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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%26oldid%3D114573978%26diff%3Dcur%26diffonly%3D0">16 правок</a>. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ru" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Картографи́ческая прое́кция</b> — математически определённый способ отображения поверхности <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Земля">Земли</a><sup id="cite_ref-voen_enc1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-voen_enc1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (либо другого небесного тела, или в общем смысле, любой искривлённой поверхности) на <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Плоскость (геометрия)">плоскость</a> карты.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Usgs_map_mercator.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Usgs_map_mercator.svg/350px-Usgs_map_mercator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Usgs_map_mercator.svg/525px-Usgs_map_mercator.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Usgs_map_mercator.svg/700px-Usgs_map_mercator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="181"></a> <figcaption> Пример картографической проекции — американская карта мира в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Проекция Меркатора">проекции Меркатора</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Суть проекций связана с тем, что фигуру небесного тела (для Земли — <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Геоид">геоид</a>, для простоты обычно считаемый <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Эллипсоид вращения">эллипсоидом вращения</a>), не развёртываемую в плоскость, заменяют на другую фигуру, развёртываемую на плоскость<sup id="cite_ref-КНЭ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%AD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. При этом с эллипсоида на другую фигуру переносят <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Гауссовская сетка">сетку</a> параллелей и меридианов. Вид этой сетки бывает разный в зависимости от того, какой фигурой заменяется эллипсоид.</p> <p>Проекция устанавливает однозначное соответствие между географическими координатами любой точки (широтой <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> B </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle B} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> и долготой <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> L </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle L} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span>) и её прямоугольными координатами (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> X </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle X} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span> и <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> Y </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Y} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span>) на карте. Уравнение проекций в общей форме выглядит предельно просто: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X={f_{1}}\left(B,L\right)}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> X </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi> f </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mi> B </mi> <mo> , </mo> <mi> L </mi> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle X={f_{1}}\left(B,L\right)} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0f9e95467e38e0192533a32628b0757a8583cea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.849ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X={f_{1}}\left(B,L\right)}"></span>; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y={f_{2}}\left(B,L\right)}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> Y </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi> f </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mi> B </mi> <mo> , </mo> <mi> L </mi> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Y={f_{2}}\left(B,L\right)} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe8378fb9bf8c8f4bc01b39dfe20815c4713dfba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.642ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y={f_{2}}\left(B,L\right)}"></span>.</p> <p>Конкретные виды функций <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{1}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> f </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle f_{1}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50dfd257a51e037112c917f8a9e47c9c053466df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{1}}"></span> и <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> f </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle f_{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc886fdaa7adc9be11ff4a5076da5e0943bcff58" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{2}}"></span> часто выражены довольно сложными математическими зависимостями, их число бесконечно, и, следовательно, разнообразие картографических проекций практически неограниченно<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Применение тех или иных картографических проекций зависит от назначения карты, конфигурации и положения картографируемой области<sup id="cite_ref-КНЭ_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%AD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ru" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Содержание</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Искажения</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Искажения длин</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Искажения площадей</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Искажения углов</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Искажения формы</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Классификация проекций по характеру искажений</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Равноугольные проекции</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Равновеликие проекции</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Произвольные проекции</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8,_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Классификация проекций по виду вспомогательной поверхности, используемой при переходе от эллипсоида или шара к карте</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Цилиндрические проекции</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Конические проекции</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Азимутальные проекции</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Псевдоконические проекции</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Псевдоцилиндрические проекции</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Поликонические проекции</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A1%D0%BC._%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">См. также</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Примечания</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Литература</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Ссылки</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Искажения"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Искажения</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Искажения»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Исходная аксиома при изыскании любых картографических проекций состоит в том, что сферическую поверхность земного шара (эллипсоида, глобуса) <b><u>нельзя</u> развернуть на плоскости карты без искажений</b>. Неизбежно возникают деформации — <i>сжатия</i> и <i>растяжения</i>, различные по величине и направлению<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>В любой проекции существуют <b>искажения</b>, они бывают четырёх видов:</p> <ul> <li>искажения длин</li> <li>искажения углов</li> <li>искажения площадей</li> <li>искажения форм</li> </ul> <p>На различных картах искажения могут быть различных размеров: на крупномасштабных они практически неощутимы, но на мелкомасштабных они бывают очень велики.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Искажения_длин"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.B4.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BD"></span>Искажения длин</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Искажения длин»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>Искажение длин</b> — базовое искажение, из которого логически вытекают остальные искажения<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Причиной тому является невозможность развернуть поверхность эллипсоида (или шара) на плоскости без складок или разрывов<sup id="cite_ref-КНЭ_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%AD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Искажение длин означает непостоянство <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Масштаб">масштаба</a> плоского изображения, что проявляется в изменении масштаба от точки к точке, и даже в одной и той же точке в зависимости от направления.</p> <p>Это означает, что на карте присутствует 2 вида масштаба:</p> <ul> <li>Главный, он на карте подписывается, но на самом деле это масштаб исходного эллипсоида, развёртыванием которого в плоскость карта и получена.</li> <li>Частный масштаб — их бесконечно много на карте, он меняется от точки к точке, и даже в одной точке он может быть разным в разных направлениях.</li> </ul> <p>Для наглядного изображения частных масштабов вводят <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Эллипс искажения">эллипс искажения</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Искажения_площадей"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BF.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.89.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B9"></span>Искажения площадей</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Искажения площадей»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>Искажения площадей</b> логически вытекают из искажения длин. За характеристику искажения площадей принимают отклонение площади эллипса искажений от исходной площади на <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Эллипсоид">эллипсоиде</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Искажения_углов"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D1.83.D0.B3.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B2"></span>Искажения углов</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Искажения углов»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>Искажения углов</b> логически вытекают из искажения длин. За характеристику искажений углов на карте принимают разность углов между направлениями на карте и соответствующими направлениями на поверхности эллипсоида.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Искажения_формы"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D1.84.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BC.D1.8B"></span>Искажения формы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Искажения формы»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>Искажения формы</b> — графическое изображение вытянутости эллипсоида.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Классификация_проекций_по_характеру_искажений"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B9_.D0.BF.D0.BE_.D1.85.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.83_.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B9"></span>Классификация проекций по характеру искажений</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Классификация проекций по характеру искажений»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>По характеру искажений проекции делят на 4 группы:</p> <ul> <li>равноугольные проекции,</li> <li>равновеликие проекции,</li> <li>равнопромежуточные проекции,</li> <li>произвольные проекции.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Равноугольные_проекции"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.83.D0.B3.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Равноугольные проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Равноугольные проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Mercator_grid.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Проекция Меркатора"> <noscript> <img alt="Проекция Меркатора" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mercator_grid.png/200px-Mercator_grid.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="385"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mercator_grid.png/200px-Mercator_grid.png" data-alt="Проекция Меркатора" data-width="200" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mercator_grid.png/300px-Mercator_grid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mercator_grid.png/400px-Mercator_grid.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Проекция Меркатора </figcaption> </figure> <p><b><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Равноугольная проекция">Равноугольные проекции</a></b> — проекции без искажений углов. Весьма удобны для решения навигационных задач. Масштаб зависит только от положения точки и не зависит от направления. Угол на местности всегда равен углу на карте, линия, прямая на местности — прямая на карте. Главным примером данной проекции является цилиндрическая <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Проекция Меркатора">Проекция Меркатора</a> (1569 г.), которая и в наши дни используется для морских навигационных карт.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Равновеликие_проекции"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Равновеликие проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Равновеликие проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Mollweide-projection.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mollweide-projection.jpg/200px-Mollweide-projection.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1025"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mollweide-projection.jpg/200px-Mollweide-projection.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mollweide-projection.jpg/300px-Mollweide-projection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mollweide-projection.jpg/400px-Mollweide-projection.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Равновеликая проекция. </figcaption> </figure> <p>В <b><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Равновеликая проекция">равновеликих проекциях</a></b> отсутствуют искажения площадей, но при этом сильны искажения углов и форм, (материки в высоких широтах сплющиваются). В такой проекции изображаются экономические, почвенные и другие мелкомасштабные карты.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Произвольные_проекции"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Произвольные проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Произвольные проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>В <b>произвольных проекциях</b> имеются искажения и углов, и площадей, но в значительно меньшей степени, чем в равновеликих и равноугольных проекциях, поэтому они наиболее употребляемые.</p> <p>Частным случаем произвольных проекций являются <i>равнопромежуточные проекции</i>, в которых сохраняются расстояния по некоторым выбранным направлениям: например, прямая азимутальная проекция, в которой правильно изображаются расстояния от полюса.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Таблица: характер искажений </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Вид проекции</th> <th>Достоинства</th> <th>Недостатки</th> <th>Примечание</th> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Равновеликие проекции</b></td> <td><i>Сохраняют площади без искажений</i></td> <td>Значительно нарушены углы и формы, что особенно заметно для больших территорий.</td> <td>Удобны для измерения площадей объектов.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Равноугольные проекции</b></td> <td><i>Оставляют без искажений углы и формы контуров</i></td> <td>Значительные искажения площадей.</td> <td>Удобны для определения направлений и прокладки маршрутов по азимуту.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Равнопромежуточные проекции</b></td> <td><i>В них без искажений остаётся одно из главных направлений</i></td> <td>Присутствуют искажения площадей и углов, но они как бы уравновешиваются.</td> <td>Соответственно различают <u>по меридианам</u> (<i>без искажения остаётся масштаб по меридианам</i>) и <u>по параллели</u> (<i>постоянный масштаб вдоль параллели</i>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Произвольные проекции</b></td> <td><i>При построении можно найти наиболее выгодное для каждого конкретного случая распределение искажений, достигая как бы некоторого компромисса.</i></td> <td>В произвольных соотношениях искажаются и площади, и углы (формы).</td> <td>Например, можно выбрать проекции с минимальными искажениями в центральной части карты, «сбрасывая» все искажения растяжения по краям.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Классификация_проекций_по_виду_вспомогательной_поверхности,_используемой_при_переходе_от_эллипсоида_или_шара_к_карте"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B9_.D0.BF.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D1.83_.D0.B2.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B9_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.85.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.2C_.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B9_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B5_.D0.BE.D1.82_.D1.8D.D0.BB.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BF.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B0_.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B8_.D1.88.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0_.D0.BA_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B5"></span>Классификация проекций по виду вспомогательной поверхности, используемой при переходе от эллипсоида или шара к карте</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Классификация проекций по виду вспомогательной поверхности, используемой при переходе от эллипсоида или шара к карте»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Цилиндрические_проекции"><span id=".D0.A6.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Цилиндрические проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Цилиндрические проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>В прямых <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Цилиндрическая проекция (страница отсутствует)">цилиндрических проекциях</a> параллели и меридианы изображаются двумя семействами параллельных прямых линий, перпендикулярных друг другу. Таким образом задаётся прямоугольная сетка цилиндрических проекций.</p> <p>Промежутки между меридианами пропорциональны разностям долгот. Промежутки между параллелями определяются принятым характером изображения или способом проектирования точек земной поверхности на боковую поверхность цилиндра. Из определения проекций следует, что их сетка меридианов и параллелей ортогональна. Цилиндрические проекции можно рассматривать как частный случай конических, когда вершина конуса в бесконечности.</p> <p>По свойствам изображения проекции могут быть равноугольными, равновеликими и произвольными. Применяются прямые, косые и поперечные цилиндрические проекции в зависимости от расположения изображаемой области. В косых и поперечных проекциях меридианы и параллели изображаются различными кривыми, но средний меридиан проекции, на котором располагается полюс косой системы, всегда прямой.</p> <p>Существуют разные способы образования цилиндрических проекций. Наглядным представляется проектирование земной поверхности на боковую поверхность цилиндра, которая затем развёртывается на плоскости. Цилиндр может быть касательным к земному шару или секущим его. В первом случае длины сохраняются по экватору, во втором — по двум стандартным параллелям, симметричным относительно экватора.</p> <p>Цилиндрические проекции применяются при составлении карт мелких и крупных масштабов — от общегеографических до специальных. Так, например, аэронавигационные маршрутные полётные карты чаще всего составляются в косых и поперечных цилиндрических равноугольных проекциях (на шаре).</p> <p>В прямых цилиндрических проекциях одинаково изображаются одни и те же участки земной поверхности вдоль линии разреза — по восточной и западной рамкам карты (дублируемые участки карты) и обеспечивается удобство чтения по широтным поясам (например, на картах растительности, осадков) или по меридиональным зонам (например, на картах часовых поясов).</p> <p>Косые цилиндрические проекции при широте полюса косой системы, близкой к полярным широтам, имеют географическую сетку, дающую представление о сферичности земного шара. С уменьшением широты полюса кривизна параллелей увеличивается, а их протяжение уменьшается, поэтому уменьшаются и искажения (эффект сферичности). В прямых проекциях полюс показывается прямой линией, по длине, равной экватору, но в некоторых из них (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Проекция Меркатора">проекции Меркатора</a>, Уэтча) полюс изобразить невозможно. Полюс представляется точкой в косых и поперечных проекциях. При ширине полосы до 4,5° можно использовать касательный цилиндр, при увеличении ширины полосы следует применять секущий цилиндр, то есть вводить редукционный коэффициент.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Конические_проекции"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Конические проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Конические проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>По характеру искажений <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Коническая проекция">конические проекции</a> могут быть различными. Наибольшее распространение получили равноугольные и <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Равнопромежуточная проекция">равнопромежуточные проекции</a>. Образование конических проекций можно представить как проектирование земной поверхности на боковую поверхность конуса, определённым образом ориентированного относительно земного шара (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Эллипсоид">эллипсоида</a>).</p> <p>В прямых конических проекциях оси земного шара и конуса совпадают. При этом конус берётся или касательный, или секущий.</p> <p>После проектирования боковая поверхность конуса разрезается по одной из образующих и развёртывается в плоскость. При проектировании по методу линейной перспективы получаются перспективные конические проекции, обладающие только промежуточными свойствами по характеру искажений.</p> <p>В зависимости от размеров изображаемой территории в конических проекциях принимаются одна или две параллели, вдоль которых сохраняются длины без искажений. Одна параллель (касательная) принимается при небольшом протяжении по широте; две параллели (секущие) — при большом протяжении для уменьшения уклонений масштабов от единицы. В литературе их называют стандартными параллелями.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Азимутальные_проекции"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BC.D1.83.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Азимутальные проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Азимутальные проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Азимутальная проекция">азимутальных проекциях</a> параллели изображаются концентрическими окружностями, а меридианы — пучком прямых, исходящих из центра</p> <p>Углы между меридианами проекции равны соответствующим разностям долгот. Промежутки между параллелями определяются принятым характером изображения (равноугольным или другим) или способом проектирования точек земной поверхности на картинную плоскость. Нормальная сетка азимутальных проекций ортогональна. Их можно рассматривать как частный случай конических проекций.</p> <p>Применяются прямые, косые и поперечные азимутальные проекции, что определяется широтой центральной точки проекции, выбор которой зависит от расположения территории. Меридианы и параллели в косых и поперечных проекциях изображаются кривыми линиями, за исключением среднего меридиана, на котором находится центральная точка проекции. В поперечных проекциях прямой изображается также экватор: он является второй осью симметрии.</p> <p>В зависимости от искажений, азимутальные проекции подразделяются на равноугольные, равновеликие и с промежуточными свойствами. В проекции масштаб длин может сохраняться в точке или вдоль одной из параллелей (вдоль <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Альмукантарат">альмукантарата</a>). В первом случае предполагается касательная картинная плоскость, во втором — секущая. В прямых проекциях формулы даются для поверхности эллипсоида или шара (в зависимости от масштаба карт), в косых и поперечных — только для поверхности шара.</p> <p>Азимутальную равноугольную проекцию называют также <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Стереографическая проекция">стереографической</a>. Она получается проведением лучей из некоторой фиксированной точки поверхности Земли на плоскость, касательную к поверхности Земли в противолежащей точке.</p> <p>Особый вид азимутальной проекции — <b><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Гномоническая проекция">гномоническая</a></b>. Она получается проведением лучей из центра Земли к некоторой касательной к поверхности Земли плоскости. Гномоническая проекция не сохраняет ни площадей, ни углов, но зато на ней кратчайший путь между любыми двумя точками (то есть дуга большого круга) всегда изображается прямой линией; соответственно меридианы и экватор на ней изображаются прямыми линиями.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Псевдоконические_проекции"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.B2.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Псевдоконические проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Псевдоконические проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Псевдоконическая проекция">псевдоконических проекциях</a> параллели изображаются дугами концентрических окружностей, один из меридианов, называемый <i>средним</i> — прямой линией, а остальные — кривыми, симметричными относительно среднего.</p> <p>Примером псевдоконической проекции может служить равновеликая псевдоконическая <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Проекция Бонне">проекция Бонне</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Псевдоцилиндрические_проекции"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.B2.D0.B4.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Псевдоцилиндрические проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Псевдоцилиндрические проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Псевдоцилиндрическая проекция (страница отсутствует)">псевдоцилиндрических проекциях</a> все параллели изображаются параллельными прямыми, <i>средний меридиан</i> — прямой линией, перпендикулярной параллелям, а остальные меридианы — кривыми. Причём средний меридиан является осью симметрии проекции.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Поликонические_проекции"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Поликонические проекции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Поликонические проекции»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Поликоническая проекция (страница отсутствует)">поликонических проекциях</a> экватор изображается прямой, а остальные параллели изображаются дугами эксцентрических окружностей. Меридианы изображаются кривыми, симметричными относительно центрального прямого меридиана, перпендикулярного экватору.</p> <p>Кроме вышеперечисленных встречаются и другие проекции, не относящиеся к указанным видам.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="См._также"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BC._.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.B6.D0.B5"></span>См. также</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «См. также»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Географические координаты">Географические координаты</a></li> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Масштаб">Масштаб</a></li> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Математическая картография">Математическая картография</a></li> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Прямоугольные координаты">Прямоугольные координаты</a></li> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Список картографических проекций">Список картографических проекций</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Примечания"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Примечания</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Примечания»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-voen_enc1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-voen_enc1995_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141305934">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after,.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a::after{content:"";width:1.1em;height:1.1em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFВоенная_энциклопедия1995"><span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248">Картографические проекции</span> // Военная энциклопедия / <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Грачёв, Павел Сергеевич">Грачёв П. С.</a>. — Москва: Военное издательство, 1995. — Т. 3. — С. 495.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-КНЭ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%AD_2-0"><sup><i><b>1</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%AD_2-1"><sup><i><b>2</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%AD_2-2"><sup><i><b>3</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFКНЭ,_том_III2005"><span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFile:Kazakhstan_National_encyclopedia_(ru)_-_Vol_3_of_5_(2005).pdf%26page%3D179">Картографические проекции</a></span> // <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия">Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия</a><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"> <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на русском языке">(рус.)</small></span>. — Алматы: <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Казахская энциклопедия">Қазақ энциклопедиясы</a>, 2005. — Т. III. — <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/9965974640?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-9746-4-0</a>.</span> <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="Источник распространяет информацию под свободной лицензией.">(CC BY-SA 3.0)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>1</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>2</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><span class="nowrap">Неклюкова Н. П., Душина И. В., Раковская Э. М., Кузнецов А. П., Лобжанидзе А. А., Берлянт А. М.</span></i> <span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248">Глава 6. КАРТОГРАФИЯ. Математическая основа карт</span> // География : справочник для старшеклассников и поступающих в вузы / Т. Бизюкова. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>: АСТ-ПРЕСС ШКОЛА, 2010. — С. 580. — 656 с. — <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/9785947766820?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-94776-682-0</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://old.bigenc.ru/geography/text/2049547">Картографические проекции</a> : [<span title="архивировано из первоисточника"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224013330/https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/2049547">арх.</a> 24 декабря 2022</span>] / <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Берлянт, Александр Михайлович">А. М. Берлянт</a> // <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Большая российская энциклопедия">Большая российская энциклопедия</a> : <span class="nowrap">[в 35 т.]</span> / гл. ред. <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Осипов, Юрий Сергеевич (математик)">Ю. С. Осипов</a></span>. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr> : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2004—2017.</span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Литература"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Литература»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Берлянт, Александр Михайлович">Берлянт А. М.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01002790916">Картографический словарь</a>. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>: Научный мир, 2005. — 424 с. — <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/5891763095?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-89176-309-5</a>.</span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ссылки"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Ссылки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Ссылки»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r137903846">.mw-parser-output .ts-Родственные_проекты{clear:right;float:right;width:19em;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 0 .5em 1em;padding:.4em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .ts-Родственные_проекты-header{margin-bottom:.2em;padding:.2em .6em;font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .ts-Родственные_проекты-item{display:flex;padding:.2em .6em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Родственные_проекты-image{min-width:24px;display:inline-block;margin-right:.4em;flex:none;vertical-align:top;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Родственные_проекты-image img{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-Родственные_проекты-label{align-self:center}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .ts-Родственные_проекты{clear:none;float:none;width:auto;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}</style> <div class="ts-Родственные_проекты ruwikiWikimediaNavigation metadata plainlinks plainlist noprint" role="navigation" aria-label="В родственных проектах"> <ul> <li class="ts-Родственные_проекты-item"><span class="ts-Родственные_проекты-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg/24px-Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg/24px-Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg/36px-Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg/48px-Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ts-Родственные_проекты-label commons-ref"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Map_projections" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Map projections">Медиафайлы на Викискладе</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFБСЭ">Картографические проекции // <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Большая советская энциклопедия">Большая советская энциклопедия</a> : <span class="nowrap">[в 30 т.]</span> / гл. ред. <span class="nowrap"> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Прохоров, Александр Михайлович">А. М. Прохоров</a></span>. — 3-е изд. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr> : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.</span> // БСЭ</li> <li><span class="citation"><span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://book.etudes.ru/toc/cartographic/">Картографические проекции</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">  <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на неопределённом языке">(неопр.)</small></span>. <i>Математическая составляющая</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516064635/https://book.etudes.ru/toc/cartographic/">Архивировано</a> 16 мая 2020 года.</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html">Картографические проекции (USGS Map Projections Poster)</a></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r137874932">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);border-left:10px solid #36c;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 10%}html body.mediawiki.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-width:0 0 0 4px}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid var(--border-color-error,#b32424);background-color:var(--background-color-error-subtle,#fee7e6)}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid var(--border-color-error,#b32424)}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid var(--color-warning,#edab00)}.mw-parser-output .ambox-good{border-left:10px solid #66cc44}.mw-parser-output .ambox-discussion{border-left:10px solid #339966}.mw-parser-output .ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-textsmall-div{font-size:90%}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(max-width:1366px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin-left:6%;margin-right:6%}}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}</style> <table class="mbox-Переработать plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"> Эта статья <b>нуждается в переработке</b>. <span style="color: #bf3c2c;"><b>Пожалуйста, уточните проблему в статье с помощью <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Проект:Технические работы/Список сообщений для статей">более узкого шаблона</a>.</b></span> </div> <div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact"> <span class="hide-when-compact"> Пожалуйста, улучшите статью в соответствии с <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Википедия:Правила и указания">правилами написания статей</a>.</span> <span class="mbox-date"><i>(<span class="date">28 апреля 2007</span>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r137874932"> <table class="mbox-Нет_ссылок plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"> В статье <b>не хватает <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Википедия:Ссылки на источники">ссылок на источники</a></b> (см. <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Википедия:Поиск источников">рекомендации по поиску</a>). </div> <div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact"> <span class="hide-when-compact"> Информация должна быть <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Википедия:Проверяемость">проверяема</a>, иначе она может быть удалена. Вы можете <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%26action%3Dedit">отредактировать</a> статью, добавив ссылки на <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Википедия:Авторитетные источники">авторитетные источники</a> в виде <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Википедия:Сноски">сносок</a>.</span> <span class="mbox-date"><i>(<span class="date">7 сентября 2019</span>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Источник — <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%26oldid%3D142556127">https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Картографическая_проекция&oldid=142556127</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Sldst-bot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1736273065"> <span>Последний раз редактировалась 7 января 2025 в 18:04</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Языки</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B7" title="إسقاط الخرائط — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسقاط الخرائط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeici%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proyeición cartográfica — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proyeición cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoqrafik_proyeksiyalar" title="Kartoqrafik proyeksiyalar — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartoqrafik proyeksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Картографик проекциялар — башкирский" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Картографик проекциялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Картаграфічная праекцыя — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Картаграфічная праекцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографска проекция — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картографска проекция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="नक्शा प्रोजेक्शन — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नक्शा प्रोजेक्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AA" title="মানচিত্র অভিক্ষেপ — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানচিত্র অভিক্ষেপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecci%25C3%25B3_cartogr%25C3%25A0fica" title="Projecció cartogràfica — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Projecció cartogràfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapov%25C3%25A9_zobrazen%25C3%25AD" title="Mapové zobrazení — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mapové zobrazení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortprojektion" title="Kortprojektion — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kortprojektion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartennetzentwurf" title="Kartennetzentwurf — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartennetzentwurf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B3%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CF%2580%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AE" title="Χαρτογραφική προβολή — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτογραφική προβολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Map projection" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecci%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proyección cartográfica — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyección cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaardiprojektsioon" title="Kaardiprojektsioon — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaardiprojektsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiekzio_kartografiko" title="Proiekzio kartografiko — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proiekzio kartografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587" title="سیستم تصویر نقشه — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم تصویر نقشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttaprojektio" title="Karttaprojektio — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karttaprojektio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_cartographique" title="Projection cartographique — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projection cartographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilgean_l%25C3%25A9arsc%25C3%25A1ile" title="Teilgean léarscáile — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilgean léarscáile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxecci%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proxección cartográfica — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proxección cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%259C_(%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A6%25D7%2595%25D7%2592_%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599)" title="היטל (ייצוג גרפי) — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היטל (ייצוג גרפי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AA" title="मानचित्र प्रक्षेप — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानचित्र प्रक्षेप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografska_projekcija" title="Kartografska projekcija — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kartografska projekcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwojeksyon_konik" title="Pwojeksyon konik — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwojeksyon konik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%25C3%25BClettan" title="Vetülettan — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vetülettan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeksi_peta" title="Proyeksi peta — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyeksi peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortav%25C3%25B6rpun" title="Kortavörpun — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kortavörpun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiezione_cartografica" title="Proiezione cartografica — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proiezione cartografica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E6%25B3%2595_(%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25B3)" title="投影法 (地図) — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="投影法 (地図)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографиялық проекция — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Картографиялық проекция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A7%2580%25EB%258F%2584_%25ED%2588%25AC%25EC%2598%2581%25EB%25B2%2595" title="지도 투영법 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지도 투영법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Картографиялык проекциялар — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картографиялык проекциялар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektiounsmodell" title="Projektiounsmodell — люксембургский" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Projektiounsmodell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografin%25C4%2597_projekcija" title="Kartografinė projekcija — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kartografinė projekcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Картографска проекција — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картографска проекција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjuran_peta" title="Unjuran peta — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unjuran peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartprojectie" title="Kaartprojectie — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaartprojectie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartprojeksjon" title="Kartprojeksjon — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kartprojeksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeccion_cartografica" title="Projeccion cartografica — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Projeccion cartografica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odwzorowanie_kartograficzne" title="Odwzorowanie kartograficzne — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odwzorowanie kartograficzne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proje%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Projeção cartográfica — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeção cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiec%25C8%259Bie_cartografic%25C4%2583" title="Proiecție cartografică — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proiecție cartografică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Map projection" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografska_projekcija" title="Kartografska projekcija — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartografska projekcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeksionet_hartografike" title="Projeksionet hartografike — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Projeksionet hartografike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Картографска пројекција — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картографска пројекција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartprojektion" title="Kartprojektion — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kartprojektion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588" title="เส้นโครงแผนที่ — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นโครงแผนที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harita_projeksiyonu" title="Harita projeksiyonu — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harita projeksiyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2594%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Картографічна проєкція — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картографічна проєкція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaritagrafik_proyeksiyalar" title="Xaritagrafik proyeksiyalar — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaritagrafik proyeksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25BE%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1" title="地图投影 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地图投影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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