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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Progression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Progression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Progression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Progression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_to_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_to_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages to Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_to_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Enlightenment_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Enlightenment_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-Enlightenment philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Enlightenment_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Eastern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Western</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st-century developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_thinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_thinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable thinkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_thinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pande%C3%AFsme" title="Pandeïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pandeïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ربوبية كلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ربوبية كلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeizm" title="Pandeizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pandeizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সর্বেদেবতাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সর্বেদেবতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeisme" title="Pandeisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pandeisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeisme" title="Pandeisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pandeisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeismus" title="Pandeismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pandeismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pandeism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pande%C3%ADsmo" title="Pandeísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandeísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="همه‌دادارباوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همه‌دادارباوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9isme" title="Pandéisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pandéisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeisme" title="Pandeisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pandeisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeismo" title="Pandeismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pandeismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პანდეიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანდეიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pande%C3%AFsme" title="Pandeïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pandeïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%8E%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="汎理神論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="汎理神論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeisme" title="Pandeisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pandeisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeizm" title="Pandeizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pandeizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pande%C3%ADsmo" title="Pandeísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pandeísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pandeism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пандеизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пандеизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pandeism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Пандеизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пандеизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pandeism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeismo" title="Pandeismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandeismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeizm" title="Pandeizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pandeizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пандеїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пандеїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="泛理神論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belief that God created the universe by becoming it</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a synthesis of deism and pantheism. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pandeism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pandeism (disambiguation)">Pandeism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC7293_(2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NGC7293_%282004%29.jpg/278px-NGC7293_%282004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NGC7293_%282004%29.jpg/417px-NGC7293_%282004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NGC7293_%282004%29.jpg/557px-NGC7293_%282004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6145" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Deus_otiosus" title="Deus otiosus">Deus otiosus</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos#Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Logos">Logos § Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism#The_One" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism § The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology#Confucian_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology § Confucian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deism_in_England_and_France_in_the_18th_century" title="Deism in England and France in the 18th century">18th-century England and France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Deism">Christian Deism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pandeism</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pandeism_in_Asia" title="Pandeism in Asia">in Asia</a>)</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pandeism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandeism and Christianity">and Christianity</a>)</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_pandeism" title="Criticism of pandeism">criticism</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilanthropy" title="Theophilanthropy">Theophilanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deistic_evolution" title="Deistic evolution">Deistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States#Disinterested_benevolence" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalism in the<br />US § Disinterested benevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Polydeism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deists" title="List of deists">Notable figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" title="Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury">Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Matthew Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount_(deist)" title="Charles Blount (deist)">Charles Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Ripoll" title="Cayetano Ripoll">Cayetano Ripoll</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">False equivalencies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">Ceremonial deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_therapeutic_deism" title="Moralistic therapeutic deism">Moralistic therapeutic deism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(Presbyterian)" title="John Leland (Presbyterian)">John Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet#Philosophical_controversy" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Edward Stillingfleet § Philosophical controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bliss#Anthony_Bliss_(father),_Vicar_of_Portsmouth" title="Anthony Bliss">Anthony Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(controversialist)" title="John Jackson (controversialist)">John Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jennens" title="Charles Jennens">Charles Jennens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_thought_of_Edmund_Burke" title="Religious thought of Edmund Burke">Religious thought of Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Blackmore#Non-epic_writing" title="Richard Blackmore">Richard Blackmore § Non-epic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McGready" title="James McGready">James McGready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">Valentin Ernst Löscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_prophecies#Themes" title="Continental prophecies"><i>Continental prophecies</i> § Themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Friedrich Julius Stahl</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pandeism</b>, or <b>pan-deism</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> doctrine that combines aspects of <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> with aspects of <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>. Unlike classical deism, which holds that the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> does not interfere with the universe after its creation, pandeism holds that such an entity <a href="/wiki/God_becomes_the_Universe" title="God becomes the Universe">became the universe</a> and ceased to exist as a separate entity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawe_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandeism (as it relates to deism) purports to explain why God would create a universe and then <a href="/wiki/Divine_hiddenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine hiddenness">appear to abandon it</a>, and pandeism (as it relates to pantheism) seeks to explain the origin and <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">purpose of the universe</a>. </p><p>Various theories suggest the coining of <i>pandeism</i> as early as the 1780s. One of the earliest unequivocal uses of the word with its present meaning was in 1859 with <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Lazarus" title="Moritz Lazarus">Moritz Lazarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heymann_Steinthal" title="Heymann Steinthal">Heymann Steinthal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pandeism</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">hybrid</a> blend of the <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root words</a> <i>pantheism</i> and <i>deism</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πᾶν</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pan-" class="extiw" title="wikt:pan-">pan</a></i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'all' and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">deus</a></i> 'god'). The earliest use of <i>pandeism</i> appears to have been 1787,<sup id="cite_ref-Große_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Große-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with another usage found in 1838,<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrarese_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrarese-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a first appearance in a dictionary in 1849 (in German as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pandeismus</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pandeistisch</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an 1859 usage of <i>pandeism</i> expressly in contrast to both pantheism and deism by philosophers and frequent collaborators <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Lazarus" title="Moritz Lazarus">Moritz Lazarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heymann_Steinthal" title="Heymann Steinthal">Heymann Steinthal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1910 work <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i></span> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature"), physicist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Max_Bernhard_Weinstein" title="Max Bernhard Weinstein">Max Bernhard Weinstein</a> presented the broadest and most far-reaching examination of pandeism written up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinstein noted the distinction between pantheism and pandeism, stating "even if only by a letter (<i>d</i> in place of <i>th</i>), we fundamentally differ Pandeism from Pantheism", indicating that the words, even if spelled similarly, have very different implications.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pantheists identify themselves as pandeists as well, to underscore that "they share with the deists the idea that God is not a personal God who desires to be worshipped".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that "many religions may classify themselves as pantheistic" but "fit more essentially under the description of panentheistic or pandeistic",<sup id="cite_ref-Winter_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that "pandeism is seen as a middle path between pantheism and deism".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pandeism falls within the traditional hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontheistic religions">nontheistic</a> philosophies which address the nature of God. It is one of several subsets of deism:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Over time there have been other schools of thought formed under the umbrella of deism including <a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a>, belief in deistic principles coupled with the moral teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a>, and Pandeism, a belief that God became the entire universe and no longer exists as a separate being".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruner, Davenport and Norwine, alluding to Victorian scholar George Levine's suggestion that <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> can bring the "fullness" always promised by religion, observe that "for others, this 'fullness' is present in more religious-oriented pantheistic or pandeistic belief systems with, in the latter case, the inclusion of God as the ever unfolding expression of a complex universe with an identifiable beginning but no teleological direction necessarily present".<sup id="cite_ref-Bruner_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruner-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They suggest that pandeism, within a general tendency of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">postmodernity</a>, has the capacity to "fundamentally alter future geographies of mind and being by shifting the locus of causality from an exalted Godhead to the domain of Nature".<sup id="cite_ref-Bruner_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruner-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2013 edition of their philosophy textbook, <i>Doing Philosophy: An Introduction Through Thought Experiments</i>, Theodore Schick and Lewis Vaughn define "pandeism" as "[t]he view that the universe is not only God but also a <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Schick_and_Vaughn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schick_and_Vaughn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travis Dumsday, in his 2024 <i>Alternative Conceptions of the Spiritual</i>, writes that the <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">panspiritism</a> is what "distinguishes panspiritism from pandeism, since, according to the latter, the physical cosmos emerges (by a process of becoming) out of an <a href="/wiki/Ontological_priority" title="Ontological priority">ontologically prior</a> divine conscious subject". He goes on to describe that in pandeism, "God became the universe at the <a href="/wiki/Big_bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Big bang">big bang</a>, and the resultant <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> may (depending on the version of pandeism on offer) inherit some or all of His divine characteristics".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Progression">Progression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Progression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_world">Ancient world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/220px-Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/330px-Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/440px-Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes_of_Colophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophanes of Colophon">Xenophanes of Colophon</a> was considered a pandeist by physicist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Max_Bernhard_Weinstein" title="Max Bernhard Weinstein">Max Bernhard Weinstein</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest seeds of pandeism coincide with notions of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, which generally can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinstein thought the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a> idea of primary matter derived from an original spirit was a form of pandeism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also found varieties of pandeism in spiritual traditions from ancient China<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein-China_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-China-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (especially with respect to <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> as expressed by <a href="/wiki/Lao-Tze" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao-Tze">Lao-Tze</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein-Taoism_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-Taoism-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India (especially in the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein-India_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-India-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and among various <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> philosophers. </p><p>The 6th century BC Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes_of_Colophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophanes of Colophon">Xenophanes of Colophon</a> has been described by some scholars as a pandeistic thinker.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WX_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WX-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinstein wrote that Xenophanes spoke as a pandeist in stating that there was one god which "abideth ever in the selfsame place, moving not at all" and yet "sees all over, thinks all over, and hears all over".<sup id="cite_ref-WX_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WX-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinstein also found elements of pandeism in the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a>, and especially in the later students of the 'Platonic <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a>' and the 'Pythagorean <a href="/wiki/Platonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonists">Platonists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein-Greece_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-Greece-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He specifically identified 3rd century BC philosopher <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a>, who affirmed that "the universe itself is God and the universal outpouring of its soul",<sup id="cite_ref-cicerodenati15_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicerodenati15-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a pandeist.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein-Greece_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-Greece-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious studies professor, <a href="/wiki/F._E._Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="F. E. Peters">F. E. Peters</a> found that "[w]hat appeared ... at the center of the Pythagorean tradition in philosophy, is another view of <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a></i> that seems to owe little or nothing to the pan-vitalism or <i>pan-deism</i> that is the legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesians (Greek)">Milesians</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian of philosophy Andrew Gregory thought that, of the Milesians, "some construction using pan-, whether it be pantheism, pandeism or pankubernism, describes <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> reasonably well", although he questions whether Anaximander's view of the distinction between <i>apeiron</i> and <i>cosmos</i> makes these labels technically relevant at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gottfried Große in his 1787 interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, describes Pliny, a first-century figure, as "if not a <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinozist</a>, then perhaps a Pandeist".<sup id="cite_ref-Große_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Große-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_to_Enlightenment">Middle Ages to Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages to Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The philosophy of 9th century theologian <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a>, who proposed that "God has created the world out of his own being", has been identified as a form of pandeism.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein_283-84_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein_283-84-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinstein notes that Eriugena's vision of God was one which does not know what it is, and learns this through the process of existing as its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein_283-84_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein_283-84-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his great work, <i><a href="/wiki/De_divisione_naturae" title="De divisione naturae">De divisione naturae</a></i> (also called <i>Periphyseon</i>, probably completed around 867 AD), Eriugena proposed that the nature of the universe is divisible into four distinct classes: </p> <dl><dd>1 – that which creates and is not created;</dd> <dd>2 – that which is created and creates;</dd> <dd>3 – that which is created and does not create;</dd> <dd>4 – that which neither is created nor creates.</dd></dl> <p>The first stage is God as the ground or origin of all things; the second is the world of <a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic ideals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">forms</a>; the third is the wholly physical manifestation of our Universe, which "does not create"; the last is God as the final end or goal of all things, that into which the world of created things ultimately returns to completeness with the additional knowledge of having experienced this world. A contemporary statement of this idea is that: "Since God is not a being, he is therefore not intelligible... This means not only that we cannot understand him, but also that he cannot understand himself. Creation is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> effort by God to understand himself, to see himself in a mirror".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French journalist <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Gabut" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Jacques Gabut">Jean-Jacques Gabut</a> agreed, writing that "a certain pantheism, or rather <i>pandeism</i>, emerges from his work where Neo-Platonic inspiration perfectly complements the strict Christian orthodoxy".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eriugena himself denied that he was a pantheist.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weinstein thought that 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> thinker <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>—who championed the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic</a> doctrine that ideas do not exist in <i>rerum natura</i>, but as ideals exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Divine_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine being">Divine Being</a>, according to which actual things were formed—showed strong pandeistic inclinations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonaventure was of the Franciscan school created by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a> and in speaking of the possibility of creation from eternity, declared that reason can demonstrate that the world was not created <i>ab aeterno</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of another Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a>, who wrote of the enfolding of creation in God and the unfolding of the divine human mind in creation, Weinstein wrote that he was, to a certain extent, a pandeist.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held a similar view of <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Mercurius_van_Helmont" title="Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont">Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont</a>, who had written <i>A Cabbalistical Dialogue</i> (Latin version first, 1677, in English 1682) placing matter and spirit on a continuum, and describing matter as a "coalition" of <a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">monads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg/220px-Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg/330px-Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg/440px-Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Giordano Bruno, identified by several sources as a pandeistic thinker</figcaption></figure> <p>Several historians and theologians, including Weinstein, found that pandeism was strongly expressed in the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, who envisioned a deity which had no particular relation to one part of the infinite universe more than any other, and was <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a>, as present on Earth as in the Heavens, subsuming in itself the multiplicity of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assessment of Bruno's theology was reiterated by others, including <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i> editor <a href="/wiki/Corey_S._Powell" title="Corey S. Powell">Corey S. Powell</a>, who wrote that Bruno's <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> was "a tool for advancing an animist or Pandeist theology".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNbelievable_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNbelievable-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Cambridge Companion to Joseph Ratzinger</i> notes that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ratzinger">Joseph Ratzinger</a>, who would later become <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, was in particular "critical of ... [Bruno's] pandeism".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lutheran theologian <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirn" title="Otto Kirn">Otto Kirn</a> criticized as overbroad Weinstein's assertions that such historical philosophers as <a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a>, Giordano Bruno, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a> all were pandeists or leaned towards pandeism.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirn_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirn-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, Pandeism was among the beliefs condemned by Padre Filippo Nannetti di Bibulano (also known as il Filippo Nani, Padre da Lojano; 1759–1829) in volumes of his sermons published posthumously in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nannetti specifically criticized pandeism, declaring, "To you, fatal Pandeist! the laws that create nature are contingent and mutable, not another being in substance with forces driven by motions and developments".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, an anonymous treatise, <i>Il legato di un vecchio ai giovani della sua patria</i> ("The Legacy of an Old Man to the Young People of his Country"), was published, in which the author, discussing the theory of religion presented by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a> a century earlier, speculated that when man first saw <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor showers</a>, "his robust imagination recognized the effects as a cause, then deifying natural phenomena, he became a Pandeist, an instructor of Mythology, a priest, an Augur".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Phrenologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrenologist">phrenologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferrarese" title="Luigi Ferrarese">Luigi Ferrarese</a> in <i>Memorie Riguardanti la Dottrina Frenologica</i> ("Thoughts Regarding the Doctrine of Phrenology") critically described <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a>'s philosophy as a doctrine which "locates reason outside the human person, declaring man a fragment of God, introducing a sort of spiritual pandeism, absurd for us, and injurious to the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrarese_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrarese-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Carruth" title="Hayden Carruth">Hayden Carruth</a> said of 18th-century figure <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> that it was "Pope's rationalism and pandeism with which he wrote the greatest mock-epic in English literature"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia</i>, "later <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> Christians (such as <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a>), <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendentalists">transcendentalists</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>), writers (such as <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>) and some pragmatists (such as <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>) took a more pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Lachs_and_Talisse_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lachs_and_Talisse-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walt Whitman has elsewhere been deemed "a skeptic and a pandeist".<sup id="cite_ref-Weakness_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weakness-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schick and Vaughn similarly associate the views of William James with pandeism.<sup id="cite_ref-Schick_and_Vaughn_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schick_and_Vaughn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belgian poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vivier" title="Robert Vivier">Robert Vivier</a> wrote of the pandeism to be found in the works of Nineteenth Century novelist and poet <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, poet <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a> revealed that his "religious beliefs also defied convention, leaning towards <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a> and pandeism".<sup id="cite_ref-Omnibus_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omnibus-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature professor <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> wrote of Tennyson, that towards the end of his life Tennyson "declared himself agnostic and pan-deist and at one with the great heretics Giordano Bruno and Baruch Spinoza".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> has been described as having views that were "a good match for deism, or possibly for pandeism".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> has also been described by historian <a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Tristram Hunt</a> as having pandeistic views.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Enlightenment_philosophy">Post-Enlightenment philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Enlightenment philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern">Eastern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eastern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pandeism_in_Asia" title="Pandeism in Asia">Pandeism in Asia</a></div> <p>Some authors have pointed to pandeism as having a presence in the cultures of Asia. In 1833, religionist <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Higgins" title="Godfrey Higgins">Godfrey Higgins</a> theorized in his <i><a href="/wiki/Anacalypsis" title="Anacalypsis">Anacalypsis</a></i> that "Pandeism was a doctrine, which had been received both by <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmins</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, historian <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Uzielli" title="Gustavo Uzielli">Gustavo Uzielli</a> described the world's population as influenced "by a superhuman <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> in Christianity, by an anti-human <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> in Buddhism, and by an incipient but growing pandeism in Indian Brahmanism".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan_Guinness" title="Henry Grattan Guinness">Henry Grattan Guinness</a> wrote critically that in India, "God is everything, and everything is God, and, therefore, everything may be adored. ... Her pan-deism is a pandemonium".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty years earlier, the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian">Peruvian</a> scholar and historian <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Wiesse_Portocarrero" title="Carlos Wiesse Portocarrero">Carlos Wiesse Portocarrero</a> had written in an essay titled <i>Philosophical Systems of India</i> that in that country, "<a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> is pandeistic and degenerates into <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Swiss thinker James B. Glattfelder has described the Hindu concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Lila_(Hinduism)" title="Lila (Hinduism)">lila</a></i> as "akin to the concept of pandeism".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German political philosopher <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Hartmann_(political_scientist)" title="Jürgen Hartmann (political scientist)">Jürgen Hartmann</a> argued that Hindu pandeism has contributed to friction with monotheistic Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pandeism (in Chinese, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">泛自然神论</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was described by Wen Chi, in a Peking University lecture, as embodying "a major feature of Chinese philosophical thought", in that "there is a harmony between man and the divine, and they are equal".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang Dao Kui (张道葵) of the <a href="/wiki/China_Three_Gorges_University" title="China Three Gorges University">China Three Gorges University</a> proposed that the art of China's <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges" title="Three Gorges">Three Gorges</a> area is influenced by "a representation of the romantic essence that is created when integrating rugged simplicity with the natural beauty spoken about by pandeism".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary critic Wang Junkang (王俊康) has written that, in Chinese folk religion as conveyed in the early novels of noted folk writer Ye Mei (叶梅),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the romantic spirit of Pandeism can be seen everywhere".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang Junkang additionally writes of Ye Mei's descriptions of "the worship of reproduction under Pandeism, as demonstrated in romantic songs sung by village people to show the strong impulse of vitality and humanity and the beauty of wildness".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted that author <a href="/wiki/Shen_Congwen" title="Shen Congwen">Shen Congwen</a> has attributed a kind of <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a> that "afflicts those young girls who commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> by jumping into caves-"luodong" 落洞" to "the repressive local military culture that imposes strict sexual codes on women and to the influence of pan-deism among <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a>", since "for a <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">nymphomaniac</a>, jumping into a cave leads to the ultimate union with the god of the cave".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinstein similarly found the views of 17th century Japanese <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Yamazaki_Ansai" title="Yamazaki Ansai">Yamazaki Ansai</a>, who espoused a cosmology of universal mutual interconnectedness, to be especially consonant with pandeism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western">Western</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Pilgrimage_from_Deism_to_Agnosticism" class="extiw" title="s:The Pilgrimage from Deism to Agnosticism">The Pilgrimage from Deism to Agnosticism</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Moncure_Daniel_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncure Daniel Conway">Moncure Daniel Conway</a> stated that the term, "Pandeism" is "an unscholarly combination".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A critique of Pandeism similar to Conway's, as an 'unsightly' combination of Greek and Latin, was made in a review of Weinstein's discussion of Pandeism.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirn_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirn-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, a few years before Weinstein's extensive review was published, Ottmar Hegemann described the "New Catholicism" of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Mach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Mach (page does not exist)">Franz Mach</a> as a form of pandeism.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1906 editorial by a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> minister in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Daily_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Daily Times">Chattanooga Daily Times</a></i> stated that Jesus, "who in exultant faith said 'I and the Father are one', was a Pandeist, a believer in the identification of the universe and all things contained therein with Deity".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the beginning of World War I, an article in the <i>Yale Sheffield Monthly</i> published by the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a> commented on speculation that the war "means the death of Christianity and an era of Pandeism or perhaps even the destruction of all which we call modern civilization and culture".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, early 19th-century German philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Friedrich_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Friedrich Köhler (page does not exist)">Paul Friedrich Köhler</a> wrote that Pantheism, Pandeism, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a> all refer to the same God illuminated in different ways, and that whatever the label, the human soul emanates from this God.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to literary critic <a href="/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCdke" title="Martin Lüdke">Martin Lüdke</a>, early Twentieth-Century <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a> expressed a pandeistic philosophy, especially in the writings made under the pseudonym of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Caeiro" title="Alberto Caeiro">Alberto Caeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazilian journalist and writer <a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_de_Faria" title="Otávio de Faria">Otávio de Faria</a>, and British scholar and translator of Portuguese fiction <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pontiero" title="Giovanni Pontiero">Giovanni Pontiero</a>, among others, identified pandeism as an influence on the writings of mid-Twentieth-Century Brazilian poet <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Nejar" title="Carlos Nejar">Carlos Nejar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Faria_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faria-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pandeism was examined by theologian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a>, one of the chief disciples of <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">process theology</a>, an extension of Whitehead's work, Hartshorne preferred pandeism to pantheism, explaining that "it is not really the <a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">theos</a> that is described".<sup id="cite_ref-Hartshorne_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartshorne-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 347">: 347 </span></sup> However, he specifically rejected pandeism early on, finding that a God who had "absolute perfection in some respects, relative perfection in all others" was "able consistently to embrace all that is positive in either deism or pandeism".<sup id="cite_ref-Hartshorne_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartshorne-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 348">: 348 </span></sup> Hartshorne accepted the label of <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a> for his beliefs, declaring that "panentheistic doctrine contains all of deism and pandeism except their arbitrary negations".<sup id="cite_ref-Hartshorne_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartshorne-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 348">: 348 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Rousas_John_Rushdoony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousas John Rushdoony">Rousas John Rushdoony</a> sharply criticized the Catholic Church in his 1971 <i>The One and the Many: Studies in the Philosophy of Order and Ultimacy</i>, writing, "The position of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul</a> came close to being a pan-Deism, and pan-Deism is the logical development of the virus of <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic thought">Hellenic thought</a>", and further that "a sincere idealist, implicitly pan-Deist in faith, deeply concerned with the problems of the world and of time, can be a <a href="/wiki/Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibelline">Ghibelline</a> pope, and Dante's Ghibellines have at last triumphed".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist</a> Theologian <a href="/wiki/Bert_B._Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bert B. Beach">Bert B. Beach</a> wrote in 1974 that "during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican Council</a> there was criticism from WCC Circles" to the effect that "ecumenism was being contaminated by 'pan-Deist' and syncretistic tendencies".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinlein-face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinlein-face.jpg/220px-Heinlein-face.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Heinlein-face.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> was noted as having experimented with themes of pandeism in various of this works.</figcaption></figure> <p>Science-fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> raised the idea of pandeism in several of his works. Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Dan_Schneider_(writer)" title="Dan Schneider (writer)">Dan Schneider</a> wrote of Heinlein's <i><a href="/wiki/Stranger_In_A_Strange_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranger In A Strange Land">Stranger In A Strange Land</a></i> that <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Harshaw" title="Jubal Harshaw">Jubal Harshaw</a>'s belief in his own <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, was one "which Mike, Jill, and the Fosterites misinterpret as a pandeistic urge, '<a href="/wiki/Thou_art_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Thou art God">Thou art God</a>!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-DS_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heinlein himself, in the "Aphorisms of <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Long" title="Lazarus Long">Lazarus Long</a>" from <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a></i>, wrote: "God split himself into a myriad parts that he might have friends. This may not be true, but it sounds good—and is no sillier than any other theology".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1990 interview with the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers" title="Los Angeles Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a> coach and sometime-spiritual author <a href="/wiki/Phil_Jackson" title="Phil Jackson">Phil Jackson</a>, describing his religious views, said "I've always liked the concept of God being beyond anything that the human mind can conceive. I think there is a pantheistic-deistic-<a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">American Indian combination religion</a> out there for Americans. That rings true to me".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jim Garvin, a <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Vietnam veteran</a> who became a <a href="/wiki/Trappist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist monk">Trappist monk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Abbey,_Virginia" title="Holy Cross Abbey, Virginia">Holy Cross Abbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berryville,_Virginia" title="Berryville, Virginia">Berryville, Virginia</a>, described his spiritual position as <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'pandeism' or 'pan-en-deism', something very close to the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> concept of the all- pervading <a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pastor Bob Burridge of the Geneven Institute for Reformed Studies wrote that: "If God was the proximate cause of every act it would make all events to be 'God in motion'. That is nothing less than pantheism, or more exactly, pandeism".<sup id="cite_ref-Burridge_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burridge-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burridge rejects this model, observing that in Christianity, "The Creator is distinct from his creation. The reality of secondary causes is what separates Christian theism from pandeism".<sup id="cite_ref-Burridge_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burridge-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burridge argued that "calling God the author of sin demand[s] a pandeistic understanding of the universe effectively removing the reality of sin and moral law".<sup id="cite_ref-Burridge_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burridge-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_developments">21st-century developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st-century developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Author William C. Lane contends that pandeism is a logical derivation of German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>'s proposition that ours is the <a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">best of all possible worlds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Lane wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If divine becoming were complete, God's <i><a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">kenosis</a></i>—God's self-emptying for the sake of love—would be total. In this <i>pandeistic</i> view, nothing of God would remain separate and apart from what God would become. Any separate divine existence would be inconsistent with God's unreserved participation in the lives and fortunes of the actualized phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Acknowledging that American philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William Rowe</a> has raised "a powerful, evidential argument against ethical theism", Lane further contended that pandeism offers an escape from the evidential argument from evil (a.k.a. the "<a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>"): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>However, it does not count against pandeism. In pandeism, God is no superintending, heavenly power, capable of hourly intervention into earthly affairs. No longer existing "above", God <i>cannot</i> intervene from above and cannot be blamed for failing to do so. Instead God <i>bears</i> all suffering, whether the fawn's<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or anyone else's. Even so, a skeptic might ask, "Why must there be <i>so</i> much suffering,? Why could not the world's design omit or modify the events that cause it?" In pandeism, the reason is clear: to remain unified, a world must convey information through transactions. Reliable conveyance requires relatively simple, uniform laws. Laws designed to skip around suffering-causing events or to alter their natural consequences (i.e., their consequences under simple laws) would need to be vastly complicated or (equivalently) to contain numerous exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76–77">: 76–77 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Social scientist <a href="/wiki/Sal_Restivo" title="Sal Restivo">Sal Restivo</a> similarly deems pandeism to be a means to evade the problem of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartoonist and pundit <a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Scott Adams</a> has written two books on religion, <i><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Debris" title="God's Debris">God's Debris</a></i> (2001), and <i>The Religion War</i> (2004),<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which <i>God's Debris</i> lays out a theory of pandeism, in which God blows itself up to see what will happen, which becomes the cause of our universe.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>God's Debris</i>, Adams suggests that followers of theistic religions such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> are inherently subconsciously aware that their religions are false, and that this awareness is reflected in their consistently acting like these religions, and their threats of damnation for sinners, are false. In a 2017 interview, Adams said these books would be "his ultimate legacy".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Adams announced in a pinned tweet that he had re-published the book for free for his subscribers, and would shortly publish an AI-voiced audiobook version.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> astrophysicist and popular scientist <a href="/wiki/Harald_Lesch" title="Harald Lesch">Harald Lesch</a> observed in a debate on the role of faith in science: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Suppose we would find the all-encompassing law of nature, we are looking for so that finally we could assure proudly, the world is built up this way and no differently—immediately it would create a new question: What is behind this law, why is the world set up just so? This leads us beyond the limits of science in the field of religion. As an expert, a physicist should respond: We do not know, we'll never know. Others would say that God authored this law, that created the universe. A Pandeist might say that the all-encompassing law is God.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Alan Dawe's 2011 book <i>The God Franchise</i>, though mentioning pandeism in passing as one of numerous extant theological theories,<sup id="cite_ref-Dawe_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declines to adopt any "<a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">-ism</a>" as encompassing his view, though Dawe's theory includes the human experience as being a temporarily segregated sliver of the experience of God. This aspect of the theology of pandeism (along with <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>) has been compared to the Biblical exhortation in <a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a> 17:28 that "In him we live and move and have our being",<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia</a></i> had in 1975 described the religion of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> as "clearly a type of pan-deism formed from a synthesis of Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Christian theologian, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Ward_(theologian)" title="Graham Ward (theologian)">Graham Ward</a>, insists that "Attention to Christ and the Spirit delivers us from pantheism, pandeism, and process theology",<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Catholic author <a href="/wiki/Al_Kresta" title="Al Kresta">Al Kresta</a> observes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"New Age" cosmologies reject materialism, naturalism and physicalism. They are commonly pantheistic or pandeistic. They frequently try to commandeer quantum physics and consciousness studies to illustrate their conception of the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Also in 2011, in a study of Germany's Hesse region, German sociologist of religion and theologian <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_N._Ebertz" class="extiw" title="de:Michael N. Ebertz">Michael N. Ebertz</a> and German television presenter and author <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhard_Schmidt-Degenhard" class="extiw" title="de:Meinhard Schmidt-Degenhard">Meinhard Schmidt-Degenhard</a> concluded that "Six religious orientation types can be distinguished: 'Christians'—'non-Christian theists'—'Cosmotheists'—'Deists, Pandeists and Polytheists'—'Atheists'—'Others'“.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandeism has also been described as one of the "older spiritual and religious traditions" whose elements are incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/New_Age_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Age movement">New Age movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also as among the handful of spiritual beliefs which are compatible with modern <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>. Neurologist Michael P. Remler associated pandeism with panpsychism, describing as radical the "pan-deist position that some "Consciousness" interacts with all matter".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resurgence of interest in pandeism was such that by 2022, Gorazd Andrejč and Victoria Dos Santos, in their introduction to the <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Religions_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions (journal)">Religions</a></i> special issue, "Religion, Science and Technology in Pantheism, Animism and Paganism", wrote: "While pantheism and its 'cousins' (panentheism, pandeism) have experienced some vibrant development in this field in recent years, modern animist and pagan perspectives have had less critical attention in the same".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2020s, pandeism has been described as one of the better possible theological models to encompass humankind's relationship with a future <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_thinkers">Notable thinkers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable thinkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Parry" title="Bruce Parry">Bruce Parry</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-best_of_Bruce_Parry_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_of_Bruce_Parry-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Omnibus_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omnibus-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bernhard_Weinstein" title="Max Bernhard Weinstein">Max Bernhard Weinstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lachs_and_Talisse_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lachs_and_Talisse-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weakness_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weakness-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zarzyski" title="Paul Zarzyski">Paul Zarzyski</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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<li><a href="/wiki/God_becomes_the_Universe" title="God becomes the Universe">God becomes the Universe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Debris" title="God's Debris">God's Debris</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Scott Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_(Hinduism)" title="Lila (Hinduism)">Lila (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat Tvam Asi">Tat Tvam Asi</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSean_F._Johnston2012" class="citation book cs1">Sean F. Johnston (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srvZqTNP52cC"><i>The History of Science: A Beginner's Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-159-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-159-8"><bdi>978-1-78074-159-8</bdi></a>. <q>In its most abstract form, deism may not attempt to describe the characteristics of such a non-interventionist creator, or even that the universe is identical with God (a variant known as <i>pandeism</i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-159-8&rft.au=Sean+F.+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrvZqTNP52cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Bradley2011" class="citation book cs1">Paul Bradley (2011). <i>This Strange Eventful History: A Philosophy of Meaning</i>. Algora Publishing. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-876-9"><bdi>978-0-87586-876-9</bdi></a>. <q>Pandeism combines the concepts of Deism and Pantheism with a god who creates the universe and then becomes it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Strange+Eventful+History%3A+A+Philosophy+of+Meaning&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-876-9&rft.au=Paul+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawe-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawe_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawe_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_H._Dawe2011" class="citation book cs1">Alan H. Dawe (2011). <i>The God Franchise: A Theory of Everything</i>. Life Magic Publishing (self-published). p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-20114-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-20114-2"><bdi>978-0-473-20114-2</bdi></a>. <q>Pandeism: This is the belief that God created the universe, is now one with it, and so, is no longer a separate conscious entity. This is a combination of pantheism (God is identical to the universe) and deism (God created the universe and then withdrew Himself).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Franchise%3A+A+Theory+of+Everything&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Life+Magic+Publishing+%28self-published%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-473-20114-2&rft.au=Alan+H.+Dawe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_R._Zollinger2010" class="citation book cs1">Ronald R. Zollinger (2010). "6". <i>Mere Mormonism: Defense of Mormon Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46210-585-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46210-585-4"><bdi>978-1-46210-585-4</bdi></a>. <q>Pandeism. This is a kind of pantheism that incorporates a form of deism, holding that the universe is identical to God but also that God was previously a conscious and sentient force or entity that designed and created the universe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=Mere+Mormonism%3A+Defense+of+Mormon+Theology&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-46210-585-4&rft.au=Ronald+R.+Zollinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritz_Lazarus_and_Heymann_Steinthal1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Lazarus" title="Moritz Lazarus">Moritz Lazarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heymann_Steinthal" title="Heymann Steinthal">Heymann Steinthal</a> (1859). <i>Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft</i> [<i>Journal of Social Psychology and Linguistics</i>]. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+V%C3%B6lkerpsychologie+und+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.pages=262&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Moritz+Lazarus+and+Heymann+Steinthal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Santosh Kumar Nayak, "Language in Glocal Cultural Context", <i>International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2456-6470">2456-6470</a>, Volume 3, Issue 3, April 2019, p. 1276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Große-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Große_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Große_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried_Große1787" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Gro%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Große (page does not exist)">Gottfried Große</a> (1787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ro9AAAAcAAJ&q=pandeisten&pg=PA165"><i>Gaius Plinius Secundus: Naturgeschichte: mit erläuternden Anmerkungen</i></a>. Johann Christian Hermann. p. 165. <q>Beym Plinius, den man, wo nicht Spinozisten, doch einen Pandeisten nennen konnte, ist Natur oder Gott kein von der Welt getrenntes oder abgesondertes Wesen. Seine Natur ist die ganze Schöpfung im Konkreto, und eben so scheint es mit seiner Gottheit beschaffen zu seyn". <i>Translation</i>: "In Pliny, whom one could call, if not a Spinozist, then perhaps a Pandeist, Nature is not a being divided off or separated from the world. His nature is the whole of creation, in concrete, and the same appears to be true also of his divinity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaius+Plinius+Secundus%3A+Naturgeschichte%3A+mit+erl%C3%A4uternden+Anmerkungen&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Johann+Christian+Hermann&rft.date=1787&rft.au=Gottfried+Gro%C3%9Fe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ro9AAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dpandeisten%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrarese-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrarese_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrarese_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuigi_Ferrarese1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferrarese" title="Luigi Ferrarese">Luigi Ferrarese</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_viE7AAAAcAAJ"><i>Memorie risguardanti la dottrina frenologica</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_viE7AAAAcAAJ/page/n18">15</a>. <q>Dottrina, che pel suo idealismo poco circospetto, non solo la fede, ma la stessa ragione offende (il sistema di Kant): farebbe mestieri far aperto gli errori pericolosi, così alla Religione, come alla Morale, di quel psicologo franzese, il quale ha sedotte le menti (Cousin), con far osservare come la di lui filosofia intraprendente ed audace sforza le barriere della sacra Teologia, ponendo innanzi ad ogn'altra autorità la propria: profana i misteri, dichiarandoli in parte vacui di senso, ed in parte riducendoli a volgari allusioni, ed a prette metafore; costringe, come faceva osservare un dotto Critico, la rivelazione a cambiare il suo posto con quello del pensiero istintivo e dell' affermazione senza riflessione e colloca la ragione fuori della persona dell'uomo dichiarandolo un frammento di Dio, una spezie di pandeismo spirituale introducendo, assurdo per noi, ed al Supremo Ente ingiurioso, il quale reca onda grave alla libertà del medesimo, ec, ec.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorie+risguardanti+la+dottrina+frenologica&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1838&rft.au=Luigi+Ferrarese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_viE7AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Ferdinand_Fleissbach1849" class="citation book cs1">Christian Ferdinand Fleissbach (1849). <i>Heilmittel gegen einen Krebsschaden der Deutschen Literatur: Erläuternde Bemerkungen</i>. p. 31. <q>Pantheismus, Pantheistisch, n. Pandeismus, Pandeistisch. Gebildet aus dem Griech. πᾶν und θεός.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heilmittel+gegen+einen+Krebsschaden+der+Deutschen+Literatur%3A+Erl%C3%A4uternde+Bemerkungen&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1849&rft.au=Christian+Ferdinand+Fleissbach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapsonPerry2019" class="citation book cs1">Mapson, Knujon; Perry, Amy, eds. (2019). <i>Pandeism: An Anthology of the Creative Mind</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hunt Publishing">John Hunt Publishing</a>/Iff Books. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78904-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78904-103-3"><bdi>978-1-78904-103-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pandeism%3A+An+Anthology+of+the+Creative+Mind&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing%2FIff+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78904-103-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 227: "Wenn auch nur durch einen Buchstaben (<i>d</i> statt <i>th</i>), unterscheiden wir grundsätzlich Pandeismus vom Pantheismus".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Ciurana, M.T.S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115210601/http://actsforgod.org/downloads/acts_dec07.pdf">"The Superiority of a Christian Worldview"</a>, <i>ACTS Magazine</i>, Churches of God Seventh Day, December 2007, Volume 57, Number 10, page 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winter_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Murray_Winter2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Winter" title="Jay Winter">Jay Murray Winter</a> (2015). <i>Behold the Frozen Sun</i>. p. Chapter 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behold+the+Frozen+Sun&rft.pages=Chapter+12&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Jay+Murray+Winter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross Thompson, <i>Ten Ways to Weave the World: Matter, Mind, and God, Volume 2: Embodying Mind</i> (2023), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José M. Lozano-Gotor, "Deism", <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1573">Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions</a></i> (Springer: 2013). "[Deism] takes different forms, for example, humanistic, scientific, Christian, spiritual deism, pandeism, and panendeism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Epstein" title="Mikhail Epstein">Mikhail Epstein</a>, <i>Postatheism and the phenomenon of minimal religion in Russia</i>, in Justin Beaumont, ed., <i>The Routledge Handbook of Postsecularity</i> (2018), p. 83, n. 3: "I refer here to monodeism as the default standard concept of deism, distinct from polydeism, pandeism, and spiritual deism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/what-is-deism">What Is Deism?</a>, Douglas MacGowan, <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature_Network" title="Mother Nature Network">Mother Nature Network</a></i>, May 21, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruner-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruner_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruner_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunerDavenportNorwine2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bruner, Michael S.; Davenport, John; Norwine, Jim (2013). "An Evolving Worldview: Culture-Shift in University Students". In Norwine, Jim (ed.). <i>A World After Climate Change and Culture-Shift</i>. Springer. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7352-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7352-3"><bdi>978-94-007-7352-3</bdi></a>. <q>Some of us think that postmodernity represents a similar change of dominant worldviews, one which could turn out to be just as singular as modernity by being a stunning amalgam of James and Weber. If we are correct, then the changed attitudes, assumptions, and values might work together to change ways of life which in turn transform our geographies of mind and being, that is, both the actual physical landscapes and the mental valuescapes we inhabit. One increasingly common outcome of this ongoing transformation, itself a symptom perhaps of post-industrial secular societies, is the movement away from self-denial toward a denial of the supernatural. This development promises to fundamentally alter future geographies of mind and being by shifting the locus of causality from an exalted Godhead to the domain of Nature. How this Nature is ultimately defined has broad repercussions for the, at times, artificial distinction between religious and secular worldviews. For Levine (2011), "secularism is a positive, not a negative, condition, not a denial of the world of spirit and of religion, but an affirmation of the world we're living in now ... such a world is capable of bringing us to the condition of 'fullness' that religion has always promised" (Levine quoted in Wood 2011). For others, this "fullness" is present in more religious-oriented pantheistic or pandeistic belief systems with, in the latter case, the inclusion of God as the ever unfolding expression of a complex universe with an identifiable beginning but no teleological direction necessarily present.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Evolving+Worldview%3A+Culture-Shift+in+University+Students&rft.btitle=A+World+After+Climate+Change+and+Culture-Shift&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7352-3&rft.aulast=Bruner&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Davenport%2C+John&rft.au=Norwine%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schick_and_Vaughn-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schick_and_Vaughn_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schick_and_Vaughn_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schick" title="Theodore Schick">Theodore Schick</a> and Lewis Vaughn, <i>Doing Philosophy: An Introduction Through Thought Experiments</i>, 5th Edition (Springer, 2013), p. 506, Section 6.3, "Faith and Meaning: Believing the Unbelievable", subsection, "Thought Probe: James and Pandeism": "The view that the universe is not only God but also a person is called "pandeism". Do you agree with <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a> that viewing the universe as a person would help give meaning to your life?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Travis Dumsday, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Alternative_Conceptions_of_the_Spiritual/sFQNEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA138">Alternative Conceptions of the Spiritual</a></i> (2024), ASIN: B0D6NPK7F4, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Montserrat, <i>Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt</i>, Routledge 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18549-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18549-1">0-415-18549-1</a>, pp. 36ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WeinsteinWeltUndL">Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</a></i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 155, 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstein-China-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein-China_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstein-Taoism-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein-Taoism_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 234-235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstein-India-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein-India_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPim_de_Klerk2017" class="citation web cs1">Pim de Klerk (5 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pimdeklerk-palynology.eu/2500_yr_palaeoecology_-_de_Klerk_2017.pdf">"2500 Years of Palaeoecology: A Note on the Work of Xenophanes of Colophon (Circa 570-475 BCE)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International. <q>Xenophanes... wrote elaborately on his own religious views that were mainly of a pandeistic character as opposed to the dominant worshiping of multiple anthropomorphic gods of his times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2500+Years+of+Palaeoecology%3A+A+Note+on+the+Work+of+Xenophanes+of+Colophon+%28Circa+570-475+BCE%29&rft.pub=Journal+of+Geography%2C+Environment+and+Earth+Science+International&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft.au=Pim+de+Klerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pimdeklerk-palynology.eu%2F2500_yr_palaeoecology_-_de_Klerk_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WX-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WX_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WX_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstein-Greece-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein-Greece_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein-Greece_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 233–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cicerodenati15-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cicerodenati15_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>De Natura Deorum</i>, i. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Edward_Peters1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Francis Edward Peters</a> (1967). <i>Greek Philosophical Terms: A Historical Lexicon</i>. NYU Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-6552-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-6552-1"><bdi>0-8147-6552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Philosophical+Terms%3A+A+Historical+Lexicon&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-8147-6552-1&rft.au=Francis+Edward+Peters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Gregory2016" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Gregory (2016). <i>Anaximander: A Re-assessment</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0625-2"><bdi>978-1-4725-0625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaximander%3A+A+Re-assessment&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-0625-2&rft.au=Andrew+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span> (Gregory defines a "pankubernist" as "someone who believes that everything steers").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guillermo Kerber, "Panentheism in Christian Ecotheology", Luca Valera, ed., <i>Pantheism and Ecology: Cosmological, Philosophical, and Theological Perspectives</i> (<a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>, 2023), p. 219–220; ASIN: B0CJNC946L.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstein_283-84-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein_283-84_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein_283-84_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 283-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granta.demon.co.uk/arsm/jg/eriugena.html">Genest, Jeremiah, <i>John Scottus Eriugena: Life and Works</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728040718/http://www.granta.demon.co.uk/arsm/jg/eriugena.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Gabut" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Jacques Gabut">Jean-Jacques Gabut</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50FDDwAAQBAJ&dq=pand%C3%A9isme&pg=PT23">Origines et fondements spirituels et sociologiques de la maçonnerie écossaise</a></i>, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Meara, John J., "Introduction", <i>The Mind of Eriugena</i>, (John J. O'Meara and Ludwig Bieler, eds.), Dublin: Irish University Press 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02648c.htm">Robinson, Paschal. "St. Bonaventure". The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 2 July 2019<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Corey_S._Powell" title="Corey S. Powell">Corey S. Powell</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/13/cosmos-giordano-bruno-response-steven-soter/#.Uy-qafldUdl">Defending Giordano Bruno: A Response from the Co-Writer of 'Cosmos'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116095835/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/13/cosmos-giordano-bruno-response-steven-soter/#.Uy-qafldUdl">Archived</a> 2019-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i>, March 13, 2014: "Bruno imagines all planets and stars having souls (part of what he means by them all having the same "composition"), and he uses his cosmology as a tool for advancing an animist or Pandeist theology".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNbelievable-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNbelievable_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Newton_Keas2019" class="citation book cs1">Michael Newton Keas (2019). <i>UNbelievable: 7 Myths About the History and Future of Science and Religion</i>. pp. 149–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNbelievable%3A+7+Myths+About+the+History+and+Future+of+Science+and+Religion&rft.pages=149-150&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Michael+Newton+Keas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Sessions, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/23/how-cosmos-bungles-the-history-of-religion-and-science.html">How 'Cosmos' Bungles the History of Religion and Science</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>, 03.23.14: "Bruno, for instance, was a 'pandeist', which is the belief that God had transformed himself into all matter and ceased to exist as a distinct entity in himself".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Daniel Cardó, Uwe Michael Lang, <i>Cambridge Companion to Joseph Ratzinger</i> (2023), p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirn-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirn_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirn_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Review of <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") in <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Emil Schürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a>, editors, <i>Theologische Literaturzeitung</i> ("Theological Literature Journal"), Volume 35, column 827 (1910): "Dem Verfasser hat anscheinend die Einteilung: religiöse, rationale und naturwissenschaftlich fundierte Weltanschauungen vorgeschwebt; er hat sie dann aber seinem Material gegenüber schwer durchführbar gefunden und durch die mitgeteilte ersetzt, die das Prinzip der Einteilung nur noch dunkel durchschimmern läßt. Damit hängt wohl auch das vom Verfasser gebildete unschöne griechisch-lateinische Mischwort des 'Pandeismus' zusammen. Nach S. 228 versteht er darunter im Unterschied von dem mehr metaphysisch gearteten Pantheismus einen 'gesteigerten und vereinheitlichten Animismus', also eine populäre Art religiöser Weltdeutung. Prhagt man lieh dies ein, so erstaunt man über die weite Ausdehnung, die dem Begriff in der Folge gegeben wird. Nach S. 284 ist Scotus Erigena ein ganzer, nach S. 300 Anselm von Canterbury ein 'halber Pandeist'; aber auch bei Nikolaus Cusanus und Giordano Bruno, ja selbst bei Mendelssohn und Lessing wird eine Art von Pandeismus gefunden (S. 306. 321. 346.)". <i>Translation</i>: "The author apparently intended to divide up religious, rational and scientifically based philosophies, but found his material overwhelming, resulting in an effort that can shine through the principle of classification only darkly. This probably is also the source of the unsightly Greek-Latin compound word, 'Pandeism'. At page 228, he understands the difference from the more metaphysical kind of pantheism, an enhanced unified animism that is a popular religious worldview. In remembering this borrowing, we were struck by the vast expanse given the term. According to page 284, Scotus Erigena is one entirely, at p. 300 Anselm of Canterbury is 'half Pandeist'; but also Nicholas of Cusa and Giordano Bruno, and even in Mendelssohn and Lessing a kind of Pandeism is found (p. 306 321 346.)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padre Filippo Nannetti di Bibulano (aka il Filippo Nani, Padre da Lojano), in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kZjAAAAcAAJ&dq=pandeisti&pg=PA284">Sermons and Panegyrics of the Father Filippo Nani of Lojana</a></i>, Giovanni Silvestri, publisher, 1834, p. 284, Sermon XVIII: Miracles: "Ma questa religione predestinta col taumaturgo segnale si trova ella nel mondo i' Dove? in qual gente? in qual lido? Nelle sinagoghe giudaiche, o nelle meschìte dell l'Asia? Nelle pagoda cinesi, o nella società di Ginevra? Giudei, Maomettani, Gentili, Scismatici, Eretici, Pandeisti, Deisti, geni torbidi, e inquieti". ("But this religion predestined by the thaumaturgist signal, where in the world is she? in which people? on which shores? In Jewish synagogues, or mosques of Asia? Pagoda in Chinese, or in society in Geneva? Jews, Muslims, Gentiles, Schismatics, Heretics, Pandeists, Deists, and troubled, restless spirits".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padre Filippo Nannetti di Bibulano (aka il Filippo Nani, Padre da Lojano), in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqV75cGMYsoC&dq=pandeista&pg=PA286">Sermons and Panegyrics of the Father Filippo Nani of Lojana</a></i>, Giovanni Silvestri, publisher, 1834, p. 286, Sermon XVIII: Miracles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Il legato di un vecchio ai giovani della sua patria</i> (1838) ("The Legacy of an Old Man to the Young People of his Country"): "Il selvaggio Nomado ex lege arrestato nelle spelonche dallo spavento, e dall'ammirazione con l'imponente spettacolo delle meteore, per la prima volta rivolse sopra se stesso lo sguardo della debole ragione, conobbe un potere fuori di lui più colossale della sua erculea brutalità, e per la prima volta concepì un culto. La robusta immaginazione gli fe ravvisare gli effetti come causa, quindi deificando i fenomeni naturali divenne un Pandeista, un istitutore della Mitologia, un sacerdote, un Augure". ("The wild nomad (who lived outside the law) stopped in the caves with fear and admiration at the impressive meteor shower, for the first time saw that reason was powerless, experienced a most colossal power outside himself of his Herculean brutality, and for the first time he understood worship (or conceived of a cult). His robust imagination recognized the effects as a cause, then deifying natural phenomena, he became a Pandeist, an instructor of Mythology, a priest, an Augur".).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden_Carruth1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hayden_Carruth" title="Hayden Carruth">Hayden Carruth</a> (1992). <i>Suicides and Jazzers</i>. University of Michigan Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-09419-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-09419-X"><bdi>0-472-09419-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicides+and+Jazzers&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-472-09419-X&rft.au=Hayden+Carruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lachs_and_Talisse-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lachs_and_Talisse_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lachs_and_Talisse_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lachs_and_Robert_Talisse2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lachs" title="John Lachs">John Lachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Talisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Talisse">Robert Talisse</a> (2007). <i>American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93926-3"><bdi>978-0-415-93926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Philosophy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93926-3&rft.au=John+Lachs+and+Robert+Talisse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weakness-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weakness_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weakness_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Cavendish-Jones, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48568831">A Weakness for Arguing with Anybody: G. K. Chesterton and Thomas Hardy</a>, <i>Thomas Hardy Journal</i>, (31:), 2015, pp. 108–129, 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vivier" title="Robert Vivier">Robert Vivier</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arllfb.be/bulletin/bulletinsnumerises/bulletin_1952_xxx_03.pdf">La Poésie de Victor Hugo</a>", in <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Langue_et_de_Litt%C3%A9rature_Fran%C3%A7aises" class="extiw" title="fr:Académie Royale de Langue et de Littérature Françaises">fr:Académie Royale de Langue et de Littérature Françaises</a></i>, BULLETIN TOME XXX-No. 3, Décembre 1952 pp. 203–214, p. 211: "Tout cela culmine dans le pandéisme affirmé éloquemment aux dernières pages de Dieu : « Il est éperdûment », et on ne peut rien en dire d'autre sans le diminuer mais cela on peut, on doit le dire et le redire indéfiniment".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omnibus-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omnibus_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omnibus_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGene_Edward_VeithDouglas_WilsonG._Tyler_Fischer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Edward_Veith" title="Gene Edward Veith">Gene Edward Veith</a>; Douglas Wilson & G. Tyler Fischer (2009). <i>Omnibus IV: The Ancient World</i>. Veritas Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932168-86-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932168-86-0"><bdi>978-1-932168-86-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Omnibus+IV%3A+The+Ancient+World&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Veritas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-932168-86-0&rft.au=Gene+Edward+Veith&rft.au=Douglas+Wilson&rft.au=G.+Tyler+Fischer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Johnson2014" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm Johnson (2014). <i>Victorian Worthies: Vanity Fair's Leaders of Church and State</i>. Darton, Longman & Todd, Limited. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-232-53157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-232-53157-2"><bdi>978-0-232-53157-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Worthies%3A+Vanity+Fair%27s+Leaders+of+Church+and+State&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Darton%2C+Longman+%26+Todd%2C+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-232-53157-2&rft.au=Malcolm+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Bloom2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> (2020). <i>Take Arms Against a Sea of Troubles: The Power of the Reader's Mind Over a Universe of Death</i>. Yale. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300247282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300247282"><bdi>978-0300247282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+Arms+Against+a+Sea+of+Troubles%3A+The+Power+of+the+Reader%27s+Mind+Over+a+Universe+of+Death&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Yale&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0300247282&rft.au=Harold+Bloom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Arnheim2015" class="citation book cs1">Michael Arnheim (2015). <i>The God Book</i>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-882-4"><bdi>978-1-84540-882-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Book&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84540-882-4&rft.au=Michael+Arnheim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Tristram Hunt</a>, <i>Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels</i>, Page 43, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-9248-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-9248-X">0-8050-9248-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey_Higgins1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Higgins" title="Godfrey Higgins">Godfrey Higgins</a> (1833). <a href="/wiki/Anacalypsis" title="Anacalypsis"><i>Anacalypsis: An Attempt to Draw Aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis: Or an Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations and Religions</i></a>. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56459-273-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56459-273-1"><bdi>1-56459-273-1</bdi></a>. <q>I am induced to think that this Pandeism was a doctrine, which had been received both by Buddhists and Brahmins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anacalypsis%3A+An+Attempt+to+Draw+Aside+the+Veil+of+the+Saitic+Isis%3A+Or+an+Inquiry+into+the+Origin+of+Languages%2C+Nations+and+Religions&rft.pages=439&rft.date=1833&rft.isbn=1-56459-273-1&rft.au=Godfrey+Higgins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavo_Uzielli1896" class="citation book cs1">Gustavo Uzielli (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ricercheintorno00uziegoog"><i>Ricerche Intorno a Leonardo da Vinci</i></a>. Loescher. p. xxxv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ricerche+Intorno+a+Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.pages=xxxv&rft.pub=Loescher&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Gustavo+Uzielli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fricercheintorno00uziegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan_Guinness" title="Henry Grattan Guinness">Henry Grattan Guinness</a>, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/First_Impressions_of_India" class="extiw" title="s:First Impressions of India">First Impressions of India</a>", in <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">John Harvey Kellogg</a>, and the International Health and Temperance Association's, <i>The Medical Missionary</i> (1897), pages 125-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Wiesse_Portocarrero" title="Carlos Wiesse Portocarrero">Carlos Wiesse Portocarrero</a>, <i><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Sistemas_filosóficos_de_la_India">Sistemas filosóficos de la India</a></i> (<i>Philosophical Systems of India</i>), November 1877, Part V: "Metafísica es pandeista y degenera en el idealismo".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James B. Glattfelder, <i>Information—Consciousness—Reality: How a New Understanding of the Universe Can Help Answer Age-Old Questions of Existence</i> (2019), p. 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJürgen_Hartmann2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Hartmann_(political_scientist)" title="Jürgen Hartmann (political scientist)">Jürgen Hartmann</a> (2014). <i>Religion in der Politik: Judentum, Christentum, Islam</i> [<i>Religion in politics: Judaism, Christianity, Islam</i>]. Springer. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-04731-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-04731-3"><bdi>978-3-658-04731-3</bdi></a>. <q>Mochten die Muslime in der großen Stadt auch ihre geschlossenen kleinen Welten aufbauen, kam es doch immer wieder zu Reibungen mit der hinduistischen Mehrheitsgesellschaft: Kastensystem vs. Egalität der Muslime, Fleischverzehr der Muslime vs. Vegetarismus der Hindus, Monotheismus der Muslime vs. Pandeismus und Heiligenverehrung unter den Hindus". <i>Translation</i>: "They want to build up their closed little worlds in the great city of the Muslims, but they came again and again into friction with the Hindu majority society: caste system vs. egalitarianism of the Muslims, meat consumption of the Muslims vs. vegetarianism of Hindus, monotheism of the Muslims vs. Pandeism and veneration of saints among the Hindus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+der+Politik%3A+Judentum%2C+Christentum%2C+Islam&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-658-04731-3&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Hartmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?wdrst=1&popup=1&wdqchid=%E6%B3%9B%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96">Definition of 泛自然神論</a> (泛自然神论, <i>fànzìránshénlùn</i>) from <a href="/wiki/CEDICT" title="CEDICT">CEDICT</a>, 1998. "[P]andeism, theological theory that God created the Universe and became one with it".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF文池_(Wen_Chi)2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">文池 (Wen Chi) (2002). <bdi lang="zh">在北大听讲座: 思想的灵光</bdi> [<i>Lectures at Peking University: Thinking of Aura</i>]. 新世界出版社. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80005-650-3" title="Special:BookSources/7-80005-650-3"><bdi>7-80005-650-3</bdi></a>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">在这里,人与天是平等和谐的,这就是说,它是泛自然神论或是无神论的,这是中国人文思想的一大特色。</span></span>" <i>Translation</i>: "Here, there is a harmony between man and the divine, and they are equal, that is to say, it is either Pandeism or atheism, which is a major feature of Chinese philosophical thought.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%AC%E8%AE%B2%E5%BA%A7%3A+%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%81%B5%E5%85%89&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=7-80005-650-3&rft.au=%E6%96%87%E6%B1%A0+%28Wen+Chi%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF张道葵_(Zhang_Dao_Kui)2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">张道葵 (Zhang Dao Kui) (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHgyAQAAIAAJ">"文化研究"</a>. <bdi lang="zh">文化研究</bdi> [<i>Cultural Studies</i>] (1–12): 65. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><b>泛自然神论</b>的浪漫精神三峡文化的艺术原素是一种独特的理想浪漫精神,是纯朴粗犷、绚丽诡竒的.又是精萃的、理想的、充满对理想生活的憧憬与追求。</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.issue=1%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2001&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E9%81%93%E8%91%B5+%28Zhang+Dao+Kui%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHgyAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/fwzj/writer/252.shtml">Abstract of writer 叶梅 (Ye Mei)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王俊康_(Wang_Junkang)2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">王俊康 (Wang Junkang) (2007). <bdi lang="zh">叶梅研究专集</bdi> [<i>Ye Mei Special Collection</i>]. 中央民族大学出版社. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-81108-315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-81108-315-6"><bdi>978-7-81108-315-6</bdi></a>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">在叶梅的早期小说里那种<b>泛自然神论</b>的浪漫精神随处可见,其目的是在张扬人性, 张扬<b>泛自然神论</b>下人性的自由。</span></span>" <i>Translation</i>: " In the early novels of Ye Mei the romantic spirit of Pandeism can be seen everywhere, aimed at advocating for humanity, advocating for individual human freedom under Pandeism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B6%E6%A2%85%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%93%E9%9B%86&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-7-81108-315-6&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E4%BF%8A%E5%BA%B7+%28Wang+Junkang%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王俊康_(Wang_Junkang)2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">王俊康 (Wang Junkang) (2007). <bdi lang="zh">叶梅研究专集</bdi> [<i>Ye Mei Special Collection</i>]. 中央民族大学出版社. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-81108-315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-81108-315-6"><bdi>978-7-81108-315-6</bdi></a>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">在《撒忧的龙船河》里的撒忧文化, "撒忧"又叫"撒阳"、"撒野"、"撒尔嗬", 就是生长在泛自然神论文化下的生殖崇拜符号, 撒野现象就是指土家情歌中那些强烈的生命冲动和人性张扬中所表现出来的野性美。</span></span>" <i>Translation</i>: "In "Spreading Worry on the Dragon Boat River", <i>san yu</i>, also known as <i>san yang</i>, <i>san ye</i>, and <i>san er hu</i>, are the words used to refer to the worship of reproduction under Pandeism, as demonstrated in romantic songs sung by village people to show the strong impulse of vitality and humanity and the beauty of wildness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B6%E6%A2%85%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%93%E9%9B%86&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-7-81108-315-6&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E4%BF%8A%E5%BA%B7+%28Wang+Junkang%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5770651/Nature_Woman_and_Lyrical_Ambiguity_in_Shen_Congwens_Writing">Nature, Woman and Lyrical Ambiguity in Shen Congwen's Writing</a></i>, Jiwei Xiao, <i>Rocky Mountain Review</i>, Volume 67, Number 1, Spring 2013 pp. 41-60, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bernhard Weinstein, <i>Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis</i> ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), page 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moncure_Daniel_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncure Daniel Conway">Moncure Daniel Conway</a>, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Pilgrimage_from_Deism_to_Agnosticism" class="extiw" title="s:The Pilgrimage from Deism to Agnosticism">The Pilgrimage from Deism to Agnosticism</a>", published in <i>The Free Review</i>, Vol. I. October 1, 1893, pages 11 to 19. Edited by Robertson, John Mackinnon and Singer, G. Astor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z4rAAAAYAAJ&dq=pandeismus&pg=PA283">Franz Mach und sein Altkatholizismus. Bon Dr. Ottmar Hegemann, <i>Evangelische Kirchen-Zeitung für Oesterreich</i></a> (1905), Volume 22, Page 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Man of Sorrows: Place of Jesus in the Religion of Today", <i><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Daily_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Daily Times">Chattanooga Daily Times</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a> (September 24, 1906), page 5, column 5, paragraph 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis S. Hardin, '17, "The Chimerical Application of Machiavelli's Principles", <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Sheffield_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Sheffield Monthly">Yale Sheffield Monthly</a></i>, pp 461–465, Yale University, May 1915, p. 463: "Are we virtuous merely because we are restrained by the fetters of the law? We hear men prophecy that this war means the death of Christianity and an era of Pandeism or perhaps even the destruction of all which we call modern civilization and culture. We hear men predict that the ultimate result of the war will be a blessing to humanity".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Friedrich_Köhler1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Friedrich_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Friedrich Köhler (page does not exist)">Paul Friedrich Köhler</a> (1916). <i>Kulturwege und Erkenntnisse: Eine kritische Umschau in den Problemen des religiösen und geistigen Lebens</i>. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kulturwege+und+Erkenntnisse%3A+Eine+kritische+Umschau+in+den+Problemen+des+religi%C3%B6sen+und+geistigen+Lebens&rft.pages=193&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Paul+Friedrich+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCdke" title="Martin Lüdke">Martin Lüdke</a>, "Ein moderner Hüter der Dinge; Die Entdeckung des großen Portugiesen geht weiter: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a> hat in der Poesielberto Caeiros seinen Meister gesehen", ("A modern guardian of things; The discovery of the great Portuguese continues: Fernando Pessoa saw its master in the poetry of Alberto Caeiros"), <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Rundschau" title="Frankfurter Rundschau">Frankfurter Rundschau</a></i>, August 18, 2004. "Caeiro unterläuft die Unterscheidung zwischen dem Schein und dem, was etwa "Denkerge-danken" hinter ihm ausmachen wollen. Die Dinge, wie er sie sieht, sind als was sie scheinen. Sein Pan-Deismus basiert auf einer Ding-<a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysik</a>, die in der modernen Dichtung des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts noch Schule machen sollte". <i>Translation</i>: "Caeiro interposes the distinction between the light and what "philosopher thoughts" want to constitute behind him. The things, as he sees them, are as they seem. His pandeism is based on a metaphysical thing, which should still become a school of thought under the modern seal of the twentieth century".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Pontiero1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pontiero" title="Giovanni Pontiero">Giovanni Pontiero</a> (1983). <i>Carlos Nejar, poeta e pensador</i>. p. 349. <q><a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_de_Faria" title="Otávio de Faria">Otávio de Faria</a> póde falar, com razão, de um pandeísmo de <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Nejar" title="Carlos Nejar">Carlos Nejar</a>. Não uma poesia panteísta, mas pandeísta. Quero dizer, uma cosmogonia, um canto geral, um cancioneiro do humano e do divino. Mas o divino no humano". <i>Translation</i>: "<a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_de_Faria" title="Otávio de Faria">Otávio de Faria</a> spoke of the pandeism of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Nejar" title="Carlos Nejar">Carlos Nejar</a>. Not a pantheist poetry, but pandeist. I want to say, a cosmogony, one I sing generally, a <a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">chansonnier</a> of the human being and the holy ghost. But the holy ghost in the human being.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlos+Nejar%2C+poeta+e+pensador&rft.pages=349&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Giovanni+Pontiero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faria-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faria_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_de_Faria" title="Otávio de Faria">Otávio de Faria</a>, "Pandeísmo em Carlos Nejar", in Última Hora, Rio de Janeiro, May 17, 1978. Quote: "Se Deus é tudo isso, envolve tudo, a palavra andorinha, a palavra poço o a palavra amor, é que Deus é muito grande, enorme, infinito; é Deus realmente e o pandeismo de Nejar é uma das mais fortes ideias poéticas que nos têm chegado do mundo da Poesia. E o que não pode esperar desse poeta, desse criador poético, que em pouco menos de vinte anos, já chegou a essa grande iluminação poética?" <i>Translation</i>: "If God is all, involves everything, swallows every word, the deep word, the word love, then God is very big, huge, infinite; and for a God really like this, the pandeism of Nejar is one of the strongest poetic ideas that we have reached in the world of poetry. And could you expect of this poet, this poetic creator, that in a little less than twenty years, he has arrived at this great poetic illumination?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartshorne-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartshorne_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartshorne_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartshorne_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Hartshorne1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a> (1941). <i>Man's Vision of God and the Logic of Theism</i>. Archon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-208-00498-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-208-00498-X"><bdi>0-208-00498-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%27s+Vision+of+God+and+the+Logic+of+Theism&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=0-208-00498-X&rft.au=Charles+Hartshorne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rousas_John_Rushdoony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousas John Rushdoony">Rousas John Rushdoony</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chalcedon.edu/store/39991-the-one-and-the-many-studies-in-the-philosophy-of-order-and-ultimacy">The One and the Many: Studies in the Philosophy of Order and Ultimacy</a> (1971 [2007]), Ch. VIII-7, p. 142-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bert_Beverly_Beach" title="Bert Beverly Beach">Bert Beverly Beach</a>, <i>Ecumenism: Boon Or Bane?</i> (1974), p. 259 (quoting George H. Williams, <i>Dimensions of Roman Catholic Ecumenism</i> (1965), p. 31-32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DS_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Schneider_(writer)" title="Dan Schneider (writer)">Dan Schneider</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hackwriters.com/strangerH.htm"><i>Review of Stranger In A Strange Land (The Uncut Version), by Robert A. Heinlein</i></a> (7/29/05).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>, Aphorisms of <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Long" title="Lazarus Long">Lazarus Long</a>, in "<a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a>" (1978 [1973]), page 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Jackson interviewed on religion by Michael Hirsley for the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, "For Bulls coach, God is no game", April 27, 1990, Section 2, Page 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Albuquerque Journal</i>, Saturday, November 11, 1995, B-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burridge-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burridge_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burridge_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burridge_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Burridge, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genevaninstitute.org/syllabus/unit-two-theology-proper/lesson-4-the-decrees-of-god/">Theology Proper: Lesson 4 – The Decrees of God</a>", <i>Survey Studies in Reformed Theology</i>, Genevan Institute for Reformed Studies (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, William C. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926075706/http://apq.press.illinois.edu/47/1/lane.html">"Leibniz's Best World Claim Restructured"</a>. <i>American Philosophical Journal</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 57–84. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apq.press.illinois.edu/47/1/lane.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Philosophical+Journal&rft.atitle=Leibniz%27s+Best+World+Claim+Restructured&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-84&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapq.press.illinois.edu%2F47%2F1%2Flane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William Rowe</a> used, as an example of needless suffering, a fawn horribly burned in a forest fire and unable to move, yet suffering for additional days before its death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSal_Restivo2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sal_Restivo" title="Sal Restivo">Sal Restivo</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST4oEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">"The End of God and the Beginning of Inquiry"</a>. <i>Society and the Death of God</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-63764-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-63764-4"><bdi>978-0-367-63764-4</bdi></a>. <q>In the pandeism argument, an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God creates the universe and in the process becomes the universe and loses his powers to intervene in human affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+End+of+God+and+the+Beginning+of+Inquiry&rft.btitle=Society+and+the+Death+of+God&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-367-63764-4&rft.au=Sal+Restivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST4oEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2017" class="citation web cs1">Nolan, Hamilton (March 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconcourse.deadspin.com/actually-the-dilbert-guys-ultimate-legacy-will-be-the-1793522673">"Actually The "Dilbert" Guy's Ultimate Legacy Will Be These Great Religion Books He Wrote"</a>. <i>Concourse</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concourse&rft.atitle=Actually+The+%22Dilbert%22+Guy%27s+Ultimate+Legacy+Will+Be+These+Great+Religion+Books+He+Wrote&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconcourse.deadspin.com%2Factually-the-dilbert-guys-ultimate-legacy-will-be-the-1793522673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapson2017" class="citation book cs1">Mapson, Knujon, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPyiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT37">"A Brief History of Pandeism"</a>. <i>Pandeism: An Anthology</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hunt Publishing">John Hunt Publishing</a>/Iff Books (with author subsidy via Kickstarter). pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78535-412-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78535-412-0"><bdi>978-1-78535-412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Pandeism&rft.btitle=Pandeism%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing%2FIff+Books+%28with+author+subsidy+via+Kickstarter%29&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78535-412-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPyiDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2017" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Caroline (March 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-22/how-dilbert-s-scott-adams-got-hypnotized-by-trump">"How Scott Adams Got Hypnotized by Trump"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Scott+Adams+Got+Hypnotized+by+Trump&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2017-03-22%2Fhow-dilbert-s-scott-adams-got-hypnotized-by-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottAdamsSays2023" class="citation web cs1">@ScottAdamsSays (April 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/ScottAdamsSays/status/1646614336193069060">"I just published the full text of my mind-bending book God's Debris on Locals, free for my subscribers. I will publish an AI-voiced audiobook version there soon. It's a new world"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+just+published+the+full+text+of+my+mind-bending+book+God%27s+Debris+on+Locals%2C+free+for+my+subscribers.+I+will+publish+an+AI-voiced+audiobook+version+there+soon.+It%27s+a+new+world.&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft.au=ScottAdamsSays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FScottAdamsSays%2Fstatus%2F1646614336193069060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southwest Broadcasting SWR2 Aula—Manuscript service (Transcript of a conversation) "God plus Big Bang = X; Astrophysics and faith". Discussants: Professor <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a> and Professor <a href="/wiki/Harald_Lesch" title="Harald Lesch">Harald Lesch</a>, Editor: Ralf Caspary, broadcast: Sunday 16 May 2010 at 8:30 clock, SWR2 (<a href="/wiki/Harald_Lesch" title="Harald Lesch">Harald Lesch</a> referencing 1970 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a>); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swrmediathek.de/player.htm?show=73ab41a0-dac5-11df-950c-0026b975f2e6">Quote in the show <i>Gott plus Urknall</i> (<i>God Plus Big Bang</i>) (SWR2 Hall of 16/05/2010), at 1:32 seconds</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095527/http://swrmediathek.de/player.htm?show=73ab41a0-dac5-11df-950c-0026b975f2e6">Archived</a> 2015-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>): "Nehmen wir einmal an, wir würden das allumfassende Gesetz der Natur finden, nach dem wir suchen, so dass wir schließlich voller Stolz versichern könnten, so und nicht anders ist die Welt aufgebaut – sofort entstünde eine neue Frage: Was steht hinter diesem Gesetz, warum ist die Welt gerade so aufgebaut? Dieses Warum führt uns über die Grenzen der Naturwissenschaft in den Bereich der Religion. Als Fachmann sollte ein Physiker antworten: Wir wissen es nicht, wir werden es niemals wissen. Andere würden sagen, dass Gott dieses Gesetz aufstellte, also das Universum schuf. Ein Pandeist würde vielleicht sagen, dass das allumfassende Gesetz eben Gott sei".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Michael_Wylie2011" class="citation book cs1">David Michael Wylie (2011). <i>Just Stewardship</i>. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-257-73962-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-257-73962-2"><bdi>978-1-257-73962-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Stewardship&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-257-73962-2&rft.au=David+Michael+Wylie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_F._PfeifferHoward_Frederic_VosJohn_Ream1975" class="citation book cs1">Charles F. Pfeiffer; Howard Frederic Vos; John Ream (1975). <i>Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia</i>. Moody Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8024-9697-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8024-9697-0"><bdi>0-8024-9697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wycliffe+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-8024-9697-0&rft.au=Charles+F.+Pfeiffer&rft.au=Howard+Frederic+Vos&rft.au=John+Ream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Ward2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Ward_(theologian)" title="Graham Ward (theologian)">Graham Ward</a> (2016). <i>How the Light Gets In: Ethical Life I</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929765-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929765-8"><bdi>978-0-19-929765-8</bdi></a>. <q>Attention to Christ and the Spirit delivers us from pantheism, pandeism, and process theology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Light+Gets+In%3A+Ethical+Life+I&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929765-8&rft.au=Graham+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al_Kresta" title="Al Kresta">Al Kresta</a>, <i>Dangers to the Faith: Recognizing Catholicism's 21st-Century Opponents</i>, "Science and Warfare with Religion" (2013), pp. 255-256, n. 30, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59276-725-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59276-725-7">1-59276-725-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_N._Ebertz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael N. Ebertz (page does not exist)">Michael N. Ebertz</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meinhard_Schmidt-Degenhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meinhard Schmidt-Degenhard (page does not exist)">Meinhard Schmidt-Degenhard</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hr-online.de/servlet/de.hr.cms.servlet.File/Was+glauben+die+Hessen%3F+Die+komplette+Studie+als+pdf?enc=d3M9aHJteXNxbCZibG9iSWQ9MTQxNDQ1NjEmaWQ9NDczOTk0MTkmZm9yY2VEb3dubG9hZD0x">Was glauben die Hessen?: Horizonte religiösen Lebens</a></i> (2011; republished 2014), p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Harrison_Epps,_Jr.2012" class="citation book cs1">Henry Harrison Epps, Jr. (2012). <i>End times Organizations, Doctrines and Beliefs</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4775-1583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4775-1583-9"><bdi>978-1-4775-1583-9</bdi></a>. <q>The New Age movement includes elements of older spiritual and religious traditions ranging from atheism and monotheism through classical pantheism, naturalistic pantheism, pandeism and panentheism to polytheism combined with science and <a href="/wiki/Gaia_philosophy" title="Gaia philosophy">Gaia philosophy</a>; particularly <a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">archaeoastronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+times+Organizations%2C+Doctrines+and+Beliefs&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4775-1583-9&rft.au=Henry+Harrison+Epps%2C+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_P._Remler2020" class="citation book cs1">Michael P. Remler (2020). "3: Consciousness from the Interface". <i>The Mechanisms, Metaphysics, and History of Consciousness in the World</i>. First Edition Design. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5069-0889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5069-0889-2"><bdi>978-1-5069-0889-2</bdi></a>. <q>The real significance of the symbiosis becomes evident if one considers the radical pan-psych position that every piece of matter has a 'psych' property or pan-deist position that some 'Consciousness' interacts with all matter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Consciousness+from+the+Interface&rft.btitle=The+Mechanisms%2C+Metaphysics%2C+and+History+of+Consciousness+in+the+World&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=First+Edition+Design&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5069-0889-2&rft.au=Michael+P.+Remler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special_issues/RSTinPAP">"Religion, Science and Technology in Pantheism, Animism and Paganism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Religions_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions (journal)">Religions</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a>. 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Science+and+Technology+in+Pantheism%2C+Animism+and+Paganism&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Freligions%2Fspecial_issues%2FRSTinPAP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_Volkov2020" class="citation web cs1">Angela Volkov (October 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/predict/artificial-intelligence-a-vengeful-or-benevolent-god-555d8b7b7d33">"Artificial Intelligence: A Vengeful or Benevolent God?"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. <q>The best we can hope for is that AI allows us to merge with it, giving rise to a Pandeism of sorts, wherein creator and creation meld into one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Vengeful+or+Benevolent+God%3F&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft.au=Angela+Volkov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fpredict%2Fartificial-intelligence-a-vengeful-or-benevolent-god-555d8b7b7d33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar2007" class="citation news cs1">Caesar, Ed (11 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923055450/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/bruce-almighty-what-drives-tribes-presenterexplorer-bruce-parry-461007.html">"Bruce almighty: What drives Tribe's presenter-explorer Bruce Parry?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/bruce-almighty-what-drives-tribes-presenterexplorer-bruce-parry-461007.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Bruce+almighty%3A+What+drives+Tribe%27s+presenter-explorer+Bruce+Parry%3F&rft.date=2007-08-11&rft.aulast=Caesar&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fbruce-almighty-what-drives-tribes-presenterexplorer-bruce-parry-461007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-best_of_Bruce_Parry-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-best_of_Bruce_Parry_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaghy2008" class="citation news cs1">Donaghy, James (12 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/tvandradioblog/2008/sep/12/television">"The best of Bruce Parry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <q>The Christian turned skeptical pan-deist turned reluctant atheist sees himself on a spiritual journey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+best+of+Bruce+Parry&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft.aulast=Donaghy&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2Ftvandradioblog%2F2008%2Fsep%2F12%2Ftelevision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, <i>Take Arms Against a Sea of Troubles: The Power of the Reader's Mind Over a Universe of Death</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, October 2020, p. 373, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-24728-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-24728-1">0-300-24728-1</a>: "When he died the laureate declared himself agnostic and pan-deist and at one with the great heretics Giordano Bruno (who was a Hermetist and burned alive by the Church) and Baruch Spinoza (who was excommunicated by the Jews)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelge_Kragh2019" class="citation arxiv cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Kragh" title="Helge Kragh">Helge Kragh</a> (2019). "Max Weinstein: Physics, Philosophy, Pandeism". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.11299">1901.11299</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.hist-ph">physics.hist-ph</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Max+Weinstein%3A+Physics%2C+Philosophy%2C+Pandeism&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1901.11299&rft.au=Helge+Kragh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zarzyski" title="Paul Zarzyski">Paul Zarzyski</a>, <i>51: 30 poems, 20 lyrics, 1 self-interview</i> (2011), p. 243-244.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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Evolution</i></a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/beyond-physicalism/">Beyond Physicalism: Philosopher Hedda Hassel Mørch defends the idea that consciousness pervades the cosmos</a>", <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(journalist)" title="John Horgan (journalist)">John Horgan</a>, <i>Scientific American</i>, December 9, 2019</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a 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Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td 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