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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-sg" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-sg" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-先秦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#先秦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>先秦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-先秦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-漢朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>汉朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-南北朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南北朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>南北朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南北朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-隋朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#隋朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>隋朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-隋朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-唐朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#唐朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>唐朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-唐朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宋朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宋朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>宋朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宋朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>元朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-明朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#明朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>明朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-明朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>清朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中华民国大陆时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中华民国大陆时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>中华民国大陆时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中华民国大陆时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中華人民共和國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中華人民共和國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>中华人民共和国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中華人民共和國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-參考书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>参考书目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">中国旱灾史</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">添加语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10874606#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="添加跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">添加链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">新加坡简体</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="selected ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh-Hans-SG" dir="ltr"><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中国">中国</a>自古经常饱受<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="天灾">天灾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="旱灾">旱灾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="水灾">水灾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a>袭扰。<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E6%8B%93" class="mw-redirect" title="邓拓">邓拓</a>（邓云特）编著的《中国救荒史》中介绍：“中国历史上水、旱、蝗、雹、风、疫、地震、霜、雪等灾害，自商汤十八年（前1766年）至纪元后1937年止，计3703年间，共达5258次，平均约每6个月强便有灾荒一次。”其中，旱灾共1074次，平均约每3年4个月便有1次。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>袁林在《西北灾荒史》中统计出隋至民国（581－1949年）期间<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="陕西">陕西</a>发生旱灾652次，甘宁青地区有601次。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F" title="李约瑟">李约瑟</a>统计，在过去的2100多年间，中国共有1600多次大水灾和1300多次大旱灾。陈达在《人口问题》中统计，自汉初到1936年的2142年间，水灾年份达1031年，旱灾年份达1060年。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>旱灾（drought）其实即是缺乏水，农产品因此而枯萎，导致饥荒。干旱大部分发生在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="中国北方">中国北方</a>地区。水灾则多在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" title="江南">江南</a>地区。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="先秦"><span id=".E5.85.88.E7.A7.A6"></span>先秦</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：先秦"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>商朝建国不久便发生罕见旱灾，旱情持续长达数年之久。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="吕氏春秋">吕氏春秋</a>·季秋纪·顺民篇》记载：“昔者，汤克夏而正天下，天大旱，五年不收。汤乃以身祷于桑林曰：‘余一人有罪无及万夫；万夫有罪在余一人。无以一人之不敏，使上帝鬼神伤民之命。’于是翦其发，其手，以身为牺牲，用祈福于上帝。民乃甚说，雨乃大至”。 </p><p>成汤十八年至二十四年（前1766－1760年间），曾有连续七年的大旱，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>·食货志》载：“尧、禹有九年之水，汤有七年之旱。”《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90" class="mw-disambig" title="管子">管子</a>·轻重篇》亦载：“汤七年旱，民有无子者。”<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E4%BB%B2" title="管仲">管仲</a>还认为：“善为国者，必先除其五害。”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%BE%A1%E8%A7%88" title="太平御览">太平御览</a>》八十三引《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E4%B9%A6%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="竹书纪年">竹书纪年</a>》:“文丁五年，洹水一日三绝”。 </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90" title="淮南子">淮南子</a>·俶真训》载：“殷纣时，峣山崩，三川涸。”《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="国语">国语</a>·周语》载：“昔伊、洛竭而夏亡，河竭而商亡。” </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="诗经">诗经</a>》有“旱既大甚，涤涤山川，旱魃为虐，如惔如焚”，<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及“浩浩昊天，不骏其德；降丧饥馑，斩伐四国。”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的描述。《诗经·大雅·云汉》二章：“后稷不克，上帝不临。”《集传》：“言后稷欲救此旱灾而不能胜也。” </p><p>厉王二十一年至二十六年（前858－853年），连续六年大旱。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>周幽王二年（前780年），史载“三川竭，岐山崩”，<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>三川即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="泾河">泾河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AD%E6%B2%B3" title="渭河">渭河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="洛河">洛河</a>。当时的哲人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%98%B3%E7%88%B6" title="伯阳父">伯阳父</a>认为：“山崩川竭，亡之征也。”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《史记·货殖列传》记载：“六岁穰，六岁旱，十二岁大饥。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="漢朝"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E6.9C.9D"></span>汉朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：汉朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%93%81%E8%AE%BA" title="盐铁论">盐铁论</a>·水旱》：“六岁一饥，十二岁一荒。” </p><p>《史记·孝景本纪》载<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="后元">后元</a>二年“大旱。衡山国、河东、云中郡民疫”。 </p><p>《前汉书·武帝本纪》载，（前114年），“四月，关东旱，郡国四十余饥，人相食”。 </p><p>平帝元始二年（公元2年），郡国大旱，“赐田宅什器，假与犁、牛、种、食。”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>王莽建平四年（前3年）发生大旱灾。《汉书·王莽传》载：王莽时，“连年久旱，亡有平岁，北边及青徐地，人相食……饥民死者十七八。” </p><p>东汉安帝初，“连年水旱灾异，郡国多被饥困……时饥荒之余，人庶流迸，家户且尽。”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>桓帝延熹九年（166年），“青、徐炎旱，五谷损伤，民物流迁。”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《后汉书·杨终传》载<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%B5%82" title="杨终">杨终</a>上疏：“今以比年久旱，灾疫未息。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="南北朝"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E5.8C.97.E6.9C.9D"></span>南北朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：南北朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>北朝北魏太安四年十二月，文成帝下诏说：“六镇、云中、高平、二雍、秦州，遍遇灾旱，年谷不收。其遣开仓廪以赈之。”<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>太和十一年（488年），“大旱，京都民饥，加以牛疫，公私阙乏，时有以马驴及橐驼供驾挽耕载。诏听民就丰。行者十五六，道路给粮禀，至所在，三长赡养之。遣使者时省察焉。”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>太和十二年，“是岁，两雍及豫州旱饥。明年，州镇十五大馑。”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>南朝宋<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E_(%E5%88%98%E5%AE%8B)" title="大明 (刘宋)">大明</a>年间有旱灾。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E7%BA%A6" title="沈约">沈约</a>在《史臣曰》说，“大明之末，积旱成灾，虽敝同往困，而救非昔主，所以病未半古，死已倍之。并命比室，口减过半”。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>南朝梁天监元年（502年）“吴越，是岁大旱，斗米五千，人多饥死。”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>正光二年八月，“今春夏阳旱，谷籴稍贵，穷窘之家，时有菜色。”<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%94%E5%85%89" class="mw-disambig" title="崔光">崔光</a>上表：“秋末久旱，尘壤委深，风霾一起，红埃四塞。……霜旱为灾，所在不稔，饥馑荐臻，方成俭弊。”<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="隋朝"><span id=".E9.9A.8B.E6.9C.9D"></span>隋朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：隋朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大业八年（612年）大旱，“时发四海兵，帝亲征高丽，六军冻馁，死者十八九。”<sup id="cite_ref-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大业十三年（617年）大旱，“时郡县乡邑，悉遣筑城，发男女，无少长，皆就役。”<sup id="cite_ref-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="唐朝"><span id=".E5.94.90.E6.9C.9D"></span>唐朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：唐朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>贞观初，太宗已“遣大使十三人巡省天下。诸州水旱则遣使，有巡察、安抚、存抚之名。”<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>贞观二十三年（649年）“冬旱，至是（六月）雨 ”。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《旧唐书·德宗本纪》载贞元六年夏“福建等道旱，井泉多涸，人渴乏，疫死者众”。 </p><p>德宗贞元十九年（803年）：“自正月不雨至于秋七月”。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>元和三年（808年），<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%A8%B9" title="元稹">元稹</a>曾任监察御史，负责赈灾，他写有《旱灾自咎，贻七县宰》：“吾闻上帝心，降命明且仁。臣稹苟有罪，胡不灾我身。胡为旱一州，祸此千万人。一旱犹可忍，其旱亦已频。”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宋朝"><span id=".E5.AE.8B.E6.9C.9D"></span>宋朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：宋朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《文献通考》卷301记载，北宋明道二年（1033年）“南方大旱，种粒皆绝，人多流亡，因饥成疫，死者十二三。” </p><p>南宋隆兴元年（1163年）平江主簿<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A2%E9%9B%B7" title="王梦雷">王梦雷</a>在湖南大旱饥荒，写下一首《勘灾诗》，“散吏驰驱踏旱丘，沙尘泥土掩双眸。山中树木减颜色，涧畔泉源绝细流。处处桑麻增太息，家家老幼哭无收。下官虽有忧民泪，一担难肩万姓忧。”。 </p><p>绍兴二十九年（1159年）江浙郡国，秋旱。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>开禧三年（1207年）夏秋，久旱，大蝗。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元朝"><span id=".E5.85.83.E6.9C.9D"></span>元朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：元朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>元世祖至元七年（1270年），“诸路旱蝗，告饥者令就食他所。”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="明朝"><span id=".E6.98.8E.E6.9C.9D"></span>明朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：明朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>洪武十二年（1379年）诏曰：“广平所属郡邑天久不雨，致民艰于树艺，衣食不给。……今年夏秋税粮悉行蠲免，以苏民力。”<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>洪武三十年（1397年），“郁林州旱，庄稼失收，次年乃饥。” </p><p>《明英宗实录》载：天顺三年，“辰州、永州、常德、衡州、岳州、铜鼓、五开等府卫自五月至七月不雨，民之饥殍者不可胜记。” </p><p>嘉靖元年、十年、十一年、十七年、二十四年、二十九年、三十四年陕西连年大旱。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《烈皇小识》：“先是天启丁卯，陕西大旱。澄城知县张耀采催科甚酷，民不堪其毒。有王二者，阴纠数百人聚集山上，皆以墨涂面。王二高喝曰：‘谁敢杀张知县？’众齐声应曰：‘我敢杀！’如是者三，遂闯入城。守门者不敢御，直入县杀耀采。众遂团聚山中。” </p><p>《鹿樵纪闻》说：“崇祯改元之岁，秦中大饥，赤地千里。白水王二者，鸠众墨其面，闯入澄城，杀知县。” </p><p>崇祯四年，“冬，延安、庆阳大雪，民饥”。 </p><p>崇祯十年，“是夏，两畿、山西大旱。秋七月，山东、河南蝗，民大饥”。 </p><p>崇祯十二年，“六月，畿内、山东、河南、山西旱蝗”。 </p><p>崇祯十三年（1640年），<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河南">河南</a>“大旱遍及全省，禾草皆枯，洛水深不盈尺，草木兽皮虫蝇皆食尽，人多饥死，饿殍载道，地大荒”。河南<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%BB%84%E5%8E%BF" title="内黄县">内黄县</a>苏王尉村发现的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荒年志（页面不存在）">荒年志</a>》碑记崇祯十三年时“斗麦价钱六百文，斗米价七百文，斗豆价四百文”。 </p><p>崇祯十四年，“六月，两畿、山东、河南、浙江、湖广旱蝗”。 </p><p>有专家统计明朝旱灾次数一共有174次。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>当时旱灾之总数各世纪之冠。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="清朝"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E6.9C.9D"></span>清朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：清朝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famine_Victims_Selling_Their_Children_from_The_Famine_in_China,_Illustrations_by_a_Native_Artist_(1878).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Famine_Victims_Selling_Their_Children_from_The_Famine_in_China%2C_Illustrations_by_a_Native_Artist_%281878%29.jpg/150px-Famine_Victims_Selling_Their_Children_from_The_Famine_in_China%2C_Illustrations_by_a_Native_Artist_%281878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Famine_Victims_Selling_Their_Children_from_The_Famine_in_China%2C_Illustrations_by_a_Native_Artist_%281878%29.jpg/225px-Famine_Victims_Selling_Their_Children_from_The_Famine_in_China%2C_Illustrations_by_a_Native_Artist_%281878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Famine_Victims_Selling_Their_Children_from_The_Famine_in_China%2C_Illustrations_by_a_Native_Artist_%281878%29.jpg/300px-Famine_Victims_Selling_Their_Children_from_The_Famine_in_China%2C_Illustrations_by_a_Native_Artist_%281878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>1878年画，《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%88%8A%E5%A5%87%E8%8D%92" title="丁戊奇荒">中国饥荒</a>》（<i>The Famine in China</i>）。饥荒受难者被强迫把儿女给卖掉</figcaption></figure> <p>《济南府志》记载康熙四年，“春饥，免顺治十八年以前民欠赋粮并发帑分赈。六月大旱，飞虫蔽天，坠地如蜣螂”。 </p><p>乾隆二十年（1755年），“绍兴秋收大歉。次年春夏之交，米价斗三百钱，丐殍载道。”<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>乾隆五十年（<a href="/wiki/1785%E5%B9%B4" title="1785年">1785年</a>）有十三个省受旱，“草根树皮，搜拾殆尽，流民载道，饿殍盈野，死者枕藉”。 </p><p>清光绪元年至四年间发生<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%88%8A%E5%A5%87%E8%8D%92" title="丁戊奇荒">丁戊奇荒</a>，尤以光绪三年（1877年）四年（1878年）为重，“河南全省大旱，夏秋全无收，赤地千里，大饥，人相食。”又山西境内“无处不旱”，“河东两熟之地，灾者八十余区，饥口入册者不下四五百万。”<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>是年8月1日，山西巡抚<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%9C%8B%E8%8D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="曾国荃">曾国荃</a>奏折曰：晋省报灾州已有57处，饥民200余万，后来“赤地千有余里，饥民至五六百万之众。”<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>据12月10日奏报统计，全省被旱10分（颗粒无收）者16个州县；被旱9分者13个县；被旱8分者30个县；被旱7分至5分以下者还有9个县。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中华民国大陆时期"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.8D.8E.E6.B0.91.E5.9B.BD.E5.A4.A7.E9.99.86.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>中华民国大陆时期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：中华民国大陆时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民国成立至抗战前的二十六年之间，至少有十五年的时间发生水、旱等灾荒<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/1920%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BE" title="1920年华北大旱灾">1920年华北大旱灾</a>，陕西、河南、山东、直隶、京兆大旱，数十万流民逃荒至东北<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；同时段发生<a href="/wiki/1921%E5%B9%B4%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" title="1921年湖南饥荒">1921年湖南饥荒</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%91" title="民国十八年年馑">民国十八年年馑</a>，这场灾荒则导致了中国<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="陕西">陕西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河南">河南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="甘肃">甘肃</a>多达数百万人丧生，陕西省人口锐减三分之一。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/1942%E5%B9%B4%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" title="1942年河南饥荒">1942年河南饥荒</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，据当时的国民政府统计，这一年总共造成了360万老百姓饿死。《河南省志》记载1942年：“安阳苦旱，二麦未收，秋禾盈尺又未结实；淇县山丘颗粒未收；洛宁二麦收成不佳，早秋旱死，晚秋未出土。”河南《巩县县志》也记载：“民国三十一年，大旱，几近绝收，加之日军侵略酿成大灾，农民多以树皮、雁屎、观音土充饥。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中華人民共和國"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.8F.AF.E4.BA.BA.E6.B0.91.E5.85.B1.E5.92.8C.E5.9C.8B"></span>中华人民共和国</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：中华人民共和国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>至今中国依旧是旱灾频发，几乎是无年不荒，缺水成为中国全国境内最迫切的问题。2006年内蒙古苏尼特草原持续旱灾<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-一带一路沿线资源环境与社会发展特征分析_2018_p._244_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-一带一路沿线资源环境与社会发展特征分析_2018_p._244-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。2006年5月中旬以来，重庆市遭遇大旱灾。2009春，干旱波及中国12个省份，河北南部、山西东南部、河南西南部等地一度达到特旱。2010年初，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="云南省">云南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="贵州省">贵州</a>为中心的五个省份已达到特旱。2019年，中国多地出现严重干旱<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中国水灾史">中国水灾史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%9D%97%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中国蝗灾史">中国蝗灾史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB%E5%8F%B2" title="中国瘟疫史">中国瘟疫史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中国流民史">中国流民史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%A5%91%E8%8D%92%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中国饥荒列表">中国饥荒列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%BF%E9%9A%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国矿难列表">中国矿难史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国大陆地震列表">中国地震史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="中国自然灾害">中国自然灾害</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《邓拓文集》第二卷第41页，北京出版社1986年版。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">周德钧：《乞丐的历史》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《管子·度地》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《诗经·大雅·云汉》：“旱魁为虐，如惔如焚。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《诗经·小雅·雨无正》：“浩浩昊天，不骏其德。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《史记·周本纪》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《国语》卷1《周语》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《史记·卷四·周本纪》：“夫国必依山川，山崩川竭，亡国之征也。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《汉书·平帝纪》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《后汉书·樊宏列传》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《后汉书·陈王列传》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》卷五《高宗纪》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书·食货志》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》卷一百五之三《天象志三》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《宋书·孔季恭、羊玄保、沈昙庆传论》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《隋书·天文志》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》卷六十七《崔光传》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="隋书">隋书</a>》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，页636。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《新唐书》卷49上《百官志四》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《资治通鉴》卷199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《资治通鉴》卷236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_22-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_22-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《宋史》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2" title="元史">元史</a>·世祖本纪》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《明太祖实录》卷一二四</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《明史》卷三十〈五行志〉</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">邓云特：《中国救荒史》，台北：商务印书馆，1987年，第55页。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">竺藕舫：《中国历史上的旱灾》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">汪辉祖：《病榻梦痕录》上卷</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">王锡伦《丁丑奇荒记》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《曾忠襄公奏议》卷八</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《山西通志》八十六卷</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">邓云特：《中国救荒史》（1937年，初版；北京：商务印书馆，一九九三年影印第一版），页四○～四八</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%87%E6%B5%B7_(1932%E5%B9%B4)" title="李文海 (1932年)">李文海</a>, 1994, 《中国近代十大灾荒》第六章“1920年北五省大旱灾和甘肃大地震”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">据《宋任穷回忆录》提到晋冀鲁豫根据地冀南军区：“一九四二年春，天旱无雨，夏粮收成无几。春旱持续发展，旱情波及十几个县，许多地方大秋作物无法下种，致使秋收所获甚微。一九四三年灾情更为严重。先是旱灾，自春到秋久旱无雨长达八个月。许多水井干涸，河水断流，甚至人畜的饮水都成了问题。”河南《前锋报》记者李蕤写道：“旱灾烧死了他们的麦子，蝗虫吃光了他们的高粱，冰雹打死了他们的荞麦，到秋天，最后的希望，又随着一棵棵的垂毙的秋苗枯焦。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">China. 国家民委. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901123120/https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=CRPkAAAAMAAJ">中国民族</a>. 民族团结杂芝社. 2006: 21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=CRPkAAAAMAAJ">原始内容</a>存档于2021-09-01） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&rft.au=China.+%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%82%E8%8A%9D%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.hk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCRPkAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|issue=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-一带一路沿线资源环境与社会发展特征分析_2018_p._244-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-一带一路沿线资源环境与社会发展特征分析_2018_p._244_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504130418/https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=8r6aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244">一带一路沿线资源环境与社会发展特征分析</a>. BEIJING BOOK CO. INC. 2018: 244 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5375-8681-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5375-8681-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5375-8681-8</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=8r6aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-04） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E6%B2%BF%E7%BA%BF%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5375-8681-8&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=BEIJING+BOOK+CO.+INC.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.hk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8r6aDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT244&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908214237/https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=x0dKAQAAIAAJ">中国红十字年鉴</a>. 台海出版社. 2006: 381 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=x0dKAQAAIAAJ">原始内容</a>存档于2021-09-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=%E5%8F%B0%E6%B5%B7%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.hk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0dKAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" 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style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ixigua.com/i6752821025823523339/">中央气象台预报:全国降水减少，安徽、江西、浙江再次面临干旱</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-11-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115121350/https://www.ixigua.com/i6752821025823523339/">存档</a>于2019-11-15）.</cite><span 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<ul><li>李文梅等《中国近代十大灾荒》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>中国灾害查询系统<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706080653/http://jiuban.zzys.moa.gov.cn/">中华人民共和国农业部种植业管理司</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jiuban.zzys.moa.gov.cn/">原始内容</a>存档于2018-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E9%83%A8%E7%A7%8D%E6%A4%8D%E4%B8%9A%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8F%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjiuban.zzys.moa.gov.cn%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527001206/http://202.127.42.157/moazzys/zaihai/chaxun.asp">中国灾害查询系统（公元前205年－1839年；1840年－1948年；1949年之后）</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://202.127.42.157/moazzys/zaihai/chaxun.asp">原始内容</a>存档于2017-05-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%A2%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D205%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1839%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9B1840%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1948%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9B1949%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F202.127.42.157%2Fmoazzys%2Fzaihai%2Fchaxun.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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