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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preliminary_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Preliminary matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_1:_Dialogue_of_Counsel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_1:_Dialogue_of_Counsel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Book 1: Dialogue of Counsel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_1:_Dialogue_of_Counsel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_2:_Discourse_on_Utopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_2:_Discourse_on_Utopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Book 2: Discourse on Utopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_2:_Discourse_on_Utopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Utopia</i> (book)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="يوتوبيا (كتاب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوتوبيا (كتاب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopiya_(kitab)" title="Utopiya (kitab) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Utopiya (kitab)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87)" title="ইউটোপিয়া (বই) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউটোপিয়া (বই)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopija_(knjiga)" title="Utopija (knjiga) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Utopija (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(llibre)" title="Utopia (llibre) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Utopia (llibre)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopie_(kniha)" title="Utopie (kniha) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Utopie (kniha)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Utopia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(Roman)" title="Utopia (Roman) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Utopia (Roman)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97_%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF)" title="Η Ουτοπία (βιβλίο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Η Ουτοπία (βιβλίο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utop%C3%ADa_(Tom%C3%A1s_Moro)" title="Utopía (Tomás Moro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Utopía (Tomás Moro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Utopia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(Tomas_Moro)" title="Utopia (Tomas Moro) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Utopia (Tomas Moro)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="اتوپیا (کتاب) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتوپیا (کتاب)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Utopie" title="L'Utopie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="L'Utopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(boek)" title="Utopia (boek) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Utopia (boek)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%86%A0%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84_(%EC%B1%85)" title="유토피아 (책) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유토피아 (책)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopija_(djelo_Tome_Morusa)" title="Utopija (djelo Tome Morusa) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Utopija (djelo Tome Morusa)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(buku)" title="Utopia (buku) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Utopia (buku)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(Tommaso_Moro)" title="Utopia (Tommaso Moro) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Utopia (Tommaso Moro)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8)" title="אוטופיה (ספר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטופיה (ספר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(Morus)" title="Utopia (Morus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Utopia (Morus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(boek)" title="Utopia (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Utopia (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2_(%E6%9C%AC)" title="ユートピア (本) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユートピア (本)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(libre)" title="Utopia (libre) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Utopia (libre)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_(%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC)" title="ਯੂਟੋਪੀਆ (ਕਿਤਾਬ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਟੋਪੀਆ (ਕਿਤਾਬ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(utw%C3%B3r)" title="Utopia (utwór) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Utopia (utwór)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(livro)" title="Utopia (livro) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Utopia (livro)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Utopia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Утопия (книга) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Утопия (книга)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(book)" title="Utopia (book) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Utopia (book)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="يوٽوپيا (ڪتاب) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوٽوپيا (ڪتاب)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopija_(More)" title="Utopija (More) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Utopija (More)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(kirja)" title="Utopia (kirja) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Utopia (kirja)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utopia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_(%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD)" title="ยูโทเปีย (หนังสือ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูโทเปีย (หนังสือ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctopya_(roman)" title="Ütopya (roman) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ütopya (roman)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Утопія (книга) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Утопія (книга)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%89%98%E9%82%A6_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="乌托邦 (书) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌托邦 (书)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q404158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(More_book)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia (More book)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1516 book by Thomas More</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the concept, see <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a>. For other written works, see <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(disambiguation)#Literature" class="mw-disambig" title="Utopia (disambiguation)">Utopia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Utopia <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia&rft.author=%5B%5BThomas+More%5D%5D&rft.date=1516&rft.pub=More&rft.place=%5B%5BHabsburg+Netherlands%5D%5D&rft.pages=359&rft_id=info:oclcnum/863744174"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Isola_di_Utopia_Moro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Isola_di_Utopia_Moro.jpg/220px-Isola_di_Utopia_Moro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Isola_di_Utopia_Moro.jpg/330px-Isola_di_Utopia_Moro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Isola_di_Utopia_Moro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="524" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration for the 1516 first edition of <i>Utopia</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Robinson_(humanist)" title="Ralph Robinson (humanist)">Ralph Robinson</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Holbein" title="Ambrosius Holbein">Ambrosius Holbein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">More</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1516</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1551</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">359</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863744174">863744174</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">335.02</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">HX810.5 .E54</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>A Merry Jest </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Latin Poems </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Utopia" class="extiw" title="s:la:Utopia">Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia</a></i></span> at Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Utopia_(More)" class="extiw" title="s:Utopia (More)">Utopia</a></i> at Wikisource</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Utopia</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A truly golden little book, not less beneficial than enjoyable, about how things should be in a state and about the new island Utopia") is a work of fiction and socio-<a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political</a> <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> (1478–1535), written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and published in 1516. The book is a <a href="/wiki/Frame_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame narrative">frame narrative</a> primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">social</a> and political customs. Many aspects of More's description of Utopia are reminiscent of life in <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1983_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title <i>De optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia</i> literally translates, "Of a republic's best state and of the new island Utopia". </p><p>It is variously rendered as any of the following: </p> <ul><li><i>On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia</i></li> <li><i>Concerning the Highest State of the Republic and the New Island Utopia</i></li> <li><i>On the Best State of a Commonwealth and on the New Island of Utopia</i></li> <li><i>Concerning the Best Condition of the Commonwealth and the New Island of Utopia</i></li> <li><i>On the Best Kind of a Republic and About the New Island of Utopia</i></li> <li><i>About the Best State of a Commonwealth and the New Island of Utopia</i></li></ul> <p>The first created original name was even longer: <i>Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia</i>. That translates, "A truly golden little book, no less beneficial than entertaining, of a republic's best state and of the new island Utopia". </p><p><i>Utopia</i> is derived from the Greek prefix "ou-" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οὔ</span></span>), meaning "not", and <i>topos</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τόπος</span></span>), "place", with the suffix <i>-iā</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ίᾱ</span></span>) that is typical of <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a>; the name literally means "nowhere", emphasizing its fictionality. In <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern English">early modern English</a>, <i>Utopia</i> was spelled "Utopie", which is today rendered <i>Utopy</i> in some editions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, More's very first name for the island was <b>Nusquama</b>, the Latin equivalent of "no-place", but he eventually opted for the Greek-influenced name.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English, <i>Utopia</i> is pronounced the same as <i>Eutopia</i> (the latter word, in Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Εὐτοπία</span></span> [<i>Eutopiā</i>], meaning "good place," contains the prefix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εὐ-</span></span> [<i>eu-</i>], "good", with which the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οὔ</span></span> of <i>Utopia</i> has come to be confused in the English pronunciation).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is something that More himself addresses in an addendum to his book: <i>Wherfore not Utopie, but rather rightely my name is Eutopie, a place of felicitie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preliminary_matter">Preliminary matter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preliminary matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first edition contained a <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> map of the island of Utopia, the Utopian alphabet, verses by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Gillis" title="Pieter Gillis">Pieter Gillis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Geldenhouwer" title="Gerard Geldenhouwer">Gerard Geldenhouwer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Grapheus" title="Cornelius Grapheus">Cornelius Grapheus</a>, and Thomas More's epistle dedicating the work to Gillis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_1:_Dialogue_of_Counsel">Book 1: Dialogue of Counsel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Book 1: Dialogue of Counsel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utopia_Woodcut_(Holbein,_1518).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Utopia_Woodcut_%28Holbein%2C_1518%29.jpg/220px-Utopia_Woodcut_%28Holbein%2C_1518%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Utopia_Woodcut_%28Holbein%2C_1518%29.jpg/330px-Utopia_Woodcut_%28Holbein%2C_1518%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Utopia_Woodcut_%28Holbein%2C_1518%29.jpg/440px-Utopia_Woodcut_%28Holbein%2C_1518%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Holbein" title="Ambrosius Holbein">Ambrosius Holbein</a>, illustrating a 1518 edition. In the lower left, Raphael describes the island Utopia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The work begins with written correspondence between Thomas More and several people he had met in Europe: <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Gillis" title="Pieter Gillis">Peter Gilles</a>, town clerk of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_van_Busleyden" title="Hieronymus van Busleyden">Hieronymus van Busleyden</a>, counselor to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. More chose those letters, which are communications between actual people, to further the plausibility of his fictional land. In the same spirit, the letters also include a specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian alphabet">Utopian alphabet</a> and its poetry. The letters also explain the lack of widespread travel to Utopia; during the first mention of the land, someone had coughed during announcement of the exact longitude and latitude. The first book tells of the traveller Raphael Hythlodaeus, to whom More is introduced in Antwerp, and it also explores the subject of how best to counsel a prince, a popular topic at the time. </p><p>The first discussions with Raphael allow him to discuss some of the modern ills affecting Europe such as the tendency of kings to start wars and the subsequent loss of money on fruitless endeavours. He also criticises the use of execution to punish theft by saying that thieves might as well murder whom they rob, to remove witnesses, if the punishment is going to be the same; the abstract principle being "never to make it safer to follow out an evil plan than to repent of it."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lays most of the problems of theft on the practice of <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a>, the enclosing of common land, and the subsequent poverty and starvation of people who are denied access to land because of <a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep farming</a>. </p><p>More tries to convince Raphael that he could find a good job in a royal court to advise monarchs, but Raphael says that his views are too radical and would not be listened to. Raphael sees himself in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>: he knows that for good governance, kings must act philosophically. He, however, points out: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Plato doubtless did well foresee, unless kings themselves would apply their minds to the study of philosophy, that else they would never thoroughly allow the council of philosophers, being themselves before, even from their tender age, infected and corrupt with perverse and evil opinions.</p></blockquote> <p>More seems to contemplate the duty of philosophers to work around and in real situations and, for the sake of political expediency, work within flawed systems to make them better, rather than hoping to start again from first principles. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... for in courts they will not bear with a man's holding his peace or conniving at what others do: a man must barefacedly approve of the worst counsels and consent to the blackest designs, so that he would pass for a spy, or, possibly, for a traitor, that did but coldly approve of such wicked practices.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_2:_Discourse_on_Utopia">Book 2: Discourse on Utopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Book 2: Discourse on Utopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #DEDEE2;">Utopia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Utopia</i> location</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utopia.ortelius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Utopia.ortelius.jpg/300px-Utopia.ortelius.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Utopia.ortelius.jpg/450px-Utopia.ortelius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Utopia.ortelius.jpg/600px-Utopia.ortelius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="942" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map by <a href="/wiki/Ortelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortelius">Ortelius</a>, ca. 1595</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Utopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian fiction">Utopian fiction</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DEDEE2;">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Abraxa (former name)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ruler</th><td class="infobox-data">Prince (a.k.a. <i>ademus</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locations</th><td class="infobox-data">Amaurot (capital), Anyder River</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Utopias" title="Category:Utopias">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopias</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/120px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/180px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/240px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1427" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Mythical and religious</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(utopia)" title="Arcadia (utopia)">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Caesars" title="City of the Caesars">City of the Caesars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_cuckoo_land" title="Cloud cuckoo land">Cloud cuckoo land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockaigne" title="Cockaigne">Cockaigne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_gods_(Sumerian_paradise)" title="Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise)">Garden of the gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La" title="Shangri-La">Shangri-La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketumati" title="Ketumati">Ketumati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Opona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Opona">Opona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag_Mell" title="Mag Mell">Mag Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoroba" title="Mahoroba">Mahoroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzoramia" title="Mezzoramia">Mezzoramia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="New world order (Bahá'í)">Most Great Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_utopian_literature" title="List of utopian literature">List</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels </a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_literature" title="List of dystopian literature">Dystopian literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_city" title="Ideal city">Ideal city</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sforzinda" title="Sforzinda">Sforzinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantisocracy" title="Pantisocracy">Pantisocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Real utopian sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_for_Realists" title="Utopia for Realists">Utopia for Realists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_studies" title="Utopian studies">Utopian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">Escapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_harmony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Social harmony (disambiguation)">Social harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Cyber-utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Practice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_architecture" title="Utopian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HosPex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Open borders">Open borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Basic_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Basic Income">UBI</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atarashiki-mura" title="Atarashiki-mura">Atarashiki-mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaxi_Village" title="Huaxi Village">Huaxi Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjie" title="Nanjie">Nanjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Communities by country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_utopian_communities" title="List of American utopian communities">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_utopian_communities" title="List of Finnish utopian communities">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_utopian_communities" title="List of German utopian communities">Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Association" title="Lindisfarne Association">Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Millennium_Project" title="The Millennium Project">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Future_Society" title="World Future Society">WSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Zeitgeist_Movement" title="The Zeitgeist Movement">Zeitgeist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Utopia" title="Template:Utopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Utopia" title="Template talk:Utopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Utopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Utopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Utopia is placed in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> and More links Raphael's travels in with <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>'s real life voyages of discovery. He suggests that Raphael is one of the 24 men Vespucci, in his <i>Four Voyages</i> of 1507, says he left for six months at <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Frio" title="Cabo Frio">Cabo Frio</a>, Brazil. Raphael then travels further and finds the island of Utopia, where he spends five years observing the customs of the natives. </p><p> According to More, the island of Utopia is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>…two hundred miles across in the middle part, where it is widest, and nowhere much narrower than this except towards the two ends, where it gradually tapers. These ends, curved round as if completing a circle five hundred miles in circumference, make the island crescent-shaped, like a new moon.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The island was originally a peninsula but a 15-mile wide channel was dug by the community's founder King Utopos to separate it from the mainland. The island contains 54 cities. Each city is divided into four equal parts. The capital city, Amaurot, is located directly in the middle of the crescent island. </p><p>Each city has not more than 6000 households, each family consisting of between 10 and 16 adults. Thirty households are grouped together and elect a <i>Syphograntus</i> (whom More says is now called a <i><a href="/wiki/Phylarch" title="Phylarch">phylarchus</a></i>). Every ten Syphogranti have an elected <i>Traniborus</i> (more recently called a <i>protophylarchus</i>) ruling over them. The 200 Syphogranti of a city elect a Prince in a secret ballot. The Prince stays for life unless he is deposed or removed for suspicion of tyranny. </p><p>People are redistributed around the households and towns to keep numbers even. If the island suffers from overpopulation, colonies are set up on the mainland. Alternatively, the natives of the mainland are invited to be part of the Utopian colonies, but if they dislike them and no longer wish to stay, they may return. In the case of underpopulation, the colonists are recalled. </p><p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> on Utopia, with goods being stored in <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a> and people requesting what they need. There are also no locks on the doors of the houses, and the houses are rotated between the citizens every ten years. Agriculture provides the most important occupation on the island. Every person is taught it and must live in the countryside, farming for two years at a time, with women doing the same work as men. Similarly, every citizen must learn at least one of the other essential trades: weaving (mainly done by the women), carpentry, <a href="/wiki/Metalsmithing" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalsmithing">metalsmithing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>. There is deliberate simplicity about the trades; for instance, all people wear the same types of simple clothes, and there are no <a href="/wiki/Dressmaker" title="Dressmaker">dressmakers</a> making fine apparel. All able-bodied citizens must work; thus, unemployment is eradicated, and the length of the working day can be minimized: the people have to work only six hours a day although many willingly work for longer. More does allow scholars in his society to become the ruling officials or priests, people picked during their primary education for their ability to learn. All other citizens, however, are encouraged to apply themselves to learning in their leisure time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> is a feature of Utopian life, and it is reported that every household has two slaves. The slaves are either from other countries (prisoners of war, people condemned to die, or poor people) or are the Utopian criminals. The criminals are weighed down with <a href="/wiki/Chain" title="Chain">chains</a> made out of gold. The gold is part of the community wealth of the country, and fettering criminals with it or using it for shameful things like <a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">chamber pots</a> gives the citizens a healthy dislike of it. It also makes it difficult to steal, as it is in plain view. The wealth, though, is of little importance and is good only for buying commodities from foreign nations or bribing the nations to fight each other. Slaves are periodically released for good behaviour. Jewels are worn by children, who finally give them up as they mature. </p><p>Other significant innovations of Utopia include a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> with free hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> permissible by the state, priests being allowed to marry, divorce permitted, <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a> punished by a lifetime of enforced celibacy and adultery being punished by enslavement. Meals are taken in community <a href="/wiki/Dining_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dining hall">dining halls</a> and the job of feeding the population is given to a different household in turn. Although all are fed the same, Raphael explains that the old and the administrators are given the best of the food. Travel on the island is permitted only with an <a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">internal passport</a>, and any people found without a passport are, on a first occasion, returned in disgrace, but after a second offence, they are placed in slavery. In addition, there are no lawyers, and the law is made deliberately simple, as all should understand it and not leave people in any doubt of what is right and wrong. </p><p>There are several religions on the island: <a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">moon-worshippers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun-worshippers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">planet-worshippers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestor-worshippers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheists</a>, but each is tolerant of the others. Only <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> are despised (but allowed) in Utopia, as they are seen as representing a danger to the state: since they do not believe in any punishment or reward after this life, they have no reason to share the communistic life of Utopia and so will break the laws for their own gain. They are not banished, but are encouraged to talk out their erroneous beliefs with the priests until they are convinced of their error. Raphael says that through his teachings Christianity was beginning to take hold in Utopia. The toleration of all other religious ideas is enshrined in a universal prayer all the Utopians recite. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...but, if they are mistaken, and if there is either a better government, or a religion more acceptable to God, they implore His goodness to let them know it.</p></blockquote> <p>Wives are subject to their husbands and husbands are subject to their wives although women are restricted to conducting household tasks for the most part. Only few widowed women become priests. While all are trained in military arts, women confess their sins to their husbands once a month. Gambling, hunting, makeup and astrology are all discouraged in Utopia. The role allocated to women in Utopia might, however, have been seen as being more liberal from a contemporary point of view. </p><p>Utopians do not like to engage in war. If they feel countries friendly to them have been wronged, they will send military aid, but they try to capture, rather than kill, enemies. They are upset if they achieve victory through bloodshed. The main purpose of war is to achieve what over which, if they had achieved already, they would not have gone to war. </p><p>Privacy is not regarded as freedom in Utopia; taverns, ale houses and places for private gatherings are nonexistent for the effect of keeping all men in full view and so they are obliged to behave well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framework">Framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story is written from the perspective of More himself. That was common at the time, and More uses his own name and background to create the narrator.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is written in two parts: "Book one: Dialogue of Council," and "Book two: Discourse on Utopia." </p><p>The first book is told from the perspective of More, the narrator, who is introduced by his friend Peter Giles to a fellow traveller named Raphael Hythloday, whose name translates as "expert of nonsense" in Greek. In an amicable dialogue with More and Giles, Hythloday expresses strong criticism of then-modern practices in England and other Catholicism-dominated countries, such as the crime of theft being punishable by death, and the over-willingness of kings to start wars (Getty, 321). </p><p>Book two has Hythloday tell his interlocutors about Utopia, where he has lived for five years, with the aim of convincing them about its superior state of affairs. Utopia turns out to share many of the features of (what would come to be called) a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> state. Interpretations about this important part of the book vary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most troublesome questions about <i>Utopia</i> is Thomas More's reason for writing it. Most scholars see it as a comment on or criticism of 16th-century Catholicism since the evils of More's day are laid out in Book I and in many ways apparently solved in Book II.<sup id="cite_ref-ManuelManuel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManuelManuel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Utopia has many of the characteristics of satire, and there are many jokes and satirical asides such as how honest people are in Europe, but these are usually contrasted with the simple, uncomplicated society of the Utopians. </p><p>Yet, the puzzle is that some of the practices and institutions of the Utopians, such as the ease of divorce, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> and both married priests and <a href="/wiki/Female_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Female priest">female priests</a>, seem to be polar opposites of More's beliefs and the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> of which he was a devout member.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another often cited<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> apparent contradiction is that of the religious tolerance of Utopia contrasted with his alleged persecution of <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, the criticism of lawyers comes from a writer who, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, was arguably the most influential lawyer in England. It can be answered, however, that as a pagan society Utopians had the best ethics that could be reached through reason alone, or that More changed from his early life to his later when he was Lord Chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-ManuelManuel_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManuelManuel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One highly influential interpretation of Utopia is that of the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">intellectual historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has argued that More was taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanist">Renaissance humanist</a> debate over true nobility, and that he was writing to prove the perfect commonwealth could not occur with private property. Crucially, Skinner sees Raphael Hythlodaeus as embodying the Platonic view that philosophers should not get involved in politics, but the character of More embodies the more pragmatic <a href="/wiki/Ciceronian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciceronian">Ciceronian</a> view. Thus, the society Raphael proposes is the ideal that More would want. However, without communism, which he saw no possibility of occurring, it was wiser to take a more pragmatic view. </p><p>Quentin Skinner's interpretation of Utopia is consistent with the speculation that <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Stephen Greenblatt</a> made in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swerve:_How_the_World_Became_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="The Swerve: How the World Became Modern">The Swerve: How the World Became Modern</a></i>. There, Greenblatt argued that More was under the Epicurean influence of <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Nature_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Nature of Things">On the Nature of Things</a></i> and the people that live in Utopia were an example of how pleasure has become their guiding principle of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenblatt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenblatt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Greenblatt acknowledged that More's insistence on the existence of an afterlife and punishment for people holding contrary views were inconsistent with the essentially materialist view of Epicureanism, Greenblatt contended that it was the minimum conditions for what the pious More would have considered as necessary to live a happy life.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenblatt_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenblatt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another complication comes from the Greek meanings of the names of people and places in the work. Apart from Utopia, meaning "Noplace," several other lands are mentioned: <i>Achora</i> meaning "Nolandia", <i>Polyleritae</i> meaning "Muchnonsense", <i>Macarenses</i> meaning "Happiland," and the river <i>Anydrus</i> meaning "Nowater". Raphael's last name, Hythlodaeus means "dispenser of nonsense" surely implying that the whole of the Utopian text is 'nonsense'. Additionally the Latin rendering of More's name, Morus, is similar to the word for a fool in Greek (μωρός). It is unclear whether More is simply being ironic, an in-joke for those who know Greek, seeing as the place he is talking about does not actually exist or whether there is actually a sense of distancing of Hythlodaeus' and the More's ("Morus") views in the text from his own. </p><p>The name Raphael, though, may have been chosen by More to remind his readers of the <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> who is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a> (3:17; 5:4, 16; 6:11, 14, 16, 18; also in chs. 7, 8, 9, 11, 12). In that book the angel guides Tobias and later cures his father of his blindness. While Hythlodaeus may suggest his words are not to be trusted, Raphael meaning (in Hebrew) "God has healed" suggests that Raphael may be opening the eyes of the reader to what is true. The suggestion that More may have agreed with the views of Raphael is given weight by the way he dressed; with "his cloak... hanging carelessly about him", a style that <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a> reports that More himself was wont to adopt. Furthermore, more recent criticism has questioned the reliability of both Gile's annotations and the character of "More" in the text itself. Claims that the book only subverts Utopia and Hythlodaeus are possibly oversimplistic. </p><p>Classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Giulia_Sissa" title="Giulia Sissa">Giulia Sissa</a> claims that Hythlodaeus is an impersonation of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does historian Dirk Maarten,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who sees the book as promoting Erasmus' political agenda, where a prince contracts with the people to rule them fairly. Another theory is that Hythlodaeus is based on <a href="/wiki/Bartholome_de_las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholome de las Casas">Bartholome de las Casas</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> </p><p>In <i>Humans and Animals in Thomas More’s Utopia</i>, Christopher Burlinson argues that More intended to produce a fictional space in which ethical concerns of humanity and bestial inhumanity could be explored.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burlinson regards the Utopian criticisms of finding pleasure in the spectacle of bloodshed as reflective of More's own anxieties about the fragility of humanity and the ease in which humans fall to beast-like ways.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Burlinson, More interprets that decadent expression of animal cruelty as a causal antecedent for the cruel intercourse present within the world of Utopia and More's own.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burlinson does not argue that More explicitly equates animal and human subjectivities, but is interested in More's treatment of human-animal relations as significant ethical concerns intertwined with religious ideas of salvation and the divine qualities of souls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Givers:_How_the_Indians_of_the_Americas_Transformed_the_World" title="Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World">Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Weatherford" title="Jack Weatherford">Jack Weatherford</a> asserts that native American societies played an inspirational role for More's writing. For example, indigenous Americans, although referred to as "noble savages" in many circles, showed the possibility of living in social harmony [with nature] and prosperity without the rule a king...". The early British and French settlers in the 1500 and 1600s were relatively shocked to see how the native Americans moved around so freely across the untamed land, not beholden by debt, "lack of magistrates, forced services, riches, poverty or inheritance".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur Morgan hypothesized that <i>Utopia</i> was More's description of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, although it is implausible that More was aware of them when he wrote the book.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Utopian Justifications: More’s Utopia, Settler Colonialism, and Contemporary Ecocritical Concerns</i>, Susan Bruce juxtaposes Utopian justifications for the violent dispossession of idle peoples unwilling to surrender lands that are underutilized with Peter Kosminsky's <i>The Promise</i>, a 2011 television drama centered around Zionist settler colonialism in modern-day Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce's treatment of Utopian foreign policy, which mirrored European concerns in More's day, situates More's text as an articulation of settler colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce identifies an isomorphic relationship between Utopian settler logic and the account provided by <i>The Promise’s</i> Paul, who recalls his father's criticism of Palestinians as undeserving, indolent, and animalistic occupants of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce interprets the Utopian fixation with material surplus as foundational for exploitative gift economies, which ensnare Utopia's bordering neighbors into a subservient relationship of dependence in which they remain in constant fear of being subsumed by the superficially generous Utopians.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utopia was begun while More was an envoy in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> in May 1515. More started by writing the introduction and the description of the society that would become the second half of the work, and on his return to England, he wrote the "dialogue of counsel". He completed the work in 1516. In the same year, it was printed in <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a> under Erasmus's editorship and after revisions by More it was printed in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in November 1518. It was not until 1551, sixteen years after More's execution, that it was first published in England as an English translation by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Robinson_(humanist)" title="Ralph Robinson (humanist)">Ralph Robinson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a>'s translation of 1684 is probably the most commonly cited version. </p><p>The work seems to have been popular, if misunderstood, since the introduction of More's <i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigrams">Epigrams</a></i> of 1518 mentions a man who did not regard More as a good writer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Literary_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3793268.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Literary_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3793268.jpg/220px-Literary_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3793268.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Literary_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3793268.jpg/330px-Literary_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3793268.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Literary_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3793268.jpg/440px-Literary_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3793268.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Text from <i>Utopia</i> painted on a brick wall in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>The word 'utopia', invented by More as the name of his fictional island and used as the title of his book, has since entered the English language to describe any imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. The antonym 'dystopia' is used for hypothetical places of great suffering or injustice, including systems that present or market themselves as utopian but actually have terrible other sides to them. </p><p>Although he may not have directly founded the contemporary notion of what has since become known as <a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian fiction</a>, More certainly popularised the idea of imagined parallel realities, and some of the early works that owe a debt to <i>Utopia</i> must include <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_the_Sun" title="The City of the Sun">The City of the Sun</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Description_of_the_Republic_of_Christianopolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Description of the Republic of Christianopolis (page does not exist)">Description of the Republic of Christianopolis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Valentinus_Andreae" title="Johannes Valentinus Andreae">Johannes Valentinus Andreae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a> was used to describe the first concepts of socialism, but later <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> theorists tended to see the ideas as too simplistic and not grounded on realistic principles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This may be true but needs a reference. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The religious message in the work and its uncertain, possibly satiric, tone has also alienated some theorists from the work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This may be true but needs a reference. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An applied example of More's Utopia can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga" title="Vasco de Quiroga">Vasco de Quiroga</a>'s implemented society in <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, which was directly inspired by More's work. </p><p>During the opening scene in the film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(1966_film)" title="A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)">A Man for All Seasons</a></i>, Utopia is mentioned in a conversation. The alleged amorality of England's priests is compared to that of the more highly principled behaviour of the fictional priests in More's Utopia when a character observes wryly that "every second person born in England is fathered by a priest." </p><p>In 2006, the artist Rory Macbeth inscribed all 40,000 words on the side of an old electricity factory in Norwich, England.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fantastic voyage genre owes to <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a></i>; in his lifetime More was better known as a translator of Lucian's satires, with <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, than for <i>Utopia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main character of the 2024 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphor:_ReFantazio" title="Metaphor: ReFantazio">Metaphor: ReFantazio</a></i> carries a fantasy book, written by a character called More, which closely resembles the society described in <i>Utopia</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Felicitie</i> means "happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBAKER-SMITH2000" class="citation book cs1">BAKER-SMITH, DOMINIC (2000). <i>More's Utopia</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442677395">10.3138/9781442677395</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442677395" title="Special:BookSources/9781442677395"><bdi>9781442677395</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442677395">10.3138/9781442677395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More%27s+Utopia&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442677395%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442677395&rft.isbn=9781442677395&rft.aulast=BAKER-SMITH&rft.aufirst=DOMINIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtopia+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis1983-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis1983_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._Davis1983" class="citation book cs1">J. C. Davis (28 July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5T-LVB-6tIC&pg=PA58"><i>Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writing 1516–1700</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27551-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27551-4"><bdi>978-0-521-27551-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia+and+the+Ideal+Society%3A+A+Study+of+English+Utopian+Writing+1516%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983-07-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27551-4&rft.au=J.+C.+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5T-LVB-6tIC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtopia+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219174242/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Utopia">"utopia: definition of utopia in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/utopia">the original</a> on 19 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=utopia%3A+definition+of+utopia+in+Oxford+dictionary+%28American+English%29+%28US%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Futopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtopia+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FROM DREAMLAND "HUMANISM" TO CHRISTIAN POLITICAL REALITY OR FROM "NUSQUAMA" TO "UTOPIA" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44806868?seq=1">https://www.jstor.org/stable/44806868?seq=1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wells" class="citation web cs1">John Wells. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog.htm">"John Wells's phonetic blog"</a>. University College London<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 July 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/res/os-XXV.99.259">"Review of <i>Nowhere was Somewhere. How History Makes Utopias and How Utopias Make History</i> by Arthur E. Morgan"</a>. <i>The Review of English Studies</i>. os–XXV (99): 259–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2Fos-XXV.99.259">10.1093/res/os-XXV.99.259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+Nowhere+was+Somewhere.+How+History+Makes+Utopias+and+How+Utopias+Make+History+by+Arthur+E.+Morgan&rft.volume=os-XXV&rft.issue=99&rft.pages=259-261&rft.date=1949-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fres%2Fos-XXV.99.259&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fres%2Fos-XXV.99.259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtopia+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bruce, Susan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/college_literature/v042/42.1.bruce.html">"Utopian Justifications: More's Utopia, Settler Colonialism, and Contemporary Ecocritical Concerns"</a>. <i>College Literature</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 23–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flit.2015.0009">10.1353/lit.2015.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1542-4286">1542-4286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Literature&rft.atitle=Utopian+Justifications%3A+More%27s+Utopia%2C+Settler+Colonialism%2C+and+Contemporary+Ecocritical+Concerns&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-43&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flit.2015.0009&rft.issn=1542-4286&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Fcollege_literature%2Fv042%2F42.1.bruce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtopia+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunt2019" class="citation web cs1">Saunt, Raven (16 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/graffiti-norwich-former-eastern-electricity-utopia-1-5853934">"Do you know the real story behind one of Norwich's most noticeable graffiti works?"</a>. <i>Norwich Evening News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwich+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Do+you+know+the+real+story+behind+one+of+Norwich%27s+most+noticeable+graffiti+works%3F&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=Saunt&rft.aufirst=Raven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eveningnews24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgraffiti-norwich-former-eastern-electricity-utopia-1-5853934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtopia+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicalstudies.org/dialoguing-satirist-lucian-thomas-more-and-visibility-translator">"Dialoguing with a Satirist: Lucian, Thomas More, and the Visibility of the Translator"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialoguing+with+a+Satirist%3A+Lucian%2C+Thomas+More%2C+and+the+Visibility+of+the+Translator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicalstudies.org%2Fdialoguing-satirist-lucian-thomas-more-and-visibility-translator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtopia+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>More, Thomas (1516/1967), "Utopia", trans. John P. Dolan, in James J. Greene and John P. Dolan, edd., <i>The Essential Thomas More</i>, New York: New American Library.</li> <li>Sullivan, E. D. S. (editor) (1983) <i>The Utopian Vision: Seven Essays on the Quincentennial of Sir Thomas More</i> San Diego State University Press, San Diego, California, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916304-51-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-916304-51-5">0-916304-51-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopia_(book)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Licensed as Creative Commons BY-SA and published in multiple electronic formats (HTML, PDF, TXT, ODF, EPUB, and as a Social Book).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2130">English translation of <i>Utopia</i> by Gilbert Burnet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Utopia&author=More&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Utopia</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomasmorehisutopia">Thomas More and his <i>Utopia</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li>Andre Schuchardt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaltric.de/mat/matphil/utopia/"><i>Freiheit und Knechtschaft. 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Eine Kritik am besten Staat</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Utopia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Utopia">"Utopia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Utopia&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtopia+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/099n3i"><i>Utopia</i></a> – Images photocopied the 1518 edition of <i>Utopia</i>, from the collection of the <a 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