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height="136" alt="José Ramón Díez" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /></div></div><div class="author-info"><div class="nom"><div class="name field"> José Ramón Díez</div></div></div> </a></div></div></div><div class="created">12 de noviembre de 2024</div></div></article></div></div></div></div></li><li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/es/analisis-sectorial" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/15">Análisis sectorial</a><div class="menu-desplegable menu_visual_1"><div class="container menu_visual_1"><div class="col-left"><div class="content-visual-menu"><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"><ul class="menu menu-level-1"><li class="menu-item"> <a href="/es/sector-analysis/agroalimentario" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/16">Agroalimentario</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-1 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que se avecinan: la competitividad, el impacto de la inteligencia artificial, la productividad y la unión de los mercados de capitales.</p></div><div class="translations"><div class="available">Contenido disponible en</div><div class="languages"> <a href="/ca/economia-i-mercats/sector-public/moment-europa-hora-reforcar-nostra-competitivitat?14" hreflang="ca">catalán</a> <a href="/en/economics-markets/public-sector/europes-moment-it-time-bolster-our-competitiveness?14" hreflang="en">inglés</a></div></div><div class="autor-fecha slash has_photo"><div class="field_author single "><div class="autor"><div about="/es/autor/javier-garcia-arenas" class="author-complete-teaser"> <a href="/es/autor/javier-garcia-arenas"><div class="field_fotografia field"><div class="field_media_image field"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/index_autor/public/content/image/2019/12/05/1/javiergarciaarenas.jpg?itok=ZSZOOpco" width="136" height="136" alt="Javier Garcia Arenas CaixaBank Research" 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href="mailto:?subject=Momento%20Europa%3A%20es%20hora%20de%20reforzar%20nuestra%20competitividad%20|%20CaixaBank%20Research&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caixabankresearch.com%2Fes%2Feconomia-y-mercados%2Fsector-publico%2Fmomento-europa-hora-reforzar-nuestra-competitividad"> <span class="a2a_svg"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path fill="#FFF" d="M26 21.25v-9s-9.1 6.35-9.984 6.68C15.144 18.616 6 12.25 6 12.25v9c0 1.25.266 1.5 1.5 1.5h17c1.266 0 1.5-.22 1.5-1.5zm-.015-10.765c0-.91-.265-1.235-1.485-1.235h-17c-1.255 0-1.5.39-1.5 1.3l.015.14s9.035 6.22 10 6.56c1.02-.395 9.985-6.7 9.985-6.7l-.015-.065z"></path></svg></span> </a></div> <a href="#" title="Share Close" id="share_close" class="share_toggle" style="display: none"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14.147" height="13.777"><path fill="none" stroke="#0297cc" stroke-width="1.636" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-miterlimit="10" d="M1.629 1.538l10.999 11m-10.999 0l10.999-11"/></svg> </a></div><div class="col-left" style="display: none"><div class="menu_anchors_fixed"> <label>En este artículo</label><ul></ul></div></div><div class="col-right"><div class="field_paragraphs"><div class="paragraph ptype_title-html-text pmode_default"><div class="field_descripcion field"><div class="tex2jax_process"><p>Los años de elecciones europeas que marcan la renovación de las principales instituciones comunitarias son el periodo ideal para reflexionar sobre las fortalezas y debilidades del mercado único a nivel económico y los retos que se avecinan. De esto trata este Dossier del <em>Informe Mensual</em>. En particular, uno de los temas que está cogiendo más envergadura en el debate de políticas públicas es el de la competitividad, en un contexto muy específico de recomposición de las cadenas de valor global, pujanza china y auge de las transiciones energética y digital. En otras palabras, hablamos del grado en el que la economía europea es capaz de producir bienes y servicios atractivos, al tiempo que mantiene y expande los niveles de bienestar de sus ciudadanos a largo plazo. Los determinantes son un conjunto de instituciones, políticas y factores que están interrelacionados e incluyen elementos como el capital humano, el grado de innovación incorporado en los productos y servicios que generan sus empresas, la eficiencia de los procesos productivos y organizativos de estas empresas, y otros muchos. ¿En cuáles de ellos la UE va bien y en cuáles flaquea?</p><p>Para ordenar ideas y acotar el debate, la Comisión Europea ha publicado un revelador análisis que arroja un poco de luz sobre este complejo asunto.<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref1_7o31fzo" title="Véase «The 2024 Annual Single Market and Competitiveness Report» de la Comisión Europea publicado en febrero de 2024." href="#footnote1_7o31fzo">1</a> En él identifica los nueve grandes pilares que determinan la competitividad de Europa y analiza la posición de la economía europea en cada uno de ellos.</p><p>El análisis muestra que la UE está progresando adecuadamente y está en una posición relativamente confortable en las siguientes tres dimensiones: reducción de las barreras regulatorias que dificultan un funcionamiento operativo del mercado único, energía y comercio internacional. El caso de la energía es especialmente destacado gracias a la pujanza de las energías renovables, las cuales ya representan el 23% de la generación de energía en la UE, con miras al objetivo del 45% marcado para 2030. Si observamos (véase el primer gráfico) el peso de la UE sobre el total global de patentes relacionadas con las tecnologías verdes, mantenemos el liderazgo, a pesar de la pérdida de peso en los últimos años por la eclosión de China. El liderazgo europeo se sustenta en la innovación relacionada con la energía eólica, donde la UE tenía en 2020 el 62% del total de patentes, mientras que en lo tocante a patentes en energía solar China ya había alcanzado a la UE-27. A pesar de la valoración relativamente positiva en el terreno energético, no podemos dormirnos en los laureles: en un mundo en continua transformación, la UE se enfrenta al reto hercúleo de electrificar de forma generalizada su demanda de energía, lo que requerirá de inversiones elevadas y la necesidad de reformular el diseño del mercado eléctrico europeo para conectar los nuevos centros de producción de energía limpia con los centros de consumo. En cuanto al comercio internacional, se pone en valor que la UE es el mayor exportador global (con el 16% de las importaciones de todos los países, ligeramente por encima de China y claramente superior a EE. UU.), siendo especialmente fuerte en servicios y productos de alta tecnología.</p></div><ul class="footnotes"><li class="footnote" id="footnote1_7o31fzo"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref1_7o31fzo">1.</a> Véase «The 2024 Annual Single Market and Competitiveness Report» de la Comisión Europea publicado en febrero de 2024.</li></ul></div></div><div class="paragraph ptype_imagen pmode_default"><div class="field_imagen field"><div class="field_media_image field"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/container_1400/public/content/image/2024/05/31/34454/im06_24_d1_01_es.jpg?itok=BH--Jmnu" width="900" height="710" alt="Cuota sobre el total mundial de patentes en tecnologías relacionadas con la transición verde" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /></div></div></div><div class="paragraph ptype_title-html-text pmode_default"><div class="field_descripcion field"><div class="tex2jax_process"><p>Antes de pasar a las cuatro áreas donde es imprescindible mejorar, cabe mencionar que hay dos pilares con una valoración más neutra donde la economía europea muestra visos de mejora, y que suponen un reto importante que afrontar. Hablamos, concretamente, de las inversiones públicas y de la economía circular. En inversión pública, la posición de partida es que el programa Next Generation está siendo positivo para movilizar inversiones y que el nivel de inversión pública en la UE (3,3% del PIB) es similar al de EE. UU. De cara a futuro, hay que enfatizar que si se quieren culminar con éxito las transiciones digital y energética será fundamental la labor de acompañamiento de la inversión pública a la privada; es un tema tanto de cantidades como de calidad del mix inversor para que la digitalización y la descarbonización alumbren unos sectores económicos europeos más pujantes, y aquí el papel de la UE para coordinar y agilizar las grandes inversiones transfronterizas y velar por que los sectores productivos se transformen sin perder competitividad será esencial. En economía circular se está progresando de forma paulatina en un uso más eficiente y sostenible de las materias primas y nos encontramos a medio camino de los objetivos marcados para 2030.</p><p>Finalmente, las cuatro dimensiones donde hay mayor margen de mejora son la digitalización, el acceso a capital privado, la investigación e innovación y el capital humano. En cuanto a la digitalización, un simple dato es revelador: el peso a nivel global de la UE en el mercado de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) ha pasado del 21,8% en 2013 al 11,3% en 2022 (véase el segundo gráfico), mientras que en EE. UU. ha pasado del 26,8% al 36,0% en el mismo periodo. Si pasamos a analizar el peso de la UE a nivel global de las patentes relacionadas con el ámbito digital, este cayó en 4 p. p. entre 2015 y 2020 hasta el 21% del total, una senda descendente similar a la de EE. UU. Se observa que en tecnologías de manufacturas y el Internet de las cosas la UE ha mantenido su fortaleza, pero ha perdido comba en la industria robótica a expensas de China. Finalmente, el uso de la inteligencia artificial (IA), una tecnología nueva con un potencial disruptivo enorme tal y como se explica en el <a href="https://www.caixabankresearch.com/es/economia-y-mercados/mercado-laboral-y-demografia/inteligencia-artificial-retos-y-oportunidades?index">siguiente artículo del Dossier</a>,<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref2_ph38yzj" title="Véase el artículo «Inteligencia artificial: retos y oportunidades para Europa» en este mismo Dossier para un análisis en profundidad." href="#footnote2_ph38yzj">2</a> es todavía bajo: lo usan el 9% de las pymes europeas y el 30% de las grandes empresas.<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref3_c0uggl9" title="Datos de Digital Decade Report (2023) de la Comisión Europea con datos de 2022. Estos porcentajes de adopción parecería que son algo superiores a las tasas de adopción en EE. UU. Según la National Science Foundation, en 2022 un 25% de las grandes empresas y un 4% de las pymes estadounidenses habían adoptado la IA." href="#footnote3_c0uggl9">3</a> Para enderezar la situación en el ámbito digital, en su informe sobre el mercado único, Enrico Letta<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref4_2ek4mne" title="Véase Letta, E. (2024), «Much more than a market: Empowering the Single Market to deliver a sustainable future and prosperity for all EU Citizens», Comisión Europea." href="#footnote4_2ek4mne">4</a> propone establecer un mercado único para las telecomunicaciones que permita el florecimiento de operadores paneuropeos y un marco regulatorio común para potenciar tecnologías como el 5G y reducir la dependencia europea de servicios digitales de países terceros.</p></div><ul class="footnotes"><li class="footnote" id="footnote2_ph38yzj"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref2_ph38yzj">2.</a> Véase el artículo «Inteligencia artificial: retos y oportunidades para Europa» en este mismo Dossier para un análisis en profundidad.</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote3_c0uggl9"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref3_c0uggl9">3.</a> Datos de Digital Decade Report (2023) de la Comisión Europea con datos de 2022. Estos porcentajes de adopción parecería que son algo superiores a las tasas de adopción en EE. UU. Según la National Science Foundation, en 2022 un 25% de las grandes empresas y un 4% de las pymes estadounidenses habían adoptado la IA.</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote4_2ek4mne"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref4_2ek4mne">4.</a> Véase Letta, E. (2024), «Much more than a market: Empowering the Single Market to deliver a sustainable future and prosperity for all EU Citizens», Comisión Europea.</li></ul></div></div><div class="paragraph ptype_imagen pmode_default"><div class="field_imagen field"><div class="field_media_image field"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/container_1400/public/content/image/2024/05/31/34454/im06_24_d1_02_es.jpg?itok=xZqL1PR_" width="900" height="732" alt="Cuotas de mercado en tecnologías TIC" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /></div></div></div><div class="paragraph ptype_title-html-text pmode_default"><div class="field_descripcion field"><div class="tex2jax_process"><p>En cuanto al acceso a <a href="https://www.caixabankresearch.com/es/economia-y-mercados/mercados-financieros/europa-necesita-union-del-mercado-capitales?index">capital privado</a>,<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref5_2s4zggf" title="Véase el artículo «¿Por qué Europa necesita una Unión del Mercado de Capitales?» en este mismo Dossier para un análisis en profundidad." href="#footnote5_2s4zggf">5</a> es un talón de Aquiles del mercado comunitario, una carencia que no nos podemos permitir si queremos que la inversión privada despegue. En este sentido, la Comisión enfatiza que el tamaño y la capilaridad de los mercados de capitales de la UE es claramente insuficiente para apoyar al crecimiento a medio plazo. Sin ir más lejos, la capitalización del mercado bursátil de la UE es, en porcentaje del PIB, menos de la mitad del estadounidense a pesar del mayor nivel de ahorro en Europa. Y el capital riesgo, que permite prosperar a empresas innovadoras con limitaciones de acceso a financiación externa, es del 0,09% del PIB, palideciendo en comparación con EE. UU. (0,75%) o China (0,58%). En su informe sobre el mercado único, Enrico Letta también ha alzado la voz de alarma sobre la falta de un mercado de capitales en Europa y ha puesto sobre la mesa propuestas audaces como lanzar un producto financiero a nivel europeo de ahorro a largo plazo para estimular inversiones minoristas y crear un activo libre de riesgo europeo para asegurar la estabilidad y la homogeneidad del mercado financiero comunitario.</p><p>Finalmente, dos breves comentarios sobre innovación y capital humano. La inversión total (pública y privada) en innovación en la UE es del 2,2% del PIB, muy por debajo de la de EE. UU. (3,4%) y con una elevada heterogeneidad por regiones que dificulta su difusión por todo el continente. Aquí la UE puede impulsar políticas e instrumentos para potenciar sinergias entre sectores empresariales e instituciones académicas para una mejor difusión de la innovación y para apoyar a las <em>start-ups</em> y <em>scale-ups</em>.<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref6_2dqysy8" title="Empresas que han crecido durante tres años consecutivos a un ritmo superior al 20% en facturación y número de empleos." href="#footnote6_2dqysy8">6</a></p></div><ul class="footnotes"><li class="footnote" id="footnote5_2s4zggf"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref5_2s4zggf">5.</a> Véase el artículo «¿Por qué Europa necesita una Unión del Mercado de Capitales?» en este mismo Dossier para un análisis en profundidad.</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote6_2dqysy8"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref6_2dqysy8">6.</a> Empresas que han crecido durante tres años consecutivos a un ritmo superior al 20% en facturación y número de empleos.</li></ul></div></div><div class="paragraph ptype_imagen pmode_default"><div class="field_imagen field"><div class="field_media_image field"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/container_1400/public/content/image/2024/05/31/34454/im06_24_d1_03_es.jpg?itok=k-iUiHJ1" width="900" height="708" alt="Cuota sobre el total mundial de patentes en tecnologías digitales" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /></div></div></div><div class="paragraph ptype_title-html-text pmode_default"><div class="field_descripcion field"><div class="tex2jax_process"><p>En capital humano, el retroceso educativo generalizado de los países europeos en el informe PISA ha provocado sudores fríos plenamente justificados. El momento es delicado, puesto que no sabemos cómo evolucionarán las necesidades educativas ante los acelerados y continuos cambios en la tecnología. La formación continua es clave, pero actualmente solo 1 de cada 3 adultos en la UE participa en actividades de formación cada año. Los problemas para atraer personal cualificado plenamente preparado en las competencias digitales y verdes (los llamados mirlos blancos) estarán a la orden del día, pero la baja movilidad laboral en Europa no ayuda.<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref7_b7plhq5" title="Solo el 3,8% de los trabajadores nacidos en la UE trabajan en una economía europea distinta de en la que nacieron y solo el 17% de los ciudadanos de la UE han vivido o trabajado en algún momento de su vida en un país distinto del suyo." href="#footnote7_b7plhq5">7</a></p><p>En definitiva, la UE se enfrenta a un triple desafío: (i) cómo incorporar de manera exitosa las nuevas tecnologías, con mención especial a la IA, para aumentar su crecimiento potencial y al mismo tiempo mitigar las disrupciones en el mercado laboral que eviten el auge del neoludismo; (ii) cómo potenciar la inversión y mejorar la productividad en un contexto de elevada heterogeneidad entre países y elevadas<a href="https://www.caixabankresearch.com/es/node/12531"> necesidades de inversión</a>,<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref8_6zzjzst" title="Véase el artículo «El crecimiento de la productividad en Europa: bajo, desigual y en desaceleración» en este mismo Dossier." href="#footnote8_6zzjzst">8</a> y (iii) cómo alcanzar una verdadera integración de sus mercados de capitales que permita financiar estas inversiones. Estos son precisamente los temas que se tratan en profundidad en los tres artículos siguientes del Dossier. ¡Pasen y lean!</p></div><ul class="footnotes"><li class="footnote" id="footnote7_b7plhq5"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref7_b7plhq5">7.</a> Solo el 3,8% de los trabajadores nacidos en la UE trabajan en una economía europea distinta de en la que nacieron y solo el 17% de los ciudadanos de la UE han vivido o trabajado en algún momento de su vida en un país distinto del suyo.</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote8_6zzjzst"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref8_6zzjzst">8.</a> Véase el artículo «El crecimiento de la productividad en Europa: bajo, desigual y en desaceleración» en este mismo Dossier.</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="field_author single "><div class="autor"><div about="/es/autor/javier-garcia-arenas" class="author-complete-teaser"> <a href="/es/autor/javier-garcia-arenas"><div class="field_fotografia field"><div class="field_media_image field"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/index_autor/public/content/image/2019/12/05/1/javiergarciaarenas.jpg?itok=ZSZOOpco" width="136" height="136" alt="Javier Garcia Arenas CaixaBank Research" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /></div></div><div class="author-info"><div class="nom"><div class="name field"> Javier García Arenas</div></div></div> </a></div></div></div><div class="field_tags"><div class="label">Etiquetas:</div><div class="tag_list"> <a href="/es/tags/competitividad-y-reformas-estructurales" property="schema:about" hreflang="es">Competitividad y reformas estructurales</a> <a href="/es/tags/europa" property="schema:about" hreflang="es">Europa</a> <a href="/es/tags/union-europea" property="schema:about" hreflang="es">Unión Europea</a></div></div><ul class="custom footnotes"></ul></div></div><div class="relacionados upper_menu_anchors"><div class="three-col border-bottom view view-eva view-articulos-relacionados view-id-articulos_relacionados view-display-id-relacionados js-view-dom-id-1d1a509a9dc3cfb83845eebf1d45a111f31ed9a78e9accb95feefda79b98fbec view-lista-articulos"> <header><div class="tex2jax_process"><h3>Artículos relacionados</h3></div> </header><div class="flex three-columns-gap20 wrap"> <article data-history-node-id="12881" role="article" about="/es/economia-y-mercados/actividad-y-crecimiento/draghi-propone-politica-industrial-europea-como-motor" typeof="schema:Article" class="node article teaser-llista-articles"> <a href="/es/economia-y-mercados/actividad-y-crecimiento/draghi-propone-politica-industrial-europea-como-motor"><div class="field_thumbnail field"><div class="field_media_image field"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser/public/content/image/2024/10/09/34529/politica-monetaria-supermario-sahand-babali-3gbcpmyxvwq-unsplash.jpg?itok=-rDXSSj7" width="433" height="289" alt="Figurita de Super Mario hecha con piezas de lego. 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