosyan 2010</a>, p. 586.</li><li>For the rest, see <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 239.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003175,_196-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003175,_196_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, pp. 175, 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003176-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003176_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261,_269-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261,_269_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, pp. 261, 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapović2017Map_1.1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapović2017Map_1.1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapović2017">Kapović 2017</a>, Map 1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xxiii-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xxiii_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask2000297-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask2000297_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Baldi" title="Philip Baldi">Baldi, Philip</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wayland_Barber" title="Elizabeth Wayland Barber">Barber, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a>; Della Volpe, Angela; Robbins Dexter, Miriam; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Friedrich_(linguist)" title="Paul Friedrich (linguist)">Friedrich, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_A._C._Greppin" title="John A. C. Greppin">Greppin, John</a>; Jellison Hansen, Leigh; <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Huld" title="Martin E. Huld">Huld, Martin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carol_F._Justus" title="Carol F. Justus">Justus, Carol</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dean_A._Miller" title="Dean A. Miller">Miller, Dean</a>; Niepokuj, Mary; O'Brien, Steven; <a href="/wiki/Edgar_C._Polom%C3%A9" title="Edgar C. Polomé">Polomé, Edgar C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joe_Salmons" title="Joe Salmons">Salmons, Joe</a> (1997). Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIndoEuropeanCulture"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rft.au=Baldi%2C+Philip&rft.au=Barber%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Beekes%2C+Robert+S.+P.&rft.au=Della+Volpe%2C+Angela&rft.au=Robbins+Dexter%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+Paul&rft.au=Greppin%2C+John&rft.au=Jellison+Hansen%2C+Leigh&rft.au=Huld%2C+Martin&rft.au=Justus%2C+Carol&rft.au=Mallory%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Dean&rft.au=Niepokuj%2C+Mary&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Steven&rft.au=Polom%C3%A9%2C+Edgar+C.&rft.au=Salmons%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEncyclopediaOfIndoEuropeanCulture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (18 October 2011). <a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Vaan" title="Michiel de Vaan">de Vaan, Michiel</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ComparativeIndoEuropeanLinguistics"><i>Comparative Indo-European Linguistics</i></a> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8500-3"><bdi>978-90-272-8500-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/730054595">730054595</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F730054595&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8500-3&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FComparativeIndoEuropeanLinguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertbeekes.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/b109.pdf">"Historical phonology of Classical Armenian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Armeniaca: Comparative Notes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a>, Michigan: 133–211<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge Language Family Series. Oxford: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39152-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39152-4"><bdi>978-1-317-39152-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Routledge+Language+Family+Series&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39152-4&rft.aulast=Kapovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Av0DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2024" class="citation web cs1">Kleiner, Kurt (19 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-linguistics-technique-could-reveal-who-spoke-the-first-indo-european-languages/">"New Linguistics Technique Could Reveal Who Spoke the First Indo-European Languages"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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XIIIth International Conference of the Society of Indo-European Studies. Salzburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Weise%27s+Law%3A+depalatalization+of+palatovelars+in+Sanskrit&rft.place=Salzburg&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9796021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloekhorst2008b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst, Alwin</a> (2008b). <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lubotsky" title="Alexander Lubotsky">Lubotsky, Alexander</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-the-hittite-inherited-lexicon/page/1029/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004160927" title="Special:BookSources/9789004160927"><bdi>9789004160927</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1574-3586">1574-3586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Hittite+Inherited+Lexicon&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1574-3586&rft.isbn=9789004160927&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymological-dictionary-of-the-hittite-inherited-lexicon%2Fpage%2F1029%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloekhorst2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-location-test"><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst, Alwin</a> (2011) [2008]. Written at Salzburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kloekhorst.nl/KloekhorstWeisesLaw.pdf">"Weise's Law: Depalatalization of Palatovelars before <i>*r</i> in Sanskrit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Germany: Indo-European Studies and Linguistics in Dialog: Acts of the XIIIth Conference of the Society of Indo-European Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weise%27s+Law%3A+Depalatalization+of+Palatovelars+before+%2Ar+in+Sanskrit&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Indo-European+Studies+and+Linguistics+in+Dialog%3A+Acts+of+the+XIIIth+Conference+of+the+Society+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkloekhorst.nl%2FKloekhorstWeisesLaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortlandt1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Kortlandt, Frederik</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2732652/download">"I.-E. palatovelars before resonants in Balto-Slavic"</a>. In Fisiak, Jacek (ed.). <i>Recent Developments in Historical Phonology</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>: Mouton. pp. 237–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110810929.237">10.1515/9783110810929.237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7706-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7706-9"><bdi>978-90-279-7706-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.-E.+palatovelars+before+resonants+in+Balto-Slavic&rft.btitle=Recent+Developments+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=237-243&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110810929.237&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7706-9&rft.aulast=Kortlandt&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2732652%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guus_Kroonen" class="extiw" title="lt:Guus Kroonen">Kroonen, Guus</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Lithuanian]</span> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18340-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18340-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18340-7&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikov2017" class="citation book cs1">Kulikov, Leonid (2017). "Indo-Iranian". In <a href="/wiki/Mate_Kapovi%C4%87" title="Mate Kapović">Kapović, Mate</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322264812"><i>The Indo-European Languages</i></a>. Routledge Language Family Series (2 ed.). London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-67855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-67855-9"><bdi>978-1-315-67855-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-Iranian&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Language+Family+Series&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-315-67855-9&rft.aulast=Kulikov&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F322264812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lubotsky" title="Alexander Lubotsky">Lubotsky, Alexander</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2889204/view">"Avestan <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">θβōrәštar-</i></span> and the Indo-European root √<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*turḱ-</span></span></i>"</a>. <i>Die Sprache</i>. <b>36</b> (1). Vienna Language Society: 94–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Sprache&rft.atitle=Avestan+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Avestan-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ae-Latn%22%3E%CE%B8%CE%B2%C5%8Dr%D3%99%C5%A1tar-%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+and+the+Indo-European+root+%E2%88%9A%3Cspan+title%3D%22Proto-Indo-European-language+text%22+class%3D%22Unicode%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ine%22%3E%2Atur%E1%B8%B1-%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-102&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2889204%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartirosyan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hrach_Martirosyan" title="Hrach Martirosyan">Martirosyan, Hrach K.</a> (2010). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17337-8"><bdi>978-90-04-17337-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/262430532">262430532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Armenian+Inherited+Lexicon&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F262430532&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17337-8&rft.aulast=Martirosyan&rft.aufirst=Hrach+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Matasović, Ranko</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17336-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17336-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17336-1&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrhofer1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mayrhofer" title="Manfred Mayrhofer">Mayrhofer, Manfred</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA11992/"><i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen</i></a> [<i>An Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4tsverlag_Winter" class="extiw" title="de:Universitätsverlag Winter">Universitätsverlag Winter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-533-03826-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-533-03826-2"><bdi>3-533-03826-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Altindoarischen&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Winter&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-533-03826-2&rft.aulast=Mayrhofer&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA11992%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeillet1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Meillet, Antoine</a> (1894). 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Société Linguistique de Paris. pp. 277–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+quelques+difficult%C3%A9s+de+la+th%C3%A9orie+des+gutturales+indo-europ%C3%A9ennes&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+la+Linguistique+de+Paris&rft.pages=277-304&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Linguistique+de+Paris&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Meillet&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.31822025038910%26seq%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899). 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"Towards a characterization of the Proto-Indo-European sound system". In <a href="/wiki/Theo_Vennemann" title="Theo Vennemann">Vennemann, Theo</a> (ed.). <i>The New Sound of Indo-European</i>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 177–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085734-4"><bdi>978-3-11-085734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+characterization+of+the+Proto-Indo-European+sound+system&rft.btitle=The+New+Sound+of+Indo-European&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=177-208&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-085734-4&rft.aulast=Swiggers&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Trask, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Latin%2C+Oscan%2C+Umbrian+%26+Faliscan&rft.date=1998-10-19&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft.au=Untermann%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FItalic-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeise1881" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weise, Oskar (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beitrgezurkunde14prelgoog/page/n115/mode/1up">"Ist anlautendes γ vor λ abgefallen?"</a> [Is initial γ dropped before λ?]. <i>Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen</i> [<i>Contributions to the Science of Indo-European Languages</i>] (in German). <b>6</b>: 105–118<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Template talk:Proto-Indo-European language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proto-Indo-European language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proto-Indo-European_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">Centum and satem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_theory" title="Glottalic theory">Glottalic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">Laryngeal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_s-mobile" title="Indo-European s-mobile">s-mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouk%C3%B3los_rule" title="Boukólos rule"><i>boukólos</i> rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/*k%CA%B7etw%C3%B3res_rule" title="*kʷetwóres rule"><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">kʷetwóres</i></span> rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sound_laws_in_the_Indo-European_languages" title="Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages">Glossary of sound laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brugmann%27s_law" title="Brugmann's law">Brugmann's </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomae%27s_law" title="Bartholomae's law">Bartholomae's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunatov%27s_law" title="Fortunatov's law">Fortunatov's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthoff%27s_law" title="Osthoff's law">Osthoff's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinault%27s_law" title="Pinault's law">Pinault's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebs%27s_law" title="Siebs's law">Siebs's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law#Edgerton" title="Sievers's law">Edgerton's converse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stang%27s_law" title="Stang's law">Stang's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szemer%C3%A9nyi%27s_law" title="Szemerényi's law">Szemerényi's</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weise's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Morphology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caland_system" title="Caland system">Caland system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E2%82%82e-conjugation_theory" title="H₂e-conjugation theory"><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text"><i lang="ine">h₂e</i></span>-conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narten_present" title="Narten present">Narten present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_infix" title="Nasal infix">Nasal infix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">Thematic vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi" title="Vṛddhi">Vṛddhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Parts of speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nominals</a> (nouns and adjectives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_copula" title="Indo-European copula">copula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Main sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a> (IEW)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Verben" title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</a> (LIV)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Partikeln_und_Pronominalst%C3%A4mme" title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</a> (LIPP)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomina_im_Indogermanischen_Lexikon" title="Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon">Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon</a> (NIL)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a> (IEED)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Artificial compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleicher%27s_fable" title="Schleicher's fable">Schleicher's fable</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_king_and_the_god" title="The king and the god">The king and the god</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleicher_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleicher theories">Schleicher theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li>Outdated theories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_European_hypothesis" title="North European hypothesis">North European hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Proto-Indo-European society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_problem" title="Salmon problem">Salmon problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a> (EIE)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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