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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>World War I and the First Hungarian Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I_and_the_First_Hungarian_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I and the First Hungarian Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_First_Hungarian_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_and_military_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_military_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Political and military situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_military_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Communist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Communist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Formation of the Communist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Communist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Communist rule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communist_rule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communist rule subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communist_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coup d'état</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garbai_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garbai_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Garbai government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garbai_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_scandal_and_downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_scandal_and_downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Foreign policy scandal and downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_scandal_and_downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungarian Soviet Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6derative_Ungarische_Sozialistische_R%C3%A4terepublik" title="Föderative Ungarische Sozialistische Räterepublik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Föderative Ungarische Sozialistische Räterepublik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجمهورية المجرية السوفييتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمهورية المجرية السوفييتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A9tica_H%C3%BAngara" title="República Soviética Húngara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Soviética Húngara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar%C4%B1stan_Sovet_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Macarıstan Sovet Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Macarıstan Sovet Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Венгерская Савецкая Рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венгерская Савецкая Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Унгарска съветска република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унгарска съветска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Soviedel_Hungaria" title="Republik Soviedel Hungaria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Soviedel Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Hongaresa" title="República Soviètica Hongaresa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Soviètica Hongaresa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsk%C3%A1_republika_rad" title="Maďarská republika rad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maďarská republika rad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Sovietica_H%C3%BAngara" title="Republica Sovietica Húngara – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Republica Sovietica Húngara" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Sofietaidd_Hwngari" title="Gweriniaeth Sofietaidd Hwngari – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Sofietaidd Hwngari" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_ungarske_sovjetrepublik" title="Den ungarske sovjetrepublik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den ungarske sovjetrepublik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarische_R%C3%A4terepublik" title="Ungarische Räterepublik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ungarische Räterepublik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungari_N%C3%B5ukogude_Vabariik" title="Ungari Nõukogude Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ungari Nõukogude Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ουγγρική Σοβιετική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουγγρική Σοβιετική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A9tica_H%C3%BAngara" title="República Soviética Húngara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Soviética Húngara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungara_Sovetrespubliko" title="Hungara Sovetrespubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hungara Sovetrespubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جمهوری شورایی مجارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری شورایی مجارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_des_conseils_de_Hongrie" title="République des conseils de Hongrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République des conseils de Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A9tica_H%C3%BAngara" title="República Soviética Húngara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Soviética Húngara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%ED%8F%89%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="헝가리 평의회 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헝가리 평의회 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1919)" title="Հունգարական Խորհրդային Հանրապետություն (1919) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունգարական Խորհրդային Հանրապետություն (1919)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetska_Republika_Ma%C4%91arska" title="Sovjetska Republika Mađarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sovjetska Republika Mađarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Soviet_Hungaria" title="Republik Soviet Hungaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Soviet Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Sovietica_Ungherese" title="Repubblica Sovietica Ungherese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Sovietica Ungherese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה הסובייטית ההונגרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסובייטית ההונגרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="უნგრეთის საბჭოთა რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნგრეთის საბჭოთა რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мажар Кеңес Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мажар Кеңес Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung%C4%81rijas_Padomju_Republika" title="Ungārijas Padomju Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ungārijas Padomju Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Унгарска Советска Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Унгарска Советска Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaarse_Radenrepubliek" title="Hongaarse Radenrepubliek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hongaarse Radenrepubliek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E8%A9%95%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ハンガリー評議会共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンガリー評議会共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gierska_Republika_Rad" title="Węgierska Republika Rad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgierska Republika Rad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A9tica_H%C3%BAngara" title="República Soviética Húngara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Soviética Húngara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Sovietic%C4%83_Ungaria" title="Republica Sovietică Ungaria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Sovietică Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%A3%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мадярска Совѣтска Република – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мадярска Совѣтска Република" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Венгерская советская республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венгерская советская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Sotzialista_Sovietica_de_s%27Ungheria" title="Republica Sotzialista Sovietica de s'Ungheria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Republica Sotzialista Sovietica de s'Ungheria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsk%C3%A1_republika_r%C3%A1d" title="Maďarská republika rád – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maďarská republika rád" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%BEarska_sovjetska_republika" title="Madžarska sovjetska republika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madžarska sovjetska republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мађарска Совјетска Република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мађарска Совјетска Република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91arska_Sovjetska_Republika" title="Mađarska Sovjetska Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mađarska Sovjetska Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkarin_neuvostotasavalta" title="Unkarin neuvostotasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unkarin neuvostotasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungerska_r%C3%A5dsrepubliken" title="Ungerska rådsrepubliken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ungerska rådsrepubliken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Маҗарстан Совет Республикасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маҗарстан Совет Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Угорська Радянська Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Угорська Радянська Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFt_Hungary" title="Cộng hòa Xô viết Hungary – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Xô viết Hungary" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until March 17, 2025 at 11:37 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1919 socialist state in Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the short-lived 1919 socialist state in Hungary. For Communist-ruled Hungary, see <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Soviet Republic of Hungary</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">21 March – 1 August 1919</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1919).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hungarian Soviet Republic"><img alt="Flag of Hungarian Soviet Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Hungary_%281919%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Hungary_%281919%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Hungary_%281919%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Hungarian Soviet Republic"><img alt="Emblem of Hungarian Soviet Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/85px-Red_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/128px-Red_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/170px-Red_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i>Világ proletárjai, egyesüljetek!</i><br />"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i>Internacionálé</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" 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‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepkoztarsasag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nepkoztarsasag.png/250px-Nepkoztarsasag.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nepkoztarsasag.png/375px-Nepkoztarsasag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nepkoztarsasag.png/500px-Nepkoztarsasag.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="428" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, May–August 1919 <div style="padding:0.3em 0 0 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#996600; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Controlled by Romania in April 1919</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D00000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Controlled by Soviet Hungary</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9999; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Subsequently controlled by Hungary to establish the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009999; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Controlled by French and Yugoslav forces</div> <div style="font-size: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:black solid 2px;"> </span> Borders of Hungary in 1918</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:black solid 1px;"> </span> Borders of Hungary in 1920</div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Unrecognized</a> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hungarian_Soviet_Republic&params=47.4833_N_19.0333_E_source:kolossus-eswiki_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°29′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°02′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.4833°N 19.0333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.4833; 19.0333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i>De facto</i> leader</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary#Hungarian_Soviet_Republic_(1919)" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">Chairman of the Central Executive Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Sándor Garbai</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Soviets" title="National Assembly of Soviets">National Assembly of Soviets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Provisional constitution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Soviet elections </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7-14 April 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• National Assembly of Soviets convenes </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Permanent constitution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 June 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kun resigns </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• People's Republic restored </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 August 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Occupation of Budapest</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 August 1919</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_korona" title="Hungarian korona">Hungarian korona</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hungarian Soviet Republic</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, also known as the <b>Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of Hungary</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanson201780_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson201780-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that existed from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919 (133 days), succeeding the <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197058_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197058-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian Soviet Republic was a small communist <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, at its time of establishment, controlled approximately only 23% of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>'s historic territory. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> was <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Sándor Garbai</a>, but the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign minister</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Communists_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of Communists in Hungary">Party of Communists in Hungary</a> was much stronger. Unable to reach an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>, which maintained an <a href="/wiki/Economic_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic blockade">economic blockade</a> of Hungary, in dispute with neighboring countries over territorial disputes, and beset by profound internal social changes, the Hungarian Soviet Republic failed in its objectives and was abolished a few months after its existence. Its main figure was the Communist Béla Kun,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197058_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197058-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the fact that in the first days the majority of the new government consisted of radical <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Hungary#History_up_to_1989" title="Social Democratic Party of Hungary">Social Democrats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh197615_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh197615-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new system effectively concentrated power in the governing <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">councils</a>, which exercised it in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanos1981195_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanos1981195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Communist government failed to reach an agreement with the Triple Entente that would lead to the lifting of the economic blockade, the improvement of the new borders or the recognition of the new government by the victorious powers of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor198834_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor198834-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small volunteer army was organized mostly from Budapest factory workers and attempts were made to recover the territories lost to neighboring countries, an objective that had widespread support from many working class people in some larger cities, not only those favorable to the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodo2010703_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodo2010703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, thanks to patriotic support from <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> officers, the republican forces advanced against the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovaks</a> in north Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19886_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19886-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after suffering a defeat in the east at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a> in late April, which led to a retreat on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilassy197137_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilassy197137-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-June, the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a> was proclaimed, which lasted two weeks until a Hungarian withdrawal at the request of the Triple Entente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19886_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19886-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, there was an attempted coup by the Social Democrats of Budapest, which was retaliated by the communist government. On 20 July, the republic launched a new attack on the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Romanian posts</a> who were deep in Hungary at the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988226_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988226-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a few days of the Hungarian advance, the Romanians managed to stop the offensive<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and break through the Hungarian lines. Kun and most of the government fled to Vienna. The Social-Democrat–Communist government was succeeded by an exclusively Social Democratic one on 1 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh197615_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh197615-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communists left Budapest and went abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the opposition from the Entente, the Romanians entered Budapest, the Hungarian capital, on 4 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh1975298KirályPastor1988226_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh1975298KirályPastor1988226-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungarian heads of government applied controversial doctrinal measures in both foreign (internationalism instead of national interests during wartime) and domestic policy (planned economy and heightened class struggle) that made them lose the favor of the majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19884_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19884-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt of the new executive to profoundly change the lifestyle and the system of values of the population proved to be a resounding failure;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197161_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the withdrawal from Slovakia, the application of some measures aimed at regaining popular support was ordered, but without great success;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular, the ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages was repealed, and attempts were made to improve the monetary situation and food supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to apply these policies effectively, the republic had already lost the support of the majority of the population between June and July, which led, together with the military defeats, to its downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of internal reform was compounded by the political and economic isolation imposed on Hungary by the Triple Entente, the military failures against neighboring countries, and the impossibility of joining forces with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> because of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197188_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197188-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>When the Hungarian Soviet Republic was established in 1919, it controlled about 23% of the territory of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>'s previous pre-World War I territories (325,411 km<sup>2</sup>). It was the successor of the <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a> and lasted from 21 March to 1 August of the same year. Though the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic was president <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Sándor Garbai</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> power was in the hands of foreign minister <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, who maintained direct contact with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> via radiotelegraph. It was Lenin who gave the direct orders and advice to Béla Kun via constant radio communication with the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> The leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic stubbornly clung to the utopian belief in an imminent global proletarian revolution. Convinced that national borders would dissolve under a unified socialist world order, they prioritized defending their communist regime, spreading revolutionary ideals, and imagining establishing new socialist countries through military campaigns. They prioritized class struggle and loyalty to international communism, framing traditional Hungarian patriotism as an obstacle to revolutionary unity. They openly dismissed Hungarian patriotism as bourgeois sentiment, rejecting territorial integrity and national pride in their rhetoric, framing such 'patriotism' as a distraction from their ultimate goal: a borderless proletarian state united under international communism.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Republic <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">had military conflicts</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, and the evolving <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. It ended on 1 August when Hungarians sent representatives to negotiate their surrender to <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919">the Romanian forces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I_and_the_First_Hungarian_Republic">World War I and the First Hungarian Republic</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_military_situation">Political and military situation</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> monarchy collapsed in 1918, and the independent <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a> was formed after the <a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a>. The official proclamation of the republic was on 16 November and the liberal Count <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a> became its president. Károlyi struggled to establish the government's authority and to control the country. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Hungarian Royal Honvéd army</a> still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Mihály Károlyi was announced as prime minister of Hungary. Károlyi yielded to United States president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s demand for <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> by ordering the <a href="/wiki/Unilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral">unilateral</a> self-disarmament of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Army">Hungarian Army</a>. This happened under the direction of Minister of War <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Linder" title="Béla Linder">Béla Linder</a>, on 2 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_1986_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_1986-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the unilateral disarmament of its army, Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. The Hungarian self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania, the Franco-Serbian army and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia. </p><p>On the request of the Austro-Hungarian government, an armistice was granted to Austria-Hungary on 3 November by the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstice_of_3_Nov_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstice_of_3_Nov-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military and political events changed rapidly and drastically thereafter. On 5 November, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a>, with the help of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, crossed southern borders. On 8 November, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Army" title="Czechoslovak Army">Czechoslovak Army</a> crossed the northern borders. On 13 November, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a> crossed the eastern borders of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary lost control over approximately 75% of its former pre-World War I territories (325,411 km²) without armed resistance and was subject to foreign occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their part, the neighboring countries used the so-called "struggle against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>", first against the capitalist and liberal government of Count Mihály Károlyi and later against the soviet republic of communist Bela Kun, as a justification for their <a href="/wiki/Expansionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionist">expansionist</a> ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19884_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19884-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Communist_Party">Formation of the Communist Party</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Circle" title="Galileo Circle">Galileo Circle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fegyverbe!.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fegyverbe%21.png/220px-Fegyverbe%21.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fegyverbe%21.png/330px-Fegyverbe%21.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fegyverbe%21.png/440px-Fegyverbe%21.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian communist propaganda poster from 1919 reads: "To Arms! To Arms!"</figcaption></figure> <p>An initial nucleus of a <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Communists_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of Communists in Hungary">Party of Communists in Hungary</a> had been organized in a hotel on 4 November 1918, when a group of former Hungarian prisoners of war and other communist proponents formed a Central Committee in the downtown of Moscow. Led by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, the inner circle of the freshly established party returned to Budapest from Moscow on 16 November.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 November, they created the Party of Communists from Hungary (Hungarian: <i>Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja</i>, KMP). The name was chosen instead of the Hungarian Communist Party because the vast majority of supporters were from the urban industrial working class in Hungary which at the time was largely made up of people from non-Hungarian ethnic backgrounds, with ethnic Hungarians a minority in the new party itself.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party recruited members while propagating its ideas, radicalising many members of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Hungary" title="Social Democratic Party of Hungary">Social Democratic Party of Hungary</a> in the process. By February 1919, the party numbered 30,000 to 40,000 members, including many unemployed ex-soldiers, young intellectuals and ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-locg_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kun founded a newspaper, called <i>Vörös Újság</i> (<i>Red News</i>) and concentrated on attacking Károlyi's liberal government. The party became popular among the Budapest proletariat, it also promised that Hungary would be able to defend its territory even without <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>. Kun promised military help and intervention of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, which never came, against non-communist Romanian, Czechoslovak, French and Yugoslav forces. During the following months, the Communist party's power-base rapidly expanded. Its supporters began to stage aggressive demonstrations against the media and against the Social Democratic Party. The Communists considered the Social Democrats as their main rivals, because the Social Democrats recruited their political supporters from the same social class: the industrial working class of the cities. In one crucial incident, a demonstration turned violent on 20 February and the protesters attacked the editorial office of the Social Democratic Party of Hungary's official newspaper called <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pszava" title="Népszava">Népszava</a></i> (<i>People's Word</i>). In the ensuing chaos, seven people, some policemen, were killed. The government arrested the leaders of the Communist party,<sup id="cite_ref-locg_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> banned its daily newspaper <i>Vörös Újság</i>, and closed down the party's buildings. The arrests were particularly violent, with police officers openly beating the communists. This resulted in a wave of public sympathy for the party among the masses of Budapester proletariat. On 1 March, <i>Vörös Újság</i> was given permission to publish again, and the Communist party's premises were re-opened. The leaders were permitted to receive guests in prison, which allowed them to keep up with political affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_rule">Communist rule</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_d'état"><span id="Coup_d.27.C3.A9tat"></span>Coup d'état</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_kiki%C3%A1lt%C3%A1sa_-_1919._m%C3%A1rcius_21,_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_kiki%C3%A1lt%C3%A1sa_-_1919._m%C3%A1rcius_21%2C_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r.jpg/220px-A_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_kiki%C3%A1lt%C3%A1sa_-_1919._m%C3%A1rcius_21%2C_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_kiki%C3%A1lt%C3%A1sa_-_1919._m%C3%A1rcius_21%2C_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r.jpg/330px-A_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_kiki%C3%A1lt%C3%A1sa_-_1919._m%C3%A1rcius_21%2C_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_kiki%C3%A1lt%C3%A1sa_-_1919._m%C3%A1rcius_21%2C_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r.jpg/440px-A_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_kiki%C3%A1lt%C3%A1sa_-_1919._m%C3%A1rcius_21%2C_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, 21 March 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 March, Károlyi announced that the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nes_Berinkey" title="Dénes Berinkey">Dénes Berinkey</a> would resign. The presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Vix_Note" title="Vix Note">Vix Note</a> proved fatal to the government, which was by then devoid of significant support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuhász197918_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuhász197918-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Károlyi and Berinkey had been placed in an untenable situation when they received a note from Paris ordering Hungarian troops to further withdraw their lines. It was widely assumed that the new military lines would be the postwar boundaries. Károlyi and Berinkey concluded that they were not in a position to reject the note although they believed that accepting it would endanger Hungary's territorial integrity. On 21 March, Károlyi informed the Council of Ministers that only Social Democrats could form a new government, as they were the party with the highest public support in the largest cities and especially in Budapest. To form a governing coalition, the Social Democrats started secret negotiations with the Communist leaders, who were still imprisoned, and decided to merge their two parties under the name of the Hungarian Socialist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Károlyi, who was an outspoken anticommunist, was not informed about the merger. Thus, he swore in what he believed to be a Social Democratic government, only to find himself faced with one dominated by Communists. Károlyi resigned on 21 March. Béla Kun and his fellow communists were released from the Margit Ring prison on the night of 20 March.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liberal president Károlyi was arrested by the new Communist government on the first day; in July, he managed to make his escape and flee to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Social Democrats, an alliance with the KMP not only increased their standing with the industrial working class but also gave them a potential link to the increasingly powerful <a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a>, as Kun had strong ties with prominent Russian Bolsheviks. Following <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s model but without the direct participation of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> (soviets) from which it took its name, the newly united Socialist Party created a government called the Revolutionary Governing Council, which proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic and dismissed President Károlyi on 21 March. In a radio dispatch to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, Kun informed Lenin that a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> had been established in Hungary and asked for a treaty of alliance with the Russian SFSR.<sup id="cite_ref-locg_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian SFSR refused because it was itself tied down in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. On 23 March, Lenin gave an order to Béla Kun that Social Democrats must be removed from power, so that Hungary could be transformed into a socialist state ruled by a "dictatorship of the proletariat".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the Communists started to purge the Social Democrats from the government on the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garbai_government">Garbai government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_Government_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hungarian_Government_1919.jpg/220px-Hungarian_Government_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hungarian_Government_1919.jpg/330px-Hungarian_Government_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hungarian_Government_1919.jpg/440px-Hungarian_Government_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The government of the Hungarian Soviet Republic from left to right: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Sándor Garbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilmos_B%C3%B6hm" title="Vilmos Böhm">Vilmos Böhm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Szamuely" title="Tibor Szamuely">Tibor Szamuely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Nyisztor" title="György Nyisztor">György Nyisztor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Varga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenő Varga">Jenő Varga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zsigmond_Kunfi" title="Zsigmond Kunfi">Zsigmond Kunfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Bok%C3%A1nyi" title="Dezső Bokányi">Dezső Bokányi</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Pog%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="József Pogány">József Pogány</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3" title="Béla Vágó">Béla Vágó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_R%C3%B3nai" title="Zoltán Rónai">Zoltán Rónai</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_V%C3%A1ntus" title="Károly Vántus">Károly Vántus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Landler" title="Jenő Landler">Jenő Landler</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Sz%C3%A1nt%C3%B3" title="Béla Szántó">Béla Szántó</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1ndor_Szabados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sándor Szabados (page does not exist)">Sándor Szabados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hamburger" title="Jenő Hamburger">Jenő Hamburger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Hevesi" title="Gyula Hevesi">Gyula Hevesi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antal_Dovcs%C3%A1k" title="Antal Dovcsák">Antal Dovcsák</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The government was formally led by Sándor Garbai, but Kun, as the Commissar of Foreign Affairs, held the real power because only Kun had the acquaintance and friendship with Lenin. He was the only person in the government who met and talked to the Bolshevik leader during the Russian Revolution, and Kun kept the contact with the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> via radio communication. The ministries, often rotated among the various members of the government, were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Sándor Garbai</a> president and prime minister of the Hungarian Soviet Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Landler" title="Jenő Landler">Jenő Landler</a> commissar of the interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Csizmadia" title="Sándor Csizmadia">Sándor Csizmadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_V%C3%A1ntus" title="Károly Vántus">Károly Vántus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hamburger" title="Jenő Hamburger">Jenő Hamburger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Nyisztor" title="György Nyisztor">György Nyisztor</a> – commissars of agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Pog%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="József Pogány">József Pogány</a>, later also <a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Fiedler" title="Rezső Fiedler">Rezső Fiedler</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Haubrich" title="József Haubrich">József Haubrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Sz%C3%A1nt%C3%B3" title="Béla Szántó">Béla Szántó</a> – commissars of Defense</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_R%C3%B3nai" title="Zoltán Rónai">Zoltán Rónai</a>, later also <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_L%C3%A1dai" title="István Ládai">István Láday</a> – commissars of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Landler" title="Jenő Landler">Jenő Landler</a> – commissar of trade</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B3r_Erd%C3%A9lyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mór Erdélyi (page does not exist)">Mór Erdélyi</a>, later also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bern%C3%A1t_Kondor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernát Kondor (page does not exist)">Bernát Kondor</a> – commissars of food</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zsigmond_Kunfi" title="Zsigmond Kunfi">Zsigmond Kunfi</a>, later also <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Szamuely" title="Tibor Szamuely">Tibor Szamuely</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1ndor_Szabados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sándor Szabados (page does not exist)">Sándor Szabados</a> – commissars of education</li> <li>Béla Kun – commissar of foreign affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Bok%C3%A1nyi" title="Dezső Bokányi">Dezső Bokányi</a> – commissar of labor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Kalm%C3%A1r" title="Henrik Kalmár">Henrik Kalmár</a> – commissar of German affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Varga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenő Varga">Jenő Varga</a>, later also <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Lengyel" title="Gyula Lengyel">Gyula Lengyel</a> – commissars of Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_B%C3%B6hm" title="Vilmos Böhm">Vilmos Böhm</a> – commissar for socialism, later also <a href="/wiki/Antal_Dovcs%C3%A1k" title="Antal Dovcsák">Antal Dovcsák</a></li></ul> <p>After the declaration of the constitution changes took place in the commissariat. The new ministries were: </p> <ul><li>Jenő Varga, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Hevesi" title="Gyula Hevesi">Gyula Hevesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Kelen" title="József Kelen">József Kelen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Baj%C3%A1ki" title="Ferenc Bajáki">Ferenc Bajáki</a> – commissars of economic production</li> <li>Jenő Landler, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3" title="Béla Vágó">Béla Vágó</a> – commissars of internal affairs, railways and navigation</li> <li>Béla Kun, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_%C3%81goston" title="Péter Ágoston">Péter Ágoston</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Pog%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="József Pogány">József Pogány</a> – commissars of Foreign Affairs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policies">Policies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Hungary)" title="Red Terror (Hungary)">Red Terror (Hungary)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_The_Hungarian_Revolution._Automobile_loaded_with_revolutionists_dashing_through_streets_of_Budapest_-_NARA_-_31480144_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_The_Hungarian_Revolution._Automobile_loaded_with_revolutionists_dashing_through_streets_of_Budapest_-_NARA_-_31480144_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_The_Hungarian_Revolution._Automobile_loaded_with_revolutionists_dashing_through_streets_of_Budapest_-_NARA_-_31480144_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_The_Hungarian_Revolution._Automobile_loaded_with_revolutionists_dashing_through_streets_of_Budapest_-_NARA_-_31480144_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>An automobile loaded with communists dashing through streets of Budapest, March 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>This government consisted of a coalition of socialists and communists, but with the exception of Kun, all commissars were former social democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the rule of Kun, the new government, which had adopted in full the program of the Communists, decreed the abolition of aristocratic titles and privileges, the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, codified <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and implemented free education and language and cultural rights to minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-locg_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist government also nationalized industrial and commercial enterprises and socialized housing, transport, banking, medicine, cultural institutions, and all landholdings of more than 40 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>. Public support for the Communists was also heavily dependent on their promise of restoring Hungary's former borders.<sup id="cite_ref-locg_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government took steps toward normalizing foreign relations with the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> powers in an effort to gain back some of the lands that Hungary was set to lose in the post-war negotiations. The Communists remained bitterly unpopular<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Hungarian countryside, where the authority of that government was often nonexistent.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist party and their policies had real popular support among only the proletarian masses of large industrial centers, especially in Budapest, where the working class represented a high proportion of the inhabitants. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bela.Kun.Revolution.1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bela.Kun.Revolution.1919.jpg/220px-Bela.Kun.Revolution.1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bela.Kun.Revolution.1919.jpg/330px-Bela.Kun.Revolution.1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bela.Kun.Revolution.1919.jpg/440px-Bela.Kun.Revolution.1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, the <i>de facto</i> leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hungarian government was left on its own, and a Red Guard was established under the command of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>. In addition, a group of 200 armed men known as the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Boys" title="Lenin Boys">Lenin Boys</a> formed a mobile detachment under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Cserny_(commander)" class="mw-redirect" title="József Cserny (commander)">József Cserny</a>. This detachment was deployed at various locations around the country where <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> movements were suspected to operate. The Lenin Boys as well as other similar groups and agitators killed and terrorised many people (e.g. armed with hand grenades and using their rifles' butts they disbanded religious ceremonies).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They executed victims without trial, and this caused a number of conflicts with the local population, some of which turned violent. The situation of the Hungarian Communists began to deteriorate in the capital city Budapest after a failed coup by the Social Democrats on 24 June; the newly composed Communist government of Sándor Garbai resorted to large-scale reprisals. <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_tribunal_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary tribunal (Hungary)">Revolutionary tribunals</a> ordered executions of people who were suspected of having been involved in the attempted coup. This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Hungary)" title="Red Terror (Hungary)">Red Terror</a>, and greatly reduced domestic support for the government even among the working classes of the highly industrialized suburb districts and metropolitan area of Budapest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_scandal_and_downfall">Foreign policy scandal and downfall</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919">Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm/220px--Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="513" data-mwtitle="Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_(1919).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_(1919).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm/Hungarian_Red_Army_in_Kassa_%281919%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Mass celebration of the Hungarian Red Army's march to Kassa (Košice) during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">Hungarian–Czechoslovak War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hung.rev.leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hung.rev.leaders.jpg/220px-Hung.rev.leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hung.rev.leaders.jpg/330px-Hung.rev.leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hung.rev.leaders.jpg/440px-Hung.rev.leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic: <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Szamuely" title="Tibor Szamuely">Tibor Szamuely</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Landler" title="Jenő Landler">Jenő Landler</a> (left to right). The monument is now located at the <a href="/wiki/Memento_Park" title="Memento Park">Memento Park</a> open-air museum outside Budapest.</figcaption></figure> <p>In late May, after the Entente military representative demanded more territorial concessions from Hungary, Kun attempted to fulfill his promise to adhere to Hungary's historical borders. The men of the Hungarian Red Army were recruited from the volunteers of the Budapest proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, the Hungarian Red Army invaded the eastern part of the newly forming <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak state">Czechoslovak state</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>), the former so-called <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a>. The Hungarian Red Army achieved some military success early on: under the leadership of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9l_Stromfeld" title="Aurél Stromfeld">Aurél Stromfeld</a>, it ousted Czech troops from the north, and planned to march against the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a> in the east. Despite promises for the restoration of the former borders of Hungary, the Communists declared the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a> on 16 June.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the proclamation of the Slovak Soviet Republic, the Hungarian nationalists and patriots soon realized that the new communist government had no intention of recapturing the lost territories, only in spreading communist ideology and the establishment of other communist states in Europe, thus sacrificing Hungarian national interests.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian patriots in the Red Army and the professional military officers saw this as a betrayal, and their support for the government began to erode (the communists and their government supported the establishment of the Slovak Communist state, while the Hungarian patriots wanted to keep the reoccupied territories for Hungary). Despite a series of military victories against the Czechoslovak army, the Hungarian Red Army started to disintegrate due to tension between nationalists and communists during the establishment of the Slovak Soviet Republic. The concession eroded support of the communist government among professional military officers and nationalists in the Hungarian Red Army; even the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Hungary#Chief_of_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Hungary">chief of the general staff</a> Aurél Stromfeld, resigned his post in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the French promised the Hungarian government that Romanian forces would withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Tisz%C3%A1nt%C3%BAl" title="Tiszántúl">Tiszántúl</a>, Kun withdrew his remaining military units who had remained loyal after the political fiasco in Upper Hungary; however, following the Red Army's retreat from the north, the Romanian forces were not pulled back. Kun then unsuccessfully tried to turn the remaining units of the demoralized Hungarian Red Army on the Romanians with <a href="/wiki/Hungarian-Romanian_War_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919">Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919</a>. The Hungarian Soviet found it increasingly difficult to fight Romania with its small force of communist volunteers from Budapest, and support for both the war and the Communist party was waning at home. After the demoralizing retreat from northern Hungary (later part of Czechoslovakia), only the most dedicated Hungarian Communists volunteered for combat, and the Romanian Army broke through the weak lines of the Hungarian Red Army on 30 July. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepperspeaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pepperspeaks.jpg/200px-Pepperspeaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pepperspeaks.jpg/300px-Pepperspeaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pepperspeaks.jpg/400px-Pepperspeaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Pog%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="József Pogány">József Pogány</a> speaking to soldiers</figcaption></figure> <p>Béla Kun, together with other high-ranking Communists, fled to Vienna on 1 August<sup id="cite_ref-locg_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only a minority, including <a href="/wiki/Georg_Luk%C3%A1cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Lukács">György Lukács</a>, the former Commissar for Culture and noted Marxist philosopher, remaining to organise an underground Communist party.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before they fled to Vienna, Kun and his followers took along numerous art treasures and the gold stocks of the National Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Budapest Workers' Soviet elected a new government, headed by <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Peidl" title="Gyula Peidl">Gyula Peidl</a>, which lasted only a few days before Romanian forces entered Budapest on 6 August.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-loc_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the power vacuum created by the fall of the soviet republic and the presence of the Romanian Army, semi-regular detachments (technically under <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a>'s command, but mostly independent in practice) initiated a campaign of violence against communists, <a href="/wiki/Leftists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftists">leftists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">White Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-terror_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terror-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many supporters of the Hungarian Soviet Republic were executed without trial; others, including <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_%C3%81goston" title="Péter Ágoston">Péter Ágoston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Baj%C3%A1ki" title="Ferenc Bajáki">Ferenc Bajáki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Bok%C3%A1nyi" title="Dezső Bokányi">Dezső Bokányi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antal_Dovcs%C3%A1k" title="Antal Dovcsák">Antal Dovcsák</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Haubrich" title="József Haubrich">József Haubrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalm%C3%A1r_Henrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmár Henrik">Kalmár Henrik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelen_J%C3%B3zsef" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelen József">Kelen József</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Nyisztor" title="György Nyisztor">György Nyisztor</a>, Sándor Szabados, and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_V%C3%A1ntus" title="Károly Vántus">Károly Vántus</a>, were imprisoned by trial ("comissar suits"). Actor <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a>, the founder of the country's National Trade Union of Actors (the world's first film actor's union), managed to escape. Most were later released to the Soviet Union by amnesty during the reign of Horthy, after a prisoner exchange agreement between Hungary and the Russian Soviet government in 1921. In all, about 415 prisoners were released as a result of this agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kun himself, along with an unknown number of other Hungarian communists, were executed during <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of the late 1930s in the Soviet Union, to which they had fled in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-locg_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rákosi, one of the survivors of the soviet republic, would go on to be the first leader of the second and longer-lasting attempt at a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a> in Hungary, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">People's Republic of Hungary</a>, from 1949 to 1956. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Hungary)" title="Red Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kun officially held the position of foreign minister.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság</i>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> the Soviet Republic of Hungary, where 'Soviet' is also translatable as 'council': i.e, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">council republic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetségi Tanácsköztársaság</i>, also translatable as <b>Hungarian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It followed the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> model of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> but without the direct participation of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> (soviets) from which it took its name.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngyal1927" class="citation web cs1">Angyal, Pál (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070727/http://betiltva.com/files/angyal_magyar_buntetojog_kezikonyve04.php">"A magyar büntetőjog kézikönyve IV. rész"</a>. <i>A magyar büntetőjog kézikönyve</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://betiltva.com/files/angyal_magyar_buntetojog_kezikonyve04.php">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+magyar+b%C3%BCntet%C5%91jog+k%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyve&rft.atitle=A+magyar+b%C3%BCntet%C5%91jog+k%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyve+IV.+r%C3%A9sz&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Angyal&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbetiltva.com%2Ffiles%2Fangyal_magyar_buntetojog_kezikonyve04.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson201780-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanson201780_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanson2017">Swanson 2017</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197058-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197058_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197058_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVölgyes1970">Völgyes 1970</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Swanson2017" class="citation book cs1">John C. Swanson (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqyzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT80"><i>Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822981992" title="Special:BookSources/9780822981992"><bdi>9780822981992</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121442/https://books.google.com/books?id=YqyzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT80">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tangible+Belonging%3A+Negotiating+Germanness+in+Twentieth-Century+Hungary&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780822981992&rft.au=John+C.+Swanson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqyzDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh197615-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh197615_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh197615_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalogh1976">Balogh 1976</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanos1981195-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanos1981195_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanos1981">Janos 1981</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor198834-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor198834_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirályPastor1988">Király & Pastor 1988</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodo2010703-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodo2010703_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodo2010">Bodo 2010</a>, p. 703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19886-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19886_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19886_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirályPastor1988">Király & Pastor 1988</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilassy197137-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilassy197137_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilassy1971">Szilassy 1971</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988226-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988226_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirályPastor1988">Király & Pastor 1988</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanos1981201_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanos1981">Janos 1981</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh1975298KirályPastor1988226-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh1975298KirályPastor1988226_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalogh1975">Balogh 1975</a>, p. 298; <a href="#CITEREFKirályPastor1988">Király & Pastor 1988</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19884-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19884_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor19884_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirályPastor1988">Király & Pastor 1988</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197161-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197161_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVölgyes1971">Völgyes 1971</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirályPastor1988166_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirályPastor1988">Király & Pastor 1988</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197188-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVölgyes197188_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVölgyes1971">Völgyes 1971</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2017" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Arthur Asa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtwzDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs</i></a>. Routledge. p. 85–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtwzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351481861" title="Special:BookSources/9781351481861"><bdi>9781351481861</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121459/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtwzDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Globe+Itself%3A+A+Preface+to+World+Affairs&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351481861&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Asa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtwzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_Tőkés1996" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf Tőkés (1996). <i>Hungary’s Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change, and Political Succession, 1957–1990</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary%E2%80%99s+Negotiated+Revolution%3A+Economic+Reform%2C+Social+Change%2C+and+Political+Succession%2C+1957%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Rudolf+T%C5%91k%C3%A9s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLászló_Kontler2002" class="citation book cs1">László Kontler (2002). <i>A History of Hungary: Millennium in Central Europe</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hungary%3A+Millennium+in+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.au=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Kontler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_T._Berend1998" class="citation book cs1">Ivan T. Berend (1998). <i>Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe Before World War II</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decades+of+Crisis%3A+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+Before+World+War+II&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Ivan+T.+Berend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Pastor1988" class="citation book cs1">Peter Pastor, ed. (1988). <i>Revolutions and Interventions in Hungary and Its Neighbor States, 1918–1919</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutions+and+Interventions+in+Hungary+and+Its+Neighbor+States%2C+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéla_K._Király1984" class="citation book cs1">Béla K. Király (1984). <i>War and Society in East Central Europe, Vol. 20: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918–1919</i>. Brooklyn College Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Society+in+East+Central+Europe%2C+Vol.+20%3A+The+Hungarian+Revolution+of+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.pub=Brooklyn+College+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=B%C3%A9la+K.+Kir%C3%A1ly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Kann_and_Zdeněk_V._David1984" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Kann and Zdeněk V. David (1984). <i>The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526–1918</i>. University of Washington Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+the+Eastern+Habsburg+Lands%2C+1526%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Robert+A.+Kann+and+Zden%C4%9Bk+V.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Gati2006" class="citation book cs1">Charles Gati (2006). <i>Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt</i>. Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest%2C+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Charles+Gati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Swanson2017" class="citation book cs1">John C. Swanson (2017). <i>Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tangible+Belonging%3A+Negotiating+Germanness+in+Twentieth-Century+Hungary&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.au=John+C.+Swanson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_MacMillan2003" class="citation book cs1">Margaret MacMillan (2003). <i>Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World</i>. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919%3A+Six+Months+That+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Margaret+MacMillan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Hobsbawm1994" class="citation book cs1">Eric Hobsbawm (1994). <i>The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991</i>. Vintage Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Extremes%3A+The+Short+Twentieth+Century%2C+1914%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Eric+Hobsbawm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2014" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36WsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190"><i>Europe Between the Wars</i></a>. Routledge. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317867531" title="Special:BookSources/9781317867531"><bdi>9781317867531</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121518/https://books.google.com/books?id=36WsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Between+the+Wars&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317867531&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D36WsAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomsics2002" class="citation book cs1">Romsics, Ignác (2002). <i>Dismantling of Historic Hungary: The Peace Treaty of Trianon, 1920</i>. CHSP Hungarian Studies Series – East European Monographs. Vol. 3. Social Science Monographs. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880335058" title="Special:BookSources/9780880335058"><bdi>9780880335058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dismantling+of+Historic+Hungary%3A+The+Peace+Treaty+of+Trianon%2C+1920&rft.series=CHSP+Hungarian+Studies+Series+%E2%80%93+East+European+Monographs&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780880335058&rft.aulast=Romsics&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon_1986-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_1986_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, John C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKDRvNHdraoC&pg=PA34"><i>Defeat and Disarmament, Allied Diplomacy and Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918–1922</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121517/https://books.google.com/books?id=OKDRvNHdraoC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> 17 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Associated University Presses. p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp_2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_2008_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, Alan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQodBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156"><i>The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 156. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137069689" title="Special:BookSources/9781137069689">9781137069689</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstice_of_3_Nov-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstice_of_3_Nov_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0001.pdf">"Armistice with Austria-Hungary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103130613/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Armistice+with+Austria-Hungary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fus-treaties%2Fbevans%2Fm-ust000002-0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgárdy2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agárdy, Csaba (6 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624182358/https://www.veol.hu/hirek/trianon-volt-az-utolso-csepp-1772297/">"Trianon volt az utolsó csepp – A Magyar Királyság sorsa már jóval a békeszerződés aláírása előtt eldőlt"</a>. <i>VEOL</i> (in Hungarian). Mediaworks Hungary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veol.hu/hirek/trianon-volt-az-utolso-csepp-1772297/">the original</a> on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VEOL&rft.atitle=Trianon+volt+az+utols%C3%B3+csepp+%E2%80%93+A+Magyar+Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g+sorsa+m%C3%A1r+j%C3%B3val+a+b%C3%A9keszerz%C5%91d%C3%A9s+al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa+el%C5%91tt+eld%C5%91lt&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Ag%C3%A1rdy&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veol.hu%2Fhirek%2Ftrianon-volt-az-utolso-csepp-1772297%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Jo_Nye2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Nye" title="Mary Jo Nye">Mary Jo Nye</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CLTNAzcynMC&pg=PA13"><i>Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61065-8"><bdi>978-0-226-61065-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121501/https://books.google.com/books?id=7CLTNAzcynMC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Polanyi+and+His+Generation%3A+Origins+of+the+Social+Construction+of+Science&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61065-8&rft.au=Mary+Jo+Nye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CLTNAzcynMC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Raffay, Trianon Titkai (Secrets of Trianon), Szikra Press, Budapest 1990 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9632174771" title="Special:BookSources/9632174771">9632174771</a>), page 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-locg-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-locg_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-locg_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-locg_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-locg_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-locg_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-locg_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-locg_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/hungary/hungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html">"Hungarian Soviet Republic"</a>. <i>www.workmall.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065618/https://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/hungary/hungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.workmall.com&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Soviet+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workmall.com%2Fwfb2001%2Fhungary%2Fhungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuhász197918-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuhász197918_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuhász1979">Juhász 1979</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borsanyi, Gyorgy, The life of a Communist revolutionary, Bela Kun, translated by Mario Fenyo; Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado; Columbia University Press, New York, 1993, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Morley_Sachar2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Morley_Sachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Morley Sachar">Howard Morley Sachar</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfNKQ8bLYLUC&pg=PA107"><i>Dreamland: Europeans and Jews in the Aftermath of the Great War</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307425676" title="Special:BookSources/9780307425676"><bdi>9780307425676</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121514/https://books.google.com/books?id=XfNKQ8bLYLUC&pg=PA107">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreamland%3A+Europeans+and+Jews+in+the+Aftermath+of+the+Great+War&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307425676&rft.au=Howard+Morley+Sachar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfNKQ8bLYLUC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Spencer C. Tucker</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&q=%22arrest+until+july+1919%22&pg=PA629"><i>World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 867. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099658" title="Special:BookSources/9781851099658"><bdi>9781851099658</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121520/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&q=%22arrest+until+july+1919%22&pg=PA629">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B5+volumes%5D%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.pages=867&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781851099658&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YqjfHLyyj8C%26q%3D%2522arrest%2Buntil%2Bjuly%2B1919%2522%26pg%3DPA629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Rees1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rees_(activist)" title="John Rees (activist)">John Rees</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hW58XD73WqAC&pg=PA255"><i>The Algebra of Revolution: The Dialectic and the Classical Marxist Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415198776" title="Special:BookSources/9780415198776"><bdi>9780415198776</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121519/https://books.google.com/books?id=hW58XD73WqAC&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algebra+of+Revolution%3A+The+Dialectic+and+the+Classical+Marxist+Tradition&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780415198776&rft.au=John+Rees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhW58XD73WqAC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Andelman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Andelman" title="David A. Andelman">David A. Andelman</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3H1yONggqlkC&pg=PA193"><i>A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470564721" title="Special:BookSources/9780470564721"><bdi>9780470564721</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121532/https://books.google.com/books?id=3H1yONggqlkC&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shattered+Peace%3A+Versailles+1919+and+the+Price+We+Pay+Today&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780470564721&rft.au=David+A.+Andelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3H1yONggqlkC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_C._Dowling2014" class="citation book cs1">Timothy C. Dowling (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA447"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598849486" title="Special:BookSources/9781598849486"><bdi>9781598849486</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121521/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA447">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781598849486&rft.au=Timothy+C.+Dowling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janos, Andrew C. & Slottman, William (editors) <i>Revolution in perspective: essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919</i>, Center for Slavic and East European Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1971, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Okey2003" class="citation book cs1">Robin Okey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8qIAgAAQBAJ&q=%22bitterly+unpopular+in+the+countryside%22&pg=PA162"><i>Eastern Europe 1740–1985: Feudalism to Communism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134886876" title="Special:BookSources/9781134886876"><bdi>9781134886876</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317122000/https://books.google.com/books?id=-8qIAgAAQBAJ&q=%22bitterly+unpopular+in+the+countryside%22&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+1740%E2%80%931985%3A+Feudalism+to+Communism&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134886876&rft.au=Robin+Okey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8qIAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522bitterly%2Bunpopular%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcountryside%2522%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lukacs1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajeNDt-QsyIC&q=%22over+the+Hungarian+countryside+was+often+nonexistent%22"><i>Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. p. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802132505" title="Special:BookSources/9780802132505"><bdi>9780802132505</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317122059/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajeNDt-QsyIC&q=%22over+the+Hungarian+countryside+was+often+nonexistent%22">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budapest+1900%3A+A+Historical+Portrait+of+a+City+and+Its+Culture&rft.pages=2012&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780802132505&rft.au=John+Lukacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajeNDt-QsyIC%26q%3D%2522over%2Bthe%2BHungarian%2Bcountryside%2Bwas%2Boften%2Bnonexistent%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodolányi1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kodol%C3%A1nyi" title="János Kodolányi">Kodolányi, János</a> (1979) [1941]. <i>Süllyedő világ</i> (in Hungarian). Budapest: <a href="/wiki/Magvet%C5%91" title="Magvető">Magvető</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-270-935-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-270-935-2"><bdi>978-963-270-935-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7627920">7627920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCllyed%C5%91+vil%C3%A1g&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Magvet%C5%91&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7627920&rft.isbn=978-963-270-935-2&rft.aulast=Kodol%C3%A1nyi&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEötvös_Loránd_University1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22proletariat+of+budapest+rose+in+arms%22"><i>Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae, Sectio philosophica et sociologica, Volumes 13–15</i></a> (in Hungarian). Universita. p. 141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317122100/https://books.google.com/books?id=MazWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22proletariat+of+budapest+rose+in+arms%22">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+Universitatis+Scientiarum+Budapestinensis+de+Rolando+E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s+Nominatae%2C+Sectio+philosophica+et+sociologica%2C+Volumes+13%E2%80%9315&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Universita&rft.date=1979&rft.au=E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s+Lor%C3%A1nd+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522proletariat%2Bof%2Bbudapest%2Brose%2Bin%2Barms%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstone2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_A._Goldstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack A. Goldstone">Goldstone, Jack A.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gre5CAAAQBAJ&q=%22slovak+soviet+republic%22+stromfeld&pg=PT271"><i>The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135937584" title="Special:BookSources/9781135937584"><bdi>9781135937584</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121954/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gre5CAAAQBAJ&q=%22slovak+soviet+republic%22+stromfeld&pg=PT271">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Revolutions&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781135937584&rft.aulast=Goldstone&rft.aufirst=Jack+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGre5CAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522slovak%2Bsoviet%2Brepublic%2522%2Bstromfeld%26pg%3DPT271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor1988" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, Peter (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwuTAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+soviet+republic%22+lenin%27s+intentions"><i>Revolutions and Interventions in Hungary and Its Neighbor States, 1918–1919, Volume 20</i></a>. Social Science Monographs. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880331371" title="Special:BookSources/9780880331371"><bdi>9780880331371</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121956/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwuTAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+soviet+republic%22+lenin%27s+intentions">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutions+and+Interventions+in+Hungary+and+Its+Neighbor+States%2C+1918%E2%80%931919%2C+Volume+20&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780880331371&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwuTAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Hungarian%2Bsoviet%2Brepublic%2522%2Blenin%2527s%2Bintentions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugarHanákFrank1994" class="citation book cs1">Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA308"><i>A History of Hungary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253208675" title="Special:BookSources/9780253208675"><bdi>9780253208675</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121953/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA308">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hungary&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780253208675&rft.aulast=Sugar&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rft.au=Han%C3%A1k%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Frank%2C+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKwmGQCT0MAC%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borsanyi, Gyorgy, The life of a Communist revolutionary, Bela Kun, translated by Mario Fenyo; Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado; Columbia University Press, New York, 1993, p205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05E4D91338EE32A25750C1A96E9C946896D6CF">"Find Red Leaders' Loot.; Bela Kun and Szamuely Hid Valuables They Had Stolen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 13 August 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110053235/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05E4D91338EE32A25750C1A96E9C946896D6CF">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Find+Red+Leaders%27+Loot.%3B+Bela+Kun+and+Szamuely+Hid+Valuables+They+Had+Stolen&rft.date=1919-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9A05E4D91338EE32A25750C1A96E9C946896D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.niif.hu/00700/00775/00014/109-113.html">"Magyar Tudomány 2000. január"</a>. Epa.niif.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226233751/http://epa.niif.hu/00700/00775/00014/109-113.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magyar+Tudom%C3%A1ny+2000.+janu%C3%A1r&rft.pub=Epa.niif.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.niif.hu%2F00700%2F00775%2F00014%2F109-113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ignác Romsics: Magyarország története a XX. században, 2004, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loc_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/hungary/hungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html">"Hungary: Hungarian Soviet Republic"</a>. Library of Congress Country Studies. September 1989. Republished at geographic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426200635/http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/hungary/hungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary%3A+Hungarian+Soviet+Republic&rft.pages=Republished+at+geographic.com&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1989-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workmall.com%2Fwfb2001%2Fhungary%2Fhungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terror-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-terror_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601081847/http://onwar.com/aced/data/hotel/hungary1919b.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"White Terror" in Hungary 1919–1921"</a>. Armed Conflict Events Database. 16 December 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/hotel/hungary1919b.htm">the original</a> on 1 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22White+Terror%22+in+Hungary+1919%E2%80%931921&rft.pub=Armed+Conflict+Events+Database&rft.date=2000-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onwar.com%2Faced%2Fdata%2Fhotel%2Fhungary1919b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530055207/http://www.mediawave.hu/mediawave/konf/1999/2001_BUN_ES_BUNHODES_FAZEKAS.html">"2000 – Bűn És Bűnhődés"</a> (in Hungarian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediawave.hu/mediawave/konf/1999/2001_BUN_ES_BUNHODES_FAZEKAS.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2000+%E2%80%93+B%C5%B1n+%C3%89s+B%C5%B1nh%C5%91d%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediawave.hu%2Fmediawave%2Fkonf%2F1999%2F2001_BUN_ES_BUNHODES_FAZEKAS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalogh1975" class="citation journal cs1">Balogh, Eva S. (1975). "Romanian and Allied Involvement in the Hungarian Coup d'Etat of 1919". <i>East European Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8449">0012-8449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Romanian+and+Allied+Involvement+in+the+Hungarian+Coup+d%27Etat+of+1919&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0012-8449&rft.aulast=Balogh&rft.aufirst=Eva+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalogh1976" class="citation journal cs1">Balogh, Eva S. (March 1976). "The Hungarian Social Democratic Centre and the Fall of Béla Kun". <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>. <b>18</b> (1). Taylor & Francis: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1976.11091436">10.1080/00085006.1976.11091436</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40867035">40867035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Hungarian+Social+Democratic+Centre+and+the+Fall+of+B%C3%A9la+Kun&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1976-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1976.11091436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40867035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Balogh&rft.aufirst=Eva+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bodo, Bela (October 2010). "Hungarian Aristocracy and the White Terror". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>45</b> (4). SAGE Publications: <span class="nowrap">703–</span>724. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009410375255">10.1177/0022009410375255</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25764578">25764578</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154963526">154963526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Aristocracy+and+the+White+Terror&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E703-%3C%2Fspan%3E724&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154963526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25764578%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009410375255&rft.aulast=Bodo&rft.aufirst=Bela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuhász1979" class="citation book cs1">Juhász, Gyula (1979). <i>Hungarian Foreign Policy, 1919–1945</i>. Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-96-30-51882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-96-30-51882-6"><bdi>978-96-30-51882-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Foreign+Policy%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-96-30-51882-6&rft.aulast=Juh%C3%A1sz&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanosSlottman1971" class="citation book cs1">Janos, Andrew C.; Slottman, William B. (1971). <i>Revolution in Perspective: Essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-05-20-01920-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-05-20-01920-1"><bdi>978-05-20-01920-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Perspective%3A+Essays+on+the+Hungarian+Soviet+Republic+of+1919&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-05-20-01920-1&rft.aulast=Janos&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft.au=Slottman%2C+William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanos1981" class="citation book cs1">Janos, Andrew C. (1981). <i>The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06-91-10123-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-06-91-10123-1"><bdi>978-06-91-10123-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Backwardness+in+Hungary%2C+1825%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-06-91-10123-1&rft.aulast=Janos&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirályPastor1988" class="citation book cs1">Király, Béla K.; Pastor, Peter (1988). <i>War and Society in East Central Europe</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-80-33137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-80-33137-1"><bdi>978-08-80-33137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Society+in+East+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-08-80-33137-1&rft.aulast=Kir%C3%A1ly&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la+K.&rft.au=Pastor%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMocsy1983" class="citation journal cs1">Mocsy, Istvan I. (1983). "The Uprooted: Hungarian Refugees and Their Impact on Hungary's Domestic Politics, 1918–1921". <i>East European Monographs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2499355">10.2307/2499355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-80-33039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-80-33039-8"><bdi>978-08-80-33039-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499355">2499355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+Uprooted%3A+Hungarian+Refugees+and+Their+Impact+on+Hungary%27s+Domestic+Politics%2C+1918%E2%80%931921&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2499355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2499355&rft.isbn=978-08-80-33039-8&rft.aulast=Mocsy&rft.aufirst=Istvan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor1976" class="citation journal cs1">Pastor, Peter (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495009">"Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin"</a>. <i>East European Monograph</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495009">10.2307/2495009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09-14-710134" title="Special:BookSources/978-09-14-710134"><bdi>978-09-14-710134</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2495009">2495009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165079665">165079665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Monograph&rft.atitle=Hungary+Between+Wilson+and+Lenin&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2495009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165079665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2495009%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-09-14-710134&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2495009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzilassy1969" class="citation journal cs1">Szilassy, Sándor (1969). "Hungary at the Brink of the Cliff 1918–1919". <i>East European</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8449">0012-8449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European&rft.atitle=Hungary+at+the+Brink+of+the+Cliff+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0012-8449&rft.aulast=Szilassy&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzilassy1971" class="citation book cs1">Szilassy, Sándor (1971). <i>Revolutionary Hungary 1918–1921</i>. Aston Park, Florida: Danubian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-79-34005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-79-34005-6"><bdi>978-08-79-34005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Hungary+1918%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Aston+Park%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Danubian+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-08-79-34005-6&rft.aulast=Szilassy&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2017" class="citation book cs1">Swanson, John C. (2017). <i>Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8199-2"><bdi>978-0-8229-8199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tangible+Belonging%3A+Negotiating+Germanness+in+Twentieth-Century+Hungary&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-8199-2&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVölgyes1970" class="citation journal cs1">Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". <i>East European Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8449">0012-8449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Hungarian+Dictatorship+of+1919%3A+Russian+Example+versus+Hungarian+Reality&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0012-8449&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6lgyes&rft.aufirst=Iv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVölgyes1971" class="citation book cs1">Völgyes, Iván (1971). <i>Hungary in Revolution, 1918–1919: Nine Essays</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-03-20788-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-03-20788-2"><bdi>978-08-03-20788-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary+in+Revolution%2C+1918%E2%80%931919%3A+Nine+Essays&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-08-03-20788-2&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6lgyes&rft.aufirst=Iv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZsuppán1965" class="citation journal cs1">Zsuppán, Ferenc Tibor (June 1965). "The Early Activities of the Hungarian Communist Party, 1918–19". <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>43</b> (101): <span class="nowrap">314–</span>334. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795">0037-6795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205656">4205656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Early+Activities+of+the+Hungarian+Communist+Party%2C+1918%E2%80%9319&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=101&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.date=1965-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4205656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0037-6795&rft.aulast=Zsupp%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Ferenc+Tibor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>György Borsányi, <i>The life of a Communist revolutionary, Bela Kun</i> translated by Mario Fenyo, Boulder, Colorado: Social Science Monographs, 1993.</li> <li>Andrew C. Janos and William Slottman (editors), <i>Revolution in Perspective: Essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919.</i> Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971.</li> <li>Bennet Kovrig, <i>Communism in Hungary: From Kun to Kádár.</i> Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press, 1979.</li> <li>Bela Menczer, "Bela Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919," <i>History Today,</i> vol. 19, no. 5 (May 1969), pp. 299–309.</li> <li>Peter Pastor, <i>Hungary between Wilson and Lenin: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918–1919 and the Big Three.</i> Boulder, CO: East European Quarterly, 1976.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Sakmyster" title="Thomas L. Sakmyster">Thomas L. Sakmyster</a>, <i>A Communist Odyssey: The Life of József Pogány.</i> Budapest: Central European University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Rudolf Tokes, <i>Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic: The Origins and Role of the Communist Party of Hungary in the Revolutions of 1918–1919.</i> New York: F.A. Praeger, 1967.</li> <li>Bob Dent, <i>Painting the Town Red: Politics and the Arts During the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic</i>. Pluto Press, 2018</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioielli2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Gioielli, Emily R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2015/gioielli_emily.pdf"><i><span></span>'White Misrule': Terror and Political Violence During Hungary's Long World War I, 1919–1924</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Central European University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2021</span> – via Electronic Theses & Dissertations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%27White+Misrule%27%3A+Terror+and+Political+Violence+During+Hungary%27s+Long+World+War+I%2C+1919%E2%80%931924&rft.inst=Central+European+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gioielli&rft.aufirst=Emily+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etd.ceu.hu%2F2015%2Fgioielli_emily.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajdu1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hajdu, Tibor (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HungarianSovietRepublic">"The Hungarian Soviet Republic"</a>. <i>Studia Histórica</i> (131). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2021</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Hist%C3%B3rica&rft.atitle=The+Hungarian+Soviet+Republic&rft.issue=131&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hajdu&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHungarianSovietRepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokody1982" class="citation journal cs1">Tokody, Gyula (1982). "Review of The Hungarian Soviet Republic". <i>Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>28</b> (1/4). Budapest: Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences: <span class="nowrap">182–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-5849">0001-5849</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42555690">42555690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Historica+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Hungarian+Soviet+Republic&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42555690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0001-5849&rft.aulast=Tokody&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Template talk:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(for Austria)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(for Hungary)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Carinthian_plebiscite" title="1920 Carinthian plebiscite">1920 Carinthian plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopron_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopron plebiscite">1921 Sopron plebiscite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hod%C5%BEa-Bartha_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodža-Bartha Agreement (page does not exist)">Hodža-Bartha Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pichon_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pichon Line (page does not exist)">Pichon Line</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthelot-Ap%C3%A1thy_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement (page does not exist)">Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_Note" title="Vix Note">Vix Note</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smuts_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smuts Mission (page does not exist)">Smuts Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemenceau_Note&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemenceau Note (page does not exist)">Clemenceau Note</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clerk_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clerk Mission (page does not exist)">Clerk Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_German_Bohemia" title="Province of German Bohemia">German Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Sudetenland" title="Province of the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest_Region" title="Bohemian Forest Region">Bohemian Forest Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_Moravia" title="German South Moravia">German South Moravia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zakopane" title="Republic of Zakopane">Republic of Zakopane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian-Hungarian_Baranya-Baja_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic">Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Republic of Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Heinzenland" title="Republic of Heinzenland">Republic of Heinzenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Republic" title="Slovak People's Republic">Slovak People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician Soviet Socialist Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Russian Civil War spill over)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajtab%C3%A1ns%C3%A1g" title="Lajtabánság">Lajtabánság</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> to Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and Transylvania to Romania</li> <li>South Tyrol and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a> to Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin">Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin</a> to China</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post World War I<br />armed conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">Hungarian–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_occupation_of_Pokuttia" title="Romanian occupation of Pokuttia">Romanian occupation of Pokuttia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_West_Hungary" title="Uprising in West Hungary">Uprising in West Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buda%C3%B6rs" title="Battle of Budaörs">Battle of Budaörs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Libya" title="Socialism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn">Corbynism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_Hungary_(1918–present)66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Hungary" title="Template:Years in Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Hungary" title="Template talk:Years in Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_Hungary_(1918–present)66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Hungary" title="List of years in Hungary">Years</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (1918–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Hungary" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Hungary">Pre-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_Hungary" title="1918 in Hungary">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_Hungary" title="1919 in Hungary">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_Hungary" title="1920 in Hungary">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_Hungary" title="1921 in Hungary">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_Hungary" title="1922 in Hungary">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1923_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1923 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1944_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1944 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1945_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_Hungary" title="1992 in Hungary">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_Hungary" title="1993 in Hungary">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Hungary" title="1998 in Hungary">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Hungary" title="1999 in Hungary">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Hungary" title="2004 in Hungary">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Hungary" title="2009 in Hungary">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Hungary" title="2010 in Hungary">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Hungary" title="2011 in Hungary">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Hungary" title="2012 in Hungary">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Hungary" title="2013 in Hungary">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Hungary" title="2014 in Hungary">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Hungary" title="2015 in Hungary">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Hungary" title="2016 in Hungary">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Hungary" title="2017 in Hungary">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Hungary" title="2018 in Hungary">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Hungary" title="2019 in Hungary">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Hungary" title="2020 in Hungary">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Hungary" title="2021 in Hungary">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Hungary" title="2022 in Hungary">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Hungary" title="2023 in Hungary">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Hungary" title="2024 in Hungary">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Hungary" title="2025 in Hungary">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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