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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Invasive species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Amateur radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Edward Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins_Eduard-eilande" title="Prins Eduard-eilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Prins Eduard-eilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جزر الأمير إدوارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر الأمير إدوارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins-Eduard_adalar%C4%B1" title="Prins-Eduard adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Prins-Eduard adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Прынс-Эдвард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прынс-Эдвард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Принц Едуард (архипелаг) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Принц Едуард (архипелаг)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inizi_ar_Pri%C3%B1s_Edouarzh" title="Inizi ar Priñs Edouarzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inizi ar Priñs Edouarzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_del_Pr%C3%ADncep_Eduard" title="Illes del Príncep Eduard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes del Príncep Eduard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Prince Edward Islands" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrovy_prince_Edvarda" title="Ostrovy prince Edvarda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ostrovy prince Edvarda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prince Edward Islands" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinz-Edward-Inseln" title="Prinz-Edward-Inseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prinz-Edward-Inseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Νήσοι Πρίγκιπα Εδουάρδου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νήσοι Πρίγκιπα Εδουάρδου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Eduardo" title="Islas del Príncipe Eduardo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas del Príncipe Eduardo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princ-Eduardaj_Insuloj" title="Princ-Eduardaj Insuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Princ-Eduardaj Insuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Printzearen_uharteak" title="Eduardo Printzearen uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduardo Printzearen uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جزایر پرینس ادوارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر پرینس ادوارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_du_Prince-%C3%89douard" title="Îles du Prince-Édouard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles du Prince-Édouard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins_Edwardeilannen" title="Prins Edwardeilannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Prins Edwardeilannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="프린스에드워드 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프린스에드워드 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Pangeran_Edward" title="Kepulauan Pangeran Edward – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Pangeran Edward" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_del_Principe_Edoardo" title="Isole del Principe Edoardo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole del Principe Edoardo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პრინს-ედუარდის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრინს-ედუარდის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prin%C4%8Da_Edvarda_salas" title="Prinča Edvarda salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prinča Edvarda salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princo_Edvardo_salos" title="Princo Edvardo salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Princo Edvardo salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins_Edwardeilenj" title="Prins Edwardeilenj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Prins Edwardeilenj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward-szigetek" title="Prince Edward-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Prince Edward-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Острови на Принцот Едвард – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Острови на Принцот Едвард" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins_Edwardeilanden" title="Prins Edwardeilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prins Edwardeilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="プリンス・エドワード諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プリンス・エドワード諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward%C3%B8yene" title="Prince Edwardøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prince Edwardøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward%C3%B8yane" title="Prince Edwardøyane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prince Edwardøyane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archip%C3%A8la_dau_Prince_Edoard" title="Archipèla dau Prince Edoard – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Archipèla dau Prince Edoard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Ksi%C4%99cia_Edwarda" title="Wyspy Księcia Edwarda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspy Księcia Edwarda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhas_do_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Eduardo" title="Ilhas do Príncipe Eduardo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilhas do Príncipe Eduardo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Принс-Эдуард (острова) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Принс-Эдуард (острова)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prince Edward Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionov_ostrov_a_Ostrov_princa_Eduarda" title="Marionov ostrov a Ostrov princa Eduarda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marionov ostrov a Ostrov princa Eduarda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoki_princa_Edvarda" title="Otoki princa Edvarda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otoki princa Edvarda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Острва Принца Едварда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Острва Принца Едварда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinssi_Edwardin_saaret" title="Prinssi Edwardin saaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Prinssi Edwardin saaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins_Edward%C3%B6arna" title="Prins Edwardöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prins Edwardöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Принс-Эдуард утраулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Принс-Эдуард утраулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prens_Edward_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Prens Edward Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prens Edward Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8)" title="Принс-Едуард (острови) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Принс-Едуард (острови)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="پرنس ایڈورڈ جزائر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Prince_Edward_Islands&params=46_52_48_S_37_45_00_E_region:AQ_isle_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°52′48″S</span> <span class="longitude">37°45′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.88000°S 37.75000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-46.88000; 37.75000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Two small sub-Antarctic islands belonging to South Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the South African sub-Antarctic islands. For the Canadian province, see <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Prince Edward Islands</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PrEdwIsl_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PrEdwIsl_Map.png/260px-PrEdwIsl_Map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PrEdwIsl_Map.png/390px-PrEdwIsl_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PrEdwIsl_Map.png/520px-PrEdwIsl_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="2207" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Prince Edward Islands</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthographic_projection_centered_on_the_Prince_Edward_Island_(Vela_Incident).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Orthographic_projection_centered_on_the_Prince_Edward_Island_%28Vela_Incident%29.png/260px-Orthographic_projection_centered_on_the_Prince_Edward_Island_%28Vela_Incident%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Orthographic_projection_centered_on_the_Prince_Edward_Island_%28Vela_Incident%29.png/390px-Orthographic_projection_centered_on_the_Prince_Edward_Island_%28Vela_Incident%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Orthographic_projection_centered_on_the_Prince_Edward_Island_%28Vela_Incident%29.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="487" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Orthographic projection centred on the Prince Edward Islands</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Prince_Edward_Islands&params=46_52_48_S_37_45_00_E_region:AQ_isle_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°52′48″S</span> <span class="longitude">37°45′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.88000°S 37.75000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-46.88000; 37.75000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">343 km<sup>2</sup> (132 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,230 m (4040 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mascarin_Peak" title="Mascarin Peak">Mascarin Peak</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Africa" title="Municipalities of South Africa">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">0 (permanent)<br />50 (non-permanent research staff)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Designations</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">24 January 1997</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1688<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 290px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 290px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="300" data-zoom="3" data-lat="-47.00438" data-lon="38.387" data-overlays="["_33a6fe597629e3b4822ee142f7a65445049f72ab"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/-47.00438/38.387/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,-47.00438,38.387,290x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Prince_Edward_Islands&revid=1259469138&groups=_33a6fe597629e3b4822ee142f7a65445049f72ab" width="290" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,-47.00438,38.387,290x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Prince_Edward_Islands&revid=1259469138&groups=_33a6fe597629e3b4822ee142f7a65445049f72ab 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area</div></div></div> <p>The <b>Prince Edward Islands</b> are two small uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">sub-Antarctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> that are administered by <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. They are named <b>Marion Island</b> (named after <a href="/wiki/Marc-Joseph_Marion_du_Fresne" title="Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne">Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne</a>, 1724–1772) and <b>Prince Edward Island</b> (named after <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>, 1767–1820). </p><p>The islands in the group have been declared Special Nature Reserves under the South African Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, No. 57 of 2003, and activities on the islands are therefore restricted to research and conservation management.<sup id="cite_ref-cooper_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further protection was granted when the area was declared a <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area">marine protected area</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wwf_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only human inhabitants of the islands are the staff of a <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> research station run by the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a> on Marion Island. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marc-Joseph_Marion_du_Fresne_jpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Marc-Joseph_Marion_du_Fresne_jpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, as imagined by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Meryon" title="Charles Meryon">Charles Meryon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Barent Barentszoon Lam of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> reached the islands on 4 March 1663 on the ship <i>Maerseveen</i>. They were named <i>Dina</i> (Prince Edward) and <i>Maerseveen</i> (Marion),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the islands were erroneously recorded to be at 41° South, and neither were found again by subsequent Dutch sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-btinternet.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btinternet.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1772, the French frigate <i>Le Mascarin</i>, captained by <a href="/wiki/Marc-Joseph_Marion_du_Fresne" title="Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne">Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne</a>, visited the islands and spent five days trying to land, thinking they had found <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> (then not yet proven to exist).<sup id="cite_ref-keller_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marion named the islands <i>Terre de l'Espérance</i> (Marion) and <i>Ile de la Caverne</i> (Prince Edward).<sup id="cite_ref-btinternet.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btinternet.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After failing to land, <i>Le Mascarin</i> continued eastward, discovering the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a> and landing at <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, where Marion du Fresne and some of his crew were killed by local Māoris. </p><p>Julien Crozet, navigator and second in command of <i>Le Mascarin</i>, survived the disaster, and happened to meet <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> in 1776, at the onset of Cook's <a href="/wiki/Third_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Third voyage of James Cook">third voyage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cook_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crozet shared the charts of his ill-fated expedition, and as Cook sailed from Cape Town, he passed the islands on 13 December, but was unable to attempt a landing due to bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-keller_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cook named the islands after <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Augustus,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward</a>, the fourth son of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>; and though he is also often credited with naming the larger island Marion, after Captain Marion, this name was adopted by sealers and whalers who later hunted the area, to distinguish the two islands.<sup id="cite_ref-mills_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded landing on the islands was in 1799 by a group of French <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mammal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (mammal)">seal</a> hunters of the <i>Sally</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mills_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another landing in late 1803 by a group of seal hunters led by American captain Henry Fanning of the <i>Catharine</i> found signs of earlier human occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-sanap.ac.za_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanap.ac.za-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands were frequented by sealers until about 1810, when the local fur seal populations had been nearly eradicated.<sup id="cite_ref-mills_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first scientific expedition to the islands was led by <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a>, who visited in 1840 during his <a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">exploration</a> of the Antarctic, but was unable to land.<sup id="cite_ref-mills_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross sailed along the islands on 21 April 1840. He made observations on vast numbers of penguins ("groups of many thousands each"), and other kinds of sea-birds. He also saw <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>, which he supposed to be of the species <i>Arctocephalus falklandicus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss184745–47vol.1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss184745–47vol.1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands were finally surveyed during the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenger Expedition"><i>Challenger</i> Expedition</a>, led by Captain <a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">George Nares</a>, in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sealing era lasted from 1799 to 1913. During that period visits by 103 vessels are recorded, seven of which ended in shipwreck.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sealing relics include iron <a href="/wiki/Try_pot" title="Try pot">trypots</a>, the ruins of huts and inscriptions. The occasional modern sealing vessel visited from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, in the 1920s. </p><p>The islands have been the location of other shipwrecks. In June 1849 the brig <i>Richard Dart</i>, with a troop of Royal Engineers under Lt. James Liddell, was wrecked on Prince Edward Island; only 10 of the 63 on board survived to be rescued by elephant seal hunters from Cape Town.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908 the Norwegian vessel <i>Solglimt</i> was shipwrecked on Marion Island, and survivors established a short-lived village at the north coast, before being rescued.<sup id="cite_ref-sanap.ac.za_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanap.ac.za-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wreck of the <i>Solglimt</i> is the best-known in the islands, and is accessible to divers.<sup id="cite_ref-sanap.ac.za_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanap.ac.za-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> never officially claimed ownership of the islands, however it did manage economic activities on the islands in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, the British government granted a guano lease on Marion Island.<sup id="cite_ref-btinternet.com_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btinternet.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Second World War, technological advancements made the islands more strategically important, and as no further economic activity was taking place, the UK was concerned other countries might claim the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2004_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1947 and early 1948, South Africa, with Britain's agreement, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands_Act,_1948" title="Prince Edward Islands Act, 1948">annexed the islands</a> and installed the <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> station on Transvaal Cove on the north-east coast of Marion Island.<sup id="cite_ref-btinternet.com_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btinternet.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 September 1979, a US surveillance satellite known as Vela 6911 noted an unidentified double flash of light, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a>, in the waters off the islands. There was and continues to be considerable controversy over whether this event was perhaps an undeclared nuclear test carried out by <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">South Africa and Israel</a> or some other event.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Bomb_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Bomb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of the flash remains officially unknown, and some information about the event remains <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSArchive_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSArchive-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most independent researchers believe that the 1979 flash was caused by a nuclear explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-NSArchive_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSArchive-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishbusinessnews.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishbusinessnews.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the South African government declared the Prince Edward Islands a Special Nature Reserve, and in 2013 declared 180,000 km<sup>2</sup> (69,000 sq mi) of ocean waters around the islands a Marine Protection Area, thus creating one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> areas.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marion_Research_Station">Marion Research Station</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marion Research Station"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antarctic base in SANAP</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Marion Island Base</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Antarctic base</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PrEdwIsl_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Prince Edward Islands"><img alt="Location in Prince Edward Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PrEdwIsl_Map.png/250px-PrEdwIsl_Map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PrEdwIsl_Map.png/375px-PrEdwIsl_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PrEdwIsl_Map.png/500px-PrEdwIsl_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="2207" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Prince Edward Islands</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Prince_Edward_Islands&params=46.87546_S_37.85854_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°52′32″S</span> <span class="longitude">37°51′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.875460°S 37.858540°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-46.875460; 37.858540</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="South African National Antarctic Program">SANAP</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1948<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1948</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 m (72 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Winter<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN/LOCODE" title="UN/LOCODE">UN/LOCODE</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ZA</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active times</th><td class="infobox-data">All year-round</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Activities</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Meteorology </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Biology</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanap.ac.za/explore/stations">sanap.ac.za</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 1948 research station on Marion Island was soon enlarged and today studies regional meteorology and the biology of the islands, in particular the birds (<a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new research base was built from 2001 to 2011 to replace older buildings on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeld-1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeld-1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The access to the station is either by boat or helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A helipad and storage hangar is located behind the main base structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeld-1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeld-1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2017, scientists from <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a>, launched a new astrophysical experiment on Marion Island called Probing Radio Intensity at high-Z from Marion (<a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">PRIZM</a>), searching for signatures of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_line" title="Hydrogen line">hydrogen line</a> in the early universe.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, another cosmology experiment was launched by the McGill team called Array of Long Baseline Antennas for Taking Radio Observation from Sub-Antarctic (ALBATROS). The new experiment aims to create very high-resolution maps of the low-frequency radio emission from the universe, and take first steps towards detecting the cosmological <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Ages (cosmology)">Dark Ages</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2024, the South African National Antarctic Programme station on Marion Island was depicted in an ad for <a href="/wiki/KFC_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="KFC South Africa">KFC South Africa</a> directed by Kim Geldunhuys, Beyond the Sea, which depicted two hungry South Africans determined to get home for some fried chicken.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island group is about 955 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (1,769 km; 1,099 mi) south-east of <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> in mainland South Africa. At 46 degrees latitude, its distance to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> is only slightly longer than to the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. Marion Island (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Prince_Edward_Islands&params=46_54_45_S_37_44_37_E_type:isle&title=Marion+Island"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°54′45″S</span> <span class="longitude">37°44′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.91250°S 37.74361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-46.91250; 37.74361</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Marion Island</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), the larger of the two, is 25.03 km (15.55 mi) long and 16.65 km (10.35 mi) wide with an area of 297 km<sup>2</sup> (115 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a coastline of some 72 km (45 mi), most of which is high cliffs. The highest point on Marion Island is <a href="/wiki/Mascarin_Peak" title="Mascarin Peak">Mascarin Peak</a> (formerly State President Swart Peak), reaching 1,242 m (4,075 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-gvp_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of Marion Island includes many hillocks and small lakes, and <a href="/wiki/Boggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Boggy">boggy</a> lowland terrain with little vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-marion_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marion-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince Edward Island (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Prince_Edward_Islands&params=46_38_39_S_37_56_36_E_type:isle&title=Prince+Edward+Island"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°38′39″S</span> <span class="longitude">37°56′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.64417°S 37.94333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-46.64417; 37.94333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Prince Edward Island</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) is much smaller—only 46 km<sup>2</sup> (18 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10.23 km (6.36 mi) long and 6.57 km (4.08 mi) wide—and lies some 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) to the north-east of Marion Island. The terrain is generally rocky, with high cliffs (490 m (1,608 ft)) on its south western side.<sup id="cite_ref-marion_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marion-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Meine_van_Zinderen-Bakker" title="Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker">van Zinderen Bakker</a> Peak north-west of the center, it reaches a height of 672 m (2,205 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a few offshore rocks along the northern coast of Prince Edward Island, like Ship Rock 100 m (328 ft) north of northernmost point, and Ross Rocks 500 m (1,640 ft) from the shore. Boot Rock is about 500 m (1,640 ft) off the northern coast of Marion Island. </p><p>Both islands are of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-marion_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marion-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marion Island is one of the peaks of a large underwater <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> that rises some 5,000 m (16,404 ft) from the sea floor to the top of Mascarin Peak. The volcano is active, with eruptions having occurred between 1980 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-gvp_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Edward_Island,_South_Africa,_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image,_5_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of Prince Edward Island, 2009."><img alt="Satellite image of Prince Edward Island, 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Prince_Edward_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg/200px-Prince_Edward_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Prince_Edward_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg/300px-Prince_Edward_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Prince_Edward_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg/400px-Prince_Edward_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite image of Prince Edward Island, 2009.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marion_Island,_South_Africa,_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image,_5_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of Marion Island, 2009"><img alt="Satellite image of Marion Island, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marion_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg/200px-Marion_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marion_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg/300px-Marion_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marion_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg/400px-Marion_Island%2C_South_Africa%2C_EO-1_ALI_satellite_image%2C_5_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="2222" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite image of Marion Island, 2009</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being located inside the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate#Zones_and_climate" title="Temperate climate">south temperate zone</a> at 46 degrees latitude, the islands have a <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">tundra climate</a>. They lie directly in the path of eastward-moving <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">depressions</a> all year round and this gives them an unusually cool and windy climate. Strong regional winds, known as the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_forties" class="mw-redirect" title="Roaring forties">roaring forties</a>, blow almost every day of the year, and the prevailing wind direction is north-westerly.<sup id="cite_ref-marion_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marion-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annual rainfall averages from 2,400 mm (94.5 in) up to over 3,000 mm (118.1 in) on Mascarin Peak. In spite of its very chilly climate it is located closer to the equator than mild northern hemisphere climates such as <a href="/wiki/Paris#Climate" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seattle#Climate" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and only one degree farther south than fellow southern hemisphere climates such as <a href="/wiki/Comodoro_Rivadavia#Climate" title="Comodoro Rivadavia">Comodoro Rivadavia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_New_Zealand#Climate" title="Alexandra, New Zealand">Alexandra</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Many climates on lower latitudes in the Northern hemisphere have far colder winters than Prince Edward Islands due to the islands' <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> moderation, even though temperatures in summer are much cooler than those normally found in maritime climates. </p><p>The islands are among the cloudiest places in the world; about 1300 hours a year of sunshine occur on the sheltered eastern side of Marion Island, but only around 800 hours occur away from the coast on the wet western sides of Marion and Prince Edward Islands. </p><p>Summer and winter have fairly similar climates with cold winds and threat of snow or frost at any time of the year. However, the mean temperature in February (midsummer) is 7.7 °C (45.9 °F) and in August (midwinter) it is 3.9 °C (39.0 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="width:80%;"> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Marion Island (1991–2020, extremes 1949–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #0BFF0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.6<br />(6.44) </td> <td style="background: #00FF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.4<br />(6.12) </td> <td style="background: #0FFF0F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.9<br />(6.33) </td> <td style="background: #12FF12; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.3<br />(6.04) </td> <td style="background: #02FF02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.3<br />(6.67) </td> <td style="background: #04FF04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.7<br />(6.41) </td> <td style="background: #0DFF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.9<br />(6.37) </td> <td style="background: #27FF27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.9<br />(5.70) </td> <td style="background: #10FF10; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.0<br />(6.10) </td> <td style="background: #2EFF2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.7<br />(5.50) </td> <td style="background: #23FF23; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.6<br />(5.61) </td> <td style="background: #12FF12; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.5<br />(6.24) </td> <td style="background: #14FF14; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,857<br />(73.11) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.9 </td> <td style="background: #3232FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.1 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.1 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.0 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.8 </td> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.0 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.3 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.3 </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.9 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.8 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.8 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">212.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">84 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.9 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.4 </td> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.8 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.3 </td> <td style="background: #959595; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.0 </td> <td style="background: #6F6F6F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.1 </td> <td style="background: #7A7A7A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.9 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.2 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.0 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.6 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.8 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B277; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,311.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (humidity 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-WMONormals_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMONormals-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_Agulhas_with_bull_kelp_and_penguin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SA_Agulhas_with_bull_kelp_and_penguin.jpg/170px-SA_Agulhas_with_bull_kelp_and_penguin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SA_Agulhas_with_bull_kelp_and_penguin.jpg/255px-SA_Agulhas_with_bull_kelp_and_penguin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SA_Agulhas_with_bull_kelp_and_penguin.jpg/340px-SA_Agulhas_with_bull_kelp_and_penguin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>View from Marion island of the South African icebreaker <a href="/wiki/SA_Agulhas" class="mw-redirect" title="SA Agulhas">SA <i>Agulhas</i></a>, with a penguin swimming in the water and <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> on the shore</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands are part of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Indian_Ocean_Islands_tundra" title="Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra">Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> that includes a small number of <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">subantarctic</a> islands. Because of the paucity of land masses in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, the islands host a wide variety of species and are critical to <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the cold subantarctic climate, plants are mainly limited to grasses, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> are the most visible <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. The main indigenous animals are insects (such as the seaweed-eating weevil <i>Palirhoeus eatoni</i>) along with large populations of <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ecoregion_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoregion-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Prince_Edward_Islands" title="List of birds of the Prince Edward Islands">List of birds of the Prince Edward Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diomedea_exulans_3_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Diomedea_exulans_3_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg/220px-Diomedea_exulans_3_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Diomedea_exulans_3_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg/330px-Diomedea_exulans_3_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Diomedea_exulans_3_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg/440px-Diomedea_exulans_3_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wandering_albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandering albatross">wandering albatross</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The islands have been designated an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> (IBA) by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> for their significant seabird breeding populations.<sup id="cite_ref-bli_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bli-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least thirty different species of birds are thought to breed on the islands, and it is estimated the islands support upwards of 5 million breeding seabirds, and 8 million seabirds total.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five species of <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatross</a> (of which all are either <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>) are known to breed on the islands, including the <a href="/wiki/Wandering_albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandering albatross">wandering albatross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sooty_albatross" title="Sooty albatross">dark-mantled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light-mantled_albatross" title="Light-mantled albatross">light-mantled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_yellow-nosed_albatross" title="Indian yellow-nosed albatross">Indian yellow-nosed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross" title="Grey-headed albatross">grey-headed albatross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands also host fourteen species of <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrel</a>, four species of <a href="/wiki/Prion_(bird)" title="Prion (bird)">prion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_tern" title="Antarctic tern">Antarctic tern</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brown_skua" title="Brown skua">brown skua</a>, among other seabirds.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ecoregion_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoregion-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four penguin species are found: <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_rockhopper_penguin" title="Eastern rockhopper penguin">Eastern rockhoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" title="Gentoo penguin">gentoos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_penguin" title="Macaroni penguin">macaroni penguins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ecoregion_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoregion-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three species of seal breed on the islands: the <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waters surrounding the islands are often frequented by several species of whale, especially <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>, which prey on penguins and seals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large whales such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">southern rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">southern humpbacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seals</a> are seen more sporadically, and it remains unclear how large or stable their current local populations are, though it is thought their numbers are significantly down compared to the time of first human contact with the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-MarionResearch_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarionResearch-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area saw heavy sealing and whaling operations in the nineteenth century and continued to be subject to mass illegal whaling until the 1970s, with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> allegedly continuing whaling operations into the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the greatest ecological threat is the <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longline fishing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a>, which endangers a number of seabirds that dive into the water after baited hooks.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wildlife is particularly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> and the historical problem has been with cats and mice. <a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">House mice</a> arrived to Marion Island with whaling and sealing ships in the 1800s and quickly multiplied, so much so that in 1949, five domestic cats were brought to the research base to deal with them.<sup id="cite_ref-cats_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cats-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cats multiplied quickly, and by 1977 there were approximately 3,400 cats on the island, feeding on burrowing petrels in addition to mice, and taking an estimated 455,000 petrels a year.<sup id="cite_ref-plague_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of petrels soon disappeared from Marion Island, and a cat eradication programme was established.<sup id="cite_ref-cats_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cats-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few cats were intentionally infected with the highly specific <a href="/wiki/Carnivore_protoparvovirus_1" title="Carnivore protoparvovirus 1">feline panleukopenia</a> virus, which reduced the cat population to about 600 by 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining cats were killed by nocturnal shooting, and in 1991 only eight cats were trapped in a 12-month period.<sup id="cite_ref-cats_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cats-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that no cats remain on Marion Island today, and with the cats gone, the mouse population has sharply increased to "plague like" levels.<sup id="cite_ref-plague_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologists</a> discovered that in the absence of other food sources, the mice were attacking albatross chicks and eating them alive as they sat helplessly on their nests.<sup id="cite_ref-plague_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar problem has been observed on <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a>, where a mouse eradication programme began in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A programme to eradicate invasive <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> on <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia Island</a> was completed in 2015, and as of 2016 the island appears to be completely rat free.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geography of Marion Island presents certain obstacles not found on either Gough or South Georgia islands, particularly its large size, high elevations and variable weather.<sup id="cite_ref-plague_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An assessment of the island was completed in May 2015, led by noted <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecologist</a> John Parkes, with the general conclusion that an eradication programme is feasible, but will require precise planning.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Gough Island and the Prince Edward Islands also suffer from invasive <a href="/wiki/Sagina_procumbens" title="Sagina procumbens">procumbent pearlwort</a> (<i>Sagina procumbens</i>), which is transforming the upland <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> and is now considered beyond control.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Prince Edward Islands">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marion_Island.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/Marion_Island.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="98" /></a><figcaption>Logo of Marion Island</figcaption></figure> <p>Marion Island and Prince Edward Island were claimed for South Africa on 29 December 1947 and 4 January 1948 respectively, by a <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a> force from <a href="/wiki/Loch-class_frigate#South_African_Navy" title="Loch-class frigate">HMSAS <i>Transvaal</i></a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_Fairbairn_(naval_officer)" title="John Fairbairn (naval officer)">John Fairbairn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanap.ac.za_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanap.ac.za-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October 1948 the annexation was made official when <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Union_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of the Union of South Africa">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Brand_van_Zyl" title="Gideon Brand van Zyl">Gideon Brand van Zyl</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands_Act,_1948" title="Prince Edward Islands Act, 1948">Prince Edward Islands Act, 1948</a>. In terms of the Act, the islands fall under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Courts_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Courts of South Africa">Magistrate's Court</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">South African law</a> as applied in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> applies on them. The islands are also deemed to be situated within the electoral district containing the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cape_Town" title="Port of Cape Town">Port of Cape Town</a>; as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> this is <a href="/wiki/Ward_(South_Africa)" title="Ward (South Africa)">ward</a> 115 of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_radio">Amateur radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amateur radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloud_Patterns_Over_the_Prince_Edward_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cloud_Patterns_Over_the_Prince_Edward_Islands.jpg/170px-Cloud_Patterns_Over_the_Prince_Edward_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cloud_Patterns_Over_the_Prince_Edward_Islands.jpg/255px-Cloud_Patterns_Over_the_Prince_Edward_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cloud_Patterns_Over_the_Prince_Edward_Islands.jpg/340px-Cloud_Patterns_Over_the_Prince_Edward_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Cloud patterns over the Prince Edward Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Marion Island, prefix ZS8, was the third most wanted <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operating_award" title="Amateur radio operating award">DXCC</a> "entity" by the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> community. By the end of 2014, it had dropped to 27th, after simultaneous activity by three licencees in the 2013/2014 team. However, their activity was mainly on voice. On Morse telegraphy, the Islands remain the second most wanted entity after <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, while on data they are sixth out of 340.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands#List_of_Antarctic_islands_north_of_60°_S" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic islands north of 60° S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="List of protected areas of South Africa">List of protected areas of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands#List_of_sub-Antarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of sub-Antarctic islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Fracture_Zone" title="Prince Edward Fracture Zone">Prince Edward Fracture Zone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._A._Agulhas" title="S. A. Agulhas">S. A. Agulhas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._A._Agulhas_II" title="S. A. Agulhas II">S. A. Agulhas II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USGS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/gie/gie.shtml">"Global Island Explorer"</a>. <i>rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Global+Island+Explorer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frmgsc.cr.usgs.gov%2Fgie%2Fgie.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1688">"Prince Edward Islands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928133128/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1688">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Prince+Edward+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F1688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cooper-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cooper_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2006" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, John (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514005347/http://soer.deat.gov.za/dm_documents/Antarctica_and_Islands_-_Background_Paper_1DXK5.pdf">"Antarctica and Islands – Background Research Paper produced for the South Africa Environment Outlook report on behalf of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soer.deat.gov.za/dm_documents/Antarctica_and_Islands_-_Background_Paper_1DXK5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarctica+and+Islands+%E2%80%93+Background+Research+Paper+produced+for+the+South+Africa+Environment+Outlook+report+on+behalf+of+the+Department+of+Environmental+Affairs+and+Tourism&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoer.deat.gov.za%2Fdm_documents%2FAntarctica_and_Islands_-_Background_Paper_1DXK5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1993unitednation93worl#page/173/mode/1up"><i>1993 United Nations list of national parks and protected areas</i></a>. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Commission on Natural Parks and Protected Areas, United Nations Environment Programme. 1993. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0190-5"><bdi>978-2-8317-0190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1993+United+Nations+list+of+national+parks+and+protected+areas&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=World+Conservation+Monitoring+Centre%2C+International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources%2C+Commission+on+Natural+Parks+and+Protected+Areas%2C+United+Nations+Environment+Programme&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0190-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1993unitednation93worl%23page%2F173%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/princeedwardislands_declaredmarineprotectedarea">"Prince Edward Islands declared a Marine Protected Area"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marion+Island%2C+South+Indian+Ocean&rft.pub=Btinternet.com&rft.date=2003-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btinternet.com%2F~sa_sa%2Fmarion_island%2Fmarion_island_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ports.co.za/didyouknow/article_2004_04_26_5728.html">"Marion and Prince Edward Islands"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322102842/http://ports.co.za/didyouknow/article_2004_04_26_5728.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Polar+Frontiers%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1576074220&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYdBH4dOOM4C%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanap.ac.za-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanap.ac.za_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanap.ac.za_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanap.ac.za_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanap.ac.za_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724154513/http://www.sanap.ac.za/sanap_marion/marion_history.html">"Marion Island – History"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marion+Island+%E2%80%93+History&rft.pub=Sanap.ac.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanap.ac.za%2Fsanap_marion%2Fmarion_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss184745–47vol.1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss184745–47vol.1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1847">Ross (1847)</a>, pp. 45–47, vol.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2008" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John (2008). "Human history". 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Headland, <i>Historical Antarctic sealing industry</i>, Scott Polar Research Institute (Cambridge University), 2018, p.167 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901021-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901021-26-7">978-0-901021-26-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Gazette/Accidents/Richard_Dart_Wreck.html">"Wreck of the troopship Richard Dart"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024034437/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Gazette/Accidents/Richard_Dart_Wreck.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wreck+of+the+troopship+Richard+Dart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbenyon.plus.com%2FGazette%2FAccidents%2FRichard_Dart_Wreck.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40451999/solglimt_1908/">"Four Weeks' Vigil of South Sea Crusoes"</a>. <i>The Victoria Daily Times</i>. 28 January 1909. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212051426/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40451999/solglimt_1908/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Victoria+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Four+Weeks%27+Vigil+of+South+Sea+Crusoes&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1909-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F40451999%2Fsolglimt_1908%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.sun.ac.za/antarcticlegacy/2016/08/24/alsa-to-talk-on-marion-islands-forgotten-history-at-a-scar-conference-in-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-this-week/">"ALSA to talk on Marion Island's forgotten history at a SCAR conference"</a>. 24 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923111302/http://blogs.sun.ac.za/antarcticlegacy/2016/08/24/alsa-to-talk-on-marion-islands-forgotten-history-at-a-scar-conference-in-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-this-week/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALSA+to+talk+on+Marion+Island%27s+forgotten+history+at+a+SCAR+conference&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.sun.ac.za%2Fantarcticlegacy%2F2016%2F08%2F24%2Falsa-to-talk-on-marion-islands-forgotten-history-at-a-scar-conference-in-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-this-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2004_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2004_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdon_Smith2004" class="citation journal cs1">Valdon Smith (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA1729830X_36">"How South Africa Got Its Islands"</a>. <i>Quest</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quest&rft.atitle=How+South+Africa+Got+Its+Islands&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Valdon+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.10520%2FAJA1729830X_36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Bomb-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Bomb_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_WiellighVon_Wielligh-Steyn2015" class="citation book cs1">Von Wielligh, Nic; Von Wielligh-Steyn, Lydia (2015). <i>The Bomb – South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Maps&rft.pub=Google+Maps&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com%2F%3Fie%3DUTF8%26ll%3D-46.876024%2C37.858769%26spn%3D0.003348%2C0.006518%26t%3Dh%26z%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipAbdurashidovaChiang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Philip, L.; Abdurashidova, Z.; Chiang, H. C.; et al. (2018). "Probing Radio Intensity at high-Z from Marion: 2017 Instrument". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Astronomical_Instrumentation" title="Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation">Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation</a></i>. <b>8</b> (2): 1950004. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09531">1806.09531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JAI.....850004P">2019JAI.....850004P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS2251171719500041">10.1142/S2251171719500041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119106726">119106726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astronomical+Instrumentation&rft.atitle=Probing+Radio+Intensity+at+high-Z+from+Marion%3A+2017+Instrument&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1950004&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1806.09531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119106726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS2251171719500041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JAI.....850004P&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Abdurashidova%2C+Z.&rft.au=Chiang%2C+H.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiangDysonEganEyono2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chiang, H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marion+Island&rft.pub=South+African+National+Antarctic+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanap.ac.za%2Fsanap_marion%2Fsanap_marion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11343">"Peakbagger – Van Zinderen Bakker Peak, South Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150051/http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11343">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peakbagger+%E2%80%93+Van+Zinderen+Bakker+Peak%2C+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D11343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Survey of Climatology, V12 (2001), Elsevier</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GISS Climate data averages for 1978 to 2007, source – GHCN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMONormals-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMONormals_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/SouthAfrica/CSV/MarionIsland_68994.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Marion Islands"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marion+Island+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG__I%2FUA%2F68994.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteoclimat-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meteoclimat_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=194">"Station Ile Marion"</a> (in French). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Ile+Marion&rft.pub=Meteo+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dstati%26id%3D194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marionseals.com">"Marion Island Marine Mammal Programme"</a>. Marionseals.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703093238/https://www.marionseals.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+Log%3A+DXCC+Most-Wanted+List+for+April+2016&rft.pub=Secure.clublog.org&rft.date=2016-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.clublog.org%2Fmostwanted.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeMasurierThomson1990" class="citation book cs1">LeMasurier, W. E.; Thomson, J. W., eds. (1990). <i>Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-172-5"><bdi>978-0-87590-172-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+Antarctic+Plate+and+Southern+Oceans&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87590-172-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=234070">"Marion Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Marion+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D234070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=234060">"Prince Edward Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Prince+Edward+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D234060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1979" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Geoffrey (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southtrap00geof"><i>Southtrap</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons_and_Co_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="William Collins, Sons and Co Ltd">William Collins, Sons and Co Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-616116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-616116-5"><bdi>978-0-00-616116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southtrap&rft.pub=William+Collins%2C+Sons+and+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-00-616116-5&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthtrap00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1847" class="citation cs1">Ross, James Clark (1847). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Voyage_of_Discovery_and_Research_in_the_Southern_and_Antarctic_Regions"><i>A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions</i> </a></span>. London: John Murray – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+of+Discovery+and+Research+in+the+Southern+and+Antarctic+Regions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=James+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Edward+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>de Bruyn P.J.N.; Oosthuizen W.C., eds. (2017). <i>"Pain forms the Character: Doc Bester, Cat hunters & Sealers"</i>. Antarctic Legacy of South Africa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-74912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-74912-1">978-0-620-74912-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands_Act,_1948" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Prince Edward Islands Act, 1948">Prince Edward Islands Act, 1948</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140624065940/http://www.sanap.ac.za/sanap_marion/sanap_marion.html">South African Research station on Marion Island</a> – official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/MarionIsland">Facebook Pages</a> – Marion Island team publications</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/483633545003317/">Facebook Groups</a> – Marion Island team discussions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marionseals.com/">Marion Island seal and killer whale research</a> – Official Marion Island Marine Mammal Programme website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rapidttp.co.za/pathway/">No Pathway Here</a> – An account of the annexation of the islands</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=40806">Earth Observatory</a> – Image of the Day 18 October 2009</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Island">Macquarie Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">NZ Subantarctic Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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A. Agulhas">S. A. Agulhas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._A._Agulhas_II" title="S. A. Agulhas II">S. A. Agulhas II</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marion Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environmental_Affairs_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Environmental Affairs (South Africa)">Department of Environmental Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235523612">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1246053/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4116106-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6222140">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536367605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/192958631">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&oldid=1259469138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Islands&oldid=1259469138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Category:Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1908_establishments_in_the_British_Empire" 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