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href="/ba/library/" class="top-button"> <span class="top-search__caption">Ғилми баҫмалар китапханаһы</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="top-panel-block top-panel-block--right"> <div class="top-language-toggle"> <a class="top-language-toggle__label top-language-toggle__label-active"> БАШ </a> <a class="top-language-toggle__label" href="/ru/articles/"> РУС </a> <a class="top-language-toggle__label" href="/en/articles/"> ENG </a> </div> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="top-auth esia-only b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover hidden-xs"> <span class="top-auth__caption">Инергə</span> </a> <form action="/local/templates/science/components/openregion/esia/top/ajax/login.php" class="top-login b-light-bg hidden-xs hidden"> <div class="top-login__error hidden"></div> <label>Войти через:</label> <div class="top-login__social"> <a class="top-login__social-icon top-login__social-icon--gosuslugi" title="Госуслуги" href="javascript:void(0)" data-auth-code-path="/local/components/openregion/esia/ajax/get-auth-code.php"> <i class="fa fa-gosuslugi" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span>Госуслуги</span> </a> </div> </form> <form action="/local/templates/science/components/openregion/esia/top/ajax/register.php" class="top-register b-light-bg hidden-xs hidden"> <label>Ваш e-mail:</label> <input type="text" name="email" class="b-border"> <small>На указанный e-mail придет запрос на подтверждение регистрации.</small> <label>Введите символы с картинки:</label> <div class="top-register__captcha-wrapper"> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-url="/local/templates/science/components/openregion/esia/top/ajax/captcha.php" class="top-register__captcha"><img class="top-register__captcha-image" src=""></a></div> <div> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value=""> <input type="text" name="captcha_word" class="b-border"> </div> </div> <input type="submit" value="Зарегистрироваться" class="button b-bg b-border"> <div class="top-register__error 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type="hidden" name="checkword" value=""> <div class="top-change-password__error hidden"></div> <div class="top-change-password__info hidden"></div> </form> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="top-special b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg" title="Махсус версия"> <i class="top-special__icon" aria-hidden="true"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 33 22"> <use xlink:href="/local/templates/science/images/top-panel/top-panel.svg#eye"/> </svg> </i> </a> <a href="/ba/sitemap/" class="top-sitemap b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg" title="Сайт картаһы"> <i class="top-sitemap__icon" aria-hidden="true"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 27 26"> <use xlink:href="/local/templates/science/images/top-panel/top-panel.svg#sitemap"/> </svg> </i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="top-auth-error hidden" data-auth-err=""></a> <div id="top-auth-error__popup" class="top-auth-error__hint-block mfp-hide"> <p class="top-auth-error__hint">Для авторизации на текущем портале в Вашем <a href="https://esia.gosuslugi.ru/profile/user/personal">профиле ЕСИА</a> должно быть заполнено поле "Электронная почта"</p> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="top-auth-error__close"> <i class="fa fa-close" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </div> <div class="mobile-menu-wrapper b-dark-3-bg"> <ul class="mobile-menu"> <li> <a class="mobile-menu__root-item b-extra-light-color bg-yellow-hover bg-yellow-hover-svg" href="/ba/" > <span>Баш бит</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="mobile-menu__root-item b-extra-light-color bg-yellow-hover bg-yellow-hover-svg" href="/ba/articles/38/" > <span>Проект тураһында</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="mobile-menu__root-item b-extra-light-color bg-yellow-hover bg-yellow-hover-svg" href="/ba/feedback/" > <span>Кире бәйләнеш</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="mobile-menu__root-item b-extra-light-color bg-yellow-hover bg-yellow-hover-svg" href="/ba/library/" > <span>Ғилми баҫмалар китапханаһы</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="mobile-menu-icons"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="mobile-auth esia-only b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover"> <span class="mobile-auth__caption">Инергə</span> </a> <form action="/local/templates/science/components/openregion/esia/mobile/ajax/login.php" class="mobile-login b-light-bg hidden"> <div class="mobile-login__error hidden"></div> <label>Войти через:</label> <div class="mobile-login__social"> <a class="mobile-login__social-icon mobile-login__social-icon--gosuslugi" title="Госуслуги" href="javascript:void(0)" data-auth-code-path="/local/components/openregion/esia/ajax/get-auth-code.php"> <i class="fa fa-gosuslugi" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span>Госуслуги</span> </a> </div> </form> <form action="/local/templates/science/components/openregion/esia/mobile/ajax/register.php" class="mobile-register b-light-bg hidden"> <label>Ваш e-mail:</label> <input type="text" name="email" class="b-border"> <small>На указанный e-mail придет запрос на подтверждение регистрации.</small> <label>Введите символы с картинки:</label> <div class="mobile-register__captcha-wrapper"> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-url="/local/templates/science/components/openregion/esia/mobile/ajax/captcha.php" class="mobile-register__captcha"><img class="mobile-register__captcha-image" src=""></a></div> <div> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value=""> <input type="text" name="captcha_word" class="b-border"> </div> </div> <input type="submit" value="Зарегистрироваться" class="button b-bg b-border"> <div class="mobile-register__error hidden"></div> <div class="mobile-register__info hidden"></div> </form> <form action="/local/templates/science/components/openregion/esia/mobile/ajax/forgot.php" class="mobile-forgot b-light-bg hidden"> <label>Ваш e-mail:</label> <input type="text" name="email" class="b-border"> <small>Вам на почту придет письмо с дальнейшими инструкциями по восстановлению пароля.</small> <input type="submit" value="Подтвердить" class="button b-bg b-border"> <div class="mobile-forgot__error hidden"></div> <div class="mobile-forgot__info hidden"></div> </form> <form action="/local/templates/science/components/openregion/esia/mobile/ajax/change-password.php" class="mobile-change-password b-light-bg hidden"> <label>Новый пароль:</label> <input type="password" name="password" class="b-border"> <label>Ещё раз:</label> <input type="password" name="confirm_password" class="b-border"> <input type="submit" value="Подтвердить" class="button b-bg b-border"> <input type="hidden" name="login" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="checkword" value=""> <div class="mobile-change-password__error hidden"></div> <div class="mobile-change-password__info hidden"></div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="header-wrapper b-desat-bg"> <div class="top-menu-wrapper"> <a href="/ba/" class="top-sitename" data-bigfont=""> <img class="top-sitename__logo" src="/local/templates/science/images/default-top-logo.png"> <span class="top-sitename__title">Төбәк интерактив энциклопедик портал <span>«Башҡортостан»</span></span> </a> <div class="top-extra-logos"> <a href="http://www.anrb.ru/" target="_blank" title="Башҡортостан Республикаһы Фәндәр академияһы"><img alt="Башҡортостан Республикаһы Фәндәр академияһы" src="/local/templates/science/images/ANRBLogo.png" /></a> <a href="http://bashenc.ru/" target="_blank" title="Башҡортостан Республикаһы “Башҡорт энциклопедияһы” дәүләт автономиялы фән учреждениеһы"><img alt="Башҡортостан Республикаһы “Башҡорт энциклопедияһы” дәүләт автономиялы фән учреждениеһы" src="/local/templates/science/images/BashEncLogo.png" /></a> </div> <div class="top-search-wrapper"> <form action="/ba/search/" class="top-search-form"> <input class="top-search-form__input" name="q" type="text" placeholder="Портал буйынса эҙләү"> <button type="submit" class="top-search-form__button b-dark-1-bg-hover"> <i class="top-search__icon hidden-xs" aria-hidden="true"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 32 32"> <use xlink:href="/local/templates/science/images/icons.svg#lens"/> </svg> </i> <span class="top-search__caption">Табыу</span> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="b-light-color scroll-top scroll-top--hidden"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <div class="content-wrapper"> <div class="content"> <ul class="breadcrumb"><li class="breadcrumb__item "><a href="/ba/">Главная.</a></li><li class="breadcrumb__item breadcrumb__item--last"><a href="/ba/articles/">Материалдар</a></li></ul> <div class='abc'> <a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%90' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>А</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%91' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Б</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%92' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>В</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%93' class='b-abc 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href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%98' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>И</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%99' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Й</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%9A' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>К</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D2%A0' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ҡ</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%9B' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Л</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%9C' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>М</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%9D' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Н</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D2%A2' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ң</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%9E' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>О</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D3%A8' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ө</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%9F' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>П</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A0' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Р</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A1' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>С</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D2%AA' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ҫ</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A2' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Т</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A3' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>У</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D2%AE' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ү</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A4' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ф</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A5' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Х</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D2%BA' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Һ</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A6' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ц</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A7' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ч</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A8' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ш</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%A9' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Щ</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%AA' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ъ</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%AB' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ы</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%AC' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ь</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%AD' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Э</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D3%98' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ә</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%AE' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Ю</a><a href='?LID=ba&letter=%D0%AF' class='b-abc search-form__button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover ' title=''>Я</a></div><h1 class="news-h1">Список материалов</h1> <div class="news"> <form action="" class="news-filter"> <div class="news-filter__show"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="button news-filter__show-button b-extra-light-color b-dark-1-bg bg-yellow-hover"><i class="news-filter__show-img" aria-hidden="true"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 26 16"> <use xlink:href="/local/templates/science/images/icons.svg#filter-arrow"></use> </svg> </i><i class="news-filter__shown-img" aria-hidden="true"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 12 12"> <use xlink:href="/local/templates/science/images/icons.svg#filter-cross"></use> </svg> </i><span>һайлап алырға</span></a> </div> <div class="news-filter__body"> <div class="news-filter__part"> <div class="news-filter__field"> <div class="news-filter__label">Наименование статьи</div> <div class="news-filter__value"> <input type="text" name="filter_name" value=""> <select name="filter_name_type" class="select2"> <option value="1" >Искать вхождение</option> 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