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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages:_Turkic_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages:_Turkic_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Middle Ages: Turkic conquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages:_Turkic_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Late modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_peaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_peaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable peaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_peaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenian highlands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المرتفعات الأرمنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المرتفعات الأرمنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Հայկական Լեռնաշխարհ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հայկական Լեռնաշխարհ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erm%C9%99nistan_yaylas%C4%B1" title="Ermənistan yaylası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ermənistan yaylası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Армянскае нагор’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армянскае нагор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Армянскае нагор’е – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Армянскае нагор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Арменска планинска земя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арменска планинска земя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altipl%C3%A0_d%27Arm%C3%A8nia" title="Altiplà d'Armènia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Altiplà d'Armènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nsk%C3%A1_vyso%C4%8Dina" title="Arménská vysočina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arménská vysočina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_armenske_h%C3%B8jland" title="Det armenske højland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det armenske højland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenisches_Hochland" title="Armenisches Hochland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armenisches Hochland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeenia_m%C3%A4gismaa" title="Armeenia mägismaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Armeenia mägismaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%85%CF%88%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αρμενικά υψίπεδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρμενικά υψίπεδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano_armenio" title="Altiplano armenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Altiplano armenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armena_Altebena%C4%B5o" title="Armena Altebenaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armena Altebenaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniar_goi-ordokia" title="Armeniar goi-ordokia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armeniar goi-ordokia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرزمین کوهستانی ارمنستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرزمین کوهستانی ارمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-plateau_arm%C3%A9nien" title="Haut-plateau arménien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haut-plateau arménien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardchr%C3%ADoch_na_hAirm%C3%A9ine" title="Ardchríoch na hAirméine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardchríoch na hAirméine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EA%B3%A0%EC%9B%90" title="아르메니아고원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르메니아고원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्मीनिया का पठार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्मीनिया का पठार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenska_visoravan" title="Armenska visoravan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Armenska visoravan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Tinggi_Armenia" title="Dataran Tinggi Armenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dataran Tinggi Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B_%D1%83%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%B2%C3%A6%D0%B7" title="Сомихы уæлвæз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сомихы уæлвæз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altopiano_armeno" title="Altopiano armeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Altopiano armeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="רמת ארמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמת ארמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="სომხეთის მთიანეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომხეთის მთიანეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96" title="Армян таулы үстірті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Армян таулы үстірті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Армян тайпак тоосу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Армян тайпак тоосу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planadura_Alauta_de_l%27Armenia" title="Planadura Alauta de l'Armenia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Planadura Alauta de l'Armenia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planities_montana_Armeniaca" title="Planities montana Armeniaca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Planities montana Armeniaca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%93nijas_kalniene" title="Armēnijas kalniene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Armēnijas kalniene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%97nijos_kalnynas" title="Armėnijos kalnynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Armėnijos kalnynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rm%C3%A9ny-felf%C3%B6ld" title="Örmény-felföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örmény-felföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ерменска Висорамнина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерменска Висорамнина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Tinggi_Armenia" title="Dataran Tinggi Armenia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dataran Tinggi Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeens_Hoogland" title="Armeens Hoogland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armeens Hoogland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="アルメニア高原 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルメニア高原" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Эрмалойн акъари – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрмалойн акъари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_armenske_h%C3%B8ylandet" title="Det armenske høylandet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det armenske høylandet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_armenske_h%C3%B8glandet" title="Det armenske høglandet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det armenske høglandet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaniston_tog%CA%BBligi" title="Armaniston togʻligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Armaniston togʻligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy%C5%BCyna_Arme%C5%84ska" title="Wyżyna Armeńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyżyna Armeńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planalto_Arm%C3%AAnio" title="Planalto Armênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Planalto Armênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Армянское нагорье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армянское нагорье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Armenian highlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nska_vyso%C4%8Dina" title="Arménska vysočina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arménska vysočina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armensko_vi%C5%A1avje" title="Armensko višavje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Armensko višavje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јерменска висораван – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јерменска висораван" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenska_visoravan" title="Armenska visoravan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Armenska visoravan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆர்மேனிய மேட்டுநிலங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்மேனிய மேட்டுநிலங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Әрмән таулыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әрмән таулыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ที่สูงอาร์มีเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ที่สูงอาร์มีเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeni_Yaylas%C4%B1" title="Ermeni Yaylası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ermeni Yaylası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%27%D1%8F" title="Вірменське нагір'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірменське нагір'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%A1n_nguy%C3%AAn_Armenia" title="Sơn nguyên Armenia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sơn nguyên Armenia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Armenian_highlands&params=39_17_01_N_43_22_19_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°17′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°22′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.28361°N 43.37194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.28361; 43.37194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Highlands&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Elevated plateau in northern West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Armenian highlands</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg/272px-The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg/408px-The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg/544px-The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">The Armenian highlands near the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iran–Turkey border">Iran–Turkey border</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, Turkey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,137 m (16,854 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Armenian_highlands&params=39.7019_N_44.2983_E_type:mountain_region:TR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°42′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°17′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.7019°N 44.2983°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.7019; 44.2983</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-otm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">400,000 km<sup>2</sup> (150,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_highlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Armenian_highlands.jpg/272px-Armenian_highlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Armenian_highlands.jpg/408px-Armenian_highlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Armenian_highlands.jpg/544px-Armenian_highlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4172" data-file-height="3148" /></a></span><div>Satellite image</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li><li>Turkey</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Armenian_highlands&params=39_17_01_N_43_22_19_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°17′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°22′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.28361°N 43.37194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.28361; 43.37194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Armenian highlands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Haykakan leṙnašxarh</i></span>; also known as the <b>Armenian upland</b>, <b>Armenian plateau</b>, or <b>Armenian tableland</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the most central and the highest of the three <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> that together form the northern sector of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clockwise starting from the west, the Armenian highlands are bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian plateau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur-Araz Lowland">Kura-Aras lowlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The highlands are divided into western and eastern regions, defined by the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Valley</a> where <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a> is located. <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> is nowadays referred to as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">eastern Anatolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a> or Caucasus Minor, and historically as the Anti-Caucasus,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "opposite the Caucasus". </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the region was known by variations of the name <i>Ararat</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></i>, <i>Uruatri</i>, <i>Urashtu</i>). Later, the Highlands were known as <i>Armenia Major</i>, a central region to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">history of Armenians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the four <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> regions associated with <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other three being <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophene" title="Sophene">Sophene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highlands are primarily defined by the geographical dispersal of its native inhabitants, the Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-EI3Sinclair_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI3Sinclair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the appearance of nominally <i>Armenian</i> people in historical records, historians have hypothesized that the region must have been home to various ethnic groups who became homogenous when the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a> came to prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Porta_2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Porta_2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the Armenian highlands seem to have had a high level of regional genetic continuity for over 6,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies have shown that the Armenian people descend from the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous people</a> of the Armenian highlands and form a distinct <a href="/wiki/Genetic_isolate" title="Genetic isolate">genetic isolate</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:422_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was also inhabited during <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a> by minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migrations#Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic migrations">Turkmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> settled in large numbers in the Armenian highlands. The Christian population of the western half of the region was <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">exterminated</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1917), organized and perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the eastern half is mainly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, while the western half is mainly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> (included crypto-Armenians and <a href="/wiki/Hemshins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemshins">Hemshins</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a>), Turks, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The region was administered for most of its known history by <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">Armenian nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">states</a>, whether it was as part of a fully independent Armenian state, as vassals, or as part of a foreign state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since the 1040s, the highlands have been under the rule of various <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, with pockets of Armenian autonomy in places such as <a href="/wiki/Artsakh_(historical_province)" title="Artsakh (historical province)">Artsakh</a>. Much of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>, which had been ruled by the Safavids from the 16th century, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1828 and was later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, while much of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and later incorporated into <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey#Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">modern Turkey</a>. Today, the region is divided between <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-EI3Sinclair_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI3Sinclair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_topography">Geography and topography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:372px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:370px;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian-highlands-false-color-height-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Armenian-highlands-false-color-height-map.jpg/400px-Armenian-highlands-false-color-height-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Armenian-highlands-false-color-height-map.jpg/600px-Armenian-highlands-false-color-height-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Armenian-highlands-false-color-height-map.jpg/800px-Armenian-highlands-false-color-height-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:76px"><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia"><span style="color: white; letter-spacing: 9px;">Anatolia</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:122px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent"><span style="color: black;letter-spacing: 3px;">Fertile Crescent</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:178px; top:64px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: white; letter-spacing: 2.5px;">Armenian highlands</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:258px; top:8px"><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus"><span style="color: white; letter-spacing: 5px;">Caucasus</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:306px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau"><span style="color: white; letter-spacing: 3px;">Iranian<br /><br />plateau</span></a></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Height_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Height map">Height map</a> emphasizing the natural shape of the Armenian Highlands.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/220px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/330px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/440px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Artos" title="Mount Artos">Mount Artos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Akhtamar_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhtamar Island">Akhtamar Island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akdogangolugunbatimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Akdogangolugunbatimi.jpg/220px-Akdogangolugunbatimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Akdogangolugunbatimi.jpg/330px-Akdogangolugunbatimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Akdogangolugunbatimi.jpg/440px-Akdogangolugunbatimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Akdo%C4%9Fan" title="Lake Akdoğan">Lake Akdoğan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Armenian highlands is part of the <a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a>, forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> range that stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. Its total area is about 400,000 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Armenian highlands have been the scene of great volcanic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geologically recent <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> on the area has resulted in large volcanic formations and a series of <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massifs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> movement has formed the three largest lakes in the Highlands: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian highlands are rich in water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central, axial chain of Armenian highland ridges, running from west to east across <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>, is called the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Taurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Taurus">Anti-Taurus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the west, the Anti-Taurus departs to the north from the Central (Cilician) Taurus, and, passing right in the middle of the Armenian plateau, parallel to the Eastern (Armenian) <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus</a>, ends in the east at the Ararat peaks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> To the west is the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_plateau" title="Anatolian plateau">Anatolian plateau</a>, which rises slowly from the lowland coast of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and converges with the Armenian highlands to the east of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> extends to the northeast of the Armenian highlands, with the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura river</a> forming its eastern boundary in the <a href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur-Araz Lowland">Kura-Aras lowlands</a>. To its southeast is the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, where the elevation drops rapidly by about 600 metres (2,000 ft) to 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the southwest is <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>). </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg/220px-Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg/330px-Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg/440px-Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Armenian highlands Ptolemy Cosmographia 1467</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Armenian_highland_and_Caucasus_mountains_12_122846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_the_Armenian_highland_and_Caucasus_mountains_12_122846.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Armenian_highland_and_Caucasus_mountains_12_122846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_the_Armenian_highland_and_Caucasus_mountains_12_122846.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Armenian_highland_and_Caucasus_mountains_12_122846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_the_Armenian_highland_and_Caucasus_mountains_12_122846.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Armenian_highland_and_Caucasus_mountains_12_122846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Armenian highlands and Caucasus mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Thomas A. Sinclair in the third edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-EI3Sinclair_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI3Sinclair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It occupied a large part of present-day Turkey, the whole of the territory of the present Republic of Armenia, further districts, now in the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, immediately adjacent to the east, and the northwest corner of modern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The preceding is the definition of Armenia assumed in texts of the Classical and Late Classical periods and laid out explicitly in the early seventh-century C.E. document called the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashkharhatsuyts" title="Ashkharhatsuyts">Ašxarhac‘oyc‘</a></i> ("Geography"). The earlier Arab geographers know Armenia (Arminīya) under this definition, but the Muslim geographers of the late Middle Ages know Armenia as a much more restricted area, effectively the regions of Lake Van, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, and the upper Aras in Azerbaijan (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Adhharbāyjān</a>).</p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Online">Britannica Online</a>, most of the Armenian highlands is in present-day <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">eastern Anatolia</a>, and also includes northwestern Iran, all of Armenia, southern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and western Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its northeastern parts are also known as <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a>, which is a center of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnography">Ethnography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regardless of its topography, the Armenian highlands are primarily defined by the geographical dispersal of its native inhabitants, the Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-EI3Sinclair_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI3Sinclair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_plateau_%27natural_borders%27_by_H.F.B._Lynch,_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Armenian_plateau_%27natural_borders%27_by_H.F.B._Lynch%2C_1901.jpg/260px-Armenian_plateau_%27natural_borders%27_by_H.F.B._Lynch%2C_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Armenian_plateau_%27natural_borders%27_by_H.F.B._Lynch%2C_1901.jpg/390px-Armenian_plateau_%27natural_borders%27_by_H.F.B._Lynch%2C_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Armenian_plateau_%27natural_borders%27_by_H.F.B._Lynch%2C_1901.jpg/520px-Armenian_plateau_%27natural_borders%27_by_H.F.B._Lynch%2C_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The natural borders of the Armenian plateau and its peripheral regions according to <a href="/wiki/H._F._B._Lynch" title="H. F. B. Lynch">H. F. B. Lynch</a> (1901).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 4000 to 1000 BC, tools and trinkets of copper, bronze and iron were commonly produced in this region and traded in neighboring lands where those metals were less abundant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no propaganda source can be shown as reference (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also traditionally believed to be one of the possible locations of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Armenian Plateau has been called the "epicenter of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>", since it appears to be the location of the first appearance of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_metallurgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age metallurgy">Iron Age metallurgy</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>, the Kingdom of Van controlled much of the region, until it was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a>. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>, the land of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a> is placed in a geographic space that could be describing the Armenian plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-Oceania_2009,_p._47_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oceania_2009,_p._47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a>, the population living on the Highlands was ethnically diverse, but in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> period (550–330 BC), <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian-speakers</a> came to prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Porta_2018_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Porta_2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies have shown that Armenians are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> to the Armenian highlands and form a distinct <a href="/wiki/Genetic_isolate" title="Genetic isolate">genetic isolate</a> in the region. There are signs of considerable <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">genetic admixture</a> in Armenians between <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3000 BC and 2000 BC</a>, these mixture dates also coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">legendary establishment of Armenia</a> in 2492 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-:422_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they subside to insignificant levels since 1200 BC, remaining stable until today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages:_Turkic_conquests">Middle Ages: Turkic conquests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages: Turkic conquests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> first arrived in the Armenian highlands in the 1040s and expanded westward, conquering territories and populating the peninsula until finally the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was declared in 1299.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seljuks' victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> made them dominant in the region. <a href="/wiki/Ruben_I,_Prince_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben I, Prince of Armenia">Ruben I, Prince of Armenia</a>, led some Armenians out of the Highlands and escaped into the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, where they founded the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 13th century, as various peoples fled from the advancing <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> onslaught, the Highlands saw the migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Kharizmian</a> peoples. The Mongols, who did not distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, reached the Highlands in 1235. With their arrival, Armenia became part of "the East" in its entirety for the first time since the territory was partitioned during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">Byzantine–Sasanian wars</a>. Considered the successors of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a> and Seljuks, the Mongols eventually converted to Islam and established their dynasty in modern day <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1410 the area was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a>, who ruled until 1468. The <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> culture of the Kara Koyunlu Turks undermined agricultural practices in Armenia. In 1468, the <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a> Turks assumed power; their reign lasted until 1502 when the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> brought Armenia under Iranian rule. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> did not take control of the highland region until 1514, several decades after Armenians in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> were given <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)"><i>millet</i></a> status. The Highlands came under Ottoman control following the defeat of the Safavids at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalderon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chalderon">Battle of Chalderon</a>; they appointed <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> tribesman to rule over the highlands' local administrative affairs. By 1516, the Ottoman Empire had invaded all of the Armenian lands, including Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the early modern era and on, the region came directly under <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Iranian</a> rule. Heavily contested for centuries between the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a> and its archrival the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, with numerous wars raging over the region, large parts of the Highlands comprising <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> were finally conquered by the Ottomans in the first half of the 17th century following the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)">Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>, the other major part of the Highlands, stayed in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian</a> hands up to the 1828 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>, when it was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_period">Late modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first half of the 19th century, the Ottoman-held parts of the Armenian highlands comprising Western Armenia formed the boundary of the Ottoman and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> spheres of influence, after the latter had completed its conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and Eastern Armenia at the expense of its suzerain, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">four major wars</a> spanning more than two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg/290px-Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg/435px-Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg/580px-Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Map of massacre locations and deportation and extermination centers during the Armenian genocide 1915–1916.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Highlands saw a massive demographic shift after the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and fall of the Ottoman Empire, with <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> being relabeled "Eastern Anatolia".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Armenian genocide and <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Highlands have been the boundary region of Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and, since the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oceania_2009,_p._47_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oceania_2009,_p._47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_montane_steppe" title="Eastern Anatolian montane steppe">Eastern Anatolian montane steppe</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a>, known by the Romans as the <i>prunus armenicus</i> (the Armenian plum), was brought to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from the Armenian plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_peaks">Notable peaks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable peaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Mountain</th> <th>Elevation</th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></td> <td>5,137 m (16,854 ft)</td> <td>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cilo_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilo Dağı">Mount Cilo</a></td> <td>4,135 m (13,566 ft)</td> <td>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Mount Aragats</a></td> <td>4,090 m (13,420 ft)</td> <td>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Aragatsotn_Province" title="Aragatsotn Province">Aragatsotn Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_S%C3%BCphan" title="Mount Süphan">Mount Sipan</a></td> <td>4,058 m (13,314 ft)</td> <td>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kaputjugh" title="Mount Kaputjugh">Mount Kaputjugh</a></td> <td>3,906 m (12,815 ft)</td> <td> <ul><li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik Province</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Ordubad_District" title="Ordubad District">Ordubad</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azhdahak_(volcano)" title="Azhdahak (volcano)">Mount Azhdahak</a></td> <td>3,597 m (11,801 ft)</td> <td>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Gegharkunik Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Mount Trasar</td> <td>3,594 m (11,791 ft)</td> <td>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Artos" title="Mount Artos">Mount Artos</a></td> <td>3,515 m (11,532 ft)</td> <td>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munzur_Mountains" title="Munzur Mountains">Munzur Mountains</a> </td> <td>3,463 (11.362 ft) </td> <td>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli Province</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Ark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam#In_culture" title="Noah in Islam">Nuh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haykakan_Par" title="Haykakan Par">Haykakan Par</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat" title="Mountains of Ararat">Mountains of Ararat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tend%C3%BCrek" title="Mount Tendürek">Mount Tendürek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durup%C4%B1nar_site" title="Durupınar site">Durupınar site</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">River system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-otm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-otm_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentopomap.org/#marker=14/39.7019/44.2983">"Topographic map of Ağrı Dağı"</a>. <i>opentopomap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opentopomap.org&rft.atitle=Topographic+map+of+A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1+Da%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentopomap.org%2F%23marker%3D14%2F39.7019%2F44.2983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewsen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H.</a> "The Geography of Armenia" in <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 1–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealbyKropotkin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bealby, John Thomas; Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caucasus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Caucasus">"Caucasus" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 05 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 550–555. <q>...1. Western Caucasus...&...2. Middle Caucasus: (a) Western Half...&...3. Middle Caucasus: (b) Eastern Part...&...4. The Eastern Section</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=550-555&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bealby&rft.aufirst=John+Thomas&rft.au=Kropotkin%2C+Peter+Alexeivitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReclus1892" class="citation book cs1">Reclus, Onésime (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abirdseyeviewwo00clargoog"><i>A Bird's-eye View of the World</i></a>. Ticknor. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abirdseyeviewwo00clargoog/page/n288">264</a>. <q>anti caucasus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bird%27s-eye+View+of+the+World&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Ticknor&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Reclus&rft.aufirst=On%C3%A9sime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabirdseyeviewwo00clargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc.gov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/armenian-rarities/about-this-collection/">"Armenian Rarities Collection"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307021523/https://www.loc.gov/collections/armenian-rarities/about-this-collection/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>The lands of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> were for millennia located in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountain range</a>. First mentioned almost contemporaneously by a Greek and Persian source in the 6th century BC, modern DNA studies have shown that the people themselves had already been in place for many millennia. Those people the world know as Armenians call themselves <i>Hay</i> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">their country</a> <i>Hayots' ashkharh</i>–the land of the Armenians, today known as Hayastan. Their language, <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Hayeren</a></i> (Armenian) constitutes a separate and unique branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European linguistic family tree</a>. A spoken language until <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianity became the state religion</a> in 314 AD, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">a unique alphabet was created</a> for it in 407, both for the propagation of the new faith and to avoid assimilation into the <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literary world</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Armenian+Rarities+Collection&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Farmenian-rarities%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdalian2010" class="citation book cs1">Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC"><i>Historical dictionary of Armenia</i></a> (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 336–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810874503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810874503"><bdi>978-0810874503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Armenia&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=336-8&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0810874503&rft.aulast=Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQS-vSjHObOYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriersonWestermark1991" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, Otto Mørkholm; <a href="/wiki/Ulla_Westermark" title="Ulla Westermark">Westermark, Ulla</a> (1991). Philip (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_5Ez0kAOuIC"><i>Early Hellenistic coinage : from the accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.)</i></a> (Repr. ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5213-9504-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-5213-9504-6"><bdi>0-5213-9504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Hellenistic+coinage+%3A+from+the+accession+of+Alexander+to+the+Peace+of+Apamea+%28336-188+B.C.%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+the+U.K.&rft.pages=175&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-5213-9504-6&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Otto+M%C3%B8rkholm&rft.au=Westermark%2C+Ulla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_5Ez0kAOuIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI3Sinclair-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI3Sinclair_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI3Sinclair_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI3Sinclair_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI3Sinclair_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sinclair, Thomas A. (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks-brillonline-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_23853">"Armenia (topography)"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+%28topography%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks-brillonline-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_23853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Porta_2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Porta_2018_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Porta_2018_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Porta2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">La Porta, Sergio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-439?rskey=LhAqa2&result=1">"Armenia"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>. <q>Among the diversity of ethnicities residing on the Armenian plateau in Antiquity, the Armenian-speakers came to prominence during the Achaemenid period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=La+Porta&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-439%3Frskey%3DLhAqa2%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovhannisyanJonesDelserSchraiber2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hovhannisyan, Anahit; Jones, Eppie; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Schraiber, Joshua; Hakobyan, Anna; Margaryan, Ashot; Hrechdakian, Peter; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Saag, Lehti; Khachatryan, Zaruhi; Yepiskoposyan, Levon (2020-06-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815015551/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.168781v1.full">"AN ADMIXTURE SIGNAL IN ARMENIANS AROUND THE END OF THE BRONZE AGE REVEALS WIDESPREAD POPULATION MOVEMENT ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST"</a>. <i>bioRxiv</i>: 2020.06.24.168781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2020.06.24.168781">10.1101/2020.06.24.168781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220253091">220253091</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.168781v1">the original</a> on 2020-08-15. <q>We show that Armenians have indeed remained unadmixed through the Neolithic and at least until the first part of the Bronze Age, and fail to find any support for historical suggestions by Herodotus of an input from the Balkans. However, we do detect a genetic input of Sardinian-like ancestry during or just after the Middle-Late Bronze Age. A similar input at approximately the same time was detected in East Africa, suggesting large-scale movement both North and South of the Middle East. Whether such large-scale population movement was a result of climatic or cultural changes is unclear, as well as the true source of gene flow remains an open question that needs to be addressed in future ancient DNA studies. [...] We focused on solving a long-standing puzzle regarding Armenians' genetic roots. Although the Balkan hypothesis has long been considered the most plausible narrative on the origin of Armenians, our results strongly reject it, showing that modern Armenians are genetically distinct from both the ancient and present-day populations from the Balkans. On the contrary, we confirmed the pattern of genetic affinity between the modern and ancient inhabitants of the Armenian Highland since the Chalcolithic, which was initially identified in previous studies. [...] Sardinians have the highest affinity to early European farmers [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=AN+ADMIXTURE+SIGNAL+IN+ARMENIANS+AROUND+THE+END+OF+THE+BRONZE+AGE+REVEALS+WIDESPREAD+POPULATION+MOVEMENT+ACROSS+THE+MIDDLE+EAST&rft.pages=2020.06.24.168781&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F2020.06.24.168781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220253091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hovhannisyan&rft.aufirst=Anahit&rft.au=Jones%2C+Eppie&rft.au=Delser%2C+Pierpaolo+Maisano&rft.au=Schraiber%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Hakobyan%2C+Anna&rft.au=Margaryan%2C+Ashot&rft.au=Hrechdakian%2C+Peter&rft.au=Sahakyan%2C+Hovhannes&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Khachatryan%2C+Zaruhi&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+Levon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2F10.1101%2F2020.06.24.168781v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:422-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:422_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:422_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberMezzavillaXueComas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Xue, Yali; Comas, David; Gasparini, Paolo; Zalloua, Pierre; Tyler-Smith, Chris (21 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820045">"Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>24</b> (6): 931–936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2015.206">10.1038/ejhg.2015.206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820045">4820045</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26486470">26486470</a>. <q>Our tests suggest that Armenians had no significant mixture with other populations in their recent history and have thus been genetically isolated since the end of the Bronze Age, 3000 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+for+an+origin+of+the+Armenians+from+Bronze+Age+mixing+of+multiple+populations&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=931-936&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4820045%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26486470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2015.206&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Mezzavilla%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft.au=Gasparini%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4820045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (June 2008). "Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>10</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 15–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520701850278">10.1080/14623520701850278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-9494">1469-9494</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260038904">260038904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71551858">71551858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Seeing+like+a+nation-state%3A+Young+Turk+social+engineering+in+Eastern+Turkey%2C+1913%E2%80%9350&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-39&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260038904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71551858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-9494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520701850278&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshwald2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aviel_Roshwald" title="Aviel Roshwald">Roshwald, Aviel</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">"Part II. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+with+Nagorno+Karabagh&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2014-09&rft.isbn=9781841625553&rft.aulast=Holding&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbz-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2014" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C. (2014-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond ...</i></a> Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598849486" title="Special:BookSources/9781598849486"><bdi>9781598849486</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond+...&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.isbn=9781598849486&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies – Page 3, by Richard G. Hovannisian – 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_highlands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalichian2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Galichian" title="Rouben Galichian">Galichian, Rouben</a> (2014). <i>Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage</i>. Print info. London: Bennett & Bloom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908755-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908755-20-9"><bdi>978-1-908755-20-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893915777">893915777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Maps+of+Armenia%3A+The+Cartographic+Heritage&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bennett+%26+Bloom&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893915777&rft.isbn=978-1-908755-20-9&rft.aulast=Galichian&rft.aufirst=Rouben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewsen2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Hewsen" title="Robert H. Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/332284.html"><i>Armenia: A Historical Atlas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-33228-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-33228-4"><bdi>0-226-33228-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+A+Historical+Atlas&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-226-33228-4&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2FMisc%2FChicago%2F332284.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahinyan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Shahinyan, Arsen K. (2022). "The Southern Boundaries of the Southern Caucasus". <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 418–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20220407">10.1163/1573384X-20220407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254388941">254388941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Boundaries+of+the+Southern+Caucasus&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=418-424&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20220407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254388941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shahinyan&rft.aufirst=Arsen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sinclair, Thomas A. (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/armenia-topography-COM_23853?s.num=5&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=azerbaijan">"Armenia (topography)"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+%28topography%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Farmenia-topography-COM_23853%3Fs.num%3D5%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3Dazerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+highlands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountains_of_Armenia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Template:Mountains of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:Mountains of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountains_of_Armenia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mountains of Armenia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Achkasar" title="Mount Achkasar">Achkasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(mountain)" title="Ara (mountain)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Aragats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramazd_mountains" title="Aramazd mountains">Aramazd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhdahak_(volcano)" title="Azhdahak (volcano)">Azhdahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar-Alages" title="Dar-Alages">Dar-Alages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutanasar" title="Gutanasar">Gutanasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kaputjugh" title="Mount Kaputjugh">Kaputjugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Plateau" title="Karabakh Plateau">Karabakh Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khustup" title="Khustup">Khustup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niphates" title="Niphates">Niphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porak" title="Porak">Porak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhouk-Karckar" title="Tskhouk-Karckar">Tskhouk-Karckar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_topics" title="Template talk:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">timeline</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi_(Armenian_usages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi (Armenian usages)">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1508–1828 Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">Independent Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Armenia" title="List of earthquakes in Armenia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Armenia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Mountains of Armenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia" title="List of rivers of Armenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia" title="List of lakes of Armenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikahogh_State_Reserve" title="Shikahogh State Reserve">Shikahogh State Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Plain" title="Shirak Plain">Shirak Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Armenia" title="Category:Geography of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">National Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Armenia" title="Category:Government of Armenia">more on government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Politics of Armenia">on politics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Stock Exchange">AMX (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Depository_of_Armenia" title="Central Depository of Armenia">Central Depository </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Armenia" title="Mineral industry of Armenia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Armenia" title="Pensions in Armenia">Pension reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">South Caucasus Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Armenia" title="Category:Culture of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Armenia" title="Census in Armenia">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Demographics of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Armenia" title="Category:Religion in Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Armenia" title="National symbols of Armenia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211263#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211263#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211263#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/241879122">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4701002-2">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/874350">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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