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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Civil law and common law jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_law_and_common_law_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country-specific_jurisdictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country-specific_jurisdictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Country-specific jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Country-specific_jurisdictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Country-specific jurisdictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Country-specific_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statutory_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statutory_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Statutory protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statutory_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_law_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_law_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Common law provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_law_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guernsey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guernsey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Guernsey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guernsey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._jurisdictions_that_recognize_rights_of_publicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._jurisdictions_that_recognize_rights_of_publicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18.1</span> <span>U.S. jurisdictions that recognize rights of publicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._jurisdictions_that_recognize_rights_of_publicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C3%B6nlichkeitsrecht" title="Persönlichkeitsrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Persönlichkeitsrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atributo_de_la_personalidad" title="Atributo de la personalidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atributo de la personalidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="حق شهرت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حق شهرت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9" title="Droits de la personnalité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits de la personnalité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B2%A9%EA%B6%8C" title="인격권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인격권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in_%C9%97abi%27a" title="Haƙƙoƙin ɗabi'a – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haƙƙoƙin ɗabi'a" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_publisitas" title="Hak publisitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak publisitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonlijkheidsrechten" title="Persoonlijkheidsrechten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Persoonlijkheidsrechten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E6%A8%A9" title="パブリシティ権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パブリシティ権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobra_osobiste" title="Dobra osobiste – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dobra osobiste" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_da_personalidade" title="Direitos da personalidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direitos da personalidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atributul_personalit%C4%83%C8%9Bii" title="Atributul personalității – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atributul personalității" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osebne_pravice" title="Osebne pravice – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osebne pravice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_nh%C3%A2n_th%C3%A2n" title="Quyền nhân thân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền nhân thân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist ----"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanRightsLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/75px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/113px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/150px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theoretical distinctions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights by beneficiary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">Accused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditors%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors' rights">Creditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" title="Right to family life">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture#Farmers'_rights" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients%27_rights" title="Patients' rights">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence#Robot_rights" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other groups of rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination of people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tort_law" title="Outline of tort law">Outline</a>)</small></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_the_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Trespass to the person">Trespass to the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assault_(tort)" title="Assault (tort)">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(tort)" title="Battery (tort)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress" title="Intentional infliction of emotional distress">Intentional infliction of emotional distress</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Property torts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">Trespass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_chattels" title="Trespass to chattels">chattels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_(law)" title="Conversion (law)">Conversion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Dignitary_tort" title="Dignitary tort">Dignitary torts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a> <ul><li>Slander</li> <li>Libel</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_light" title="False light">False light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy_(United_States)" title="Expectation of privacy (United States)">Invasion of privacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_on_seclusion" title="Intrusion on seclusion">Intrusion on seclusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breach_of_confidence" title="Breach of confidence">Breach of confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_process" title="Abuse of process">Abuse of process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_prosecution" title="Malicious prosecution">Malicious prosecution</a></li> <li>Sexual torts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_of_affections" title="Alienation of affections">Alienation of affections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conversation" title="Criminal conversation">Criminal conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breach_of_promise" title="Breach of promise">Breach of promise</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">Negligent torts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress" title="Negligent infliction of emotional distress">Negligent infliction of emotional distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligence_in_employment" title="Negligence in employment">Employment-related</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_entrustment" title="Negligent entrustment">Entrustment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpractice" title="Malpractice">Malpractice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_malpractice" title="Legal malpractice">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_malpractice" title="Medical malpractice">medical</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Calculus_of_negligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Calculus of negligence">Principles of negligence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trespasser" title="Trespasser">Trespassers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensee" title="Licensee">Licensees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitee" title="Invitee">Invitees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_care" title="Standard of care">Standard of care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_person" title="Reasonable person">Reasonable person</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">Proximate cause</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_ipsa_loquitur" title="Res ipsa loquitur">Res ipsa loquitur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitutio_ad_integrum" title="Restitutio ad integrum">Restitutio ad integrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_doctrine" title="Rescue doctrine">Rescue doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_to_rescue" title="Duty to rescue">Duty to rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_responsibility" title="Comparative responsibility">Comparative responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributory_negligence" title="Contributory negligence">Contributory negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attractive_nuisance_doctrine" title="Attractive nuisance doctrine">Attractive nuisance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability" title="Strict liability">Strict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_liability" title="Absolute liability">absolute</a> liability</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrahazardous_activity" title="Ultrahazardous activity">Ultrahazardous activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_pocket#Deep_pocket_in_law_and_economics" title="Deep pocket">Deep pockets</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nuisance" title="Nuisance">Nuisance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_nuisance" title="Public nuisance">Public nuisance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rylands_v_Fletcher" title="Rylands v Fletcher">Rylands v Fletcher</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Economic_torts" title="Economic torts">Economic torts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_of_trade" title="Restraint of trade">Restraint of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_bad_faith" title="Insurance bad faith">Insurance bad faith</a> <small>(American law)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortious_interference" title="Tortious interference">Tortious interference</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Tort#Defenses" title="Tort">Defences</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_risk" title="Assumption of risk">Assumption of risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(tort)" title="Necessity (tort)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">Statute of limitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense#Defense_of_others" title="Right of self-defense">Defense of others</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defence of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopkeeper%27s_privilege" title="Shopkeeper's privilege">Shopkeeper's privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_reportage" title="Neutral reportage">Neutral reportage</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Liability</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_tort" title="Intentional tort">Intentional torts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_clear_chance" title="Last clear chance">Last clear chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggshell_skull" title="Eggshell skull">Eggshell skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability" title="Vicarious liability">Vicarious liability</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Respondeat_superior" title="Respondeat superior">Respondeat superior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volenti_non_fit_injuria" title="Volenti non fit injuria">Volenti non fit injuria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_turpi_causa_non_oritur_actio" title="Ex turpi causa non oritur actio">Ex turpi causa non oritur actio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_and_several_liability" title="Joint and several liability">Joint and several liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_share_liability" title="Market share liability">Market share liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferred_intent" title="Transferred intent">Transferred intent</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Remedies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Damages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punitive_damages" title="Punitive damages">Punitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_damages" title="Consequential damages">Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_damages" title="Incidental damages">Incidental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">Injunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_(law)" title="Tracing (law)">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detinue" title="Detinue">Detinue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replevin" title="Replevin">Replevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trover" title="Trover">Trover</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other topics in tort law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tort_reform" title="Tort reform">Tort reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-economic_damages_caps" title="Non-economic damages caps">Non-economic damages caps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-tort" title="Quasi-tort">Quasi-tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delict" title="Delict">Delict</a> <small>(term used for torts in some <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed legal system">mixed legal systems</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_tort_laws" title="Conflict of tort laws">Conflict of tort laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_attorney_general" title="Private attorney general">Private attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">Class action</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By jurisdiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tort_law_in_Australia" title="Tort law in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_tort_law" title="Canadian tort law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort_Law_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tort Law in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_tort_law" title="English tort law">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_tort_law" title="European tort law">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort_law_in_India" title="Tort law in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan#Torts" title="Law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan#Torts" title="Law of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_tort_law" title="United States tort law">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowrapitems"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/16px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/24px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tort_law" title="Template:Tort law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tort_law" title="Template talk:Tort law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tort_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tort law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Personality rights</b>, sometimes referred to as the <b>right of publicity</b>, are rights for an individual to control the commercial use of their identity, such as name, image, likeness, or other unequivocal identifiers. They are generally considered as <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Personal_rights" title="Personal rights">personal rights</a>, and so the validity of personality rights of publicity may survive the death of the individual to varying degrees, depending on the jurisdiction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personality rights are generally considered to consist of two types of rights: the right of publicity,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the right to keep one's image and likeness from being commercially exploited without permission or contractual compensation, which is similar (but not identical) to the use of a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a>, or the right to be left alone and not have one's personality represented publicly without permission. In <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions, <b>publicity rights</b> fall into the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Passing_off" title="Passing off">passing off</a>. </p><p>A commonly cited justification for this doctrine, from a policy standpoint, is the notion of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a> and the idea that every individual should have a right to control how their right of publicity is commercialized by a third party, if at all. Often, but not always, the motivation to engage in such commercialization is to help propel sales or visibility for a product or service, which usually amounts to some form of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_speech" title="Commercial speech">commercial speech</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which in turn receives the <a href="/wiki/Rational_basis_review" title="Rational basis review">lowest level of judicial scrutiny</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_law_and_common_law_jurisdictions">Civil law and common law jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil law and common law jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/220px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/330px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/440px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Legal systems of the world: civil law in blue, common law in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast with <a href="/wiki/Common_law_(legal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law (legal system)">common law</a> jurisdictions, most <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> jurisdictions have specific civil code provisions that protect an individual's image, personal data and other generally private information. Exceptions have been carved out of these general, broad privacy rights when dealing with news and public figures. Thus, while it may violate an ordinary citizen's privacy to speak about their medical records, one is generally allowed to report on more intimate details in the lives of celebrities and politicians. </p><p>Unlike most common law jurisdictions the personality rights in civil law are generally inheritable, thus one can make a claim against someone who invades the privacy of a deceased relative if the memory of their character is besmirched by such publication. </p><p>Personality rights have developed out of <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">trespass</a> and intentional <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a>. Thus personality rights are, generally speaking, judge-made law, though there are <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> where some aspects of personality rights are statutory. In some jurisdictions, publicity rights and privacy rights are not clearly distinguished, and the term publicity right is generally used. In a publicity rights case the issue to decide is whether a significant section of the public would be misled into believing (incorrectly) that a commercial arrangement had been concluded between a <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> under which the plaintiff agreed to the advertising involving the image or reputation of a famous person. The actionable misrepresentation requires a suggestion that the plaintiff has endorsed or licensed the defendant's products, or somehow can exercise control over those products. This is done by way of the <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Passing_off" title="Passing off">passing off</a>. </p><p>The meaning of the law is best illustrated by principal cases on the subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country-specific_jurisdictions">Country-specific jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Country-specific jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, false association or endorsement is actionable via the law of <a href="/wiki/Passing_off" title="Passing off">passing off</a>, not a separate law of "right of personality". The <i>Henderson</i> case<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a decision of the Supreme Court of New South Wales (both the first instance and appellate jurisdiction). The plaintiffs were <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">ballroom dancers</a> and they sued the defendant in passing off alleging it wrongfully published their photograph on the cover of a gramophone record entitled <i>Strictly for Dancing: Vol. 1</i>. An injunction was granted on the ground that the use suggested the plaintiffs recommended or approved of the defendant's goods, or had some connection with the goods. </p><p>However, in the 1988 case of <i>Honey v Australian Airlines</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Honey" title="Gary Honey">Gary Honey</a>, a well known Australian athlete, failed in his attempt to get a damages award after <a href="/wiki/Australian_Airlines" title="Australian Airlines">Australian Airlines</a> used a photograph of him in action on a poster without his permission. The judge held, in essence, that the poster depicted excellence in general rather than a particular person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statutory_protection">Statutory protection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Statutory protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The provinces of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> have enacted privacy legislation dealing with personality rights, which have the following traits:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConroy20124–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy20124–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>An appropriation of personality can be achieved through the use of a person's name, likeness, or voice (but British Columbia has a more restrictive definition).</li> <li>The plaintiff must be identified or identifiable by the use made of his persona.</li> <li>An action for the appropriation of personality can only succeed where the defendant intended to commit the wrong (but British Columbia has no "intention" requirement).</li> <li>The defendant's use of the plaintiff's persona must have resulted in a gain or advantage for the defendant (but British Columbia has a more restrictive definition, relating only to commercial gain).</li> <li>An appropriation of personality is actionable without proof of damages.</li> <li>The right of action for appropriation of personality is extinguished upon the death of the person whose privacy was violated.</li> <li>The following constitute statutory defences in all four provinces: (i) that the plaintiff consented to the use of his persona; (ii) that the use of the plaintiff's persona was incidental to the exercise of a lawful right of defence of person or property; (iii) that the use was authorized or required under a provincial law or by a court, or any process of a court; and (iv) that the act was that of a peace officer acting in the course of his or her duties. The Manitoba Act provides additional defences.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_law_provinces">Common law provinces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common law provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian common law recognizes a limited right to personality. It was first acknowledged in the 1971 Ontario decision of <i><a href="/wiki/Krouse_v._Chrysler_Canada_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Krouse v. Chrysler Canada Ltd.">Krouse v. Chrysler Canada Ltd.</a></i>, where the Court held that where a person has marketable value in their likeness and it has been used in a manner that suggests an endorsement of a product then there is grounds for an action in appropriation of personality. This right was later expanded upon in <i><a href="/wiki/Athans_v._Canadian_Adventure_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Athans v. Canadian Adventure Camps">Athans v. Canadian Adventure Camps</a></i> (1977) where the Court held that the personality right included both image and name. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Gould_Estate_v._Stoddart_Publishing_Co._Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Gould Estate v. Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd.">Gould Estate v. Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd.</a></i> (1998), the Ontario Court of Appeal concluded that simply writing <u>about</u> somebody, even for the purpose of generating a profit, does not constitute appropriation of personality. </p><p>The general tort of appropriation of personality is still in development, but it is currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> being argued that it will be recognized in all common law provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConroy201210_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy201210-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with certain characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConroy201211–14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy201211–14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Athans</i> confirms that there is "a proprietary right in the exclusive marketing for gain of his personality, image and name..."</li> <li>There is always a requirement that the plaintiff be identifiable.</li> <li>An action for appropriation of personality will have to be intentional for a plaintiff to recover at common law.</li> <li>There is a requirement that the defendant must have acted for the purpose of commercial gain, but <i>Gould</i> suggests that this may be restricted to "endorsement-type situations".</li> <li>It is a matter of uncertainty whether the common law tort of appropriation of personality is actionable <i><a href="/wiki/Per_se_(terminology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Per se (terminology)">per se</a></i> or whether damages must be shown.</li> <li>Privacy rights are extinguished upon death, but personality rights are inheritable.</li> <li>A defendant will not be liable for an appropriation of personality at common law where: (i) he has consented to the use of his persona; (ii) the use made of his personality rights was merely incidental to another purpose; or (iii) the publication constituted a matter of public interest.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, the new <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a></i> introduced new provisions that enshrine the right to privacy as an attribute of personality:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>3.</b> Every person is the holder of personality rights, such as the right to life, the right to the inviolability and integrity of his person, and the right to the respect of his name, reputation and privacy. These rights are inalienable. </p><p>... </p><p><b>36.</b> The following acts, in particular, may be considered as invasions of the privacy of a person: </p> <dl><dd>(1) entering or taking anything in his dwelling;</dd> <dd>(2) intentionally intercepting or using his private communications;</dd> <dd>(3) appropriating or using his image or voice while he is in private premises;</dd> <dd>(4) keeping his private life under observation by any means;</dd> <dd>(5) using his name, image, likeness or voice for a purpose other than the legitimate information of the public;</dd> <dd>(6) using his correspondence, manuscripts or other personal documents.</dd></dl></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Aubry_v_%C3%89ditions_Vice-Versa_Inc" title="Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc">Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> also affirmed that under Quebec's <i><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a></i> privacy provisions, a photographer can take photographs in public places but may not publish the picture unless permission has been obtained from the subject, except where the subject appears in an incidental manner, or whose professional success depends on public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant provisions of the <i>Charter</i> are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>4.</b> Every person has a right to the safeguard of his dignity, honour and reputation. <b>5.</b> Every person has a right to respect for his private life.</p></blockquote> <p>Therefore, the following general characteristics may be drawn:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConroy201215–17_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy201215–17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>An appropriation of personality can be realized through the use of a person's name, likeness, or voice.</li> <li>The plaintiff must be recognizable in order an appropriation of personality to be actionable.</li> <li>There is no need for the courts to look for an element of intent.</li> <li>Distinctions based on commercial purposes are irrelevant, and inconsistent with s 9.1 of the Quebec <i>Charter</i>.</li> <li>The plaintiff is required to show that she suffered damage through the appropriation of her personality rights.</li> <li>Quebec law may allow an action to be taken by the estate of a deceased person, provided that it can be proved that there is a patrimonial aspect at stake.</li> <li>A defendant will not be liable for an appropriation of personality under Quebec law where: (i) the plaintiff expressly or impliedly consented to the appropriation of his personality; (ii) the use of the individual's persona is incidental to another purpose; (iii) the appropriation of personality is authorized by law; or (iv) the publication is a matter of public interest.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, people depicted in photographs can oppose their use in advertisements and their publication in magazines, even if it was taken in a public place.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Penal_Code" title="Danish Penal Code">Danish Penal Code</a> chapters 26 and 27, provides certain personality rights. The governmental Danish Data Protection Agency, has made a declaration regarding publication on the Internet of pictures taken of persons in a public area:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>The predominant point of reference, is that any publication of a portrait photograph requires consent [of the person depicted]. The reasoning for this, is that such a publication might provide the depicted person with discomfort, possibly with other information such as name, of the publication for all with access to the internet, and the considerations of this discomfort is judged as more important than a possible interest in publication.</i></dd></dl> <p>A portrait photograph is defined as a photograph, with the purpose of depicting one or more specific person(s). The personality rights however may be contracted for persons who are generally accepted as public persons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, personality rights are protected under article 9 of the French civil code. While publicly known facts and images of public figures are not generally protected, use of someone's image or personal history has been held actionable under French law. The most famous case in recent history is perhaps the publication of the book on <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> called <i>Le Grand Secret</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Mitterrand's doctor published a book that not only revealed private facts about Mitterrand's life, but also revealed medical confidences protected by <a href="/wiki/Physician%E2%80%93patient_privilege" title="Physician–patient privilege">doctor–patient privilege</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, personality rights are protected under the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">German civil code</a>, where the concept of an "absolute person of contemporary history" allows the depiction of individuals who are part of history but still gives them some protection of their rights of privacy outside the public sphere. A succinct statement of the German law can be found in the following judicial statement from the <i><a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> case</i>: the general right of personality has been recognised in the case law of the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Federal Court of Justice</a> since 1954 as a basic right constitutionally guaranteed by Articles 1 and 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law</a> and at the same time as an "other right" protected in civil law under § 823 (1) of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">BGB</a> (established case law since BGHZ 13, 334, 338 - readers' letters). It guarantees as against all the world the protection of human dignity and the right to free development of the personality. Special forms of manifestation of the general right of personality are the right to one's own picture (§§ 22 ff. of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesetz_betreffend_das_Urheberrecht_an_Werken_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste_und_der_Photographie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der bildenden Künste und der Photographie (page does not exist)">KUG</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesetz_betreffend_das_Urheberrecht_an_Werken_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste_und_der_Photographie" class="extiw" title="de:Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der bildenden Künste und der Photographie">de</a>]</span>) and the right to one's name (§ 12 of the BGB). They guarantee protection of the personality for the sphere regulated by them.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the general personality rights, there are special rules that forbid taking intimate pictures without consent (§ 184k <a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch" title="Strafgesetzbuch">StGB</a>), and that forbid taking pictures which violate the "most personal sphere" of those pictured (§ 201 StGB - in particular, photos of private situations such as inside the bedroom, and photos of helpless persons, such as accident victims). In contrast to the general rules about the right to one's image, these rules also apply to just taking images, not only to publishing them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relevant Greek laws include 57 AK and 2472/1997. As regarding photography: </p> <ul><li><b>Taking a picture of a person in a public space:</b> Requires consent. Taking a photo or video of someone or drawing them in a painting constitutes an illegal act by itself according to Article 57 of the Greek Civil Code (57 ΑΚ, 57 Αστικός Κώδικας) even without any publication of the resulting photo, video or drawing. The law assumes that consent has been provided silently if the depicted person has been paid for the photography session. The law also provides some exceptions for persons of <i>contemporary history</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-greek57ak_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek57ak-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the law 2472/1997 also applies in many circumstances, even in photographing political rallies in public places or in photographing the police; Greece also requires photographers to obtain a government permit before photographing people participating in political protests in public places.<sup id="cite_ref-greekpolice_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greekpolice-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Publishing pictures of a person in a public space:</b> Requires consent.<sup id="cite_ref-greek57ak_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek57ak-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of photographs of identifiable police officers beating civilians in public places may be against the law 2472/1997 and as such these images should be turned to the authorities for review.<sup id="cite_ref-greekpolice_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greekpolice-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Commercial use of a published picture of a person in a public space:</b> Requires consent.<sup id="cite_ref-greek57ak_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek57ak-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guernsey">Guernsey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Guernsey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relevant Guernsey law was enacted on 3 December 2012 under the name of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guernseylegalresources.gg/article/104749/Image-Rights-Bailiwick-of-Guernsey-Ordinance-2012">Image Rights Bailiwick of Guernsey Ordinance 2012</a> and allows for the registration of a personality right, together with images associated with that personality. Images are widely defined and can be any number of personal attributes, such as likeness, mannerisms, gestures, voice, nickname etc. </p><p>Personalities able to register fall into 5 categories, namely sole, joint, group, legal and fictional character. In addition, humans can be registered up to 100 years after the date of death, making the law very favourable for estate managers and trustees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, as in most other common law jurisdictions, there is no separate "personality right", and false association or endorsement is actionable under the law of passing off. The main case on this point relates to <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a> singer/actor <a href="/wiki/Andy_Lau" title="Andy Lau">Andy Lau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hang_Seng_Bank" title="Hang Seng Bank">Hang Seng Bank</a> over the allegedly unauthorized use of Lau's image on <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has led to the observation that only limited personality rights exist in this jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are few studies on the right to fame in Iranian law. However, through general principles, an attempt has been made to support celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1994 case involving the estate of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Jamaica">Supreme Court of Jamaica</a> acknowledged a property right of personality which survived his death.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2007, <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a> duo <a href="/wiki/Pink_Lady_(duo)" title="Pink Lady (duo)">Pink Lady</a> sued <a href="/wiki/Kobunsha" title="Kobunsha">Kobunsha</a> for <span style="white-space: nowrap">¥</span>3.7 million after the publisher's magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Josei_Jishin" title="Josei Jishin">Josei Jishin</a></i> used photos of the duo on an article on dieting through dancing without their permission. The case was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_District_Court" title="Tokyo District Court">Tokyo District Court</a>. In February 2012, the Supreme Court rejected the duo's appeal based on the right of publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, personality rights are protected under the "tutela geral da personalidade" on article 70 of the Portuguese Civil Code and, also, in article 17 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Some personality rights, like the right to image or honor are specifically typified in the civil code in the articles following the "tutela geral". Specifically regarding image rights, article 79 of the Portuguese Civil Code states that an image of a person cannot be published or exposed without her consent, even after the person's death (in which case the consent is to be obtained from existing family or heirs). However, consent is not needed for public personalities when in their public roles, for use in scientific, didactic or cultural purposes, or when the image is produced in a public setting. However, if the image harms the honor, reputation or decorum of the person it cannot be reproduced or exposed without consent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, rights of personality are established by statute. According to article 100 and 101 of the <a href="/wiki/General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China">General Principle of Civil Law</a> of the People's Republic of China, the right of name and the right of image are protected. It is prohibited to use another's image for commercial use without that person's consent. In the new Tort Liabilities Law which came into effect on Jan 1, 2021, the right of privacy is mentioned for the first time in the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, personality rights are protected under the <a href="/wiki/South_African_law_of_delict" title="South African law of delict">South African law of delict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chapter_Two_of_the_Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa">Bill of Rights</a>, which also provides for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of expression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After much uncertainty concerning the recognition of image rights in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa">Supreme Court of Appeal</a> provided clarity in the landmark case of <i>Grütter v Lombard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Africa, a person's right to identity is violated if the attributes of that person is used without permission in a way which cannot be reconciled with the true image of that person.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the unauthorized use of a person's image, this kind of infringement also entails some kind of misrepresentation concerning the individual, such as that the individual approves or endorses a particular product or service or that an attorney is a partner in a firm, while this is not the case. Secondly, the right to identity is violated if the attributes of a person is used without authorization by another person for commercial gain.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the unauthorized use of the individual's image, such use also primarily entails a commercial motive which is exclusively aimed at promoting a service or product or to solicit clients or customers. The mere fact that the user may benefit or profit from any product or service in respect of which the individual's attributes have incidentally been used, is not in itself sufficient. This violation of the right to identity therefore also entails unauthorized use of the individual's attributes with a commercial purpose, whether it is done by means of advertisement or the manufacture and distribution of merchandise covered with the attributes of the individual. Personality rights are not absolute and it goes without saying that the use of a person's attributes must be unlawful before a plaintiff will succeed with any claim. With the use of a person's image, the personality rights, privacy, <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">human dignity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a> of the individual must often be weighed against the user's right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>. The use of a person's image can be justified on the grounds of consent, truth and public interest, fair comment and jest.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Korea, as defined in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Civil Code of the Republic of Korea">Civil Code</a>, section 751: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A person who has injured the person, liberty or fame of another or has inflicted any mental anguish to another person shall be liable to make compensation for damages arising therefrom.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While the concept of personality rights is recognized, it is not yet widely known. The Korean terminology ("인격표지영리권", literally translated to "personality sign commercial rights") is still much less frequently used compared to the transcription of the English term "publicity rights". </p><p>Nor any independent law on personality rights exist in South Korea (as of October 2023). However, in 2022, a related provision was enacted under the existing Unfair Competition Prevention Act.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revision is considered to have provided a foundation for an independent Act in near future. Much change is expected as it has been reported that around 80% of Korean entertainment agencies voiced difficulties in publicity right violations of their talents.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 26, 2022, the Ministry of Justice announced plans to stipulate personality rights in Civil Code in the near future. The most notable difference between the new law and the Publicity Rights provision under the Unfair Competition Prevention Act would be the expansion of scope; the new law will go beyond 'celebrities' and will recognize everyone's right to their name, portrait, voice, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personality rights are said to exist to some extent by both influence of constitution and tort liability,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but cases filed to enforce such rights against shopping malls have been unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Korea's portrait rights are too widely recognized compared to other countries. Because of this, it is common for South Korean media reports to blur people's faces in press photos, even though there is no problem of defamation. In contrast, most countries regard blur as a distortion of the truth. It is common that the public's faces photographed only in the South Korean media are blurred even when there in no possibility of defamation. Criticism has been raised against this.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the agency (Spanish) Data Protection for the collection and dissemination on Internet of images of a person without their consent may be a serious breach of the Data Protection Act which would be punishable by a minimum fine of 60,000 euros. According to <i>El Mundo</i> Data Protection Agency decided to investigate ex officio by the mere distribution of the image of a person on the Internet without their consent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions" title="United States free speech exceptions">United States free speech exceptions</a></div> <p>In the United States, the right of publicity is based on <a href="/wiki/State_law" title="State law">state-level law</a>, as opposed to federal, and recognition of the right can vary from state to state.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationale underlying the right of publicity in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is rooted in both privacy and economic exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rights are based in tort law, and parallel Prosser's "Four Torts" which might be summarized as: 1) Intrusion upon physical solitude; 2) public disclosure of private facts; 3) depiction in a false light; and 4) appropriation of name and likeness. If looking at it through the prism of Prosser's four torts, violation of a right of publicity most closely aligns with appropriation. The right of publicity often is manifest in advertising or merchandise. In states without a specific right of publicity statute, the right of publicity is usually recognized via common law. The right of publicity has evolved rapidly, with a history of reported cases in the United States and worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right of publicity is defined as the right of all individuals to control commercial use of their names, images, likenesses, or other identifying aspects of identity. In certain contexts, the right of publicity is limited (under U.S. law) by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>. The right of publicity can be referred to as <b>publicity rights</b> or even <b>personality rights</b>. The term "right of publicity" was coined by Judge <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Frank_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Frank (lawyer)">Jerome Frank</a> in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extent of recognition of this right in the U.S. is largely driven by <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>. Because the right of publicity is primarily governed by state (as opposed to federal) law, the degree of recognition of the right of publicity can vary from one state to the next. The right of publicity is not simply an analog to trademark law, though it could be noted that the right of publicity has some commonality with the protection of trademarks as long as one understands that the right of publicity is a distinct legal doctrine, with its own policies, objectives and standards, including notable differences from trademark law.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, falsity or likelihood of confusion generally do not have to be established to present a colorable right of publicity claim. </p><p>At a national level, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> held in the 1977 case <i><a href="/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co." title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a></i> that the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> did not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Immunity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Immunity">immunize</a> a <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television station</a> from liability for broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Zacchini" title="Hugo Zacchini">Hugo Zacchini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Human_cannonball" title="Human cannonball">human cannonball</a> act without his consent. This was the first, and so far the only, U.S. Supreme Court ruling on rights of publicity and it served to confirm the overall validity of the doctrine and the interests it protects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> has one of the stronger right of publicity statutes in the U.S., providing recognition of the right for 100 years after death, and protecting not only the usual "name, image and likeness", but also <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a>, distinctive appearances, and mannerisms. Notably, Oklahoma also provides 100 years of protection after death, and Tennessee's statute provides rights that do not ever expire if use is continuous. There are other notable characteristics of the Indiana law,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (August 2023)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though most of the major movement in right of publicity emanates from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, with a significant body of case law which suggest potentially contradictory positions with respect to recognition of the right of publicity under certain circumstances. </p><p>Some states recognize the right through statute and some others through common law. California has both statutory and common-law strains of authority protecting slightly different forms of the right. The right of publicity shares characteristics of a property right and as such is transferable to the person's heirs after their death. The <a href="/wiki/Celebrities_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrities Rights Act">Celebrities Rights Act</a> was passed in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1985 and it extended the personality rights for a celebrity to 70 years after their death. Previously, the 1979 <i><a href="/wiki/Lugosi_v._Universal_Pictures" title="Lugosi v. Universal Pictures">Lugosi v. Universal Pictures</a></i> decision by the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> held that <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a>'s personality rights could not pass to his heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-findlaw_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-findlaw-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In October 1990, actor <a href="/wiki/Crispin_Glover" title="Crispin Glover">Crispin Glover</a> filed a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> for both the unauthorized use of his likeness and the use of footage of him from <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II" title="Back to the Future Part II">Back to the Future Part II</a></i>; his permission had not been sought for the latter and he received no payment. After a motion to dismiss was denied, the case was settled for an undisclosed amount. The <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> changed its rules to prohibit its members from unauthorized mimicking of other SAG members.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2002, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> sued luxury cosmetics company <a href="/wiki/Sephora" title="Sephora">Sephora</a> for allegedly using a picture of them without permission in a brochure promoting <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfumes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In March 2003, eight members of the cast of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i> alleged that electronics retailer <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> used their images in newspaper ads without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the July 2003 case of <i>ETW Corp. v. Jireh Publishing</i> ruled that a painting of the <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golfer</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a> and others is protected by the <a href="/wiki/US_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US Constitution">US Constitution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> and treads neither on the golfer's <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> nor publicity rights. Similarly in the July 2003 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Hex#Lawsuit" title="Jonah Hex">Johnny and Edgar Winter v. DC Comics</a></i>, a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Blues_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues music">blues music</a> duo the Winter brothers in a comic book as worms called the Autumn Brothers obtained First Amendment protection from publicity rights suit. In May 2005, <i>Toney v. Oreal USA Inc.</i> clarified the distinction between the purview of copyright versus the nature of publicity rights.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2006 <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York County</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> case <i><a href="/wiki/Nussenzweig_v._DiCorcia" title="Nussenzweig v. DiCorcia">Nussenzweig v. DiCorcia</a></i>, after dismissing the complaint on statute of limitations grounds, held in the alternative that personality rights are limited by First Amendment rights of artistic freedom of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was affirmed on appeal by the Appellate Division and the Court of Appeals, but those courts only addressed the statute of limitations holding, not the First Amendment holding.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2008, a federal judge in California ruled that <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>'s right of publicity were not protectable in California. The court reasoned that even though Monroe died in California, she was legally domiciled in New York at the time of her death, and New York does not protect a celebrity's deceased right of publicity and that her right of publicity ended upon her death.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2009 case of <i>James "Jim" Brown v. Electronic Arts, Inc.</i>, the District Court of the Central District of California dismissed athlete <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>'s theory of false endorsement under the <a href="/wiki/Lanham_Act" title="Lanham Act">Lanham Act</a> and determined that the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> protects the unauthorized use of a trademark in an artistic work when the mark has artistic relevance to the work and does not explicitly mislead as to the source or content of the work. Applying this test, the court found a lack of implied endorsement and held that the First Amendment protected Electronic Arts in its use of a virtual football player that resembled Mr. Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Ratajkowski" title="Emily Ratajkowski">Emily Ratajkowski</a> was sued by photographer Robert O'Neil for copyright infringement when she posted a paparazzi picture taken by O'Neil depicting Ratajkowski outside of a flower shop in Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-hollywoodreporter.com_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The picture showed Ratajkowski with a bouquet of flowers covering her face, and Ratajkowski added the caption, "mood forever," when she posted the image to her <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> story.<sup id="cite_ref-hollywoodreporter.com_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parties ultimately settled the copyright claim out of court, but the dispute raised right of publicity concerns<sup id="cite_ref-fordhamiplj.org_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordhamiplj.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given the use of Ratajkowski's portrait and picture under the New York right of publicity statute.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, courts have historically found licensing or publishing these images as non-commercial uses, complicating the right of publicity argument.<sup id="cite_ref-fordhamiplj.org_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordhamiplj.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Ratajowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Ratajowski">Emily Ratajowski</a> now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> faces a similar copyright infringement suit for posting another photographer's paparazzi picture of her to her Instagram account.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On April 29, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a> Board of Governors supported proposed rules for college athletes expected to take effect in 2021.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The rules would allow athletes to be paid for use of their name, image and likeness (NIL) in endorsements and appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._jurisdictions_that_recognize_rights_of_publicity">U.S. jurisdictions that recognize rights of publicity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: U.S. jurisdictions that recognize rights of publicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rightofpublicity.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightofpublicity.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (statute and common law)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rightofpublicity.com_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightofpublicity.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Celebrities_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrities Rights Act">Celebrities Rights Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rightofpublicity.com_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightofpublicity.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> (statute and common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rightofpublicity.com_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightofpublicity.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> (statute and common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> (statute)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> (statute and common law)<sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaJournal_66-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaJournal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <p>California Civil Code Section 3344(a) states: </p> <dl><dd><i>Any person who knowingly uses another’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner, on or in products, merchandise, or goods, or for purposes of advertising or selling, or soliciting purchases of, products, merchandise, goods or services, without such person’s prior consent, or, in the case of a minor, the prior consent of his parent or legal guardian, shall be liable for any damages sustained by the person or persons injured as a result thereof.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrities_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrities Rights Act">Celebrities Rights Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_release" title="Model release">Model release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">Moral rights (copyright law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_records" title="Public records">Public records</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In New York, the "Supreme Court" is a trial-level court, equivalent to what is called "Superior Court" or "Circuit Court" in other states. The court equivalent to what most states call a "Supreme Court" is the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirshekari, A. Foundations of Legal Protection of Reputation. Comparative Law Review, 2020; 11(1): 339-361. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2020.290488.633904</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirshekari, A. Conflict of two rights: publicity right and freedom of expression Focusing on Legal Systems of Iran, Germany, France & the USA. The Judiciarys Law Journal, 2020; 84(110): 213-240. doi: 10.22106/jlj.2020.115618.2968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Henderson v Radio Corp Pty Ltd</i>, (1960) 60 SR(NSW) 576, [1969] RPC 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Re Gary Honey v Australian Airlines Limited and House of Tabor Inc</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1989/177.html">[1989] FCA 177</a> (18 May 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy20124–7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConroy20124–7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConroy2012">Conroy 2012</a>, pp. 4–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy201210-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConroy201210_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConroy2012">Conroy 2012</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy201211–14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConroy201211–14_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConroy2012">Conroy 2012</a>, pp. 11–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccq.lexum.com/w/ccq/en#!fragment/sec3/">Art. 3</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">CCQ</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccq.lexum.com/w/ccq/en#!fragment/sec36/">Art. 36</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">CCQ</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Aubry_v_%C3%89ditions_Vice-Versa_Inc" title="Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc">Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc</a></i>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1998/1998canlii817/1998canlii817.html">1998 CanLII 817</a> at par. 55–59, [1998] 1 SCR 591 (9 April 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy201215–17-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConroy201215–17_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConroy2012">Conroy 2012</a>, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022839/http://www.dataprotection.gov.cy/dataprotection/dataprotection.nsf/All/819392DD9D123E4CC225750B00379242?OpenDocument">"Γραφείο Επιτρόπου Προστασίας Δεδομένων Προσωπικού Χαρακτήρα - Αποφάσεις" <bdi lang="el">Γραφείο Επιτρόπου Προστασίας Δεδομένων Προσωπικού Χαρακτήρα - Αποφάσεις</bdi></a> (in Greek). Dataprotection.gov.cy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dataprotection.gov.cy/dataprotection/dataprotection.nsf/All/819392DD9D123E4CC225750B00379242?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Burlington N., Inc., 587 P.2d 829, 832 (Idaho 1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See 765 ILCS 1075, the Illinois Right of Publicity Act, eff. 1-1-1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=2241&ChapterID=62">765 ILCS 1065 " Illinois Compiled Statutes"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rightofpublicity.com/statutes/indiana">"Right Of Publicity » Indiana"</a>. <i>rightofpublicity.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rightofpublicity.com&rft.atitle=Right+Of+Publicity+%C2%BB+Indiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frightofpublicity.com%2Fstatutes%2Findiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title32/ar36/ch1.html">"Indiana Code 32-36-1"</a>. In.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+Code+32-36-1&rft.pub=In.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Flegislative%2Fic%2Fcode%2Ftitle32%2Far36%2Fch1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.Y. Civil Rights L. §§ 50, 51. Found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/LAWSSEAF.cgi?QUERYTYPE=LAWS+&QUERYDATA=@SLCVR0A5+&LIST=LAW+&BROWSER=EXPLORER+&TOKEN=10841864+&TARGET=VIEW">Ny State Assembly website statutes pages</a>. Accessed June 20, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightofpublicity.com/statutes/oklahoma">"Right Of Publicity » Oklahoma"</a>. <i>rightofpublicity.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rightofpublicity.com&rft.atitle=Right+Of+Publicity+%C2%BB+Oklahoma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightofpublicity.com%2Fstatutes%2Foklahoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rightofpublicity.com/statutes/south-dakota">"Right Of Publicity » South Dakota"</a>. <i>rightofpublicity.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rightofpublicity.com&rft.atitle=Right+Of+Publicity+%C2%BB+South+Dakota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frightofpublicity.com%2Fstatutes%2Fsouth-dakota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightofpublicity.com/statutes/washington">"Washington Statute 63.60. Personality Rights"</a>. Rightofpublicity.com. 1998-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+Statute+63.60.+Personality+Rights&rft.pub=Rightofpublicity.com&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightofpublicity.com%2Fstatutes%2Fwashington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightofpublicity.com/statutes/wisconsin">"Wisconsin WI ST 895.50, W.S.A. 895.50 'Right of privacy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Rightofpublicity.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wisconsin+WI+ST+895.50%2C+W.S.A.+895.50+%27Right+of+privacy%27&rft.pub=Rightofpublicity.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightofpublicity.com%2Fstatutes%2Fwisconsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConroy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Conroy, Amy M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/uwojls/vol1/iss1/3/">"Protecting Your Personality Rights in Canada: A Matter of Property or Privacy?"</a>. <i>Western Journal of Legal Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Protecting+Your+Personality+Rights+in+Canada%3A+A+Matter+of+Property+or+Privacy%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=Amy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.uwo.ca%2Fuwojls%2Fvol1%2Fiss1%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gert Brüggemeier; Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi; Patrick O'Callaghan (2010). <i>Personality Rights in European Tort Law</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52119491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52119491-4"><bdi>978-0-52119491-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personality+Rights+in+European+Tort+Law&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-52119491-4&rft.au=Gert+Br%C3%BCggemeier&rft.au=Aurelia+Colombi+Ciacchi&rft.au=Patrick+O%27Callaghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cornelius, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11380578/Image_Rights_in_South_Africa">"Image Rights in South Africa"</a> 2008/3-4 <i>International Sports Law Journal</i> 71.</li> <li>Cornelius, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11380508/Commercial_Appropriation_of_a_Persons_Image">"Commercial Appropriation of a Person's Image"</a> 2011 <i>Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal</i> 182.</li> <li>Cornelius, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11380341/Commercial_Appropriation_of_Identity_How_Could_Two_Courts_Get_It_So_Wrong">"Commercial Appropriation of Image: How Could Two Courts Get it so Wrong?"</a> 2011/3-4 International Sports Law Journal 165.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansRomer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, David; Romer, Jason (2013-10-01). "A Guide to Guernsey Image Rights". <i>Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice</i>. <b>8</b> (10). Oxford University Press: 761–763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjiplp%2Fjpt153">10.1093/jiplp/jpt153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-1532">1747-1532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intellectual+Property+Law+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Guernsey+Image+Rights&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=761-763&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjiplp%2Fjpt153&rft.issn=1747-1532&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Romer%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+rights" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_rights&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Personality_rights" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Personality rights"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Personality rights</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Personality_rights_warning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Personality rights warning">Personality rights warning</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/martin/art_law/image_rights.htm">Harvard Law School primer on personality rights and copyright</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rightofpublicity.com/statutes">Text of every individual state's right of publicity statute in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bclawr/44_3/05_FMS.htm">US constitutional constraints on state right of publicity laws</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801234138/https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bclawr/44_3/05_FMS.htm">Archived</a> 2021-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Jerry Marr</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/global_law/german-cases/cases_bundes.shtml?19dec1995">Case of Princess Caroline of Monaco (1995)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503165542/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/global_law/german-cases/cases_bundes.shtml?19dec1995">Archived</a> 2007-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> German Federal Supreme Court (English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/global_law/french-cases/cassation/tort-law/index.shtml?tort_03">Privacy rights cases under French law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504192526/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/global_law/french-cases/cassation/tort-law/index.shtml?tort_03">Archived</a> 2007-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/global_law/german-cases/tort-law/index.shtml?tort_13">Privacy/personality rights under German law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505201706/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/global_law/german-cases/tort-law/index.shtml?tort_13">Archived</a> 2007-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/copothr.html">Personality rights</a> US Library of Congress</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225214956/http://www.altenburger.ch/uploads/tx_altenburger/gh_2002_Das_Recht_am_eigenen_Bild.pdf">Das Recht am eigenen Bild</a></i>, speech by G. Hug at a symposium in 2002 in <a href="/wiki/Vitznau" title="Vitznau">Vitznau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> on personality rights in Switzerland regarding the publication of images of people. (In German.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entlawdigest.com">Legal resource for personality rights cases in the U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125084402/http://www.entlawdigest.com/">Archived</a> 2021-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716070827/http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/personality/canada.asp">"Personality Rights in Canada: An Introduction", School of Law, University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personalityrightsdatabase.com">Personality Rights Database</a> - Personality rights in Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, UK and US</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031094323/http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol4-2/editorial.asp">Douglas v Hello! - An OK! result</a>, Gillian Black (University of Edinburgh), <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCRIPT-ed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCRIPT-ed (page does not exist)">SCRIPT-ed</a>, June 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164222/http://www.sunsteinlaw.com/publications-news/news-letters/2009/11/200911_Schecter.html">Video Gamemaker's Unauthorized Use of Jim Brown's Likeness Protected by the First Amendment</a> by Jack C. Schecter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727004508/http://www.collascrillip.com/media/5464/5086_ccip_guernsey_image_rights_practical_guide_d5_-_use.pdf">Guernsey Image Rights - a practical guide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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privacy">Expectation of privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">Right to be forgotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_privacy" title="Post-mortem privacy">Post-mortem privacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">Privacy laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_Australian_law" title="Privacy in Australian law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Personal_Data_Protection_Law" title="General Personal Data Protection Law">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_privacy_law" title="Canadian privacy law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law_in_Denmark" title="Privacy law in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_English_law" title="Privacy in English law">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesdatenschutzgesetz" title="Bundesdatenschutzgesetz">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act,_2012" title="Data Protection Act, 2012">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy_in_New_Zealand" title="Right to privacy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_protection_(privacy)_laws_in_Russia" title="Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_2012_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy laws of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Privacy_Rights_Act" title="California Privacy Rights Act">amended in 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_data_protection_authority" title="National data protection authority">Data protection authorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Australian_Information_Commissioner" title="Office of the Australian Information Commissioner">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Danish Data Protection Agency">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_nationale_de_l%27informatique_et_des_libert%C3%A9s" title="Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Commissioner_for_Data_Protection_and_Freedom_of_Information" title="Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Board_of_India" title="Data Protection Board of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Authority_Institute" title="Personal Data Protection Authority Institute">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Data Protection Commissioner">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="Office of the Data Protection Supervisor">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Dutch Data Protection Authority">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Norwegian Data Protection Authority">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Privacy_Commission" title="National Privacy Commission">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Polish Data Protection Commissioner">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Personal Information Protection Commission (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Spanish Data Protection Agency">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Data_Protection_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Data Protection Authority">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Personal_Data_Protection_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Personal Data Protection Committee">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Turkish Data Protection Authority">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_privacy" title="Digital privacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_education" title="Privacy in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_privacy" title="Medical privacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Information privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy_law" title="Information privacy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Facebook" title="Privacy concerns with Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_regarding_Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy concerns regarding Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy concerns with Twitter">Twitter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_privacy" title="Email privacy">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_data" title="Personal data">Personal data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identifier" title="Personal identifier">Personal identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-enhancing_technologies" title="Privacy-enhancing technologies">Privacy-enhancing technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-invasive_software" title="Privacy-invasive software">Privacy-invasive software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_software" title="Privacy software">Privacy software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant_privacy" title="Virtual assistant privacy">Virtual assistant privacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Professionals_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility">Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Privacy_Lab" title="Data Privacy Lab">Data Privacy Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Digital_Rights" title="European Digital Rights">European Digital Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Privacy_Forum" title="Future of Privacy Forum">Future of Privacy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Network_Initiative" title="Global Network Initiative">Global Network Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Privacy_Professionals" title="International Association of Privacy Professionals">International Association of Privacy Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOYB" title="NOYB">NOYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellphone_surveillance" title="Cellphone surveillance">Cellphone surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Identity theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">Panopticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">Search warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">Wiretapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Personality rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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