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data-title="Operazione Charnwood" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Charnwood" title="Operatie Charnwood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Charnwood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Charnwood" title="Operacja Charnwood – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Charnwood" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Charnwood&params=49_10_59_N_0_22_10_W_type:city&title=Operation+Charnwood">49°10′59″N 0°22′10″W / 49.18306°N 0.36944°W / 49.18306; -0.36944 (Operation Charnwood)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second World War Anglo-Canadian offensive</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Anglo-Canadian offensive that was part of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Charnwood (disambiguation)">Charnwood</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Charnwood</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Caenruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line of soldiers clambering over the heaped rubble of destroyed buildings in a badly-damaged street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caenruins.jpg/250px-Caenruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caenruins.jpg/375px-Caenruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caenruins.jpg/500px-Caenruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="800" /></a> British troops of <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> pick their way through the rubble of Caen, 9 July 1944</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8–9 July 1944</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Northern <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Charnwood&params=49_10_59_N_0_22_10_W_type:city&title=Operation+Charnwood">49°10′59″N 0°22′10″W / 49.18306°N 0.36944°W / 49.18306; -0.36944 (Operation Charnwood)</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/John_Crocker" title="John Crocker">John Crocker</a><a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Eberbach" title="Heinrich Eberbach">Heinrich Eberbach</a><a href="#cite_note-Trew39-3">[3]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>3 infantry divisions<a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a></li><li>3 armoured brigades<a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Elements of 1 infantry division<a href="#cite_note-Trew35-5">[5]</a></li><li>1 armoured division<a href="#cite_note-Trew35-5">[5]</a></li><li>61 tanks<a href="#cite_note-6">[nb 1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>3,817 casualties<a href="#cite_note-Trew46-7">[6]</a></li><li>~80 tanks<a href="#cite_note-Trew46-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-buck31-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[nb 2]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Over 2,000 casualties<a href="#cite_note-Trew46-7">[6]</a></li><li>18–32 tanks<a href="#cite_note-12">[nb 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[nb 4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 300–400 French civilian casualties<a href="#cite_note-Stacey160-15">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Overlord(Battle_of_Normandy)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> (Battle of Normandy)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prelude <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zeppelin_(deception_plan)" title="Operation Zeppelin (deception plan)">Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postage_Able" title="Operation Postage Able">Postage Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush">Tarbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Fabius" title="Exercise Fabius">Fabius</a></li></ul> Airborne assault British Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Caen canal and Orne river bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Albany" title="Mission Albany">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Boston" title="Mission Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Chicago" title="Mission Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Detroit" title="Mission Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Elmira" title="Mission Elmira">Elmira</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> American Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a></li></ul> Anglo-Canadian Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gambit" title="Operation Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-en-Bessin" title="Battle of Port-en-Bessin">Port-en-Bessin</a></li></ul> Logistics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a></li></ul></li></ul> Ground campaign American Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9court_Manor_Assault" title="Brécourt Manor Assault">Brécourt Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graignes" title="Battle of Graignes">Graignes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Haye-du-Puits" title="Battle of La Haye-du-Puits">La Haye-du-Puits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Gulch" title="Battle of Bloody Gulch">Hill 30</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Naval</a></li></ul></li></ul> Anglo-Canadian Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry">Le Mesnil-Patry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_massacres" title="Normandy massacres">Normandy massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardenne_Abbey_massacre" title="Ardenne Abbey massacre">Ardenne Abbey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douvres_Radar_Station" title="Battle of Douvres Radar Station">Douvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charnwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">2nd Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a></li></ul> Breakout <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Hill_140" title="Battle for Hill 140">Hill 140</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_262" title="Hill 262">Hill 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_River_Crossing_at_Mantes-Gassicourt" title="Seine River Crossing at Mantes-Gassicourt">Mantes-Gassicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li></ul> Air and Sea operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_raid_on_La_Caine_HQ" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF raid on La Caine HQ">La Caine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pierres_Noires" title="Battle of Pierres Noires">Pierres Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Audierne_Bay" title="Battle of Audierne Bay">Audierne Bay</a></li></ul> Supporting operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dingson" title="Operation Dingson">Dingson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Samwest" title="Operation Samwest">Samwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cooney" title="Operation Cooney">Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket">Bulbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth">Houndsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton">Loyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy">Wallace & Hardy</a></li></ul> <hr /> Aftermath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Cemeteries</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> Operation Charnwood was an Anglo-Canadian offensive that took place from 8 to 9 July 1944, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a>, part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> (code-name for the Battle of Normandy) in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The operation was intended to capture the German-occupied city of <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kɑ̃]</a>), which was an important objective for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> during the opening stages of Overlord. It was also hoped that the attack would forestall the transfer of German <a href="/wiki/Panzer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer division">armoured units</a> from the Anglo-Canadian sector to the American sector to the west, where an offensive was being prepared. The British and Canadians advanced on a broad front and by the evening of the second day had taken Caen up to the <a href="/wiki/Orne_(river)" title="Orne (river)">Orne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odon_(river)" title="Odon (river)">Odon</a> rivers. Preceded by a controversial bombing raid that destroyed much of the historic Old City of Caen, Operation Charnwood began at dawn on 8 July, with three infantry divisions attacking German positions north of Caen, behind a <a href="/wiki/Rolling_barrage#Moving_barrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling barrage">creeping barrage</a>. Supported by three armoured brigades, the British <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> made gradual progress against the <a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend</a> and the 16th <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_Field_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffe Field Division">Luftwaffe Field Division</a>. By the end of the day the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Division</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/59th_(Staffordshire)_Infantry_Division" title="59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division">59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division</a> had cleared the villages in their path and reached the outskirts of the city. Moving into Caen at dawn the following morning, the Allies encountered resistance from remnants of German units who were beginning a withdrawal across the Orne. Carpiquet airfield fell to the Canadians during the early morning and by 18:00, the British and Canadians had linked up along the north bank of the Orne. The remaining bridges were defended or impassable and with German reserves positioned to oppose their crossing, I Corps ended the operation. Operation Charnwood was mutually costly and a tactical success for the Allies. The Germans retired from north of the Orne River but did not stop sending formations to the American front. The Germans established another defensive line along two ridges to the south of the city. The Allies maintained the initiative and began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Operation Jupiter</a> the next day and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Operation Atlantic</a> a week later, in which the rest of Caen was secured. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></div> The Norman city of <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> objectives for the British <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Infantry Division</a> which landed on <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a> on 6 June 1944.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> The capture of Caen, while "ambitious", was the most important D-Day objective assigned to the British <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Crocker" title="John Crocker">John Crocker</a>). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The quick capture of that key city [Caen] and the neighbourhood of Carpiquet was the most ambitious, the most difficult and the most important task of Lieutenant-General J. T. Crocker's I Corps.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Ellis" title="Lionel Ellis">Lionel Ellis</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The initial Overlord plan called for the British <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a> to secure the city and then form a front line from <a href="/wiki/Caumont-l%27%C3%89vent%C3%A9" title="Caumont-l'Éventé">Caumont-l'Éventé</a> to the south-east of <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, to acquire space for airfields and to protect the left flank of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_First_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="United States First Army">United States First Army</a> while it moved on <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> Possession of Caen and its environs would give the Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture <a href="/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise</a>, which could then be used as the pivot for a swing left to advance on <a href="/wiki/Argentan" title="Argentan">Argentan</a> and then towards the <a href="/wiki/Touques_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Touques River">Touques River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> The terrain between Caen and <a href="/wiki/Vimont,_Calvados" title="Vimont, Calvados">Vimont</a> was especially attractive to Allied planners, being open, dry and conducive to swift offensive operations. Since the Allies greatly outnumbered the Germans in tanks and mobile units, creating the conditions for a fluid, fast moving battle was to their advantage.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> The 3rd Infantry Division came ashore as planned but was hampered by congestion in its beachhead, diversions en route and the late arrival of much of its armoured support. The division was unable to assault Caen in force and its lead elements were brought to a halt short of the outskirts.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-VdV114-22">[18]</a> Later attacks failed as the German defenders were reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VdV114-22">[18]</a> On 7 June the British began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Operation Perch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Pincer attack">pincer attack</a> by I Corps and <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a>, to encircle Caen from the east and west flanks.<a href="#cite_note-ellis250-23">[19]</a> The I Corps attack south of the <a href="/wiki/Orne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orne River">Orne River</a> was halted by the <a href="/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division" title="21st Panzer Division">21st Panzer Division</a> and the XXX Corps attack to the west of Caen was contained near <a href="/wiki/Tilly-sur-Seulles" title="Tilly-sur-Seulles">Tilly-sur-Seulles</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_Lehr_Division" title="Panzer Lehr Division">Panzer-Lehr Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VdV139-24">[20]</a> To force the Panzer-Lehr Division to withdraw the British <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a> attacked the western flank of the division on 13 June, through a gap created by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st US Infantry Division</a>, to reach high ground near <a href="/wiki/Villers-Bocage,_Calvados" title="Villers-Bocage, Calvados">Villers-Bocage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Battle of Villers-Bocage</a>, the 7th Armoured Division vanguard was ordered to retire and the Panzer-Lehr Division held its positions until XXX Corps captured Tilly-sur-Seulles on 19 June.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandy_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Normandy_map.png/240px-Normandy_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Normandy_map.png/360px-Normandy_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Normandy_map.png/480px-Normandy_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Normandy</figcaption></figure> The next British offensive, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Operation Epsom</a>, was launched by <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="VIII Corps (United Kingdom)">VIII Corps</a> on 26 June, after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Operation Martlet</a> (also known as Operation Dauntless) a preliminary attack on 25 June, to secure the right flank of VIII Corps.<a href="#cite_note-Clark21-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis275-29">[25]</a> VIII Corps advanced to the west of Caen on a 4-mile (6.4 km) front from Rauray to <a href="/wiki/Carpiquet" title="Carpiquet">Carpiquet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> Once across the Odon and Orne rivers, VIII Corps was to make for high ground near <a href="/wiki/Bretteville-sur-Laize" title="Bretteville-sur-Laize">Bretteville-sur-Laize</a> and encircle Caen.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> The Germans managed to contain the offensive by committing all their strength, including the <a href="/wiki/9th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hohenstaufen" title="9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen">9th SS-Panzer Division Hohenstaufen</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_SS_Panzer_Division_Frundsberg" title="10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg">10th SS-Panzer Division Frundsberg</a> of the <a href="/wiki/II_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="II SS Panzer Corps">II SS Panzer Corps</a>, which had been sent from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> soon after the D-Day and had been intended for a counter-offensive against Bayeux.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> On 27 June, the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">8th Infantry Brigade</a> (1st <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment" title="Suffolk Regiment">Suffolk Regiment</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/East_Yorkshire_Regiment" title="East Yorkshire Regiment">East Yorkshire Regiment</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/South_Lancashire_Regiment" title="South Lancashire Regiment">South Lancashire Regiment</a>) of the 3rd Infantry Division, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Yeomanry" title="Staffordshire Yeomanry">Staffordshire Yeomanry</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/27th_Armoured_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Armoured Brigade">27th Armoured Brigade</a>, and specialist armour from the <a href="/wiki/79th_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="79th Armoured Division">79th Armoured Division</a>, began Operation Mitten. The objective was to seize the German-occupied Château la Londe and Château le Landel. The initial evening assault, led by the 1st Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment was repulsed but the following morning further attacks gained the objectives and destroyed several German tanks. Operation Mitten cost at least three British tanks and 268 men.<a href="#cite_note-Scarfe6869-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortin30-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Copp113-37">[33]</a> Had it succeeded quicker, the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="9th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">9th Brigade</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Brigade_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Infantry Brigade (Canada)">9th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a>, would have launched Operation Aberlour, to capture the villages of la Bijude, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pron" title="Épron">Épron</a>, Galmache, St. Contest, <a href="/wiki/Authie,_Calvados" title="Authie, Calvados">Authie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cussy" title="Cussy">Cussy</a> but this follow-up operation was cancelled by Crocker. The area of the Châteaux was later called the "bloodiest square mile in Normandy".<a href="#cite_note-Scarfe6869-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortin30-36">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>, supreme commander of the German forces in the west (<a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">OB West</a>), directed on 1 July that Caen should be gradually abandoned and the bulk of the German armoured divisions be shifted to the west end of the beachhead against the US First Army but the city and its surroundings were considered by <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> (OKW, Armed Forces High Command) to be fundamental to the defence of Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-keegan187-38">[34]</a> OKW wanted an arc of defensible terrain from the English Channel to the western banks of the Orne to be held and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> sacked Rundstedt and replaced him with Generalfeldmarschall <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Learning of this through <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>, the Allied ground forces commander, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a>, planned an offensive to capture Caen and to prevent a large redeployment of German forces from the Anglo-Canadian sector to the American front.<a href="#cite_note-Deste305-41">[37]</a> On 4 July, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Canadian Infantry Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a> conducted <a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Operation Windsor</a>, to seize Carpiquet and the adjacent airfield from the 12th SS-Panzer Division.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> Carpiquet fell on 5 July, the airfield remained in German hands.<a href="#cite_note-VdV150-43">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allies">Allies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Allies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charnwood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Caen and its immediate surroundings as described in the article text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Charnwood.svg/220px-Charnwood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Charnwood.svg/330px-Charnwood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Charnwood.svg/440px-Charnwood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Caen and the aiming points of the heavy bombers</figcaption></figure> Having failed to take Caen through successive flanking manoeuvres, Montgomery decided the next attack would be a frontal assault.<a href="#cite_note-DE298-44">[40]</a> Although Caen's strategic importance had vastly diminished since D-Day,<a href="#cite_note-DE298-44">[40]</a> he sought control of <a href="/wiki/Bourgu%C3%A9bus" title="Bourguébus">Bourguébus</a> and the commanding high ground to the south.<a href="#cite_note-hastings222-45">[41]</a> On 5 July the orders for Operation Charnwood were issued; it was to be launched at 04:20, an hour and a half before dawn on 8 July.<a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a> The objective of Charnwood was to clear Caen of its defenders up to the Orne river and if possible to secure bridgeheads in southern Caen.<a href="#cite_note-Stacey157-46">[42]</a> To achieve the latter it was planned to send an armoured column through the city to rush the bridges;<a href="#cite_note-Wilmot351-47">[43]</a> it was hoped that I Corps could exploit the situation to sweep on through southern Caen towards the Verrières and Bourguébus ridges, paving the way for the British Second Army to advance towards Falaise.<a href="#cite_note-keegan-82-188-48">[44]</a> Historian Roger Cirillo argued the operation was designed to only clear the city of German forces; due to it being cut by both a river and a canal any attempts to make rapid progress through and beyond, were "in all probability, impossible."<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> Crocker's 115,000-strong I Corps<a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis310-50">[46]</a> was assigned the task of penetrating to the Orne and Odon rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a> The 3rd Infantry Division would attack on a one brigade front from the north-east, supported by the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="33rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">33rd Armoured Brigade</a>; the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division would attack on a two brigade front from the north, supported by the 27th Armoured Brigade; and the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division would attack on a one brigade front from the northwest, supported by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade" title="2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade">2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a> To maintain the maximum possible pressure on German forces in the sector,<a href="#cite_note-Jackson61-51">[47]</a> VIII Corps was placed on 24 hours notice to launch further attacks to the west of Caen.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis310-50">[46]</a> In the light of lessons learned from the partial Canadian success during Operation Windsor, Charnwood was to be launched on a broad front to increase the pressure on the German defences and disperse their defensive fire.<a href="#cite_note-buck31-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/SHAEF" class="mw-redirect" title="SHAEF">SHAEF</a> planners had advised, on 10 June, that the best way to break a stalemate was to use air power to support an attack; this method was to be used<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> for Charnwood as Montgomery enlisted the aid of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VdV150-43">[39]</a> Heavy bombers would attack Caen on the night preceding the assault, with 15% of the total bomb load being delayed action bombs set to explode when the ground attack was launched. A second wave of light bombers would follow the heavies and a third wave of American bombers would attack on the morning of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> Additional support would be provided by rocket firing Typhoon fighter-bombers,<a href="#cite_note-Scarfe,_p._70-54">[50]</a> the monitor <a href="/wiki/HMS_Roberts_(F40)" title="HMS Roberts (F40)">HMS Roberts</a>, the light cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS Belfast</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Emerald_(D66)" title="HMS Emerald (D66)">HMS Emerald</a> and the 16-inch guns of the battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Rodney_(29)" title="HMS Rodney (29)">Rodney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis311-55">[51]</a> Five divisions would contribute 656 guns for bombarding German positions to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Copp101-56">[52]</a> In all, it was planned that 2,000 tons of bombs would be dropped on Caen before the infantry assault began.<a href="#cite_note-keegan187-38">[34]</a> Due to the proximity of the target area to the Allied lines and the resulting risk of friendly casualties, the aiming point for the bombers was shifted 6,000 yards (5,500 m) to the south—beyond most of the main German defences screening the city.<a href="#cite_note-keegan-82-188-48">[44]</a> Following a long saturation bombardment, the three infantry divisions were to push through the fortified villages in their path and advance directly into Caen's northern suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-H2223-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germans">Germans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dug-in_panzer_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A frontal view of a knocked out German tank in a hull-down position, protected by earth entrenchments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dug-in_panzer_IV.jpg/180px-Dug-in_panzer_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dug-in_panzer_IV.jpg/270px-Dug-in_panzer_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dug-in_panzer_IV.jpg/360px-Dug-in_panzer_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> of the I/22nd Panzer Regiment in a <a href="/wiki/Hull_down" title="Hull down">dug-in defensive position</a>, near Lébisey</figcaption></figure> Caen's defence fell to two divisions; the 12th SS Panzer Division of <a href="/wiki/I_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="I SS Panzer Corps">I SS Panzer Corps</a>, and the 16th <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_Field_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffe Field Division">Luftwaffe Field Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/LXXXVI_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="LXXXVI Corps">LXXXVI Corps</a>. An assault on the city was expected, and it was assumed that further attacks in the Odon valley towards the Orne river would quickly follow suit.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer473-58">[54]</a> The 12th SS Panzer Division, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Meyer" title="Kurt Meyer">Kurt Meyer</a>, consisted of three <a href="/wiki/Panzergrenadier" title="Panzergrenadier">panzergrenadier</a> regiments including one—the 1st SS Panzergrenadier Regiment—borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</a> (1st SS Panzer Division).<a href="#cite_note-Roy46-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds152-60">[56]</a> With its 61 surviving tanks<a href="#cite_note-Trew35-5">[5]</a> 12th SS Panzer was holding the northwest approaches to Caen, defending the city and Carpiquet airfield from the 3rd Canadian and 59th British Infantry Divisions.<a href="#cite_note-copp102-61">[57]</a> The main German defensive line, a 9-kilometre (5.6 mi) arc of villages from the northeast to the west, was held by the 25th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-Trew35-5">[5]</a> and elements of the 12th SS Panzer Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> Troops from the 26th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment were holding the western flank,<a href="#cite_note-Trew35-5">[5]</a> concentrating their strength, which included mortar batteries and a few tanks, in the area around Carpiquet airfield.<a href="#cite_note-Roy46-59">[55]</a> The 1st SS Panzergrenadier Regiment was occupying a line from Franqueville to the western end of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89terville" title="Éterville">Éterville</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds152-60">[56]</a> the villages formed mutually-supporting strongpoints with dug-in tanks and assault guns, and the defensive line was 2–3 miles (3.2–4.8 km) in depth, supplemented by anti-tank ditches, weapons pits, minefields and other obstacles.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> The rest of the division, with 35 tanks of the 12th SS Panzer Regiment, were held in reserve, with elements located north, west and south of the city.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> Most of the division's artillery had been moved back across the Orne, and the divisional command centre had been relocated from the <a href="/wiki/Ardenne_Abbey" title="Ardenne Abbey">Ardenne Abbey</a> to Abbaye-aux-Dames in the centre of Caen.<a href="#cite_note-Trew35-5">[5]</a> The 16th Luftwaffe Field Division was an inexperienced infantry division that had only recently arrived in Normandy to relieve the 21st Panzer Division of its defence of Caen and its positions east of the Caen canal.<a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> The division was under-trained<a href="#cite_note-Trew32-2">[2]</a> and lacked sufficient anti-tank weapons; to remedy the latter it was reinforced with a tank battalion from 21st Panzer.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer473-58">[54]</a> The Luftwaffe division was deployed on both sides of the Orne, with three battalions holding the villages to the immediate north of the city.<a href="#cite_note-66">[nb 5]</a> The 1st SS Panzer Division was roughly 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Caen with a regiment of dual purpose <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_Flak_18/36/37/41" title="8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41">88 mm guns</a> from the <a href="/wiki/III_Flak_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="III Flak Corps">III Flak Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis311-55">[51]</a> The II SS Panzer Corps was to the west, with the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg around 2 miles (3.2 km) south-west of the city.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_attack,_7_July">Air attack, 7 July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Air attack, 7 July">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombing_of_caen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An overhead view of a bomber aircraft, flying over a pall of smoke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bombing_of_caen.jpg/220px-Bombing_of_caen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bombing_of_caen.jpg/330px-Bombing_of_caen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bombing_of_caen.jpg/440px-Bombing_of_caen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Handley Page Halifax</a> bomber of <a href="/wiki/No._4_Group_RAF" title="No. 4 Group RAF">No. 4 Group RAF</a> over northern Caen after the bombing of 7 July</figcaption></figure> On the night of 7 July 467 <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifax</a> aircraft of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> attacked Caen, dropping over 2,000 long tons (2,000 t) of bombs on the city.<a href="#cite_note-72">[nb 6]</a> Although intended mainly to facilitate the Anglo-Canadian advance and to prevent German reinforcements from reaching the battle or retreating through Caen, a secondary consideration was the suppression of the German defences.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis313-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trew37-74">[68]</a> In this the bombing largely failed, the main German armour and infantry positions to the north of Caen remained intact.<a href="#cite_note-keegan-82-188-48">[44]</a> Several tanks were hit and temporarily disabled but only two Panzer IV of the 12th SS Panzer Division were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Trew37-74">[68]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a>, in command of the British Second Army, was more concerned with the morale-boosting effect of the bombing on his troops, than any material losses it might inflict on the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-Wilmot351-47">[43]</a> The pathfinders of <a href="/wiki/No._625_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 625 Squadron RAF">625 Squadron</a>, dropping the target markers for the bombers, were instructed not to allow the target zone to "drift back" towards the Allied lines as had been the tendency in earlier operations.<a href="#cite_note-keegan-82-188-48">[44]</a> Together with the cautious shifting of the target zone during the planning stage, many of the markers were dropped too far forward, pushing the bombed zone well into Caen, further away from the German defences. By 22:00 on 7 July, the bombers had departed, leaving 80 percent of the north of Caen destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Caen University">Caen University</a> was particularly hard hit, starting chemical fires that soon spread.<a href="#cite_note-hastings222-45">[41]</a> At 22:50, six squadrons of <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> bombers attacked individual targets and ten minutes later the 636 guns of the assaulting divisions opened fire, with the battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Rodney_(29)" title="HMS Rodney (29)">HMS Rodney</a> and other ships adding their support.<a href="#cite_note-Copp101-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trew36-71">[66]</a> The bombardment was intensified by the artillery of VIII Corps against the villages north of Caen, to eliminate German strong points before the infantry assault began.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson61-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Copp101-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8_July">8 July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 8 July">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charnwood_advance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dispersed group of infantry moving through a field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Charnwood_advance.jpg/220px-Charnwood_advance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Charnwood_advance.jpg/330px-Charnwood_advance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Charnwood_advance.jpg/440px-Charnwood_advance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Men of the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/185th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">185th Brigade</a> of the 3rd Infantry Division, advancing through a wheat field during the final assault on Caen.</figcaption></figure> At 04:30 on 8 July, the artillery of I and VIII Corps shifted their fire deeper into the German defensive belt, along the axes of advance of the 3rd Canadian Division and the <a href="/wiki/59th_(Staffordshire)_Infantry_Division" title="59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division">59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cawthorne120-69">[64]</a> As the infantry and armour moved off their start-lines, the barrage slowly crept forward, concentrating its fire on positions in front of the Anglo-Canadian troops;<a href="#cite_note-copp103-76">[70]</a> four battalions and two armoured regiments advancing on a two brigade front.<a href="#cite_note-copp103-76">[70]</a> At 07:00, 192 <a href="/wiki/B-26_Marauder" class="mw-redirect" title="B-26 Marauder">B-26 Marauder</a> medium bombers arrived over the battlefield but finding it obscured by cloud only 87 aircraft were able to drop their bombs, totalling 133 long tons (135 t). Some bombs landed on the 12th SS Headquarters at Abbaye-aux-Dames.<a href="#cite_note-Trew37-74">[68]</a> Crocker launched the second phase of Operation Charnwood at 07:30, although neither division had yet reached its objectives.<a href="#cite_note-copp103-76">[70]</a> The 26th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment was still in control of high ground around the Carpiquet airfield on the right flank of the advance. On the left, facing the relatively weak defences of the 16th Luftwaffe Field Division, the 3rd Infantry Division made good progress. They attacked Lébisey and rapidly pushed through the village, although fighting intensified as the division reached <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rouville" class="mw-redirect" title="Hérouville">Hérouville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DE318-77">[71]</a> Concerned about the state of the Luftwaffe division, General <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Eberbach" title="Heinrich Eberbach">Heinrich Eberbach</a>, in command of <a href="/wiki/Panzer_Group_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer Group West">Panzer Group West</a> ordered the 21st Panzer Division to redeploy north-east of Caen in support.<a href="#cite_note-Trew39-3">[3]</a> The manoeuvre was spotted and when 21st Panzer attempted to cross the Caen Canal, a naval bombardment was directed against them. Facing the possibility of heavy losses, the move was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Trew39-3">[3]</a> In the centre, the <a href="/wiki/176th_(2/1st_Staffordshire)_Brigade" title="176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade">176th Brigade</a> of the 59th Division was encountering much stiffer resistance from the 12th SS Panzer Regiment in Galmanche and la Bijude.<a href="#cite_note-ellis314-15-78">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/197th_(Lancashire_Fusiliers)_Brigade" title="197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade">197th Brigade</a> bypassed Galmanche and by noon had reached St-Contest.<a href="#cite_note-copp103-76">[70]</a> Further to the west, the 9th Infantry Brigade of the 3rd Canadian Division had been involved in heavy fighting in <a href="/wiki/Buron" title="Buron">Buron</a>, which was defended by 200 men from the 12th SS. With support from the <a href="/wiki/10th_Armoured_Regiment_(The_Fort_Garry_Horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse)">10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse)</a>, by noon Buron had been taken, although the Canadian assault companies suffered 60% casualties.<a href="#cite_note-copp104-79">[73]</a> South of Buron, a counter-attack by <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tanks</a> of the 12th SS Panzer Regiment was defeated by <a href="/wiki/17pdr_SP_Achilles" title="17pdr SP Achilles">17pdr SP Achilles</a> self-propelled anti-tank guns and <a href="/wiki/17-pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="17-pounder">17-pounder</a> anti tank guns of the 245th Battery, 62nd Antitank Regiment. Thirteen German tanks were destroyed in one of the most successful antitank engagements of the campaign, for the loss of four tank destroyers and a further four damaged.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> Gruchy was captured with relatively less difficulty, with the <a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="7th Canadian Infantry Brigade">7th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> encountering only mortar and artillery fire in their drive to Authie. The capture of Authie facilitated the 59th Infantry Division assault on St-Contest and that village fell too, clearing the way for an advance on Caen.<a href="#cite_note-copp104-79">[73]</a> In Phase 3 of the operation, the 7th Brigade pushed towards the former headquarters of the 12th SS Panzer Division at Ardenne Abbey, securing the position before midnight.<a href="#cite_note-copp105-81">[75]</a> The British 3rd Division brushed aside 16th Luftwaffe and approached the outskirts of Caen from the north-east. At 19:15, Meyer and Eberbach authorised the withdrawal of the 12th SS Panzer Division heavy weapons and the remnants of the Luftwaffe division across the Orne to the southern side of Caen.<a href="#cite_note-copp105-81">[75]</a> In the early evening, the 12th SS fought a rearguard action against elements of the 59th and 3rd Canadian divisions, as it pulled back from positions no longer considered tenable.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> Reports of this withdrawal came into the Anglo-Canadian command but patrols probing German positions, created a false perception that no withdrawal was taking place.<a href="#cite_note-ellis314-15-78">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9_July">9 July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 9 July">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snipercaen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A soldier lies prone, rife at the ready by a building in a city street. Beside him is a sign reading "Caen centre", pointing back the way he has come." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Snipercaen.jpg/220px-Snipercaen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Snipercaen.jpg/330px-Snipercaen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Snipercaen.jpg/440px-Snipercaen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>A soldier from I Corps takes cover in the streets of Caen during Operation Charnwood</figcaption></figure> British and Canadian patrols began to infiltrate the city at dawn on 9 July.<a href="#cite_note-cawthorne120-69">[64]</a> The airfield at Carpiquet finally fell into Allied hands during the early morning, when the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division discovered that the 26th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment had withdrawn during the night.<a href="#cite_note-VdV150-43">[39]</a> With the German situation north of the river becoming increasingly precarious, 21st Panzer Division battle groups and the remaining regiments of the 12th SS Panzer Division conducted a slow withdrawal across the Orne, making for the Verrières and Bourguébus Ridges.<a href="#cite_note-wood93-83">[77]</a> By noon the 3rd British Infantry Division had reached the Orne's north bank, virtually destroying the elements of the 16th Luftwaffe Field Division, positioned west of the Orne, in the process.<a href="#cite_note-84">[nb 7]</a> A few hours later the British and Canadians met in the centre of the city and by 18:00 the northern half of Caen was firmly under Allied control; all I Corps's objectives had been achieved. A few of Caen's bridges were intact but these were either blocked by rubble or defended by German troops on the south bank and the 1st SS Panzer Division had by now positioned itself to oppose any further advance.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis316-10">[9]</a> The 12th SS Panzer Division (by the end of the battle the division's infantry strength had been reduced to that of a battalion)<a href="#cite_note-DE318-77">[71]</a>—claimed over the course of two days to have destroyed 103 British and Canadian tanks<a href="#cite_note-Wood99-85">[78]</a> for the loss of 20.<a href="#cite_note-DE318-77">[71]</a> On entering Caen the Anglo-Canadian troops found it in ruins, with four-fifths of the Old City reduced to rubble by the 7 July bombings.<a href="#cite_note-VdV150-43">[39]</a> The debris that choked the streets made it almost impossible for British armour to manoeuvre through the northern half of the city, preventing Second Army from exploiting I Corps's success.<a href="#cite_note-DE319-86">[79]</a> Without possession of the terrain flanking the south of the city, no further gains could be made within Caen<a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hasting223-88">[81]</a> so by mid-afternoon on 9 July, Operation Charnwood was over.<a href="#cite_note-cawthorne120-69">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caen_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two soldiers in a rubble-filled street bordered by badly-damaged buildings; one is clambering over the debris with a young child on his shoulder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caen_girl.jpg/260px-Caen_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caen_girl.jpg/390px-Caen_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caen_girl.jpg/520px-Caen_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>A British soldier carries a little girl through the devastation of Caen, 10 July 1944.</figcaption></figure> The Germans were forced to withdraw to the south of the Orne but Allied forces were unable to push beyond the river.<a href="#cite_note-Wilmot351-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stacey162-89">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trew44-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> German forces were dug-in on the opposite bank in position to block a move south.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley31-92">[85]</a> Montgomery called off an advance beyond the Orne as further attacks would be too costly for the gains made, which had inflicted much attrition on the defenders.<a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hart,_p._63-93">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyer505-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> For French public opinion the operation was a coup; civilians now believed the liberation of France had begun.<a href="#cite_note-Trew4748-97">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> called Operation Charnwood a partial success, because although much of Caen was taken, the British and Canadians failed to secure enough ground to expand the Allied build-up; the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> was still waiting in the United Kingdom for transfer to Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor273-98">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D'Este">Carlo D'Este</a> wrote that Charnwood did improve the Second Army's position but without the high ground to the south, Caen was useless, the capture of the city was too little too late a hollow victory.<a href="#cite_note-Deste318319-99">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Chester Wilmot</a> wrote that for Montgomery to maintain a threat to German-occupied Paris, Caen's southern suburbs with their factories and communications network would have been a more significant prize.<a href="#cite_note-Wilmot351-47">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">Buckley</a> and Copp note that by the time the city was captured, the Germans—weakened by the battles of late June and early July—had already established defensive positions on the high ground to the south of the Orne, which blocked the route to the Falaise plain<a href="#cite_note-buck31-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilmot351-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a> Copp also wrote that the British Second Army won an important operational victory during Charnwood and the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Army_Historical_Research" title="Society for Army Historical Research">Society for Army Historical Research</a> recorded that the attacks were a tactical and operational success.<a href="#cite_note-Copp94-100">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delaney200-101">[94]</a> The Supreme Allied Commander, General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> expressed concern that a breakout was unlikely. Montgomery differed; the tenacity of the German defence was no barometer of its longevity.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> mentioned to Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Caesar_von_Hofacker" title="Caesar von Hofacker">Caesar von Hofacker</a> that the front-line in France could only be held for another three weeks. Hofacker was a member of the German resistance and linked with the Hitler assassination plot and according to Trew, Rommel's comment led to the plot timetable being decided.<a href="#cite_note-Trew4748-97">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tankscaencenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An intersection; an anti-tank gun is covering the crossroads in the foreground and in the street behind are some soldiers and two tanks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tankscaencenter.jpg/220px-Tankscaencenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tankscaencenter.jpg/330px-Tankscaencenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tankscaencenter.jpg/440px-Tankscaencenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 6 pounder">6-pounder anti-tank gun</a> of the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Scottish_Borderers" title="King's Own Scottish Borderers">King's Own Scottish Borderers</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="9th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">9th Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_3rd_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="British 3rd Division">British 3rd Division</a>, along with two <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman tanks</a> near St-Pierre Church, 10 July 1944.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> The serious losses sustained in maintaining a static defence during June led to fractures in the German high command. On 1 July, Panzer Group West commander <a href="/wiki/Leo_Geyr_von_Schweppenburg" title="Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg">Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg</a> had been replaced by Heinrich Eberbach, following disagreements with Hitler over how the campaign should be conducted.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis320322-104">[97]</a> Gerd von Rundstedt soon followed; that evening, in a telephone conversation with Generalfeldmarschall <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a>, head of OKW, Rundstedt said "Make peace, you fools".<a href="#cite_note-Wilmot347-105">[98]</a> Taken to task over his endorsement of Schweppenburg's recommendation for a withdrawal, he replied "If you doubt what we're doing, get up here and take over this shambles yourself".<a href="#cite_note-Hastings207-106">[99]</a> The following morning, informed that perhaps his health was "no longer up to the task", Rundstedt resigned and was succeeded as OB West by Günther von Kluge.<a href="#cite_note-Hastings207-106">[99]</a> The costly battles in and around Caen and Saint-Lô convinced both Eberbach and Kluge that their predecessors had been correct.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> The Germans had suffered heavily, leading Hitler to order Army Group B temporarily to abandon big counter-attacks and stay on the defensive until more reinforcements could arrive to bolster the front.<a href="#cite_note-Trew4748-97">[90]</a> Trew contends that the capture of northern Caen had a psychological impact on the French population, convincing them the Allies were there to stay and that the liberation of France could not be far off.<a href="#cite_note-Trew4748-97">[90]</a> By the end of Charnwood, Allied losses since 6 June had amounted to over 30,000 men, excluding those who had been evacuated due to sickness and from battle exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> Buckley believes Charnwood to have been a good idea but one that proved better in concept than in execution, influenced as it was by the mounting political pressure on 21st Army Group to produce results.<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> Copp wrote that the broad front attack had worked, preventing the Germans bringing to bear superior firepower on any one formation.<a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caenliberated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mixed group of soldiers and civilians in front of some damaged shops; the street is littered with debris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Caenliberated.jpg/220px-Caenliberated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Caenliberated.jpg/330px-Caenliberated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Caenliberated.jpg/440px-Caenliberated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Some of the first troops to enter Caen pose with local inhabitants outside wrecked shops, 9 July 1944.</figcaption></figure> Copp wrote that Charnwood should have produced a rapid breakthrough but concedes that the battle was one of the most difficult of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> Buckley singles out poor cooperation between armoured and infantry units as one of the reasons for such high Allied losses; he is critical of the habit of tanks standing off from German positions and firing the infantry onto the objective like artillery, instead of moving forward to give close support. He further notes that from the German perspective, the Anglo-Canadian forces apparently lacked the desire or ability to press home their advantages, citing Kurt Meyer's opinion that during the battle the Allies allowed the opportunity to destroy his 12th SS Panzer Division to elude them. Buckley comments on the defensive power of the British and Canadian formations. The German practice of conducting immediate local counter-attacks to retake lost ground cost them many of their best troops, losses they could ill-afford. He illustrates this with a typical action during which the Germans lost 13 tanks to British self-propelled anti-tank guns.<a href="#cite_note-buck31-8">[7]</a> With Caen north of the River Orne in Allied hands, mine-clearance operations were launched, bulldozers were set to work to clear the streets and a convoy of trucks carrying supplies for the civilian population was brought in. On 10 July, the <a href="/wiki/French_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="French flag">French flag</a> was raised over the city and three days later a parade was held in the Place Saint-Martin during which a second flag was raised to the strains of Scottish <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipers</a> playing <a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor273-98">[91]</a> Rommel and Eberbach consolidated defensive positions in and around southern Caen, the 1st, 9th and 12th SS Panzer Divisions turning the Bourguébus and Verrières Ridges into formidable barriers.<a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-DE319-86">[79]</a> Having committed all of his armoured reserves, Rommel transferred the remainder of his infantry divisions—the 708th, 276th, 277th and <a href="/wiki/272nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="272nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">272nd</a>—to the Anglo-Canadian front.<a href="#cite_note-keegan-82-188-48">[44]</a> On 8 July, he released the remnants of the Panzer Lehr Division and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich</a> to the American sector.<a href="#cite_note-keegan-82-188-48">[44]</a> At the start of the campaign, Panzer-Lehr was one of the most powerful armoured formations in the German army, by this stage it had been reduced to a number of battlegroups and was no longer operational as a division.<a href="#cite_note-Forty29-111">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> On 17 July, Rommel's staff car was strafed by British fighters, severely injuring the Field Marshal and confining him to hospital.<a href="#cite_note-cawthorne120-69">[64]</a> Two days later he was replaced as Army Group B commander by Field Marshal Günther von Kluge.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> Rommel never returned to Normandy; implicated in the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a> against Hitler, on 14 October he was forced to commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-cawthorne121-114">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Engineers_in_Caen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A file of soldiers walking through a blasted cityscape; only a few buildings are standing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Royal_Engineers_in_Caen.jpg/220px-Royal_Engineers_in_Caen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Royal_Engineers_in_Caen.jpg/330px-Royal_Engineers_in_Caen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Royal_Engineers_in_Caen.jpg/440px-Royal_Engineers_in_Caen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> move through the ruins of Caen, looking for mines and booby-traps, 10 July 1944.</figcaption></figure> Caen's partial capture allowed <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, commander of the First US Army, to accelerate his plans for a breakout.<a href="#cite_note-cawthorne120-69">[64]</a> Shortly after Charnwood the <a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VII Corps (United States)">VII US Corps</a> attacked German positions in <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a>, which the 2nd SS Panzer Division had been ordered to "hold at all costs".<a href="#cite_note-VdV158-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-DE339-41-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood99-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> On 18 July, after eight days of fighting during which 95 percent of the town was destroyed and VII Corps had more than 5,000 casualties, Saint-Lô fell to the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> The same day, the Second Army began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a> with from 1,100 to 1,300 tanks in the largest armoured battle in British military history.<a href="#cite_note-VdV158-115">[108]</a> VIII Corps (Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor" title="Richard O'Connor">Richard O'Connor</a>) spearheaded the drive towards the Bourguébus Ridge with three armoured divisions, supported by I Corps. After a preliminary attack by 1,056 heavy bombers, elements of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">11th Armoured Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guards_Armoured_Division" title="Guards Armoured Division">Guards Armoured Division</a> and 7th Armoured Division assaulted the positions of LXXXVI Corps north of Bourguébus but despite early gains of around 12,000 yards (6.8 mi; 11 km), strong resistance prevented VIII Corps taking the ridge.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> Simultaneously the new <a href="/wiki/II_Canadian_Corps" title="II Canadian Corps">II Canadian Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant-general (Canada)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a>) launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Operation Atlantic</a> an offensive on Caen north of the Orne.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> the II Canadian Corps ran into fierce opposition; during the later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Battle of Verrières Ridge</a> the Canadians sustained 2,800 casualties. Verrières Ridge would remain in German hands until 8 August.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_honours">Battle honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle honours">edit</a>]</div> The British and Commonwealth system of <a href="/wiki/Battle_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle honours">battle honours</a> recognises the battle by the award to 55 units of the honour Caen, for participation in the capture of Caen between 4–18 July 1944. Awarded from 1956 to 1959, the recognition was accompanied by honours for taking part in Operation Charnwood. For participating in the capture of Caen between 8–9 July three units were awarded the honour Orne, nine the honour The Orne, and two the honour The Orne (Buron).<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombing">Bombing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bombing">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings</a> wrote that the bombing came to be seen by many as "one of the most futile air attacks of the war" and Beevor called the attack a "disaster".<a href="#cite_note-hastings222-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beevor269-126">[119]</a> Reynolds judged the results of the bombing as "pathetic" and D'Este wrote that the bombing hindered the Allied push into the city.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> Air Commodore E. J. Kingston-McCloughry and <a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Solly Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a> conducted a survey and concluded that no targets of military value had been attacked, nor were there any gun positions, tanks or German dead in the target zone. They interviewed men of the 3rd Infantry Division, who were reportedly bewildered as to why the bombers had been employed.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> The 3rd Division historian, wrote that in the wake of the air-raid the men <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... for the first time for weeks breathed freely. The full support of the Air Force gave them full hearts ... and the men were encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Norman Scarfe</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britsoldiercaen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A soldier holding the arm of an elderly lady in a debris-strewn street, with ruined buildings in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Britsoldiercaen.jpg/220px-Britsoldiercaen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Britsoldiercaen.jpg/330px-Britsoldiercaen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Britsoldiercaen.jpg/440px-Britsoldiercaen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>A British soldier helps an old woman through the ruins of Caen after its capture.</figcaption></figure> The Canadian Official Historian, C. P. Stacey wrote that several Canadian formations reported an increase in morale.<a href="#cite_note-stacey158-130">[123]</a> Wilmot wrote that the bombing was essential because it raised the morale of the Second Army and depressed that of the German defenders.<a href="#cite_note-Wilmot351-47">[43]</a> A 21st Army Group intelligence report, based on the interrogation of German prisoners recorded that the raid was "decisive" and had apparently destroyed the headquarters of the Luftwaffe infantry regiment based north of Caen and deprived the German troops north of the city of ammunition and rations the following morning.<a href="#cite_note-stacey158-130">[123]</a> Gray wrote that the bombing had an effect on the morale of both sides but that this was temporary.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Ellis" title="Lionel Ellis">L. F. Ellis</a>, the British Official Historian, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Trew" title="Simon Trew">Trew</a> and Badsey all wrote that the raid was intended to cut off German reinforcements from the battlefield and hinder an attempt to withdraw south of the Orne river.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis313-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trew37-74">[68]</a> Stacey wrote that it was "obvious and desirable" that for maximum advantage, the Allied ground forces should have advanced on the heels of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-stacey158-130">[123]</a> Gray concluded that no-one "can[not] satisfactorily answer the question 'why'" the city was bombed.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> Analysis by <a href="/wiki/Operations_research#Second_World_War" title="Operations research">Operational Research Section Number 2</a> (ORS2) concluded that the bombing of the first aiming point north-west of Caen was accurate, finding that the centre of the 90 percent zone (the area where 90 percent of the bombs fell) was 200–300 yards (180–270 m) east of the aiming point, with some spillage to the south and west. Examination of the area after its capture, indicated some destruction of German equipment, including the wreckage of ten of the forty trucks believed to be in the area at the time of the raid. The 48 hours that elapsed between the bombing and the Allied occupation of the area, allowed the Germans time to recover from any shock and disorientation and to salvage some damaged equipment. Examination of the second aiming point, "Northern Caen", failed to reveal a 90 percent zone but it was noted that the obstructive effect of bombing a suburb was significant and had caused substantial delays to vehicles of both sides, by cratering and blocking roads. ORS2 concluded that the success of Charnwood owed little to the bombing and made recommendations including changing to instantly fused bombs, dropping larger numbers of smaller anti-personnel bombs and rapidly following-up a bombardment with ground forces to take advantage of its main effect, which was the temporary suppression of German will to resist. In Operation Goodwood, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Operation Bluecoat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Operation Totalize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Operation Tractable</a> the 21st Army Group exploited better the effect of preparatory attacks by strategic bombers by following-up the attacks immediately.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyedcaen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A scenic cityscape showing destroyed and badly-damaged buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Destroyedcaen.jpg/220px-Destroyedcaen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Destroyedcaen.jpg/330px-Destroyedcaen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Destroyedcaen.jpg/440px-Destroyedcaen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>The aftermath of the bombing of Caen on 7 July 1944.</figcaption></figure> The British initially announced that around 6,000 civilians had been killed during the air-raid and a Soviet war correspondent attached to the 21st Army Group, Lieutenant-Colonel Kraminov, put the figure as high as 22,000, a claim that was used by French communists in post-war anti-British propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor269-126">[119]</a> It was later found that 300–400 civilians were killed in the raid.<a href="#cite_note-Stacey160-15">[11]</a> Caen citizens were relieved and provided their liberators with a welcome that the troops found very moving; French accounts of the time claim that "All [of] Caen was in the streets to greet them". Although Ellis called the French welcome "pathetic", no Allied unit recorded any complaints about the reception they were given.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis316-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trew44-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stacey163-134">[127]</a> Stacey wrote that the populace were "particularly delighted to find their city freed in part by men from Canada".<a href="#cite_note-Stacey163-134">[127]</a> Beevor wrote that most of the population were numb from the shock and quoted a British soldier who recalled that "most ... women were crying, grief-stricken and anguished".<a href="#cite_note-Beevor273-98">[91]</a> As early as 12 June, the French Resistance had sent messengers to the British, informing them that refugees were gathering in the areas around the <a href="/wiki/Abbaye-aux-Hommes" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye-aux-Hommes">Abbaye-aux-Hommes</a> and the Hôpital du Bon Sauveur and requested that these locations not to be bombed; British assurances were given and these locations were nearly untouched.<a href="#cite_note-Stacey163-134">[127]</a> Gray wrote that after the war, the city population regarded itself as being <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a>, which could be seen on the war memorial.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_operations">Subsequent operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subsequent operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Jupiter">Operation Jupiter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operation Jupiter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Operation Jupiter (1944)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupitermortar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of soldiers crouching beside a roadside hedge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jupitermortar.jpg/220px-Jupitermortar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jupitermortar.jpg/330px-Jupitermortar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jupitermortar.jpg/440px-Jupitermortar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division take cover from German mortar fire during Jupiter</figcaption></figure> On 10 July, the <a href="/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division" title="43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division">43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division</a> attacked the positions of the 10th SS Panzer Division to the southwest of Caen on <a href="/wiki/Hill_112" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill 112">Hill 112</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hasting223-88">[81]</a> Preceded by a two-day bombardment that included support from naval vessels and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoons</a>, the assault was designed to threaten Caen from the west and push back the 10th SS Panzer Division, securing an avenue for future offensives.<a href="#cite_note-cawthorne120-69">[64]</a> The 43rd Wessex began their assault at dawn on 10 July, supported by two armoured brigades.<a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a> By 08:00, British tanks and infantry were engaged with the 10th SS Panzer and "well up" the slopes of Hill 112. Eterville was taken around mid-morning; as the 4th Armoured Brigade and 43rd Wessex pressed their attack, Panzer Group West commander General Eberbach insisted that "Hill 112 is the pivotal point of the whole position West of Caen, and must therefore be held".<a href="#cite_note-Hasting223-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/102nd_SS_Heavy_Panzer_Battalion" title="102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion">102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion</a> and the 1st SS Panzer Division were committed to its defence.<a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a> The 4th Armoured Brigade reached the summit but in the evening were counter-attacked by remnants of the 1st and 12th SS Panzer Divisions.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> The British offensive resumed the following day with the support of anti-tank regiments from the Second Army; these had heavy losses in a counter-attack by the 102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion.<a href="#cite_note-hastings227-138">[131]</a> Hill 112 was briefly taken by a battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall%27s_Light_Infantry" title="Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry">Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry</a>, only to be lost to further German counter-attacks in the late afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-hastings227-138">[131]</a> By the evening of 11 July, with both sides exhausted and having suffered heavily the offensive had reached a stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-copp106-87">[80]</a> The 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division and its supporting armour had suffered two thousand casualties in the two days of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-Hasting223-88">[81]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operation_Charnwood" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Operation Charnwood">Operation Charnwood</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The 12th SS Panzer Division's tank strength on 7 July was 24 Panthers and 37 Panzer IVs.<a href="#cite_note-Trew35-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Major Ellis, the British official campaign historian, states that about 80 tanks were either destroyed or put out of action during the operation.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis316-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The 12th SS Panzer Division recorded the loss of 11 Panthers and 7 Panzer IVs.<a href="#cite_note-Trew46-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Buckley and Reynolds report that the 12th SS Panzer lost 10 Panthers and 22 Panzer IVs destroyed during the operation; Reynolds specifically stating these losses were for 8 July only.<a href="#cite_note-buck31-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Two battalions of the 31st Luftwaffe Rifles Regiment and the divisional fusilier battalion.<a href="#cite_note-Trew35-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> The quantity of munitions dropped on Caen is subject to some degree of dispute. Keegan estimates the tonnage at 2,000 long tons (2,000 t), while Cawthorne puts the figure at 2,300 long tons (2,300 t).<a href="#cite_note-keegan189-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-cawthorne120-69">[64]</a> D'Este wrote that "Bomber Command dropped some 6,000 bombs in a narrow area of northern Caen".<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Trew" title="Simon Trew">Simon Trew</a> wrote of 2,562 long tons (2,603 t).<a href="#cite_note-Trew36-71">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> These elements were reported to have sustained 75 per cent losses.<a href="#cite_note-DE318-77">[71]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Trew, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trew32-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew32_2-8">i</a> Trew, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trew39-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trew39_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew39_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew39_3-2">c</a> Trew, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Trew, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trew35-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trew35_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew35_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew35_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew35_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew35_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew35_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew35_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew35_5-7">h</a> Trew, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trew46-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trew46_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew46_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew46_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew46_7-3">d</a> Trew, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-buck31-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buck31_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buck31_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buck31_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buck31_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buck31_8-4">e</a> Buckley (2004), p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Reynolds (2001), p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis316-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis316_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis316_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis316_10-2">c</a> Ellis, p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Reynolds (2001), p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stacey160-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stacey160_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stacey160_15-1">b</a> Stacey, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Williams, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Ellis, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Ellis, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Ellis, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Van Der Vat, p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Cawthorne, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdV114-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VdV114_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdV114_22-1">b</a> Van der Vat, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis250-23"><a href="#cite_ref-ellis250_23-0">^</a> Ellis, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdV139-24"><a href="#cite_ref-VdV139_24-0">^</a> Van der Vat, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> D'Este, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Taylor, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Clay, pp. 262–263 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark21-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark21_28-0">^</a> Clark, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis275-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis275_29-0">^</a> Ellis, p. 275 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Hastings, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Clark, pp. 31–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Hart, p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Wilmot, p. 334 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Reynolds (2002), p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scarfe6869-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scarfe6869_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scarfe6869_35-1">b</a> Scarfe, pp. 68–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortin30-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortin30_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortin30_36-1">b</a> Fortin, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-Copp113-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Copp113_37-0">^</a> Copp (2003), p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-keegan187-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keegan187_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keegan187_38-1">b</a> Keegan, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Daglish, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> D'Este, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deste305-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Deste305_41-0">^</a> D'Este, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Copp (2003), p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdV150-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VdV150_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdV150_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdV150_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdV150_43-3">d</a> Van der Vat, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-DE298-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DE298_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE298_44-1">b</a> D'Este, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-hastings222-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hastings222_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastings222_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastings222_45-2">c</a> Hastings, p. 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stacey157-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Stacey157_46-0">^</a> Stacey, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilmot351-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilmot351_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilmot351_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilmot351_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilmot351_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilmot351_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilmot351_47-5">f</a> Wilmot, p. 351 </li> <li id="cite_note-keegan-82-188-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keegan-82-188_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keegan-82-188_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keegan-82-188_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keegan-82-188_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keegan-82-188_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keegan-82-188_48-5">f</a> Keegan, p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Cirillo, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis310-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis310_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis310_50-1">b</a> Ellis, p. 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson61-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson61_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson61_51-1">b</a> Jackson, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Buckley (2006), p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Trew, pp. 34, 36, 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scarfe,_p._70-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Scarfe,_p._70_54-0">^</a> Scarfe, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis311-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis311_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis311_55-1">b</a> Ellis, p. 311 </li> <li id="cite_note-Copp101-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copp101_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copp101_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copp101_56-2">c</a> Copp (2003), p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-H2223-57"><a href="#cite_ref-H2223_57-0">^</a> Hastings, pp. 222–223 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer473-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer473_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer473_58-1">b</a> Meyer (v.I), p. 473 </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy46-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy46_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy46_59-1">b</a> Reginald, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds152-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds152_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds152_60-1">b</a> Reynolds (2001), p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-copp102-61"><a href="#cite_ref-copp102_61-0">^</a> Copp (2003), p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Swanston, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ellis, pp. 310–311 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Reynolds (2001), pp. 152–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Meyer (v.I), pp. 472–473 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Ellis, pp. 311–312 </li> <li id="cite_note-keegan189-68"><a href="#cite_ref-keegan189_68-0">^</a> Keegan, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-cawthorne120-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cawthorne120_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cawthorne120_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cawthorne120_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cawthorne120_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cawthorne120_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cawthorne120_69-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cawthorne120_69-6">g</a> Cawthorne, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> D'Este, p. 313 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trew36-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trew36_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew36_71-1">b</a> Trew, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis313-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis313_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis313_73-1">b</a> Ellis, p. 313 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trew37-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trew37_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew37_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew37_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew37_74-3">d</a> Trew, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Van der Vat, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-copp103-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copp103_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp103_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp103_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp103_76-3">d</a> Copp (2003), p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-DE318-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DE318_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE318_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE318_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE318_77-3">d</a> D'Este, p. 318 </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis314-15-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellis314-15_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis314-15_78-1">b</a> Ellis, pp. 314–315 </li> <li id="cite_note-copp104-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copp104_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp104_79-1">b</a> Copp (2003), p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Copp (2003), pp. 103–104, 296–297 </li> <li id="cite_note-copp105-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copp105_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp105_81-1">b</a> Copp (2003), p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Wood, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-wood93-83"><a href="#cite_ref-wood93_83-0">^</a> Wood, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood99-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood99_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood99_85-1">b</a> Wood, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-DE319-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DE319_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DE319_86-1">b</a> D'Este, p. 319 </li> <li id="cite_note-copp106-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copp106_87-8">i</a> Copp (2003), p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasting223-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasting223_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasting223_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasting223_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasting223_88-3">d</a> Hastings, p. 223 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stacey162-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Stacey162_89-0">^</a> Stacey, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trew44-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trew44_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew44_90-1">b</a> Trew, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Reynolds, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley31-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley31_92-0">^</a> Buckley, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart,_p._63-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Hart,_p._63_93-0">^</a> Hart, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Stacey, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer505-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer505_95-0">^</a> Meyer (v.II), p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Clark and Hart, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trew4748-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trew4748_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew4748_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew4748_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trew4748_97-3">d</a> Trew, pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor273-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor273_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor273_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor273_98-2">c</a> Beevor, p. 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deste318319-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Deste318319_99-0">^</a> D'Este, pp. 318–319 </li> <li id="cite_note-Copp94-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Copp94_100-0">^</a> Copp (2004), p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Delaney200-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Delaney200_101-0">^</a> Delaney, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Wilmot, p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Trew, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis320322-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis320322_104-0">^</a> Ellis, pp. 320–322 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilmot347-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilmot347_105-0">^</a> Wilmot. p. 347 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings207-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings207_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings207_106-1">b</a> Hastings, p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Copp (2003), p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Copp (2003), p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Buckley (2006), p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Copp (2003), p. 101–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-Forty29-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Forty29_111-0">^</a> Forty, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Copp (2003), p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Wood, p. vii </li> <li id="cite_note-cawthorne121-114"><a href="#cite_ref-cawthorne121_114-0">^</a> Cawthorne, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdV158-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VdV158_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdV158_115-1">b</a> Van der Vat, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-DE339-41-116"><a href="#cite_ref-DE339-41_116-0">^</a> D'Este, pp. 339–341 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Wood, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Hastings, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Van der Vat, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Trew, pp. 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Reynolds (2001) pp. 170–171 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> D'Este, p. 357 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Zuehlke, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Hastings, p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Rodger, pp. 243–244 </li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor269-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor269_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor269_126-1">b</a> Beevor, p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Reynolds (2001), p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> D'Este, p. 315 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Scarfe, pp. 69–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-stacey158-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stacey158_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey158_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey158_130-2">c</a> Stacey, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Buckley (2006), p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Buckley (2006), p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Copp (2000), pp. 71–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stacey163-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stacey163_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stacey163_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stacey163_134-2">c</a> Stacey, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Buckley (2006), pp. 158, 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Hastings, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Hastings, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-hastings227-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hastings227_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastings227_138-1">b</a> Hastings, p. 227 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2009). 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Aldershot: <a href="/wiki/Gale_and_Polden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale and Polden">Gale and Polden</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12049041">12049041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+path+of+the+50th%3A+The+story+of+the+50th+%28Northumbrian%29+Division+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Gale+and+Polden&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12049041&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Major+Ewart+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp2000" class="citation book cs1">Copp, Terry, ed. (2000). Montgomery's Scientists: Operational Research in Northwest Europe. The work of No.2 Operational Research Section with 21 Army Group June 1944 to July 1945. Waterloo Ontario: LCMSDS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9697955-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9697955-9-9"><bdi>978-0-9697955-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montgomery%27s+Scientists%3A+Operational+Research+in+Northwest+Europe.+The+work+of+No.2+Operational+Research+Section+with+21+Army+Group+June+1944+to+July+1945&rft.place=Waterloo+Ontario&rft.pub=LCMSDS&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9697955-9-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Copp, Terry</a> (2004) [2003]. Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. 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A Nation at War, 1939–1945: essays from Legion Magazine. 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Barnsley: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-153-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-153-0"><bdi>978-1-84415-153-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68762230">68762230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Goodwood&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.series=Over+the+Battlefield&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68762230&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-153-0&rft.aulast=Daglish&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2007" class="citation journal cs1">Delaney, Douglas (2007). 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F.</a>; with Allen, Captain G. R. G.; Warhurst, Lieutenant-Colonel A. E. & Robb, Air Chief-Marshal Sir James (2004) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>, 1962]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War#United_Kingdom_Military_Series" title="History of the Second World War">History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series</a>. Vol. I. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-058-0"><bdi>978-1-84574-058-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276814706">276814706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+West%3A+The+Battle+of+Normandy&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+East+Sussex&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276814706&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-058-0&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Major+L.+F.&rft.au=with+Allen%2C+Captain+G.+R.+G.&rft.au=Warhurst%2C+Lieutenant-Colonel+A.+E.&rft.au=Robb%2C+Air+Chief-Marshal+Sir+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Este2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D'Este">D'Este, Carlo</a> (2004) [1983]. Decision in Normandy: The Real Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101761-7"><bdi>978-0-14-101761-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44772546">44772546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+in+Normandy%3A+The+Real+Story+of+Montgomery+and+the+Allied+Campaign&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44772546&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101761-7&rft.aulast=D%27Este&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordGerrard_(Illustrator)2002" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Ken; Gerrard (Illustrator), Howard (2002). Gold and Juno Beaches. D-Day 1944. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-368-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-368-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-368-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+and+Juno+Beaches&rft.series=D-Day+1944&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-368-2&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Gerrard+%28Illustrator%29%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForty2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Forty" title="George Forty">Forty, George</a> (2004). Villers Bocage. Battle Zone Normandy. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3012-3"><bdi>978-0-7509-3012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villers+Bocage&rft.series=Battle+Zone+Normandy&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3012-3&rft.aulast=Forty&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2007" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Stephen Ashley (2007) [2000]. Colossal Cracks: Montgomery's 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe, 1944–45. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3383-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-3383-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70698935">70698935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossal+Cracks%3A+Montgomery%27s+21st+Army+Group+in+Northwest+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Mechanicsburg&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70698935&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3383-0&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (2006) [1985]. Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy (Reprint ed.). 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London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-739-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-739-8"><bdi>978-1-84413-739-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56462089">56462089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Armies+in+Normandy%3A+From+D-Day+to+the+Liberation+at+Paris&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56462089&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-739-8&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Meyer" title="Hubert Meyer">Meyer, Hubert</a> (2005) [1994]. The 12th SS: The History of the Hitler Youth Panzer Division. Vol. I. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3198-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-3198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+12th+SS%3A+The+History+of+the+Hitler+Youth+Panzer+Division&rft.place=Mechanicsburg&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3198-0&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Hubert (2005). The 12th SS: The History of the Hitler Youth Panzer Division. Vol. II. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3199-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3199-7"><bdi>978-0-8117-3199-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+12th+SS%3A+The+History+of+the+Hitler+Youth+Panzer+Division&rft.place=Mechanicsburg&rft.pub=Stackpole&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3199-7&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Michael (2001) [1997]. Steel Inferno: I SS Panzer Corps in Normandy. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885119-44-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885119-44-5"><bdi>978-1-885119-44-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+Inferno%3A+I+SS+Panzer+Corps+in+Normandy&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-885119-44-5&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2002" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Michael (2002). Sons of the Reich: The History of II SS Panzer Corps in Normandy, Arnhem, the Ardennes and on the Eastern Front. Havertown: Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9711709-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9711709-3-3"><bdi>978-0-9711709-3-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50208471">50208471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+the+Reich%3A+The+History+of+II+SS+Panzer+Corps+in+Normandy%2C+Arnhem%2C+the+Ardennes+and+on+the+Eastern+Front&rft.place=Havertown&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers+and+Book+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50208471&rft.isbn=978-0-9711709-3-3&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1984" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Reginald H. (1984). 1944: The Canadians in Normandy. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-9796-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-9796-1"><bdi>978-0-7715-9796-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10942225">10942225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1944%3A+The+Canadians+in+Normandy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Macmillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10942225&rft.isbn=978-0-7715-9796-1&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Reginald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarfe2006" class="citation book cs1">Scarfe, Norman (2006) [1947]. Assault Division: A History of the 3rd Division from the Invasion of Normandy to the Surrender of Germany. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-338-2"><bdi>978-1-86227-338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assault+Division%3A+A+History+of+the+3rd+Division+from+the+Invasion+of+Normandy+to+the+Surrender+of+Germany&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-338-2&rft.aulast=Scarfe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaceyBond1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Stacey, Colonel Charles Perry</a>; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256471407">256471407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victory+Campaign%3A+The+Operations+in+North-West+Europe+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=The+Queen%27s+Printer+and+Controller+of+Stationery+Ottawa&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256471407&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=Colonel+Charles+Perry&rft.au=Bond%2C+Major+C.+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanstonSwanston2007" class="citation book cs1">Swanston, Alexander; Swanston, Malcolm (2007). The Historical Atlas of World War II. London: Cartographica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84573-240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84573-240-0"><bdi>978-1-84573-240-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/83913300">83913300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cartographica+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F83913300&rft.isbn=978-1-84573-240-0&rft.aulast=Swanston&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Swanston%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Daniel (1999). Villers-Bocage Through the Lens. Old Harlow: Battle of Britain International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870067-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870067-07-2"><bdi>978-1-870067-07-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43719285">43719285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villers-Bocage+Through+the+Lens&rft.place=Old+Harlow&rft.pub=Battle+of+Britain+International&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43719285&rft.isbn=978-1-870067-07-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrewBadsey2004" class="citation book cs1">Trew, Simon; Badsey, Stephen (2004). Battle for Caen. Battle Zone Normandy. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3010-9"><bdi>978-0-7509-3010-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56759608">56759608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+Caen&rft.place=Stroud&rft.series=Battle+Zone+Normandy&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56759608&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3010-9&rft.aulast=Trew&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Badsey%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Vat2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_van_der_Vat" title="Dan van der Vat">Van Der Vat, Dan</a> (2003). D-Day; The Greatest Invasion, A People's History. Toronto: Madison Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55192-586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55192-586-8"><bdi>978-1-55192-586-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51290297">51290297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3B+The+Greatest+Invasion%2C+A+People%27s+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Madison+Press+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51290297&rft.isbn=978-1-55192-586-8&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Vat&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Williams_(novelist)" title="Andrew Williams (novelist)">Williams, Andrew</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ddaytoberlin0000will">D-Day to Berlin</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83397-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83397-1"><bdi>978-0-340-83397-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60416729">60416729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day+to+Berlin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60416729&rft.isbn=978-0-340-83397-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fddaytoberlin0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmotChristopher_Daniel_McDevitt1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Wilmot, Chester</a>; Christopher Daniel McDevitt (1997) [1952]. The Struggle For Europe. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-677-5"><bdi>978-1-85326-677-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39697844">39697844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+For+Europe&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39697844&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-677-5&rft.aulast=Wilmot&rft.aufirst=Chester&rft.au=Christopher+Daniel+McDevitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2007" class="citation book cs1">Wood, James A. (2007). Army of the West: The Weekly Reports of German Army Group B from Normandy to the West Wall. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3404-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3404-2"><bdi>978-0-8117-3404-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/126229849">126229849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+of+the+West%3A+The+Weekly+Reports+of+German+Army+Group+B+from+Normandy+to+the+West+Wall&rft.place=Mechanicsburg&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F126229849&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3404-2&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2001" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Mark (2001). The Canadian Military Atlas: Canada's Battlefields from the French and Indian Wars to Kosovo. Toronto and Niagara Falls, New York: Stoddart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7737-3289-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7737-3289-6"><bdi>978-0-7737-3289-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48680462">48680462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Military+Atlas%3A+Canada%27s+Battlefields+from+the+French+and+Indian+Wars+to+Kosovo&rft.place=Toronto+and+Niagara+Falls%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Stoddart&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48680462&rft.isbn=978-0-7737-3289-6&rft.aulast=Zuehlke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Charnwood" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Charnwood&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwii.ca/page21.html">Canada at War: The Battle of Caen, 1944</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204195112/http://www.wwii.ca/page21.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Template:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Template talk:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a> (overall plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a> (assault plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American airborne landings in Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a> (UK)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charnwood</a> (UK and Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Capture of Caen and Orne bridges</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a> (Deception plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">Greenline, Pomegranate and Express</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a> (German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> (UK 6th Airborne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a> (UK, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a> (Canada, Poland, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Landing points (<abbr title="West">W</abbr>→<abbr title="East">E</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a> (US) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a> (US)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a> (Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Gun batteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amfreville_battery" title="Amfreville battery">Amfreville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeville_battery" title="Azeville battery">Azeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisbecq_Battery" title="Crisbecq Battery">Crisbecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houlgate_battery" title="Houlgate battery">Houlgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longues-sur-Mer_battery" title="Longues-sur-Mer battery">Longues-sur-Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisy_battery" title="Maisy battery">Maisy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Merville Gun Battery">Merville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Canisy_battery" title="Mont Canisy battery">Mont Canisy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_262" title="Hill 262">Hill 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillman_Fortress" title="Hillman Fortress">Hillman Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Military cemeteries in Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">D-Day naval deceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_tank" title="Rhino tank">Rhino tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_forces_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign">Allied forces in Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a> (France, UK, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Operation Jedburgh</a> (France, UK, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6,_1944,_order_of_the_day" title="June 6, 1944, order of the day">June 6, 1944, order of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Western_Europe_speech" title="People of Western Europe speech">People of Western Europe speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rommel%27s_asparagus" title="Rommel's asparagus">Rommel's asparagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting_for_Operation_Overlord" title="Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord">Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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