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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Diesel fuel</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><dl> <dd>"Diesel oil" and "Gazole (fuel)" redirect here. Sometimes "diesel oil" is used to mean <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricating_oil" title="Lubricating oil" class="mw-redirect">lubricating oil</a> for <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>.</dd> </dl> Diesel fuel <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ˈ</a><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">d</a><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">iː</a><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">z</a><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">əl</a><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a> in general is any liquid <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> used in <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>, whose fuel ignition takes place, without spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. (<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_plugs" title="Glow plugs" class="mw-redirect">Glow plugs</a> help achieve high temperatures for combustion during engine startup in cold weather.) Diesel engines have found broad use as a result of higher thermodynamic and thus fuel efficiencies. This is particularly noted where diesel engines are run at part-load; as their air supply is not throttled as in a <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">petrol engine</a>, their efficiency still remains high. The most common type of diesel fuel is a specific <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillate</a> of petroleum <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_to_liquid" title="Biomass to liquid">biomass to liquid</a> (BTL) or <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquid" title="Gas to liquid" class="mw-redirect">gas to liquid</a> (GTL) diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">Ultra-low-sulfur diesel</a> (ULSD) is a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> contents. As of 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD type. In the UK, diesel fuel for on-road use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined road vehicle, which carries a tax premium over equivalent fuel for <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-road_diesel_engine" title="Non-road diesel engine" class="mw-redirect">non-road use</a> (see <a href="#Taxation">Taxation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In Australia diesel fuel is also known as 'distillate'.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins">1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Types">2 Types</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Petroleum_diesel">2.1 Petroleum diesel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Synthetic_diesel">2.2 Synthetic diesel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Biodiesel">2.3 Biodiesel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Hydrogenated_oils_and_fats">2.4 Hydrogenated oils and fats</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#DME">2.5 DME</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Storage">3 Storage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Measurements_and_pricing">4 Measurements and pricing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Cetane_number">4.1 Cetane number</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Fuel_value_and_price">4.2 Fuel value and price</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Taxation">4.3 Taxation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Uses">5 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Railroad">5.1 Railroad</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Aircraft">5.2 Aircraft</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Military_vehicles">5.3 Military vehicles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Cars">5.4 Cars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Other_uses">5.5 Other uses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Chemical_analysis">6 Chemical analysis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Chemical_composition">6.1 Chemical composition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Chemical_properties">6.2 Chemical properties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Hazards">6.3 Hazards</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Reduction_of_sulfur_emissions">6.3.1 Reduction of sulfur emissions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Environment_hazards_of_sulfur">6.3.2 Environment hazards of sulfur</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Algae.2C_microbes.2C_and_water_contamination">6.3.3 Algae, microbes, and water contamination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Road_hazard">6.3.4 Road hazard</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Origins[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</h2> Diesel fuel originated from experiments conducted by German scientist and inventor <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a> for his <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression-ignition_engine" title="Compression-ignition engine" class="mw-redirect">compression-ignition engine</a> he invented in 1892. Diesel originally designed his engine to use coal dust as fuel,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and experimented with other fuels including vegetable oils<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> such as <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">peanut oil</a>, which was used to power the engines which he exhibited at the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">1900 Paris Exposition</a> and the 1911 World's Fair in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <h2>Types[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</h2> Diesel fuel is produced from various sources, the most common being <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. Other sources include biomass, animal fats, biogas, natural gas, and coal. <h3>Petroleum diesel[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Petroleum diesel">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Essodiesel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Essodiesel.jpg/220px-Essodiesel.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Essodiesel.jpg/330px-Essodiesel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Essodiesel.jpg/440px-Essodiesel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Essodiesel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A modern diesel dispenser</div> </div> </div> Petroleum diesel, also called petrodiesel,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> or fossil diesel is the most common type of diesel fuel. It is produced from the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil" title="Crude oil" class="mw-redirect">crude oil</a> between 200 °C (392 °F) and 350 °C (662 °F) at <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 8 and 21 <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> per <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <h3>Synthetic diesel[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synthetic diesel">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">Synthetic fuel</a></div> Synthetic diesel can be produced from any carbonaceous material, including biomass, biogas, natural gas, coal and many others. The raw material is gasified into synthesis gas, which after purification is converted by the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a> to a synthetic diesel.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The process is typically referred to as <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_to_liquid" title="Biomass to liquid">biomass-to-liquid</a> (BTL), <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquid" title="Gas to liquid" class="mw-redirect">gas-to-liquid</a> (GTL) or <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_to_liquid" title="Coal to liquid" class="mw-redirect">coal-to-liquid</a> (CTL), depending on the raw material used. Paraffinic synthetic diesel generally has a near-zero content of sulfur and very low aromatics content, reducing unregulated emissions of toxic hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides and particulate matter (PM).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <h3>Biodiesel[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biodiesel">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg/170px-Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg" width="170" height="194" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg/255px-Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg/340px-Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="547"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Biodiesel made from <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> oil</div> </div> </div> Fatty-acid methyl ester (FAME), more widely known as <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, is obtained from <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> or animal fats (bio<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>) which have been <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">transesterified</a> with <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. It can be produced from many types of oils, the most common being rapeseed oil (rapeseed methyl ester, RME) in Europe and soybean oil (soy methyl ester, SME) in the USA. Methanol can also be replaced with ethanol for the transesterification process, which results in the production of ethyl esters. The transesterification processes use catalysts, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, to convert vegetable oil and methanol into FAME and the undesirable byproducts glycerine and water, which will need to be removed from the fuel along with methanol traces. FAME can be used pure (B100) in engines where the manufacturer approves such use, but it is more often used as a mix with diesel, BXX where XX is the biodiesel content in percent.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-acea.be-12">[12]</a> FAME as a fuel is regulated under <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_14214" title="EN 14214">DIN EN 14214</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_D6751" title="ASTM D6751">ASTM D6751</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> FAME has a lower energy content than diesel due to its oxygen content, and as a result, performance and fuel consumption can be affected. It also can have higher levels of NOx emissions, possibly even exceeding the legal limit. FAME also has lower oxidation stability than diesel, and it offers favorable conditions for bacterial growth, so applications which have a low fuel turnover should not use FAME.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The loss in power when using pure biodiesel is 5 to 7%.<a href="#cite_note-acea.be-12">[12]</a> Fuel equipment manufacturers (FIE) have raised several concerns regarding FAME fuels: free methanol, dissolved and free water, free glycerin, <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoglyceride" title="Monoglyceride">mono</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">diglycerides</a>, free <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, total solid impurity levels, alkaline metal compounds in solution and oxidation and thermal stability. They have also identified FAME as being the cause of the following problems: corrosion of fuel injection components, low-pressure fuel system blockage, increased dilution and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of engine sump oil, pump seizures due to high fuel viscosity at low temperature, increased injection pressure, elastomeric seal failures and fuel injector spray blockage.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_fatty_acid" title="Unsaturated fatty acid" class="mw-redirect">Unsaturated fatty acids</a> are the source for the lower oxidation stability; they react with oxygen and form peroxides and result in degradation byproducts, which can cause sludge and lacquer in the fuel system.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As FAME contains low levels of sulfur, the emissions of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxide" title="Sulfur oxide">sulfur oxides</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>, major components of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, are low. Use of biodiesel also results in reductions of unburned hydrocarbons, <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO), and particulate matter. CO emissions using biodiesel are substantially reduced, on the order of 50% compared to most petrodiesel fuels. The exhaust emissions of particulate matter from biodiesel have been found to be 30 percent lower than overall particulate matter emissions from petrodiesel. The exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbons (a contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) are up to 93 percent lower for biodiesel than diesel fuel. Biodiesel also may reduce health risks associated with petroleum diesel. Biodiesel emissions showed decreased levels of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH) and nitrited PAH compounds, which have been identified as potential cancer-causing compounds. In recent testing, PAH compounds were reduced by 75 to 85 percent, except for <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz(a)anthracene" title="Benz(a)anthracene">benz(a)anthracene</a>, which was reduced by roughly 50 percent. Targeted nPAH compounds were also reduced dramatically with biodiesel fuel, with <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-nitrofluorene" title="2-nitrofluorene" class="mw-redirect">2-nitrofluorene</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-nitropyrene" title="1-nitropyrene" class="mw-redirect">1-nitropyrene</a> reduced by 90 percent, and the rest of the nPAH compounds reduced to only trace levels.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <h3>Hydrogenated oils and fats[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydrogenated oils and fats">edit</a>]</h3> This category of diesel fuels involves converting the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> in vegetable oil and animal fats into alkanes by <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_refining" title="Vegetable oil refining">refining</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a>, such as <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Bio" title="H-Bio">H-Bio</a>. The produced fuel has many properties that are similar to synthetic diesel, and are free from the many disadvantages of FAME. <h3>DME[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: DME">edit</a>]</h3> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a>, DME, is a synthetic, gaseous diesel fuel that results in clean combustion with very little soot and reduced NOx emissions.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <h2>Storage[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Storage">edit</a>]</h2> In the US, diesel is recommended to be stored in a yellow container to differentiate it from <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, which are typically kept in blue and red containers, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-bhm199702-20">[20]</a> In the UK, diesel is normally stored in a black container, to differentiate it from unleaded petrol (which is commonly stored in a green container) and leaded petrol (which is stored in a red container).<a href="#cite_note-hseuk-21">[21]</a> <h2>Measurements and pricing[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Measurements and pricing">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Cetane number[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cetane number">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">Cetane number</a></div> The principal measure of diesel fuel quality is its <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">cetane number</a>. A cetane number is a measure of the delay of ignition of a diesel fuel.<a href="#cite_note-ufa1-22">[22]</a> A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot compressed air.<a href="#cite_note-ufa1-22">[22]</a> European (EN 590 standard) road diesel has a minimum cetane number of 51. Fuels with higher cetane numbers, normally "premium" diesel fuels with additional cleaning agents and some synthetic content, are available in some markets. <h3>Fuel value and price[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fuel value and price">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing</a></div> As of 2010, the density of petroleum diesel is about 0.832 kg/l (6.943 lb/US gal), about 11.6% more than ethanol-free <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">petrol (gasoline)</a>, which has a density of about 0.745 kg/l (6.217 lb/US gal). About 86.1% of the fuel mass is carbon, and when burned, it offers a net heating value of 43.1 MJ/kg as opposed to 43.2 MJ/kg for gasoline. However, due to the higher density, diesel offers a higher volumetric energy density at 35.86 MJ/L (128,700 BTU/US gal) vs. 32.18 MJ/L (115,500 BTU/US gal) for gasoline, some 11% higher, which should be considered when comparing the fuel efficiency by volume. The CO2 emissions from diesel are 73.25 g/MJ, just slightly lower than for gasoline at 73.38 g/MJ.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Diesel is generally simpler to refine from petroleum than gasoline, and contains hydrocarbons having a boiling point in the range of 180–360 °C (360–680 °F). The price of diesel traditionally rises during colder months as demand for <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a> rises, which is refined in much the same way. Because of recent changes in fuel quality regulations, additional refining is required to remove sulfur, which contributes to a sometimes higher cost. In many parts of the United States and throughout the United Kingdom and Australia,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> diesel may be priced higher than petrol.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Reasons for higher-priced diesel include the shutdown of some refineries in the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, diversion of mass refining capacity to gasoline production, and a recent transfer to <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">ultra-low-sulfur diesel</a> (ULSD), which causes infrastructural complications.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In Sweden, a diesel fuel designated as MK-1 (class 1 environmental diesel) is also being sold; this is a ULSD that also has a lower aromatics content, with a limit of 5%.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This fuel is slightly more expensive to produce than regular ULSD. <h3>Taxation[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</h3> Diesel fuel is very similar to <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a>, which is used in <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a>. In Europe, the United States, and Canada, <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> on diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil due to the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">fuel tax</a>, and in those areas, heating oil is marked with <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_dyes" title="Fuel dyes">fuel dyes</a> and trace chemicals to prevent and detect <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_fraud" title="Tax fraud" class="mw-redirect">tax fraud</a>. "Untaxed" diesel (sometimes called "off-road diesel") is available in some countries for use primarily in agricultural applications, such as fuel for tractors, recreational and utility vehicles or other <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercial" title="Non-commercial">noncommercial</a> vehicles that do not use <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_road" title="Public road" class="mw-redirect">public roads</a>. This fuel may have sulfur levels that exceed the limits for road use in some countries (e.g. US). This untaxed diesel is dyed red for identification,<a href="#cite_note-26_CFR_48.4082-1-28">[28]</a> and using this untaxed diesel fuel for a typically taxed purpose (such as driving use), the user can be fined (e.g. US$10,000 in the US). In the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands, it is known as <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_diesel" title="Red diesel" class="mw-redirect">red diesel</a> (or gas oil), and is also used in <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural" title="Agricultural" class="mw-redirect">agricultural</a> vehicles, home heating tanks, refrigeration units on vans/trucks which contain perishable items such as food and medicine and for marine craft. Diesel fuel, or marked gas oil is dyed green in the Republic of Ireland and Norway. The term "diesel-engined road vehicle" (DERV) is used in the UK as a synonym for unmarked road diesel fuel. In India, taxes on diesel fuel are lower than on petrol, as the majority of the transportation for grain and other essential commodities across the country runs on diesel. Taxes on <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> in the U.S. vary between states; some states (Texas, for example) have no tax on biodiesel and a reduced tax on biodiesel blends equivalent to the amount of biodiesel in the blend, so that B20 fuel is taxed 20% less than pure petrodiesel.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Other states, such as North Carolina, tax biodiesel (in any blended configuration) the same as petrodiesel, although they have introduced new incentives to producers and users of all biofuels.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <h2>Uses[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</h2> Diesel fuel is widely used in most types of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation" title="Transportation" class="mw-redirect">transportation</a>. The <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>-powered passenger <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile" class="mw-redirect">automobile</a> is the major exception. Unlike <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> engines, diesel engines do not use high-voltage spark ignition (spark plugs). An engine running on diesel compresses the air inside the cylinder to high pressures and temperatures (<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratios</a> from 14:1 to 18:1 are common in current diesel engines); the engine generally injects the diesel fuel directly into the cylinder, starting a few degrees before <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_dead_center" title="Top dead center" class="mw-redirect">top dead center</a> (TDC) and continuing during the combustion event. The high temperatures inside the cylinder cause the diesel fuel to react with the oxygen in the mix (burn or <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidize" title="Oxidize" class="mw-redirect">oxidize</a>), heating and expanding the burning mixture to convert the thermal/pressure difference into mechanical work, i.e., to move the piston. Engines have <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_plug" title="Glow plug" class="mw-redirect">glow plugs</a> to help start the engine by preheating the cylinders to a minimum <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a>. Diesel engines are lean burn engines,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> burning the fuel in more air than is required for the chemical reaction. They thus use less fuel than rich burn spark ignition engines which use a <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> air-fuel ratio (just enough air to react with the fuel). As Professor Harvey of the University of Toronto notes, "due to the absence of throttling [constant amount of air admitted, per unit fuel, with no user-determined variation], the high compression ratio and lean fuel mixture, diesel engines are substantially more efficient than spark-ignited engines", generally; Harvey cites the side-by-side comparisons of Schipper et al. and the estimates of >20% lower fuel use and (given difference in differences in energy content between fuel types) >15% lower energy use.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a> and some other types of internal combustion engines, and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">external combustion engine</a>, both can also be designed to take diesel fuel.[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> requirement of diesel fuel is usually specified at 40 °C.<a href="#cite_note-ufa1-22">[22]</a> A disadvantage of diesel as a vehicle fuel in cold climates, is that its viscosity increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> (see <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ignition#Gelling" title="Compression ignition" class="mw-redirect">Compression Ignition – Gelling</a>) that cannot flow in fuel systems. Special <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_diesel_fuel" title="Winter diesel fuel">low-temperature diesel</a> contains additives to keep it liquid at lower temperatures, but starting a diesel engine in very cold weather may still pose considerable difficulties. Another disadvantage of diesel engines compared to petrol/gasoline engines is the possibility of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine_runaway" title="Diesel engine runaway">runaway</a> failure. Since diesel engines do not need spark ignition, they can run as long as diesel fuel is supplied. Fuel is typically supplied via a fuel pump. If the pump breaks down in an "open" position, the supply of fuel will be unrestricted, and the engine will run away and risk terminal failure.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> With <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged" title="Turbocharged" class="mw-redirect">turbocharged</a> engines, the oil seals on the turbocharger may fail, allowing lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, where it is burned like regular diesel fuel. In vehicles or installations that use diesel engines and also <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_gas" title="Bottled gas">bottled gas</a>, a gas leak into the engine room could also provide fuel for a runaway, via the engine air intake.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <h3>Railroad[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Railroad">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselization" title="Dieselization" class="mw-redirect">Dieselization</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">Diesel locomotive</a></div> Diesel displaced coal and fuel oil for steam-powered vehicles in the latter half of the 20th century, and is now used almost exclusively for the combustion engines of self-powered rail vehicles (locomotives and railcars).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <h3>Aircraft[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aircraft">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_diesel_engine" title="Aircraft diesel engine">Aircraft diesel engine</a></div> The first diesel-powered flight of a fixed-wing aircraft took place on the evening of 18 September 1928, at the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Proving_Grounds" title="Packard Proving Grounds">Packard Proving Grounds</a> near <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_Michigan" title="Utica, Michigan">Utica, Michigan</a>. With Captain <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionel_M._Woolson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel M. Woolson (page does not exist)">Lionel M. Woolson</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lees" title="Walter Lees">Walter Lees</a> at the controls the first "official" test flight was taken the next morning, flying a <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stinson_SM1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stinson SM1B (page does not exist)">Stinson SM1B</a> (X7654), powered by a <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_DR-980" title="Packard DR-980">Packard DR-980</a> 9-cylinder diesel <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a>, designed by Woolson. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> flew the same aircraft and in 1929, it was flown 621 miles (999 km) nonstop from <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> to <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Field" title="Langley Field">Langley Field</a>, near <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>. In 1931, Walter Lees and Fredrick Brossy set the nonstop flight record flying a <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellanca" title="Bellanca" class="mw-redirect">Bellanca</a> powered by a Packard diesel for 84 hours and 32 minutes. X7654 is now owned by <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Herrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Herrick (page does not exist)">Greg Herrick</a> and is at the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Wings_Flying_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Wings Flying Museum (page does not exist)">Golden Wings Flying Museum</a> near <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" class="mw-redirect">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>. Diesel engines for airships were developed in both Germany and the United Kingdom by <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardmore" title="Beardmore" class="mw-disambig">Beardmore</a> produced the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_602" title="Daimler-Benz DB 602">Daimler-Benz DB 602</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardmore_Typhoon" title="Beardmore Typhoon" class="mw-redirect">Beardmore Typhoon</a> respectively. The <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">LZ 129 Hindenburg</a> rigid airship was powered by four <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_602" title="Daimler-Benz DB 602">Daimler-Benz DB 602</a> 16-cylinder diesel engines, each with 1,200 hp (890 kW) available in bursts and 850 horsepower (630 kW) available for cruising.<a href="#cite_note-daimler-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardmore_Typhoon" title="Beardmore Typhoon" class="mw-redirect">Beardmore Typhoon</a> powered the ill-fated <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R101" title="R101">R101</a> airship, built for the Empire airship programme in 1931. With a production run of at least 900 engines, the most-produced aviation diesel engine in history was probably the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_205" title="Junkers Jumo 205">Junkers Jumo 205</a>. Similar developments from the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_(Aircraft)" title="Junkers (Aircraft)" class="mw-redirect">Junkers Motorenwerke</a> and licence-built versions of the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jumo_204&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jumo 204 (page does not exist)">Jumo 204</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumo_205" title="Jumo 205" class="mw-redirect">Jumo 205</a>, boosted German diesel aero-engine production to at least 1000 examples, the vast majority of which were liquid-cooled, opposed-piston, two-stroke engines. In the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> significant progress towards practical diesel aero-engines was made by the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TsIAM" title="TsIAM" class="mw-redirect">TsIAM</a> (Tsentral'nyy Institut Aviatsionnovo Motorostroyeniya - central institute of aviation motors) and particularly by <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.D._Charomskiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.D. Charomskiy (page does not exist)">A.D. Charomskiy</a>, who nursed the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charomskiy_ACh-30" title="Charomskiy ACh-30">Charomskiy ACh-30</a> into production and limited operational use.<a href="#cite_note-Kotelnikov-38">[38]</a> <h3>Military vehicles[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military vehicles">edit</a>]</h3> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicle" title="Armored fighting vehicle" class="mw-redirect">Armored fighting vehicles</a> use diesel because of its lower flammability risks and the engines' higher provision of torque and lower likelihood of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(engine)" title="Stall (engine)">stalling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <h3>Cars[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cars">edit</a>]</h3> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel-powered</a> cars generally have a better <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> than equivalent gasoline engines and produce less <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emission.<a href="#cite_note-argus-41">[41]</a> Their greater economy is due to the higher energy per-litre content of diesel fuel and the intrinsic efficiency of the diesel engine.<a href="#cite_note-cice-42">[42]</a> While petrodiesel's higher density results in higher greenhouse gas emissions per litre compared to gasoline,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> the 20–40% better fuel economy achieved by modern diesel-engined automobiles offsets the higher per-litre emissions of greenhouse gases, and a diesel-powered vehicle emits 10–20 percent less greenhouse gas than comparable gasoline vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-dieselforum-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a>-powered diesel engines offer substantially improved emission reductions compared to petrodiesel or gasoline-powered engines, while retaining most of the fuel economy advantages over conventional gasoline-powered automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-dieselforum-44">[44]</a> However, the increased compression ratios mean there are increased emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from diesel engines.<a href="#cite_note-wpc1-47">[47]</a> This is compounded by biological nitrogen in biodiesel to make NOx emissions the main drawback of diesel versus gasoline engines.<a href="#cite_note-wpc1-47">[47]</a> <h3>Other uses[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</h3> Poor quality (high <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>) diesel fuel has been used as an extraction agent for <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">liquid–liquid extraction</a> of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> from <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> mixtures.<a href="#cite_note-chemabstracts-48">[48]</a> Such use has been proposed as a means of separating the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product" title="Fission product" class="mw-redirect">fission product</a> palladium from <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinate" title="Raffinate">raffinate</a> which comes from used <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chemabstracts-48">[48]</a> In this system of solvent extraction, the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> of the diesel act as the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">diluent</a> while the di<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> act as the extractant.<a href="#cite_note-chemabstracts-48">[48]</a> This extraction operates by a <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">solvation</a> mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-chemabstracts-48">[48]</a> So far, neither a <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_plant" title="Pilot plant">pilot plant</a> nor full scale plant has been constructed to recover palladium, <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> or <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> from <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_waste" title="Nuclear waste" class="mw-redirect">nuclear wastes</a> created by the use of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Diesel fuel is also often used as the main ingredient in oil-base mud drilling fluid.<a href="#cite_note-eisbdf-50">[50]</a> The advantage of using diesel is its low cost and that it delivers excellent results when drilling a wide variety of difficult strata including shale, salt and gypsum formations.<a href="#cite_note-eisbdf-50">[50]</a> Diesel-oil mud is typically mixed with up to 40% brine water.<a href="#cite_note-bfaf-51">[51]</a> Due to health, safety and environmental concerns, Diesel-oil mud is often replaced with vegetable, mineral, or synthetic food-grade oil-base drilling fluids, although diesel-oil mud is still in widespread use in certain regions.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> During development of Rocket engines in <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> during <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> J-2 Diesel fuel was used as the fuel component in several engines including the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_109-718" title="BMW 109-718">BMW 109-718</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIOSCBMW-53">[53]</a> J-2 diesel fuel was also used as a fuel for gas turbine engines.<a href="#cite_note-CIOSCBMW-53">[53]</a> <h2>Chemical analysis[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chemical analysis">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Chemical composition[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chemical composition">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dieselrainbow.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/220px-Dieselrainbow.jpg" width="220" height="196" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/330px-Dieselrainbow.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/440px-Dieselrainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="871"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dieselrainbow.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Diesel <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immiscible" title="Immiscible" class="mw-redirect">does not mix</a> with water.</div> </div> </div> Petroleum-derived diesel is composed of about 75% <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_hydrocarbon" title="Saturated hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect">saturated hydrocarbons</a> (primarily <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">paraffins</a> including <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoparaffin#Linear_alkanes" title="Isoparaffin" class="mw-redirect">n</a>, <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoalkane#Isomerism" title="Isoalkane" class="mw-redirect">iso</a>, and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">cycloparaffins</a>), and 25% <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (including <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalenes</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylbenzenes" title="Alkylbenzenes">alkylbenzenes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C12H23, ranging approximately from C10H20 to C15H28.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <h3>Chemical properties[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></div> Most diesel fuels freeze at common winter temperatures, while the temperatures greatly vary.<a href="#cite_note-nrel-56">[56]</a> Petrodiesel typically freezes around temperatures of −8.1 °C (17.5 °F), whereas biodiesel freezes between temperatures of 2º to 15 °C (35º to 60 °F).<a href="#cite_note-nrel-56">[56]</a> The viscosity of diesel noticeably increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel at temperatures of −19 °C (−2.2 °F) to −15 °C (5 °F), that cannot flow in fuel systems. Conventional diesel fuels vaporise at temperatures between 149 °C and 371 °C.<a href="#cite_note-ufa1-22">[22]</a> Conventional diesel <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash points</a> vary between 52 and 96 °C, which makes it safer than petrol and unsuitable for spark-ignition engines.<a href="#cite_note-gasfp-57">[57]</a> Unlike petrol, the flash point of a diesel fuel has no relation to its performance in an engine nor to its auto ignition qualities.<a href="#cite_note-ufa1-22">[22]</a> <h3>Hazards[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hazards">edit</a>]</h3> <h4>Reduction of sulfur emissions[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reduction of sulfur emissions">edit</a>]</h4> In the past, diesel fuel contained higher quantities of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emission_standards" title="European emission standards">European emission standards</a> and preferential taxation have forced <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a> to dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel fuels. In th European Union the sulphur content has dramatically reduced during the last 20 years. Automotive dieselfuel is covered in the European Union by standard <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_590" title="EN 590">EN 590</a> In the 1990s specifications allowed a content of 2000ppm max of sulphur, reduced to a limit of 350pmm by the beginning of the 21st century with the introduction of Euro3 specifications. The limit was lowered with the introduction of Euro 4 by 2006 to 50ppm (<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULSD" title="ULSD" class="mw-redirect">ULSD</a>, Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel). The standard currently in force in European Europe for Diesel Fuel is the Euro 5, with a maximum content of 10 ppm.[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>emission standard</th> <th>at latest</th> <th>sulphur content</th> <th>cetane number</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Euro 1</td> <td align="right">1. January 1993</td> <td align="right">max. 2000 ppm</td> <td align="right">min. 49</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Euro 2</td> <td align="right">1. January 1996</td> <td align="right">max. 500 ppm</td> <td align="right">min. 49</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Euro 3</td> <td align="right">1. January 2001</td> <td align="right">max. 350 ppm</td> <td align="right">min. 51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Euro 4</td> <td align="right">1. January 2006</td> <td align="right">max. 50 ppm</td> <td align="right">min. 51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Euro 5</td> <td align="right">1. January 2009</td> <td align="right">max. 10 ppm</td> <td align="right">min. 51</td> </tr> </table> In the United States, more stringent emission standards have been adopted with the transition to <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">ULSD</a> starting in 2006, and becoming mandatory on June 1, 2010 (see also <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">diesel exhaust</a>). U.S. diesel fuel typically also has a lower <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">cetane number</a> (a measure of ignition quality) than European diesel, resulting in worse cold weather performance and some increase in emissions.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <h4>Environment hazards of sulfur[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environment hazards of sulfur">edit</a>]</h4> High levels of sulfur in diesel are harmful for the environment because they prevent the use of catalytic <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">diesel particulate filters</a> to control <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_particulate_matter" title="Diesel particulate matter" class="mw-redirect">diesel particulate emissions</a>, as well as more advanced technologies, such as nitrogen oxide (<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide#NOx" title="Nitrogen oxide">NOx</a>) <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorb" title="Adsorb" class="mw-redirect">adsorbers</a> (still under development), to reduce emissions. Moreover, sulfur in the fuel is oxidized during combustion, producing <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a>, that in presence of water rapidly convert to <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, one of the chemical processes that results in <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>. However, the process for lowering sulfur also reduces the <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">lubricity</a> of the fuel, meaning that <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_additive" title="Oil additive">additives</a> must be put into the fuel to help lubricate engines. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> and biodiesel/petrodiesel blends, with their higher lubricity levels, are increasingly being utilized as an alternative. The U.S. annual consumption of diesel fuel in 2006 was about 190 billion litres (42 billion imperial gallons or 50 billion US gallons).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <h4>Algae, microbes, and water contamination[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Algae, microbes, and water contamination">edit</a>]</h4> There has been much discussion and misunderstanding of <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> in diesel fuel. Algae need light to live and grow. As there is no sunlight in a closed fuel tank, no algae can survive, but some <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbes" title="Microbes" class="mw-redirect">microbes</a> can survive and feed on the diesel fuel.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> These microbes form a colony that lives at the interface of fuel and water. They grow quite fast in warmer temperatures. They can even grow in cold weather when fuel tank heaters are installed. Parts of the colony can break off and clog the fuel lines and fuel filters.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_V8_engine#Water_in_fuel" title="Oldsmobile V8 engine">Water in fuel</a> can damage a fuel <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_pump" title="Injection pump">injection pump</a>, some diesel <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">fuel filters</a> also trap water. <h4>Road hazard[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Road hazard">edit</a>]</h4> Petrodiesel spilled on a roadway poses a hazard to vehicles, due to its high evaporation temperature. After the light fractions have evaporated, a greasy slick is left on the road which can destabilize moving vehicles. Diesel spills severely reduce <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> grip and traction, and have been implicated in many accidents. The loss of traction is similar to that encountered on <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">black ice</a>. Diesel slicks are especially dangerous for two-wheeled vehicles such as <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycles" title="Motorcycles" class="mw-redirect">motorcycles</a>. <h2>Further reading[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li>L. D. Danny Harvey, 2010, "Energy and the New Reality 1: Energy Efficiency and the Demand for Energy Services," London:Routledge-Earthscan, <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844079120" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1844079120</a>, 672 pp.; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?isbn=1844079120">[3]</a>, accessed 28 September 2014.</li> </ul> <h2>See also[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" width="29" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Diesel_fuel" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Diesel fuel">Diesel fuel</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <div> <table style="width: 100%; background-color:transparent;table-layout:fixed; border:none; border-spacing:0;" role="presentation"> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <div style="margin-right:20px;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Bio" title="H-Bio">H-Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_automobile_racing" title="Diesel automobile racing">Diesel automobile racing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselisation" title="Dieselisation">Dieselisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Banks" title="Gale Banks">Gale Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_gallon_equivalent" title="Gasoline gallon equivalent">Gasoline gallon equivalent</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td> <div style="margin-right: 20px;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicles" title="Hybrid vehicles" class="mw-redirect">Hybrid vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diesel_automobiles" title="List of diesel automobiles">List of diesel automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_fuels" title="Liquid fuels" class="mw-redirect">Liquid fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbodiesel" title="Turbodiesel" class="mw-redirect">Turbodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_vs._Imperial_Petroleum" title="United States vs. Imperial Petroleum" class="mw-redirect">United States vs. Imperial Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2>References[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Traders and importers now use the term, as well as academic journals for example ACS publications (See 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef0502711">article</a> on comparing Petrodiesel emissions with other types of fuel). The term is common in blogs and informal wiki sites, and is used several times in this article itself.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file43853.pdf">"The UK oil industry over the past 100 years"</a>. Department of Trade and Industry, UK Government. March 2007. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file43853.pdf">the original</a> on 4 March 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=The+UK+oil+industry+over+the+past+100+years&rft.date=March+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berr.gov.uk%2Ffiles%2Ffile43853.pdf&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Department+of+Trade+and+Industry%2C+UK+Government&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The MacQuarie Dictionary 3rd ed, The MacQuarie Library 1997</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE67207">DE 67207</a>  Rudolf Diesel: "Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen" pg 4.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Alfred Philip Chalkley, Rudolf Diesel (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?id=wbM3AAAAMAAJ&q=Rudolf+Diesel+vegetable&dq=Rudolf+Diesel+vegetable&pgis=1">Diesel Engines for Land and Marine Work</a>. Constable & Co. Ltd. pp. 4, 5, 7.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.au=Alfred+Philip+Chalkley%2C+Rudolf+Diesel&rft.aulast=Alfred+Philip+Chalkley%2C+Rudolf+Diesel&rft.btitle=Diesel+Engines+for+Land+and+Marine+Work&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwbM3AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRudolf%2BDiesel%2Bvegetable%26dq%3DRudolf%2BDiesel%2Bvegetable%26pgis%3D1&rft.pages=4%2C+5%2C+7&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ayhan Demirbas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?id=0vBalrSH_OEC&pg=PA74&dq=Rudolf+Diesel+vegetable">Biodiesel: A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Diesel Engines</a>. Berlin: Springer. p. 74. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84628-994-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84628-994-7">1-84628-994-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.au=Ayhan+Demirbas&rft.aulast=Ayhan+Demirbas&rft.btitle=Biodiesel%3A+A+Realistic+Fuel+Alternative+for+Diesel+Engines&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vBalrSH_OEC%26pg%3DPA74%26dq%3DRudolf%2BDiesel%2Bvegetable&rft.isbn=1-84628-994-7&rft.pages=74&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.maccompanion.com/macc/archives/April2008/Greenware/KickingGasoline.htm">macCompanion Magazine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Chris Collins (2007), “Implementing Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Methods in Biotechnology 23:99–108. Humana Press. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588295419" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-58829-541-9</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2005/01/btl0104/syntheticdiesel.htm">"Synthetic Diesel May Play a Significant Role as Renewable Fuel in Germany"</a>. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> Foreign Agricultural Service website. January 25, 2005.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Diesel+May+Play+a+Significant+Role+as+Renewable+Fuel+in+Germany&rft.date=January+25%2C+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fpecad2%2Fhighlights%2F2005%2F01%2Fbtl0104%2Fsyntheticdiesel.htm&rft.jtitle=USDA+Foreign+Agricultural+Service+website&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.ecopar.se/files/pdf/syntetiska%20drivmedel%20vs%20mk1%20dieselolja.pdf">http://www.ecopar.se/files/pdf/syntetiska%20drivmedel%20vs%20mk1%20dieselolja.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Bosch Automotive Handbook, 6th edition, p327-328</li> <li id="cite_note-acea.be-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acea.be_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acea.be_12-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/070208_ACEA_FAME_BTL_final.pdf">http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/070208_ACEA_FAME_BTL_final.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.worldenergy.net/products/biodiesel/eu_specs.php">"Biodiesel: EU Specifications"</a>. World Energy.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=Biodiesel%3A+EU+Specifications&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldenergy.net%2Fproducts%2Fbiodiesel%2Feu_specs.php&rft.pub=World+Energy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.worldenergy.net/products/biodiesel/us_specs.php">"Biodiesel: ASTM International Specifications (B100)"</a>. World Energy.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=Biodiesel%3A+ASTM+International+Specifications+%28B100%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldenergy.net%2Fproducts%2Fbiodiesel%2Fus_specs.php&rft.pub=World+Energy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.greenintent.co.uk/Warrantee/scania.pdf">http://www.greenintent.co.uk/Warrantee/scania.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/FIEM.pdf">http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/FIEM.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://altfuelsgroup.org/site/images/M_images/projects/b100overview.pdf">http://altfuelsgroup.org/site/images/M_images/projects/b100overview.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.hempcar.org/petvshemp.shtml">Hempcar.org-Pollution: Petrol vs Hemp</a></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Bosch Automotive Handbook, 6th edition, p328</li> <li id="cite_note-bhm199702-20"><a href="#cite_ref-bhm199702_20-0">^</a> Warner, Emory (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.backwoodshome.com/articles/warner43.html">"For safety sake, homestead fuel storage must be handled properly"</a>. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwoods_Home_Magazine" title="Backwoods Home Magazine">Backwoods Home Magazine</a> (43).<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=For+safety+sake%2C+homestead+fuel+storage+must+be+handled+properly&rft.aufirst=Emory&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.au=Warner%2C+Emory&rft.date=February+1997&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backwoodshome.com%2Farticles%2Fwarner43.html&rft.issue=43&rft.jtitle=Backwoods+Home+Magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hseuk-21"><a href="#cite_ref-hseuk_21-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.hse.gov.uk/fireandexplosion/petroleum-faqs.htm">"Petroleum - frequently asked questions"</a>. hse.gov.uk. Health and Safety Executive. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=Petroleum+-+frequently+asked+questions&rft.date=6+December+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hse.gov.uk%2Ffireandexplosion%2Fpetroleum-faqs.htm&rft.jtitle=hse.gov.uk&rft.pub=Health+and+Safety+Executive&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ufa1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ufa1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ufa1_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ufa1_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ufa1_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ufa1_22-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.ufa.com/petroleum/resources/fuel/diesel_fuel_resources.html">"Diesel fuel characteristics and resources"</a>. ufa.com. UFA. 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=Diesel+fuel+characteristics+and+resources&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ufa.com%2Fpetroleum%2Fresources%2Ffuel%2Fdiesel_fuel_resources.html&rft.jtitle=ufa.com&rft.pub=UFA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/TTW_Report_010307.pdf">Table 2.1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.aip.com.au/pricing/facts/Facts_about_Diesel_Prices.htm">Australian Institute of Petroleum – Facts about Diesel Prices</a></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel.asp">Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update</a></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/diesel/dieselprices2006.html">http://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/diesel/dieselprices2006.html</a></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.criterioncatalysts.com/static/criterion-gb/downloads/pdf/technical_papers/cri707ertc06.pdf">http://www.criterioncatalysts.com/static/criterion-gb/downloads/pdf/technical_papers/cri707ertc06.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-26_CFR_48.4082-1-28"><a href="#cite_ref-26_CFR_48.4082-1_28-0">^</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" title="United States Government Printing Office" class="mw-redirect">United States Government Printing Office</a> (2006-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5e6923448149c8865561ae47adaf28a7&rgn=div8&view=text&node=26:16.0.1.1.6.5.14.41&idno=26">"Title 26, § 48.4082–1 Diesel fuel and kerosene; exemption for dyed fuel."</a>. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). Retrieved 2006-11-28. <q>Diesel fuel or kerosene satisfies the dyeing requirement of this paragraph (b) only if the diesel fuel or kerosene contains— (1) The dye Solvent Red 164 (and no other dye) at a concentration spectrally equivalent to at least 3.9 pounds of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26 per thousand barrels of diesel fuel or kerosene; or (2) Any dye of a type and in a concentration that has been approved by the Commissioner.</q><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=Title+26%2C+%C2%A7+48.4082%E2%80%931+Diesel+fuel+and+kerosene%3B+exemption+for+dyed+fuel.&rft.aulast=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.au=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecfr.gpoaccess.gov%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Decfr%26sid%3D5e6923448149c8865561ae47adaf28a7%26rgn%3Ddiv8%26view%3Dtext%26node%3D26%3A16.0.1.1.6.5.14.41%26idno%3D26&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+%28e-CFR%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Cited as 26 CFR 48.4082-1. This regulation implements <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">26 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/26/4082-1.html">§ 4082-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ind_state_laws.php/TX/BIOD">http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ind_state_laws.php/TX/BIOD</a> Texas Biodiesel Laws and Incentives</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ind_state_laws.php/NC/BIOD">"North Carolina Biodiesel Laws and Incentives"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=North+Carolina+Biodiesel+Laws+and+Incentives&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eere.energy.gov%2Fafdc%2Fprogs%2Find_state_laws.php%2FNC%2FBIOD&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> See How Stuff Works <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm">[1]</a> for an excellent explanation</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> L. D. Danny Harvey, 2010, "Energy and the New Reality 1: Energy Efficiency and the Demand for Energy Services," London:Routledge-Earthscan, <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844079120" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1844079120</a>, p. 264, 267; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?isbn=1844079120">[2]</a>, accessed 28 September 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Wellington, B.F.; Asmus, Alan F. (1995). Diesel Engines and Fuel Systems. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman Australia</a>. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-90987-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-90987-2">0-582-90987-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.au=Asmus%2C+Alan+F.&rft.aufirst=B.F.&rft.aulast=Wellington&rft.au=Wellington%2C+B.F.&rft.btitle=Diesel+Engines+and+Fuel+Systems&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-582-90987-2&rft.pub=Longman+Australia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.tb-training.co.uk/CIsys.htm">http://www.tb-training.co.uk/CIsys.htm</a></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Solomon, Brian; Yough, Patrick (15 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?id=oAIiJCH4Kw8C&dq=diesel+in+trains+coal&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Coal Trains: The History of Railroading and Coal in the United States (Google eBook)</a>. MBI Publishing Company. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0760333599" title="Special:BookSources/0760333599">0760333599</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Brian&rft.au=Yough%2C+Patrick&rft.btitle=Coal+Trains%3A+The+History+of+Railroading+and+Coal+in+the+United+States+%28Google+eBook%29&rft.date=15+July+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAIiJCH4Kw8C%26dq%3Ddiesel%2Bin%2Btrains%2Bcoal%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rft.isbn=0760333599&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Duffy, Michael C. (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?id=cpFEm3aqz_MC&dq=diesel+in+trains+coal+uk&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Electric Railways 1880-1990</a>. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852968051" title="Special:BookSources/0852968051">0852968051</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Michael+C.&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.btitle=Electric+Railways+1880-1990&rft.date=1+January+2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpFEm3aqz_MC%26dq%3Ddiesel%2Bin%2Btrains%2Bcoal%2Buk%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rft.isbn=0852968051&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Institution+of+Engineering+and+Technology&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-daimler-37"><a href="#cite_ref-daimler_37-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-614820-1-1092250-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-614318-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html">"The Mercedes-Benz gasoline engine from 1926 on"</a>. Retrieved 8 June 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=The+Mercedes-Benz+gasoline+engine+from+1926+on&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.daimler.com%2Fdcmedia%2F0-921-614820-1-1092250-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-614318-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotelnikov-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Kotelnikov_38-0">^</a> Kotelnikov, Vladimir (2005). Russian Piston Aero Engines. Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-702-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-702-3">978-1-86126-702-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Kotelnikov%2C+Vladimir&rft.aulast=Kotelnikov&rft.btitle=Russian+Piston+Aero+Engines&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-86126-702-3&rft.place=Marlborough&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press+Ltd.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Tillotson, Geoffrey (1981). "Engines for Main Battle Tanks". In Col. John Weeks. Jane's 1981–82 Military Annual. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s" title="Jane's" class="mw-redirect">Jane's</a>. p. 59,63. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0137-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-0137-9">0-7106-0137-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=Engines+for+Main+Battle+Tanks&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Tillotson&rft.au=Tillotson%2C+Geoffrey&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+1981%E2%80%9382+Military+Annual&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-7106-0137-9&rft.pages=59%2C63&rft.pub=Jane%27s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTillotson1981">Tillotson 1981</a>, pp. 63</li> <li id="cite_note-argus-41"><a href="#cite_ref-argus_41-0">^</a> Nadel, Norman (11 May 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19770511&id=AUUiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YKwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1245,1255941">"Diesel Revival Is Going On in the Motor City"</a>. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus-Press" title="The Argus-Press" class="mw-redirect">The Argus-Press</a> (<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" title="Detroit, Michigan" class="mw-redirect">Detroit, Michigan</a>). Retrieved 28 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=Diesel+Revival+Is+Going+On+in+the+Motor+City&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.aulast=Nadel&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Norman&rft.date=11+May+1977&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1988%26dat%3D19770511%26id%3DAUUiAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DYKwFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1245%2C1255941&rft.jtitle=The+Argus-Press&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cice-42"><a href="#cite_ref-cice_42-0">^</a> Hiereth, Hermann; Drexl, Klaus; Prenninger, Peter (4 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?id=AzTFSH4RzS0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=greater+economy+is+due+to+the+higher+energy+per-litre+content+of+diesel+fuel+and+the+intrinsic+efficiency+of+the+diesel+engine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4ZjWU_iGJofmsAS2x4DQCQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ#v=snippet&q=diesel%20economy%20engine&f=false">Charging the Internal Combustion Engine</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 233. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471558781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471558781">978-0471558781</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.au=Drexl%2C+Klaus&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Hiereth%2C+Hermann&rft.aulast=Hiereth&rft.au=Prenninger%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Charging+the+Internal+Combustion+Engine&rft.date=4+November+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzTFSH4RzS0C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dgreater%2Beconomy%2Bis%2Bdue%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bhigher%2Benergy%2Bper-litre%2Bcontent%2Bof%2Bdiesel%2Bfuel%2Band%2Bthe%2Bintrinsic%2Befficiency%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiesel%2Bengine%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D4ZjWU_iGJofmsAS2x4DQCQ%26ved%3D0CDkQ6AEwBQ%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Ddiesel%2520economy%2520engine%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-0471558781&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/420f05001.html">"Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=Emission+Facts%3A+Average+Carbon+Dioxide+Emissions+Resulting+from+Gasoline+and+Diesel+Fuel&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fotaq%2Fclimate%2F420f05001.html&rft.pub=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dieselforum-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dieselforum_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dieselforum_44-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://web.archive.org/web/20080302184708/http://www.dieselforum.org/policy-insider/greenhouse-gas-reductions/">"Greenhouse Gas Reductions"</a>. Diesel Technology Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.dieselforum.org/policy-insider/greenhouse-gas-reductions/">the original</a> on 2008-03-02. Retrieved 2008-03-13.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+Gas+Reductions&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dieselforum.org%2Fpolicy-insider%2Fgreenhouse-gas-reductions%2F&rft.pub=Diesel+Technology+Forum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2332669.stm">"Diesel cars set to outsell petrol"</a>. BBC News. October 23, 2002. Retrieved 2006-11-19.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=Diesel+cars+set+to+outsell+petrol&rft.date=October+23%2C+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F2332669.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://web.archive.org/web/20060927030020/http://www.dieselforum.org/policy-insider/fuel-efficiency/neste/4/">"More Miles To The Gallon"</a>. Diesel Technology Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.dieselforum.org/policy-insider/fuel-efficiency/neste/4/">the original</a> on 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-11-19.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=More+Miles+To+The+Gallon&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dieselforum.org%2Fpolicy-insider%2Ffuel-efficiency%2Fneste%2F4%2F&rft.pub=Diesel+Technology+Forum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpc1-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wpc1_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpc1_47-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.world-petroleum.org/index.php?/Technology/alternative-transport-fuels-courtesy-of-aip.html">"Alternative Transport Fuels - Courtesy of AIP"</a>. world-petroleum.org. World Petroleum Council. 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=Alternative+Transport+Fuels+-+Courtesy+of+AIP&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-petroleum.org%2Findex.php%3F%2FTechnology%2Falternative-transport-fuels-courtesy-of-aip.html&rft.jtitle=world-petroleum.org&rft.pub=World+Petroleum+Council&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemabstracts-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chemabstracts_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemabstracts_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemabstracts_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemabstracts_48-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?id=AGMcAQAAMAAJ&q=high+sulfur+diesel+fuel+palladium+nitric+acid+liquid-liquid+extraction&dq=high+sulfur+diesel+fuel+palladium+nitric+acid+liquid-liquid+extraction&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GZ3WU9KOIaLhsATGzYCABg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBw">Chemical Abstracts</a> 110. Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society. 13 March 1989. Retrieved 28 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=Chemical+Abstracts&rft.date=13+March+1989&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGMcAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhigh%2Bsulfur%2Bdiesel%2Bfuel%2Bpalladium%2Bnitric%2Bacid%2Bliquid-liquid%2Bextraction%26dq%3Dhigh%2Bsulfur%2Bdiesel%2Bfuel%2Bpalladium%2Bnitric%2Bacid%2Bliquid-liquid%2Bextraction%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DGZ3WU9KOIaLhsATGzYCABg%26ved%3D0CFYQ6AEwBw&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=110" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Torgov, V.G.; Tatarchuk, V.V.; Druzhinina, I.A.; Korda, T.M. et al., Atomic Energy, 1994, 76(6), 442–448. (Translated from Atomnaya Energiya; 76: No. 6, 478–485 (June 1994))</li> <li id="cite_note-eisbdf-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eisbdf_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eisbdf_50-1">b</a> Neff, J.M., McKelvie, S., Ayers, RC Jr. (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.anp.gov.br/brnd/round6/guias/PERFURACAO/PERFURACAO_R6/biblio/fluido%20sintetico.pdf">Environmental Impacts of Synthetic Based Drilling Fluids</a> (Report). U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service. p. 1-4. 2000-064. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.anp.gov.br/brnd/round6/guias/PERFURACAO/PERFURACAO_R6/biblio/fluido%20sintetico.pdf">http://www.anp.gov.br/brnd/round6/guias/PERFURACAO/PERFURACAO_R6/biblio/fluido%20sintetico.pdf</a>. 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Retrieved 28 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=Brines+and+Other+Workover+Fluids&rft.date=14+March+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgekengineering.com%2FDownloads%2FFree_Downloads%2FBrines_fluids_and_filtration.pdf&rft.jtitle=GEKEngineering.com&rft.pub=George+E.+King+Engineering&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Slumberger Oil Field Glossary, diesel-oil mud, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=diesel-oil%20mud">http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=diesel-oil%20mud</a></li> <li id="cite_note-CIOSCBMW-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIOSCBMW_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIOSCBMW_53-1">b</a> Price, P.R, Flight Lieutenant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.cdvandt.org/CIOS-XXVI-30.pdf">"Gas turbine development by BMW"</a>. Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee. Retrieved 7 June 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.aufirst=P.R%2C+Flight+Lieutenant&rft.aulast=Price&rft.au=Price%2C+P.R%2C+Flight+Lieutenant&rft.btitle=Gas+turbine+development+by++BMW&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdvandt.org%2FCIOS-XXVI-30.pdf&rft.pub=Combined+Intelligence+Objectives+Sub-Committee&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp75-c3.pdf">Toxicological profile for fuel oils</a>. Atlanta, GA: <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a>, Public Health Service</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Date, Anil W. (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://books.google.com/books?id=uPZXiVTCEcIC&dq=chemical+composition+of+diesel+fuel+c12h23,+c10h20,+c15h28&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Analytic Combustion: With Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics and Mass Transfer (Google eBook)</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107002869" title="Special:BookSources/1107002869">1107002869</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.au=Date%2C+Anil+W.&rft.aufirst=Anil+W.&rft.aulast=Date&rft.btitle=Analytic+Combustion%3A+With+Thermodynamics%2C+Chemical+Kinetics+and+Mass+Transfer+%28Google+eBook%29&rft.date=7+March+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPZXiVTCEcIC%26dq%3Dchemical%2Bcomposition%2Bof%2Bdiesel%2Bfuel%2Bc12h23%2C%2Bc10h20%2C%2Bc15h28%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rft.isbn=1107002869&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrel-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrel_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrel_56-1">b</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory staff (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.biodiesel.org/docs/using-hotline/nrel-handling-and-use.pdf?sfvrsn=4">Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide</a> (Report) (Fourth ed.). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. p. 10. NREL/TP-540-43672. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.biodiesel.org/docs/using-hotline/nrel-handling-and-use.pdf?sfvrsn=4">http://www.biodiesel.org/docs/using-hotline/nrel-handling-and-use.pdf?sfvrsn=4</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-gasfp-57"><a href="#cite_ref-gasfp_57-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flash-point-fuels-d_937.html">"Flash Point — Fuels"</a>. Retrieved January 4, 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=Flash+Point+%E2%80%94+Fuels&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtoolbox.com%2Fflash-point-fuels-d_937.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/membersonly/jan05/features/idlehour/idlehour.html">"Idle Hour," Feature Article, January 2005</a></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_prim_dcu_nus_a.htm">U.S. Energy Information</a></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://criticalfueltech.com/faq.html">"What is Diesel Fuel "ALGAE"?"</a>. criticalfueltech.com. Critical Fuel Technology, Inc. 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.atitle=What+is+Diesel+Fuel+%22ALGAE%22%3F&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcriticalfueltech.com%2Ffaq.html&rft.jtitle=criticalfueltech.com&rft.pub=Critical+Fuel+Technology%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Microbial Contamination of Diesel Fuel: Impact, Causes and Prevention (Technical report). Dow Chemical Company. 2003. 253-01246.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel&rft.btitle=Microbial+Contamination+of+Diesel+Fuel%3A+Impact%2C+Causes+and+Prevention&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Dow+Chemical+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h2>External links[<a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/">U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motor_fuel" title="Template:Motor fuel">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Motor_fuel" title="Template talk:Motor fuel">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Motor_fuel&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Motor fuels</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Fuel types</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline/petrol</a></li> <li>Diesel</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Replacement_Petrol" title="Lead Replacement Petrol">Lead Replacement Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gasoline_additives" title="List of gasoline additives">Fuel additives</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">Butyl rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene" title="Butylated hydroxytoluene">Butylated hydroxytoluene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-Dibromoethane" title="1,2-Dibromoethane">1,2-Dibromoethane</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">1,2-Dichloroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_methylphosphonate" title="Dimethyl methylphosphonate">Dimethyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol" title="2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol">2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic_acid" title="Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid">Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol" title="2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol">2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecalene" title="Ecalene">Ecalene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine" title="Ethylenediamine">Ethylenediamine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_deactivator" title="Metal deactivator">Metal deactivator</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">Methyl tert-butyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Tetraethyllead</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetranitromethane" title="Tetranitromethane">Tetranitromethane</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Fluids</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Motor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission_fluid" title="Automatic transmission fluid">Automatic transmission fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil" title="Gear oil">Gear oil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">Windshield washer fluid</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">Retail</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_card" title="Fuel card">Fuel card</a></li> <li>Full service</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTBE_controversy" title="MTBE controversy">MTBE controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_at_the_pump" title="Pay at the pump">Pay at the pump</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%84_(%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF)" title="ديزل (وقود) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дызэльнае паліва – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизелово гориво – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel_gorivo" title="Dizel gorivo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoli" title="Gasoli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorov%C3%A1_nafta" title="Motorová nafta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselolie" title="Dieselolie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselkraftstoff" title="Dieselkraftstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diislik%C3%BCtus" title="Diislikütus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Καύσιμο ντίζελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%C3%B3leo" title="Gasóleo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizeloleo" title="Dizeloleo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolio" title="Gasolio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84" title="سوخت دیزل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazole" title="Gazole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%9C%A0" title="경유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Սալարկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2" title="डीज़ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel" title="Dizel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bakar_diesel" title="Bahan bakar diesel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADsilol%C3%ADa" title="Dísilolía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolio" title="Gasolio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="סולר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Дизель отыны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseli" title="Diseli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyzelinas" title="Dyzelinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизел гориво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD" title="ഡീസൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="डीझेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سولار – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="ဒီဇယ်ဆီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselolie" title="Dieselolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="軽油 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਡੀਜ਼ਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olej_nap%C4%99dowy" title="Olej napędowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorin%C4%83" title="Motorină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизельное топливо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gassoliu" title="Gassoliu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorov%C3%A1_nafta" title="Motorová nafta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafto" title="Nafto – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизел-гориво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel%C3%B6ljy" title="Dieselöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselolja" title="Dieselolja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="டீசல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5" title="น้ำมันดีเซล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazot" title="Mazot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизельне паливо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%86)" title="ڈیزل (ایندھن) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_diesel" title="Dầu diesel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%B8%A3" title="油渣 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E6%B2%B9" title="柴油 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 5 February 2015, at 09:11.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213035031/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" 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