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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class=" story nytapp-vi-article " xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title data-rh="true">The Rise and Fall of the U.S.-China Economic Partnership - The New York Times</title> <meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive, max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="China and the U.S. both gained from their economic integration. As they pull apart, each is finding it will be hard to fully replace the other."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/business/us-china-economy-trade.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="The Rise and Fall of the World’s Most Successful Joint Venture (Published 2023)"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="China and the U.S. both gained from their economic integration. 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When we have confirmed access, the full article content will load.</div></div><div id="fullBleedHeaderContent"><header class="css-98qy7j e3rgvcb0"><div class="css-gq7jix"><div data-testid="imageblock-wrapper"><figure class="sizeFull layoutVertical css-1wyt60f" aria-label="media" role="group"><div class="css-18h6vyh" data-testid="imageContainer-children-Image"><picture><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/08/multimedia/00chimerica-vmbw/00chimerica-vmbw-mobileMasterAt3x-v3.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/08/multimedia/00chimerica-vmbw/00chimerica-vmbw-mobileMasterAt3x-v3.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/08/multimedia/00chimerica-vmbw/00chimerica-vmbw-mobileMasterAt3x-v3.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600"/><img alt="Xi Jinping and President Biden, both wearing dark suits and white shirts, shake hands. They’re standing in front of the Chinese and American flags. " class="css-sr0gqe" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/08/multimedia/00chimerica-vmbw/00chimerica-vmbw-articleLarge-v5.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/08/multimedia/00chimerica-vmbw/00chimerica-vmbw-articleLarge-v5.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/08/multimedia/00chimerica-vmbw/00chimerica-vmbw-jumbo-v5.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 683w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/08/multimedia/00chimerica-vmbw/00chimerica-vmbw-superJumbo-v5.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 1365w" sizes="100vw" decoding="async" width="600" height="901"/></picture></div><figcaption data-testid="photoviewer-children-ImageCaption" class="css-ktho12 e3rygrp0"><span class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0">The Chinese leader Xi Jinping with President Biden last year. The two plan to meet on Wednesday.</span><span class="css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit...</span><span><span aria-hidden="false">Doug Mills/The New York Times</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="css-1xqucq6"><div class="css-bzi5bn"><div><div data-agent-experiment="loading" data-regi-experiment="loading" data-feature-gate="loading" data-dynamic-config="loading" data-layer="loading" data-testid="masthead-container" class="NYTAppHideMasthead css-1bcu9v6 e1m0pzr40"><header class="css-1nf2dl3 e1m0pzr41"><section class="css-hdgjxg e1m0pzr42"><div class="css-a44i74 ea180rp0"><a class="css-wsvg60" href="#site-content">Skip to content</a><a class="css-wsvg60" href="#site-index">Skip to site index</a></div><div class="css-10698na ell52qj0"><a data-testid="masthead-mobile-logo" aria-label="New York Times homepage" class="css-ijmohz ell52qj1" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 184 25" fill="#000000" aria-hidden="true"><path 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class="css-72qxfg e1j3jvdr1"></div></section></header></div><p class="css-1krtrpn e6idgb70"></p><div class="css-1sojcmr ehdk2mb0"><h1 id="link-61dd875" class="css-v3oks e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline">The Rise and Fall of the World’s Most Successful Joint Venture</h1></div><p class="css-178vgup e1wiw3jv0">China and the U.S. both gained from their economic integration. As they pull apart, each is finding it will be hard to fully replace the other.</p></div></div></div></header><div class="css-yi0xdk e89cr9k0"><p class="css-11vzj2f" aria-hidden="true"><span class="css-1f1w20n business">The Chinese leader Xi Jinping with President Biden last year. The two plan to meet on Wednesday.</span><span class="css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit...</span><span><span>Doug Mills/The New York Times</span></span></span></p></div><div id="sponsor-wrapper" class="css-1hyfx7x"><div id="sponsor-slug" class="css-twqvxd"><p>Supported by</p></div><a href="#after-sponsor" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad sponsor-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="sponsor"></div><div id="after-sponsor"></div></div><div class="css-141yyh8 e89cr9k1"><div role="toolbar" data-testid="share-tools" aria-label="Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current comment count" class="css-yomkvi"><div></div><div data-testid="share-tools-menu" class="business css-ctbra"><ul data-testid="share-tools-list" class="css-1atjma0"><li class="css-atthsv"><div class="css-vxcmzt"><div class="css-79elbk"><button type="button" aria-label="" aria-expanded="false" class="css-1eeh360 actionbar-button" 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1-1.468-1.469V1.894A1.471 1.471 0 0 1 2.4.405h16.583a1.469 1.469 0 0 1 1.469 1.469v9.923a1.469 1.469 0 0 1-1.47 1.47H14.58l-.06 4.564ZM2.4 1.645a.228.228 0 0 0-.228.229v9.923a.228.228 0 0 0 .228.229h6.811l4.06 3.235v-3.235h5.652a.228.228 0 0 0 .229-.229V1.874a.228.228 0 0 0-.229-.229H2.4Z" fill="#121212" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg><span class="css-1re6eyk"><a href="/2023/11/14/business/us-china-economy-trade.html">250</a></span></div></span></li></ul></div></div><div class="css-p6m5rf"><div class="byline-container css-1u5onbp epjyd6m2"><div class="css-165eim7 ey68jwv0" aria-hidden="true"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/peter-s-goodman" class="css-uwwqev"><img alt="Peter S. Goodman" title="Peter S. Goodman" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/02/16/multimedia/author-peter-s-goodman/author-peter-s-goodman-thumbLarge-v2.png" class="css-dc6zx6 ey68jwv2"/></a></div><div class="css-233int epjyd6m1"><p class="css-4anu6l e1jsehar1"><span class="byline-prefix">By </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/peter-s-goodman" class="last-byline css-ojhyzr e1jsehar0" itemProp="name">Peter S. Goodman</a></p><div class="css-gqryk5 epjyd6m0"><div id="enhanced-byline" class="css-8atqhb"><p class="css-1hyokyd e1wtpvyy0">Peter Goodman, a global economics reporter, covered China from Shanghai from 2001 to 2006.</p></div></div></div></div><ul class="css-1cgskve epjyd6m4"><li class="css-ccw2r3 epjyd6m3"><time class="css-1uc6ajg e16638kd0" dateTime="2023-11-14T00:00:24-05:00">Nov. 14, 2023</time></li></ul></div><div class="css-1h1tosb"><a class="css-3fkga7" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/business/20231115/us-china-economy-trade/" data-version="zh-hans" title="Read in Simplified Chinese">阅读简体中文版</a><a class="css-3fkga7" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/business/20231115/us-china-economy-trade/zh-hant/" data-version="zh-hant" title="Read in Traditional Chinese">閱讀繁體中文版</a></div></div></div><section name="articleBody" class="meteredContent css-1r7ky0e"><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-0"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">For more than a quarter century, the fortunes of the United States and China were fused in a uniquely monumental joint venture.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Americans treated China like the mother of all outlet stores, purchasing staggering quantities of low-priced factory goods. Major brands exploited China as the ultimate means of cutting costs, manufacturing their products in a land where wages are low and unions are banned.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">As Chinese industry filled American homes with electronics and furniture, factory jobs lifted hundreds of millions of Chinese from poverty. China’s leaders used the proceeds of the export juggernaut to buy trillions of dollars of U.S. government bonds, keeping America’s borrowing costs low and allowing its spending bonanza to continue.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Here were two countries separated by the Pacific Ocean, one shaped by freewheeling capitalism, the other ruled by an authoritarian Communist Party, yet conjoined in an enterprise so consequential that the economic historian Niall Ferguson coined a term: <a class="css-yywogo" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2362.2007.00210.x" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Chimerica</a>, shorthand for their “symbiotic economic relationship.”</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="Dropzone-1"></div><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-1"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">No one uses words like symbiotic today. In Washington, two political parties that agree on almost nothing are united in their depictions of China as a geopolitical rival and a mortal threat to middle-class security. In Beijing, leaders accuse the United States of plotting to deny China’s rightful place as a superpower. As each country seeks to diminish its dependence on the other, businesses worldwide are adapting their supply chains.</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="ImageBlock-3"><div data-testid="imageblock-wrapper"><figure class="img-sz-medium css-d754w4 e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group"><div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0" data-testid="photoviewer-children-figure"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span><picture><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/07/multimedia/00chimerica-01-cqth/00chimerica-01-cqth-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/07/multimedia/00chimerica-01-cqth/00chimerica-01-cqth-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/07/multimedia/00chimerica-01-cqth/00chimerica-01-cqth-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600"/><img alt="A worker in a blue helmet stands beside white car on a production line inside a factory. " class="css-r3fift" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/07/multimedia/00chimerica-01-cqth/00chimerica-01-cqth-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/07/multimedia/00chimerica-01-cqth/00chimerica-01-cqth-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/07/multimedia/00chimerica-01-cqth/00chimerica-01-cqth-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/07/multimedia/00chimerica-01-cqth/00chimerica-01-cqth-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw" uri="nyt://image/57e81058-6eda-57ed-afd4-bce3441cb2cb" decoding="async" width="600" height="400"/></picture></div><figcaption data-testid="photoviewer-children-caption" class="css-gbc9ki ewdxa0s0"><span class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0">The production line at an electric vehicle factory in Hangzhou Bay, China. Chinese companies are harnessing the know-how gleaned from joint ventures with foreign automakers.</span><span class="css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit...</span><span><span aria-hidden="false">Lorenz Huber for The New York Times</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div></div><div data-testid="Optimistic-4"><div class="css-1336jj"><div class="css-121kum4"><div class="css-171quhb"></div><div class="css-asuuk5"><noscript><div class="css-7axq9l" data-testid="optimistic-truncator-noscript"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="css-1b5b8u1"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 1 1 19 0 9.5 9.5 0 0 1-19 0Zm8.5 1.75v-7.5h2v7.5h-2Zm0 2v2h2v-2h-2Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div data-testid="optimistic-truncator-noscript-message" class="css-6yo1no"><p class="css-3kpklk">We are having trouble retrieving the article content.</p><p class="css-3kpklk">Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.</p></div></div></noscript><div class="css-1dv1kvn" id="optimistic-truncator-a11y" tabindex="-1"><hr/><p>Thank you for your patience while we verify access. 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In Washington, two political parties that agree on almost nothing are united in their depictions of China as a geopolitical rival and a mortal threat to middle-class security. In Beijing, leaders accuse the United States of plotting to deny China’s rightful place as a superpower. As each country seeks to diminish its dependence on the other, businesses worldwide are adapting their supply chains."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":4},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"A worker in a blue helmet stands beside white car on a production line inside a factory. ","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The production line at an electric vehicle factory in Hangzhou Bay, China. 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Chinese companies are harnessing the know-how gleaned from joint ventures with foreign automakers."},"credit":"Lorenz Huber for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":434,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":683,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1366,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1201,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvNTdlODEwNTgtNmVkYS01N2VkLWFmZDQtYmNlMzQ0MWNiMmNi","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"The production line at an electric vehicle factory in Hangzhou Bay, China. Chinese companies are harnessing the know-how gleaned from joint ventures with foreign automakers.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002F57e81058-6eda-57ed-afd4-bce3441cb2cb","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F14\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-01-cqth.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":5},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Chimerica has yielded to a trade war, with both sides extending "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F05\u002F23\u002Fbusiness\u002Feconomy\u002Fchina-trade-tariffs-biden.html"}],"text":"steep tariffs"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and curbs on critical exports — from "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F06\u002F28\u002Fbusiness\u002Feconomy\u002Fbiden-administration-ai-chips-china.html"}],"text":"advanced technology"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" to "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fmarkets\u002Fcommodities\u002Fchina-ups-critical-minerals-heat-with-graphite-controls-2023-10-24\u002F#:~:text=The%20new%20measures%2C%20which%20prohibit,lubricants%20sectors%20have%20been%20rescinded."}],"text":"minerals used to make electric vehicles"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":6},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"American companies are "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F09\u002F01\u002Fbusiness\u002Ftech-companies-china.html"}],"text":"shifting factory production away from China"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" to less politically risky venues. Chinese businesses are focused on trade with allies and neighbors, while "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Ftechnology\u002Fchina-rushes-swap-western-tech-with-domestic-options-us-cracks-down-2023-10-26\u002F"}],"text":"seeking domestic suppliers"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" for technology they are barred from buying from American companies."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":7},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Decades of American rhetoric that celebrated commerce as a wellspring of democratization in China have given way to resignation that the country’s current leadership — under President Xi Jinping — is intent on crushing dissent at home and projecting military might abroad."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":8},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"For Chinese leaders, the once-prevailing faith that economic integration would undergird peaceful relations has been relinquished to a muscular form of nationalism that is challenging a global order still dominated by the United States."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":9},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"People wearing white hats and jackets sit at tables in a line inside a factory, concentrating on their work.","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"A production line at the Foxconn plant in Shenzhen, China, in 2010. 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Apple still makes most of its iPhones in China, even as it has been shifting some production to India."},"credit":"Oriental Image, via Reuters Connect","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":434,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":683,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1366,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1201,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvMTlhMmRhZmUtMGVkMi01OTcwLWJiNGUtOWU5YzY2MjM0NzUz","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"A production line at the Foxconn plant in Shenzhen, China, in 2010. Apple still makes most of its iPhones in China, even as it has been shifting some production to India.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002F19a2dafe-0ed2-5970-bb4e-9e9c66234753","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F14\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-03-cqth.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":10},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“In a perfect political world, these are two countries that are made in heaven, exactly because they are complementary,” said Yasheng Huang, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management. “Essentially, these two countries kind of got married without knowing one another’s religions.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":11},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"But divorce is not a practical option. The United States and China — the world’s two largest economies — are intertwined. Chinese manufacturing has evolved from basic areas like footwear and apparel into advanced industries, including those central to efforts to limit the "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F02\u002Fbusiness\u002Fchina-solar-energy-cop-28.html"}],"text":"ravages of climate change"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". The United States remains the paramount consumer marketplace. Even as geopolitical tensions fray their ties, these two countries still depend on each other, their respective roles not easily replaced."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":12},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Apple makes most of its iPhones in China, even as it has been "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fbusiness\u002Fapple-china-ymtc.html"}],"text":"shifting some production to India"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". A Chinese brand, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2021\u002F12\u002F22\u002Fbusiness\u002Fchina-catl-electric-car-batteries.html"}],"text":"CATL"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", is the world’s largest maker of electric car batteries, and Chinese companies dominate the "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F08\u002F18\u002Fbusiness\u002Findonesia-nickel-sulawesi-china.html"}],"text":"refining of critical minerals like nickel"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" used in such products. Chinese businesses make up more than three-fourths of the global supply chain for "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F08\u002F01\u002Fbusiness\u002Feconomy\u002Fsolar-xinjiang-china-report.html#:~:text=China's%20dominance%20over%20the%20solar,stage%20of%20the%20supply%20chain."}],"text":"solar energy panels"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":13},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"China is a leading source of sales for major global brands, from "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Finteractive\u002F2018\u002F11\u002F18\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fchina-movies.html"}],"text":"Hollywood studios"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and multinational automakers to manufacturers of construction equipment like Caterpillar and John Deere. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F07\u002F08\u002Fbusiness\u002Feconomy\u002Fus-china-chips-janet-yellen.html"}],"text":"Computer chip-makers"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" like Intel, Micron and Qualcomm derive roughly two-thirds of their revenues from sales and licensing deals in China."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":14},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The powerful tug of those commercial entanglements will be in the background of planned discussions on Wednesday between "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F10\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Fbiden-xi-meeting.html"}],"text":"Mr. Xi and President Biden"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". The meeting, at a global conference in San Francisco, would be their first in a year."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":15},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"Shipping containers lined up in a port, with cranes behind them.","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The Port of Los Angeles earlier this month. China continues to produce many of the products that Americans want even as businesses worldwide are adapting their supply chains."}]}],"text":"The Port of Los Angeles earlier this month. China continues to produce many of the products that Americans want even as businesses worldwide are adapting their supply chains."},"credit":"Adam Amengual for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F08\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-wgtj\u002F00chimerica-wgtj-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":433,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F08\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-wgtj\u002F00chimerica-wgtj-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":682,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F08\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-wgtj\u002F00chimerica-wgtj-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1365,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F08\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-wgtj\u002F00chimerica-wgtj-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F08\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-wgtj\u002F00chimerica-wgtj-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F08\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-wgtj\u002F00chimerica-wgtj-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1200,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F08\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-wgtj\u002F00chimerica-wgtj-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvOTEyMjJiY2ItOTQ5Ni01YjFjLWI0MTUtZjBlMmNlM2U2MjVl","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"The Port of Los Angeles earlier this month. China continues to produce many of the products that Americans want even as businesses worldwide are adapting their supply chains.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002F91222bcb-9496-5b1c-b415-f0e2ce3e625e","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F14\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-wgtj.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":16},{"__typename":"Heading2Block","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"It was never going to last."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Still, the prospect that their political schism will endure is altering global supply chains. In place of relying on China as the factory floor to the world, businesses are increasingly exploring ways to diversify. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F01\u002F01\u002Fbusiness\u002Fmexico-china-us-trade.html"}],"text":"Mexico"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F10\u002F24\u002Fbusiness\u002Fcolumbia-sportswear-nearshoring-central-america.html"}],"text":"Central America"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" are gaining investment as companies that sell to North America set up factories there."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":17},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Some trade and national security experts celebrate these shifts as an overdue adjustment to decades of growth propelled by a perilous codependency between the United States and China."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":18},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Beijing’s purchases of American debt — though steadily declining since 2012 — kept borrowing costs low, but also encouraged investors to seek out greater returns. That led financial speculators to gorge on low-grade mortgages, delivering the global financial crisis of 2008, said Brad Setser, a former U.S. Treasury Department official and now an economist at the Council on Foreign Relations."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":19},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“It was certainly a form of interdependence,” Mr. Setser said. “But the notion that China saves and the U.S. spends, China lends and the U.S. borrows, and all is good because we are two sides of the same coin, we’re complementary, that was never sustainable.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":20},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The pandemic brought home the risks of American reliance on Chinese factories to produce vital goods like masks and medical gowns, to say nothing of exercise bikes and smartphones, all of which became "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F30\u002Fbusiness\u002Fsupply-chain-shortages.html"}],"text":"scarce"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2021\u002F10\u002F11\u002Fbusiness\u002Fsupply-chain-crisis-savannah-port.html"}],"text":"Chaos at ports"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and increases in "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F03\u002F31\u002Fbusiness\u002Fsupply-chain-small-business.html"}],"text":"shipping prices"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" exposed the pitfalls of leaning on a single country on the other side of an ocean."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":21},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The Biden administration took the disruption and growing rivalry with China as impetus for an industrial policy aimed at encouraging American manufacturing and greater trade with allies — especially in strategically vital industries like computer chips."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":22},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Yet economists caution that even a marginal shifting of factory production from China will entail higher costs for consumers while "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FBlogs\u002FArticles\u002F2023\u002F10\u002F17\u002Fharm-from-de-risking-strategies-would-reverberate-beyond-china"}],"text":"slowing global economic growth"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":23},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The share of American imports from China has dropped 5 percent since 2017. 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Clinton"},{"__typename":"Location","displayName":"China","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"vernacular":"China"}],"transcript":"By joining the W.T.O., China is not simply agreeing to import more of our products, it is agreeing to import one of democracy’s most cherished values: economic freedom. The more China liberalizes its economy, the more fully it will liberate the potential of its people, their initiative, their imagination, their remarkable spirit of enterprise. And when individuals have the power not just to dream, but to realize their dreams, they will demand a greater say.","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fvideo\u002F69bf90a8-5f82-544c-b767-be103be01c33","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fvideo\u002Fembedded\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002F100000009171054\u002Fclinton-wto-china.html"},"muted":false,"promotionalOverride":null,"size":"MEDIUM"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":31},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Yet beneath such high-minded rhetoric, American brands pushed for greater access to China for the simple reason that its factories could turn out goods more cheaply than anywhere else."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":32},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“China makes products that working families can afford,” said Clark A. Johnson, chief executive of the then-prominent chain Pier 1 Imports, as he represented the National Retail Federation during congressional testimony in 1998."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":33},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"That formulation carried the day."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In the two decades after China became part of the W.T.O., American imports from China multiplied fivefold to $504 billion a year, according to census data."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":34},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Walmart, a company ruled by a zeal for low prices, opened a procurement center in the boomtown of Shenzhen. The company would gather hundreds of representatives from surrounding factories. They would sit in wooden chairs, sipping tea out of flimsy plastic cups, as they waited for hours to meet Walmart’s buyers. The company could demand rock-bottom prices, aided by the implicit threat that if one factory balked, another could be summoned from inside the same waiting room."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":35},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Two years after China entered the W.T.O., Walmart was spending $15 billion on Chinese-made products, a sum that encompassed almost one-eighth of all of China’s exports to the United States. A decade later, Walmart was importing $49 billion of Chinese goods into the United States, according to one "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epi.org\u002Fpublication\u002Fthe-wal-mart-effect\u002F"}],"text":"analysis"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":36},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Gaining from this trade was virtually anyone walking into a store. Chinese imports effectively boosted the spending power of the average American household about 2 percent, or $1,500, a year from 2000 and 2007, according to "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.lse.ac.uk\u002Fusappblog\u002F2019\u002F08\u002F14\u002Fdespite-job-losses-lower-prices-from-trade-with-china-have-left-us-households-massively-better-off\u002F"}],"text":"one study"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". Chinese goods pressed down American prices 0.19 percent a year from 2004 to 2015, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aeaweb.org\u002Farticles?id=10.1257\u002Faeri.20180358"}],"text":"another study"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" found."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":37},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"Empty brick storefronts.","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Downtown Courtland, Ala., in 2016. Two years earlier, the town’s main employer, International Paper, closed its Courtland plant, eliminating over 1,000 jobs."}]}],"text":"Downtown Courtland, Ala., in 2016. Two years earlier, the town’s main employer, International Paper, closed its Courtland plant, eliminating over 1,000 jobs."},"credit":"Joe Buglewicz for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F09\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-zhlp\u002F00chimerica-zhlp-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":433,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F09\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-zhlp\u002F00chimerica-zhlp-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":683,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F09\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-zhlp\u002F00chimerica-zhlp-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1366,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F09\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-zhlp\u002F00chimerica-zhlp-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F09\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-zhlp\u002F00chimerica-zhlp-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F09\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-zhlp\u002F00chimerica-zhlp-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1200,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F09\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-zhlp\u002F00chimerica-zhlp-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvYWM3ZWM2ZjEtODFmNC01ZmE1LTlmODUtYjk1NDBkMGMxOWEx","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"Downtown Courtland, Ala., in 2016. Two years earlier, the town’s main employer, International Paper, closed its Courtland plant, eliminating over 1,000 jobs.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002Fac7ec6f1-81f4-5fa5-9f85-b9540d0c19a1","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F14\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-zhlp.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":true,"index":38},{"__typename":"Heading2Block","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The people left behind."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Those hurt by Chinese imports were concentrated and conspicuous. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2016\u002F09\u002F29\u002Fbusiness\u002Feconomy\u002Fmore-wealth-more-jobs-but-not-for-everyone-what-fuels-the-backlash-on-trade.html"}],"text":"Once-thriving American factory towns"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" sank into joblessness and despair, swapping restaurants and hardware stores for food banks and pawnshops."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":39},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"From 1999 to 2011, a surge of low-priced Chinese imports eliminated nearly one million American manufacturing jobs and two million positions throughout the broader economy, according to a "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nber.org\u002Fpapers\u002Fw21906"}],"text":"paper"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" by the economists David H. Autor, David Dorn and Gordon H. Hanson."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":40},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The resulting anger helped deliver Donald J. Trump to the White House. During his 2016 campaign, he vowed to unleash a trade war."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":41},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“We can’t continue to allow China to rape our country,” Mr. Trump said at a rally. “It’s the greatest theft in the history of the world.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":42},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Such inflammatory characterizations collided with the reality that low-priced goods from China were an antidote to the rising cost of living. Still, Mr. Trump’s accusations resonated in many working-class communities."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":43},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"There was truth to the notion that Chinese industry was breaching the rules of international trade. The government lavished credit on the largest companies via loans from state-owned banks. Chinese industrial ventures could evade environmental and labor laws by sharing a cut of the profits with local officials. The Chinese market remained full of barriers to competition from foreign companies. Those that invested in China suffered brazen theft of intellectual property and rampant counterfeiting of their products."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":44},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Yet in many ways, the United States benefited from trade with China. Cheaper goods helped households cope with stagnating incomes while padding corporate coffers. The trouble was that most of the gains flowed to the shareholders of companies making products in China, while Washington failed to cushion those left behind."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":45},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"A federal program called Trade Adjustment Assistance was supposed to compensate those rendered jobless by cheap imports, offering cash and training for other work. But Congress vastly underfunded the program. Fewer than one-third of those eligible for benefits in 2019 received help, according to an "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iisd.org\u002Farticles\u002Fpolicy-analysis\u002Ftrade-adjustment-assistance-help-workers"}],"text":"analysis of Department of Labor data"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":true,"index":46},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"A large store with bright white lights and high shelves filled with products.","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"One of Walmart’s stores, a Sam’s Club, in Zhuhai, China, in 2016. Two years after China entered the World Trade Organization, Walmart was spending $15 billion on Chinese-made products."}]}],"text":"One of Walmart’s stores, a Sam’s Club, in Zhuhai, China, in 2016. Two years after China entered the World Trade Organization, Walmart was spending $15 billion on Chinese-made products."},"credit":"Qilai Shen\u002FBloomberg","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-hcqp\u002F00chimerica-hcqp-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":434,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-hcqp\u002F00chimerica-hcqp-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":683,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-hcqp\u002F00chimerica-hcqp-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1366,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-hcqp\u002F00chimerica-hcqp-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-hcqp\u002F00chimerica-hcqp-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-hcqp\u002F00chimerica-hcqp-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1201,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-hcqp\u002F00chimerica-hcqp-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvYjI3MjgyYTItY2JhNS01NWIwLTk4MDQtMGRmNmQ1NzcxYjhh","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"One of Walmart’s stores, a Sam’s Club, in Zhuhai, China, in 2016. Two years after China entered the World Trade Organization, Walmart was spending $15 billion on Chinese-made products.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002Fb27282a2-cba5-55b0-9804-0df6d5771b8a","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F14\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-hcqp.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":47},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In a triumph of simple political messaging over the complex accounting of trade, the public increasingly came to believe that Chinese industry was solely a predatory force — that Americans “were just taken advantage of,” said Jessica Chen Weiss, a China expert at Cornell University and a former State Department official in the Biden administration. “We didn’t do a good job of distributing the benefits, but they were nonetheless real.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":48},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Part of the change in American sentiment appeared to reflect bitterness over how engagement with China failed to deliver the promised political transformation."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":49},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The Chinese government used its trade winnings to "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F10\u002F19\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fchina-military-nuclear-weapons.html"}],"text":"expand its military capabilities"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", while "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F09\u002F23\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fchina-sea-philippines-us.html"}],"text":"menacing neighbors"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" like the Philippines. It constructed an "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2019\u002F05\u002F22\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fchina-surveillance-xinjiang.html"}],"text":"Orwellian surveillance apparatus"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", wielding it against the "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Finteractive\u002F2019\u002F04\u002F04\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fxinjiang-china-surveillance-prison.html"}],"text":"Uyghurs"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", an ethnic minority in the western region of Xinjiang."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":50},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"American trade with China also failed to promote Beijing’s promised market reforms. Instead, Mr. Xi’s government has amplified the power of state-owned companies, while cracking down on the private sector."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":51},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"For decades, foreign automakers were forced to team up with state-owned car companies as a way to get a crack at the Chinese market. Now, a fresh crop of Chinese companies is harnessing the know-how gleaned from those ventures to take markets from "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2023\u002F04\u002F14\u002Fbusiness\u002Fchina-shanghai-auto-show.html"}],"text":"foreign automakers"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":52},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In the end, the engagement policy led to the moment at hand: a messy and bewildering process of disengagement."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":53},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The Biden administration argues that, by reducing dependence on Chinese industry, the American economy will become more resilient and less vulnerable to disruption in the face of shocks and conflict."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":54},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"But many factory goods made in countries like Vietnam contain large volumes of parts and materials produced in China, according to research by Caroline Freund, an international trade expert at the University of California, San Diego."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":55},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"As Chimerica dissolves, the world could end up with greater complexity in its supply chains — more factories in more countries — yet still reliant on critical components made largely in just one."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":56},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“You still depend on China, it’s just that it takes more steps along the way,” said Mr. Setser of the Council on Foreign Relations. “There’s more places where things could go wrong.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":57},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"An aerial photograph of building with blue and green roofs, with mountains in the distance. ","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"An industrial park in Vietnam, where Foxconn operates. Products imported from Vietnam are 10 percent more expensive than imports from China."}]}],"text":"An industrial park in Vietnam, where Foxconn operates. Products imported from Vietnam are 10 percent more expensive than imports from China."},"credit":"Linh Pham for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":433,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":683,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1365,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1200,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F07\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvYzRmYThjMTgtMDMxOC01NzZlLWE4OWItZTBkNDEwZjExYmMx","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"An industrial park in Vietnam, where Foxconn operates. Products imported from Vietnam are 10 percent more expensive than imports from China.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002Fc4fa8c18-0318-576e-a89b-e0d410f11bc1","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F14\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00chimerica-06-cqth.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"}]},"storyFormat":"Article","storylines":[{"__typename":"AssociatedStoryline","ruleName":"styln-trump-administration","storyline":{"__typename":"Storyline","context":null,"displayName":"Trump Administration","experimentalJsonBlob":"{\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"experimentalJsonBlob\",\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"guide\",\"data\":{\"title\":\"The Trump Administration’s First 100 Days\",\"leadIn\":\"\",\"sections\":[{\"section\":[{\"type\":\"bulletedList\",\"value\":[\"\u003Cstrong\u003EDr. Oz’s Financial Ties: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThe Times’s examination of the myriad financial interests of Dr. Mehmet Oz, the celebrity TV doctor nominated to oversee Medicare and Medicaid, revealed \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F24\u002Fhealth\u002Fdr-oz-medicare-finances-conflicts.html\\\"\u003Eopaque ties with the industries he may soon regulate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as well as a coziness with health care companies that has lawmakers questioning his independence.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003EF.D.A. 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Dozens of workers said they and others were back at work."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Transgender Inmates: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"A group of transgender women in federal prisons who would have been moved into men’s facilities can "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F5481b873-1be2-536a-83ce-4418a1e6c6f7","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F24\u002Fus\u002Ffederal-judge-transgender-inmates-trump-order.html"}],"text":"stay where they are for now"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Probationary Federal Workers: 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President Trump has already \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F19\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Fbiden-trump-china.html\\\"\u003Esignaled a different approach\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"]}]}]}}]}]}","guide":{"__typename":"StorylineGuide","displayName":"More on U.S.-China Relations","leadIn":null,"sections":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideSection","items":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideItem","content":{"__typename":"ListBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Eyeing a New Trade Deal: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The Trump administration "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fab5ef75e-172f-5240-9f83-64245831a6e1","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F19\u002Fbusiness\u002Feconomy\u002Ftrump-china-trade-deal.html"}],"text":"is considering whether it can strike a deal with China"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" that would ramp up its purchases of American goods and U.S. investments."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Arms Control: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"President Trump said China and Russia should halve their military spending and limit nuclear weapons. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F5edd7cc3-890e-5458-9f14-da9f61a277dc","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F14\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fchina-trump-nuclear-military.html"}],"text":"You first, China responded"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Cuts to Rights Groups: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"U.S. funding for the promotion of democracy has been frozen, disrupting work that exposes abuses in China. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F71159998-ae68-543c-9377-a8f1d15d84e9","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F14\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fus-rights-groups-doge-cuts-china.html"}],"text":"Chinese nationalists are celebrating"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Pain, but Potential Gains"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":": "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Trump’s tariffs hurt China, but his other actions have alienated U.S. allies, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Ffe2466cc-a936-53c9-8c37-1927cc767296","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F03\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fchina-trump-foreign-aid.html"}],"text":"giving Beijing an opening to strengthen its global standing"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"What Will Trump Do?: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The Biden administration made a global push to constrain China. President Trump has already "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fee8bbe78-ff10-5fb7-bbae-0264deb64669","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F19\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Fbiden-trump-china.html"}],"text":"signaled a different approach"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]}]}}]}]},"hubAssets":[],"primaryAssets":[],"promotedLiveAssets":[],"tone":"NEWS","topLinks":null,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fstoryline\u002Fa4e011fe-01b8-4a17-93a9-03c3f84ef143","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fstoryline\u002Fa4e011fe-01b8-4a17-93a9-03c3f84ef143"},"testName":""},{"__typename":"AssociatedStoryline","ruleName":"styln-global-economy","storyline":{"__typename":"Storyline","context":null,"displayName":"Global Economy","experimentalJsonBlob":"{\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"experimentalJsonBlob\",\"data\":[]}]}","guide":null,"hubAssets":[],"primaryAssets":[{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fff4c5844-41e5-50ee-b8d9-9c0c9a1634eb","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F06\u002Fbusiness\u002Fbank-england-interest-rates.html"},"displayName":"Bank of England Cuts Rates","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fc66d01de-f1ad-555e-8b1b-8ef2081a8a2e","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F01\u002Fbusiness\u002Ftrump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china.html"},"displayName":"Trump’s Tariffs","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fded66819-c973-58ab-b840-5e049c9d38e7","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F17\u002Fbusiness\u002Fimf-world-economic-outlook.html"},"displayName":"I.M.F. Raises U.S. Forecast","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fd99d088a-3cc4-5a3c-823c-db2f17d31330","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F23\u002Fbusiness\u002Fbank-of-japan-interest-rates.html"},"displayName":"Japan’s Stagnation Ends","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F4fe1520d-0d7d-5344-a26d-0058015841ce","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F16\u002Fbusiness\u002Fchina-economy-2024-gdp.html"},"displayName":"China’s 2024 G.D.P.","status":null}],"promotedLiveAssets":[],"tone":"NEWS","topLinks":null,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fstoryline\u002Fc323ea32-0955-4cb3-ad44-a6bb4c1f665c","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fstoryline\u002Fc323ea32-0955-4cb3-ad44-a6bb4c1f665c"},"testName":""},{"__typename":"AssociatedStoryline","ruleName":"styln-electric-vehicles","storyline":{"__typename":"Storyline","context":null,"displayName":"Electric Vehicles","experimentalJsonBlob":"{\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"experimentalJsonBlob\",\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"guide\",\"data\":{\"title\":\"The Rise of Electric Vehicles\",\"leadIn\":\"\",\"sections\":[{\"section\":[{\"type\":\"bulletedList\",\"value\":[\"\u003Cstrong\u003EChina’s Price War:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E In China’s fast growing but crowded domestic market for electric vehicles, Chinese automakers are \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F27\u002Fbusiness\u002Fbyd-china-electric-vehicles.html\\\"\u003Epressuring suppliers to deliver hefty cost cuts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003ENew Mail Trucks:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E They may look like ducks, but new electric mail trucks have a side cargo door and air-conditioning, promising some long-overdue relief for carriers, who \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002Fus\u002Fusps-new-mail-trucks.html\\\"\u003Ehaven’t had an upgrade since the 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003ETax Credit in Jeopardy:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Many car buyers have come to rely on a $7,500 federal tax credit on electric vehicles to soften the blow of their high prices. \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fbusiness\u002Ftrump-electric-vehicle-tax-credit.html\\\"\u003EBut those credits could disappear\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after President-elect Donald Trump takes office.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003ENewsom Challenges Trump:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E California Gov. Gavin Newsom said his state will step in and \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fclimate\u002Fnewsom-trump-electric-vehicle-tax-credits.html\\\"\u003Eprovide rebates to eligible residents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who buy electric vehicles if Trump ends the federal E.V. tax credit.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003ERivian E.V. 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"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F07de307d-d4df-5e7c-855f-11f596f9c137","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fbusiness\u002Ftrump-electric-vehicle-tax-credit.html"}],"text":"But those credits could disappear"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" after President-elect Donald Trump takes office."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Newsom Challenges Trump:"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" California Gov. Gavin Newsom said his state will step in and "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fa55436cd-063b-5e21-bbc2-16de2d8f2e00","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fclimate\u002Fnewsom-trump-electric-vehicle-tax-credits.html"}],"text":"provide rebates to eligible residents"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" who buy electric vehicles if Trump ends the federal E.V. tax credit."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Rivian E.V. 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Now amid a sudden pullback, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F01195438-338a-5fcc-930b-3aa95114c1c0","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F05\u002Fbusiness\u002Fdei-target-black-sellers.html"}],"text":"they worry the door might be closing"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Silicon Valley Workers Quietly Protest: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"As Mark Zuckerberg and other tech titans have embraced Trump and muffled internal dissent at their companies, their mostly left-leaning employees have objected with "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fab5f9275-c085-5285-a15e-6397ae965a1f","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F29\u002Ftechnology\u002Ftampons-silicon-valley-workers-protest.html"}],"text":"subtle acts of defiance"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Bill Gates Isn’t Like Those Other Tech Billionaires:"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" The Microsoft co-founder and philanthropist is taking a break from the future to examine his past — and "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F6be1ebe8-d6bf-5352-bf58-c78c349d1c4d","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F30\u002Ftechnology\u002Fbill-gates-tech-billionaires-memoir.html"}],"text":"mulling where the billionaires now fit in"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]}]}}]}]},"hubAssets":[],"primaryAssets":[],"promotedLiveAssets":[],"tone":"NEWS","topLinks":null,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fstoryline\u002F3ef25df1-b742-4684-8f0a-fae77b4d2826","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fstoryline\u002F3ef25df1-b742-4684-8f0a-fae77b4d2826"},"testName":""}],"subsection":null,"summary":"China and the U.S. both gained from their economic integration. 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