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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Between the world wars </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Between_the_world_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Between the world wars subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Between_the_world_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1920s and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Marriage and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1930s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Second World War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second World War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Expeditionary_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Expeditionary_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 British Expeditionary Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Expeditionary_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phoney_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoney_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Phoney war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoney_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Battle of France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_in_the_United_Kingdom_1940−1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_in_the_United_Kingdom_1940−1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Service in the United Kingdom 1940−1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_in_the_United_Kingdom_1940−1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Africa_and_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa_and_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 North Africa and Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa_and_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Montgomery's_early_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montgomery's_early_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Montgomery's early command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montgomery's_early_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_battles_with_Rommel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_battles_with_Rommel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 First battles with Rommel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_battles_with_Rommel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Alamein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Alamein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 El Alamein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Alamein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Sicily </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Normandy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replaced_as_Ground_Forces_Commander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replaced_as_Ground_Forces_Commander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Replaced as Ground Forces Commander </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replaced_as_Ground_Forces_Commander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advance_to_the_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_to_the_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Advance to the Rhine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_to_the_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Market_Garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Market_Garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Operation Market Garden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Market_Garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Bulge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Bulge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Battle of the Bulge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Bulge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossing_the_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_the_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Crossing the Rhine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_the_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualty_conservation_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualty_conservation_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Casualty conservation policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualty_conservation_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Later life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-war_military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Post-war military career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Chief of the Imperial General Staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Union_Defence_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Union_Defence_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Western Union Defence Organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Union_Defence_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 NATO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Personal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Opinions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Memoirs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Military opinions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Social opinions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Honours and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bernard Montgomery</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="برنارد مونتغمري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنارد مونتغمري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montqomeri" title="Bernard Montqomeri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bernard Montqomeri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Монтгомери Бернард Лоу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Монтгомери Бернард Лоу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бернард Лоу Мантгомеры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бернард Лоу Мантгомеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бэрнард Лоў Мантгомэры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэрнард Лоў Мантгомэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бърнард Монтгомъри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бърнард Монтгомъри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%85" title="Μπέρναρντ Μοντγκόμερυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπέρναρντ Μοντγκόμερυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برنارد مونتگومری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنارد مونتگومری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%82%98%EB%93%9C_%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A0%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC" title="버나드 몽고메리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버나드 몽고메리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Բեռնարդ Լոու Մոնտգոմերի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեռնարդ Լոու Մոնտգոմերի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99" title="ברנרד לו מונטגומרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברנרד לו מונטגומרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბერნარდ მონტგომერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერნარდ მონტგომერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Монтгомери Аламейнский Бернард Лоу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Монтгомери Аламейнский Бернард Лоу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardus_Montgomery" title="Bernardus Montgomery – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bernardus Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernards_Montgomerijs" title="Bernards Montgomerijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bernards Montgomerijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бернард Монтгомери – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бернард Монтгомери" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ബെർനാഡ് മോണ്ട്ഗോമറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെർനാഡ് മോണ്ട്ഗോമറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%89" title="برنارد مونتجمرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برنارد مونتجمرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%81%8A%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="မောင်ဂိုမာရီ၊ ဗားနတ်လော၊လော့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မောင်ဂိုမာရီ၊ ဗားနတ်လော၊လော့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="バーナード・モントゴメリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーナード・モントゴメリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%8D%DF%99%DF%91%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%99_%DF%A1%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߓߍߙߑߣߊߙ ߡߐ߲ߜ߭ߏߡߋ߬ߙߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߍߙߑߣߊߙ ߡߐ߲ߜ߭ߏߡߋ߬ߙߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برنارد مونتګومری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برنارد مونتګومری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery" title="Bernard Law Montgomery – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bernard Law Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Монтгомери, Бернард Лоу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монтгомери, Бернард Лоу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бернард Монтгомери – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бернард Монтгомери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="பெர்னார்ட் மோண்ட்கோமரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெர்னார்ட் மோண்ட்கோமரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="เบอร์นาร์ด มอนต์โกเมอรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์นาร์ด มอนต์โกเมอรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Бернард Монтгомері – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бернард Монтгомері" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bernard Montgomery" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Army officer (1887–1976)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General Montgomery" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_Montgomery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Montgomery (disambiguation)">General Montgomery (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England,_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943.jpg/220px-General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943.jpg/330px-General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943.jpg/440px-General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="4020" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Montgomery in 1943</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"Monty"</li><li>"The Spartan General"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1887-11-17)17 November 1887<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennington" title="Kennington">Kennington</a>, Surrey, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1976(1976-03-24) (aged 88) <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire" title="Alton, Hampshire">Alton, Hampshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Holy Cross Churchyard, <a href="/wiki/Binsted" title="Binsted">Binsted</a>, Hampshire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1908–1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">Service number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8742</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> (1951–1958)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Chairman of the Western Union Commanders-in-Chief Committee</a> (1948–1951)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a> (1946–1948)</li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a> (1945–1946)</li><li><a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a> (1944–1945)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Allied Ground Forces (Normandy)</a> (1944)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">Eighth Army</a> (1942–1943)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Aldershot_Command" title="Aldershot Command">South-Eastern Command</a> (1941–1942)</li><li><a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XII Corps (United Kingdom)">XII Corps</a> (1941)</li><li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="V Corps (United Kingdom)">V Corps</a> (1940–1941)</li><li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="II Corps (United Kingdom)">II Corps</a> (1940)</li><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Infantry Division</a> (1939–1940)</li><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">8th Infantry Division</a> (1938–1939)</li><li><a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="9th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">9th Infantry Brigade</a> (1937–1938)</li><li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a> (1931–1934)</li><li>17th (Service) Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a> (1919)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Anglo-Irish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Battle of Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">Battle of Alam el Halfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Agheila" title="Battle of El Agheila">Battle of El Agheila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Campaign">Tunisian Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Battle of Medenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Battle of the Mareth Line</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicilian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Falaise Pocket">Battle of the Falaise Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">Siegfried Line Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Clearing the Channel Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western Allied invasion of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Operation Veritable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Operation Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Pocket">Battle of the Ruhr Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburg_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hamburg (1945)">Battle of Hamburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Palestine Emergency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter">Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">Mentioned in Despatches</a> (9)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Betty Carver</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1927; died 1937)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Colonel Commandant, Royal Tank Regiment</li><li>Colonel Commandant, Parachute Regiment (?−1956)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>Representative Colonel Commandant, Royal Armoured Corps (1947–1957)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li>Colonel Commandant, Army Physical Training Corps (1946–1960)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li><li>Colonel Royal Warwickshire Regiment (1947–1963)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li><li>Deputy Lieutenant of Southampton (1958–76)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernard_Montgomery_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bernard_Montgomery_Signature.svg/200px-Bernard_Montgomery_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bernard_Montgomery_Signature.svg/300px-Bernard_Montgomery_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bernard_Montgomery_Signature.svg/400px-Bernard_Montgomery_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="48" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac" title="File:Bernard Montgomery in Desert Island Disks p009y0ss.flac">Montgomery's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="72" data-mwtitle="Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac/Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac/Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">from the BBC programme <a href="/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs" title="Desert Island Discs">Desert Island Discs</a>, 20 December 1969<a href="#cite_note-p009y0ss-10">[10]</a></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məntˈɡʌməri ... ˈæləmeɪn/</a>; 17 November 1887 – 24 March 1976), nicknamed "Monty", was a senior <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> who served in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Montgomery first saw action in the First World War as a junior officer of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a>. At <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9teren" title="Méteren">Méteren</a>, near the Belgian border at <a href="/wiki/Bailleul,_Nord" title="Bailleul, Nord">Bailleul</a>, he was shot through the right lung by a sniper, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a>. On returning to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> as a general staff officer, he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras</a> in April–May 1917. He also took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a> in late 1917 before finishing the war as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/47th_(1/2nd_London)_Division" title="47th (1/2nd London) Division">47th (2nd London) Division</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">inter-war years</a> he commanded the 17th (Service) Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a> and, later, the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment before becoming commander of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="9th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">9th Infantry Brigade</a> and then <a href="/wiki/General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">general officer commanding</a> (GOC), <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">8th Infantry Division</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a> of the Second World War, Montgomery commanded the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">British Eighth Army</a> from August 1942. He subsequently commanded the British Eighth Army during the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> and was in command of all Allied ground forces during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>), from <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a> on 6 June 1944 until 1 September 1944. He then continued in command of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a> for the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">North West Europe campaign</a>, including the failed attempt to cross the Rhine during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a>. When German armoured forces broke through the US lines in Belgium during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, Montgomery received command of the northern shoulder of the Bulge. Montgomery's 21st Army Group, including the US Ninth Army and the <a href="/wiki/First_Allied_Airborne_Army" title="First Allied Airborne Army">First Allied Airborne Army</a>, crossed the Rhine in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a> in March 1945. By the end of the war, troops under Montgomery's command had taken part in the encirclement of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Pocket">Ruhr Pocket</a>, liberated the Netherlands, and captured much of north-west Germany. On 4 May 1945, Montgomery accepted the surrender of the German forces in north-western Europe at <a href="/wiki/German_surrender_at_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="German surrender at Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, after the surrender of Berlin to the USSR on 2 May. After the war he became Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a> (BAOR) in Germany and then <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a> (1946–1948). From 1948 to 1951, he served as Chairman of the Commanders-in-Chief Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a>. He then served as <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s Deputy <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> until his retirement in 1958. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Montgomery was born in <a href="/wiki/Kennington" title="Kennington">Kennington</a>, Surrey, in 1887, the fourth child of nine, to a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> minister, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_(bishop)" title="Henry Montgomery (bishop)">Henry Montgomery</a>, and his wife Maud (née Farrar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton19813,_12-11">[11]</a> The Montgomerys, an <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a> '<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a>' <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> family, were the <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Montgomery" title="Clan Montgomery">Clan Montgomery</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Rev.</a> Henry Montgomery, at that time <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Kennington" title="St Mark's Church, Kennington">St Mark's Church</a>, Kennington, was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Montgomery">Sir Robert Montgomery</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Inishowen" title="Inishowen">Inishowen</a> in County Donegal in the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198113–15-12">[12]</a> the noted colonial administrator in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>; Sir Robert died a month after his grandson's birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1894324-13">[13]</a> He was probably a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Montgomery_(1686%E2%80%931729)" title="Alexander Montgomery (1686–1729)">Colonel Alexander Montgomery</a>. Bernard's mother, Maud, was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Farrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic William Farrar">Frederic William Canon Farrar</a>, the famous preacher, and was eighteen years younger than her husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton19813-14">[14]</a> After the death of Sir Robert Montgomery, Henry inherited the Montgomery ancestral estate of New Park in <a href="/wiki/Moville,_County_Donegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moville, County Donegal">Moville</a>, a small town in Inishowen in the north of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. There was still £13,000 to pay on a <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a>, a large debt in the 1880s (equivalent to £1,825,976 in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-15">[15]</a> and Henry was at the time still only an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> vicar. Despite selling off all the farms that were in the <a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">townland</a> of Ballynally, on the north-western shores of <a href="/wiki/Lough_Foyle" title="Lough Foyle">Lough Foyle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> "there was barely enough to keep up New Park and pay for the blasted summer holiday" (i.e., at New Park).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1933[httpanglicanhistoryorgenglandhhmontgomery193305html_Chapter_V]-17">[17]</a> It was a financial relief of some magnitude when, in 1889, Henry was made <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Tasmania" title="Anglican Bishop of Tasmania">Bishop of Tasmania</a>, then still a <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">British colony</a>, and Bernard spent his formative years there. <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> Montgomery considered it his duty to spend as much time as possible in the rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and was away for up to six months at a time. While he was away, his wife, still in her mid-twenties, gave her children "constant" beatings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198131-18">[18]</a> then ignored them most of the time. Of Bernard's siblings, Sibyl died prematurely in Tasmania, and Harold, Donald and Una all emigrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton19815-19">[19]</a> Maud Montgomery took little active interest in the education of her young children other than to have them taught by tutors brought from Britain, although he briefly attended the then coeducational <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Collegiate_School" title="St Michael's Collegiate School">St Michael's Collegiate School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The loveless environment made Bernard something of a bully, as he himself recalled: "I was a dreadful little boy. I don't suppose anybody would put up with my sort of behaviour these days."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalfont1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmontgomeryofalam00chalpage29_29]-21">[21]</a> Later in life Montgomery refused to allow his son <a href="/wiki/David_Montgomery,_2nd_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" title="David Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">David</a> to have anything to do with his grandmother, and refused to attend her funeral in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-biermansmith-22">[22]</a> The family returned to England once for a <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> in 1897, and Bernard and his brother Harold were educated at <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury" title="The King's School, Canterbury">The King's School, Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1901, Bishop Montgomery became secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel</a>, and the family returned to London. Montgomery attended <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's School (London)">St Paul's School</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>, from which he was almost expelled for rowdiness and violence.<a href="#cite_note-heath213-24">[24]</a> On graduation in September 1908 he was commissioned into the 1st Battalion the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and first saw overseas service later that year in India.<a href="#cite_note-heath213-24">[24]</a> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">lieutenant</a> in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and in 1912 became adjutant of the 1st Battalion of his regiment at <a href="/wiki/Shorncliffe_Army_Camp" title="Shorncliffe Army Camp">Shorncliffe Army Camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath213-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgomery_First_World_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Montgomery_First_World_War.jpg/170px-Montgomery_First_World_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Montgomery_First_World_War.jpg/255px-Montgomery_First_World_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Montgomery_First_World_War.jpg/340px-Montgomery_First_World_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Captain Bernard Montgomery (right) with Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/James_Walter_Sandilands" title="James Walter Sandilands">J. W. Sandilands</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/104th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="104th Brigade (United Kingdom)">104th Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/35th_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="35th Division (United Kingdom)">35th Division</a>. Montgomery served as brigade major with the 104th Brigade from January 1915 until early 1917.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a> began in August 1914 and Montgomery moved to France with his battalion that month, which was at the time part of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">10th Infantry Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">4th Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF).<a href="#cite_note-heath213-24">[24]</a> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Temporary_gentlemen" title="Temporary gentlemen">temporary</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">captain</a> on 14 September.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He saw action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau" title="Battle of Le Cateau">Battle of Le Cateau</a> that month and during the retreat from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Mons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath213-24">[24]</a> At <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9teren" title="Méteren">Méteren</a>, near the Belgian border at <a href="/wiki/Bailleul,_Nord" title="Bailleul, Nord">Bailleul</a> on 13 October 1914, during an <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> counter-offensive, he was shot through the right <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lung</a> by a sniper.<a href="#cite_note-heath213-24">[24]</a> Lying in the open, he remained still and pretended to be dead, in the hope that he would not receive any more enemy attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200419-28">[28]</a> One of his men did attempt to rescue him but was shot dead by a hidden enemy sniper and collapsed over Montgomery. The sniper continued to fire and Montgomery was hit once more, in the knee,<a href="#cite_note-biermansmith-22">[22]</a> but the dead soldier, in Montgomery's words, "received many bullets meant for me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200419-28">[28]</a> Assuming them to both be dead, the officers and men of Montgomery's battalion chose to leave them where they were until darkness arrived and stretcher bearers managed to recover the two bodies, with Montgomery by this time barely clinging on to life. The doctors at the advanced dressing station (ADS), too, had no hope for him and ordered a grave to be dug. Miraculously, however, Montgomery was still alive and, after being placed in an ambulance and then being sent to a hospital, was treated and eventually evacuated to England, where he would remain for well over a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200420-29">[29]</a> He was appointed a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> (DSO), for his gallant leadership during this period: the citation for this award, published in <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> in December 1914 reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Conspicuous gallant leading on 13th October, when he turned the enemy out of their trenches with the bayonet. He was severely wounded.<a href="#cite_note-DSO-30">[30]</a></blockquote> After recovering in early 1915, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Brigade_major" title="Brigade major">brigade major</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> first of the <a href="/wiki/112th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="112th Brigade (United Kingdom)">112th Infantry Brigade</a>, and then with <a href="/wiki/104th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="104th Brigade (United Kingdom)">104th Infantry Brigade</a>, then training in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> He returned to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in early 1916 with his brigade, seeing service with it during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> later in the year. In January 1917 he was assigned as a <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">general staff officer, grade 2</a> (GSO2)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="33rd Division (United Kingdom)">33rd Division</a> and took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras</a> in April–May.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> In July he transferred over as a GSO2 to <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="IX Corps (United Kingdom)">IX Corps</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Plumer,_1st_Viscount_Plumer" title="Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer">Sir Herbert Plumer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hundred_Days_Offensive,_August-november_1918_Q11428.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q11428.jpg/220px-The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q11428.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q11428.jpg/330px-The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q11428.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q11428.jpg/440px-The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q11428.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>The Minister of Munitions, Winston Churchill, watching the march past of the 47th (2nd London) Division in the Grande Place, Lille, France, October 1918. In front of him is the 47th Division's GSO1, Lieutenant Colonel Bernard Montgomery.</figcaption></figure> It was in this role that Montgomery served at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a> which began in late July 1917. He was promoted to the temporary rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a> in February 1918,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and brevet major in June.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> He finished the war in November 1918 as GSO1 (effectively <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/47th_(1/2nd_London)_Division" title="47th (1/2nd London) Division">47th (2nd London) Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel, to which appointment and rank he had been assigned to on 16 July.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A photograph from October 1918, reproduced in many biographies, shows the then unknown Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomery standing in front of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (then the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Munitions" title="Minister of Munitions">Minister of Munitions</a>) at the parade following the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Montgomery was profoundly influenced by his experiences during the war, in particular by the leadership, or rather the lack of it, being displayed by the senior commanders. He later wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There was little contact between the generals and the soldiers. I went through the whole war on the Western Front, except during the period I was in England after being wounded; I never once saw the British Commander-in-Chief, neither French nor Haig, and only twice did I see an Army Commander. The higher staffs were out of touch with the regimental officers and with the troops. The former lived in comfort, which became greater as the distance of their headquarters behind the lines increased. There was no harm in this provided there was touch and sympathy between the staff and the troops. This was often lacking. At most large headquarters in back areas the doctrine seemed to me to be that the troops existed for the benefit of the staff. My war experience led me to believe that the staff must be the servant of the troops, and that a good staff officer must serve his commander and the troops but himself be anonymous. The frightful casualties appalled me. The so-called "good fighting generals" of the war appeared to me to be those who had a complete disregard for human life. There were of course exceptions and I suppose one such was Plumer; I had only once seen him and had never spoken to him.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_the_world_wars">Between the world wars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Between the world wars">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s_and_Ireland">1920s and Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1920s and Ireland">edit</a>]</div> After the First World War, Montgomery commanded the 17th (Service) Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> a battalion in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a>, before reverting to his substantive rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">captain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a>) in November 1919.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He had not at first been selected for the <a href="/wiki/Staff_College,_Camberley" title="Staff College, Camberley">Staff College in Camberley</a>, Surrey (his only hope of ever achieving high command). But at a tennis party in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, he was able to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> (C-in-C) of the British Army of Occupation, <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Robertson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet">Sir William Robertson</a>, to add his name to the list.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> After graduating from the Staff College, he was appointed brigade major in the <a href="/wiki/17th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="17th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">17th Infantry Brigade</a> in January 1921.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The brigade was stationed in <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, Ireland, carrying out counter-guerilla operations during the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> Montgomery came to the conclusion that the conflict could not be won without harsh measures, and that self-government for Ireland was the only feasible solution; in 1923, after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>, Montgomery wrote to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel (British Army)">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Percival" title="Arthur Percival">Arthur Ernest Percival</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Regiment" title="Essex Regiment">Essex Regiment</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Personally, my whole attention was given to defeating the rebels but it never bothered me a bit how many houses were burnt. I think I regarded all civilians as <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">'Shinners'</a> and I never had any dealings with any of them. My own view is that to win a war of this sort, you must be ruthless. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, or the Germans, would have settled it in a very short time. Nowadays public opinion precludes such methods, the nation would never allow it, and the politicians would lose their jobs if they sanctioned it. That being so, I consider that <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> was right in what he did, if we had gone on we could probably have squashed the rebellion as a temporary measure, but it would have broken out again like an ulcer the moment we removed the troops. I think the rebels would probably have refused battles, and hidden their arms etc. until we had gone. The only way therefore was to give them some form of self government, and let them squash the rebellion themselves, they are the only people who could really stamp it out.<a href="#cite_note-sheehan-43">[43]</a></blockquote> In one noteworthy incident on 2 May 1922, Montgomery led a force of 60 soldiers and 4 armoured cars to the town of <a href="/wiki/Macroom" title="Macroom">Macroom</a> to search for four British officers who were missing in the area. While he had hoped the show of force would assist in finding the men, he was under strict orders not to attack the IRA. On arriving in the town square in front of Macroom Castle, he summoned the IRA commander, Charlie Browne, to parley. At the castle gates Montgomery spoke to Browne explaining what would happen should the officers not be released. Once finished, Browne responded with his own ultimatum to Montgomery to "leave town within 10 minutes". Browne then turned heels and returned to the Castle. At this point another IRA officer, Pat O'Sullivan, whistled to Montgomery drawing his attention to scores of IRA volunteers who had quietly taken up firing positions all around the square—surrounding Montgomery's forces. Realising his precarious position, Montgomery led his troops out of the town, a decision which raised hostile questions in the House of Commons but was later approved by Montgomery's own superiors. Unknown to Montgomery at this time, the four missing officers had already been executed.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In May 1923, Montgomery was posted to the <a href="/wiki/49th_(West_Riding)_Infantry_Division" title="49th (West Riding) Infantry Division">49th (West Riding) Infantry Division</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Reserve (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a> (TA) formation.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> He returned to the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1925 as a <a href="/wiki/Company_commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Company commander">company commander</a><a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> and was promoted to major in July 1925.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> From January 1926 to January 1929 he served as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General at the Staff College, Camberley, in the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> In 1925, in his first known courtship of a woman, Montgomery, then in his late thirties, proposed to a 17-year-old girl, Betty Anderson. His approach included drawing diagrams in the sand of how he would deploy his tanks and infantry in a future war, a contingency which seemed very remote at that time. She respected his ambition and single-mindedness but declined his proposal.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1927, he met and married Elizabeth (Betty) Carver, née Hobart.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> She was the sister of the future Second World War commander <a href="/wiki/Percy_Hobart" title="Percy Hobart">Sir Percy Hobart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> Betty Carver had two sons in their early teens, John and Dick, from her first marriage to <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Carver" title="Oswald Carver">Oswald Carver</a>. Dick Carver later wrote that it had been "a very brave thing" for Montgomery to take on a widow with two children.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Montgomery's son, David, was born in August 1928.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> While on holiday in <a href="/wiki/Burnham-on-Sea" title="Burnham-on-Sea">Burnham-on-Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> in 1937, Betty suffered an insect bite which became infected, and she died in her husband's arms from <a href="/wiki/Septicaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Septicaemia">septicaemia</a> following <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> of her leg.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> The loss devastated Montgomery, who was then serving as a brigadier, but he insisted on throwing himself back into his work immediately after the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-biermansmith-22">[22]</a> Montgomery's marriage had been extremely happy. Much of his correspondence with his wife was destroyed when his quarters at Portsmouth were bombed during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> After Montgomery's death, John Carver wrote that his mother had arguably done the country a favour by keeping his personal oddities—his extreme single-mindedness, and his intolerance of and suspicion of the motives of others—within reasonable bounds long enough for him to have a chance of attaining high command.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Both of Montgomery's stepsons became army officers in the 1930s (both were serving in India at the time of their mother's death), and both served in the Second World War, each eventually attaining the rank of colonel.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> While serving as a GSO2<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> with Eighth Army, Dick Carver was sent forward during the pursuit after El Alamein to help identify a new site for Eighth Army HQ. He was taken prisoner at <a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a> on 7 November 1942.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Montgomery wrote to his contacts in England asking that inquiries be made via the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> as to where his stepson was being held, and that parcels be sent to him.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Like many British POWs, the most famous being General <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor" title="Richard O'Connor">Richard O'Connor</a>, Dick Carver escaped in September 1943 during the brief hiatus between <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italy's departure from the war</a> and the German seizure of the country. He eventually reached British lines on 5 December 1943, to the delight of his stepfather, who sent him home to Britain to recuperate.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1930s">edit</a>]</div> In January 1929 Montgomery was promoted to brevet lieutenant-colonel.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> That month he returned to the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment again, as Commander of Headquarters Company; he went to the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> to help write the Infantry Training Manual in mid-1929.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> In 1931 Montgomery was promoted to substantive lieutenant-colonel<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding officer</a> (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and saw service in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">colonel</a> in June 1934 (seniority from January 1932).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> He attended and was then recommended to become an instructor at the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a> Staff College (now the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Pakistan Command and Staff College</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, British India.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On completion of his tour of duty in India, Montgomery returned to Britain in June 1937<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> where he took command of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="9th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">9th Infantry Brigade</a> with the temporary rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">brigadier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> His wife died that year.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> In 1938, he organised an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_operations" title="Combined operations">combined operations</a> landing exercise that impressed the new C-in-C of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Southern Command (United Kingdom)">Southern Command</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Sir Archibald Percival Wavell</a>. He was promoted to major-general on 14 October 1938<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and took command of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">8th Infantry Division</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> in the British mandate of Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> In Palestine, Montgomery was involved in suppressing an <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt</a> which had broken out over opposition to <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish emigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> He returned in July 1939 to Britain, suffering a serious illness on the way, to command the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Infantry Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath214-32">[32]</a> Reporting the suppression of the revolt in April 1939, Montgomery wrote, "I shall be sorry to leave Palestine in many ways, as I have enjoyed the war out here".<a href="#cite_note-biermansmith-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Expeditionary_Force">British Expeditionary Force</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British Expeditionary Force">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phoney_war">Phoney war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phoney war">edit</a>]</div> Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 and the 3rd Division, together with its new <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">General Officer Commanding</a> (GOC), was deployed to France as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF), commanded by General <a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">Lord Gort</a>. Shortly after the division's arrival overseas, Montgomery faced serious trouble from his military superiors and <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">the clergy</a> for his frank attitude regarding the sexual health of his soldiers, but was defended from dismissal by his superior <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Alan Brooke</a>, commander of <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="II Corps (United Kingdom)">II Corps</a>, of which Montgomery's division formed a part.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Montgomery had issued a circular on the prevention of venereal disease, worded in such "obscene language" that both the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> senior <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a> objected; Brooke told Monty that he did not want any further errors of this kind, though deciding not to get him to formally withdraw it as it would remove any "vestige of respect" left for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke200118,_19-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Expeditionary_Force_(bef)_in_France_1939-1940_O812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28bef%29_in_France_1939-1940_O812.jpg/220px-The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28bef%29_in_France_1939-1940_O812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28bef%29_in_France_1939-1940_O812.jpg/330px-The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28bef%29_in_France_1939-1940_O812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28bef%29_in_France_1939-1940_O812.jpg/440px-The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28bef%29_in_France_1939-1940_O812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant-General Alan Brooke, GOC II Corps, with Major-General Bernard Montgomery, GOC 3rd Division, and Major-General <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Graham_Johnson" title="Dudley Graham Johnson">Dudley Johnson</a>, GOC <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">4th Infantry Division</a>, pictured here in either 1939 or 1940</figcaption></figure> Although Montgomery's new command was a Regular Army formation, comprising the <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Brigade_and_Headquarters_East" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters East">7th (Guards)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">8th</a> and 9th Infantry Brigades along with supporting units, he was not impressed with its readiness for battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201539-67">[67]</a> As a result, while most of the rest of the BEF set about preparing defences for an expected <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German</a> attack sometime in the future, Montgomery began training his 3rd Division in <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> tactics, organising several <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">exercises</a>, each of which lasted for several days at a time. Mostly they revolved around the division advancing towards an objective, often a river line, only to come under attack and forced to withdraw to another position, usually behind another river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201539-67">[67]</a> These exercises usually occurred at night with only very minimal lighting being allowed. By the spring of 1940 Montgomery's division had gained a reputation of being a very agile and flexible formation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201539-67">[67]</a> By then the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> had agreed to <a href="/wiki/French_war_planning_1920%E2%80%931940" title="French war planning 1920–1940">Plan D</a>, where they would advance deep into Belgium and take up positions on the <a href="/wiki/Dyle_(river)" title="Dyle (river)">River Dyle</a> by the time the German forces attacked. Brooke, Montgomery's corps commander, was pessimistic about the plan but Montgomery, in contrast, was not concerned, believing that he and his division would perform well regardless of the circumstances, particularly in a <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">war of movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201539−40-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_France">Battle of France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Battle of Dunkirk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></div> Montgomery's training paid off when the Germans began their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">invasion of the Low Countries</a> on 10 May 1940 and the 3rd Division advanced to its planned position, near the Belgian city of <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Louvain</a>. Soon after arrival, the division was fired on by members of the Belgian 10th Infantry Division who mistook them for <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">German paratroopers</a>; Montgomery resolved the incident by approaching them and offering to place himself under Belgian command,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> although Montgomery himself took control when the Germans arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201539−40-68">[68]</a> During this time he began to develop a particular habit, which he would keep throughout the war, of going to bed at 21:30 every night without fail and giving only a single order—that he was not to be disturbed—which was only very rarely disobeyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201540-70">[70]</a> The 3rd Division saw comparatively little action but, owing to the strict training methods of Montgomery, the division always managed to be in the right place at the right time, especially so during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">retreat into France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201540-70">[70]</a> By 27 May, when the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Land_Component" title="Belgian Land Component">Belgian Army</a> on the left flank of the BEF began to disintegrate, the 3rd Division achieved something very difficult, the movement at night from the right to the left of another division and only 2,000 yards behind it. This was performed with great professionalism and occurred without any incidents and thereby filled a very vulnerable gap in the BEF's defensive line.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201540-70">[70]</a> On 29/30 May, Montgomery temporarily took over from Brooke, who received orders to return to the United Kingdom, as GOC of II Corps for the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201540-70">[70]</a> The 3rd Division, temporarily commanded by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Kenneth Anderson</a> in Montgomery's absence, returned to Britain intact with minimal casualties. Operation Dynamo—codename for the Dunkirk evacuation—saw 330,000 Allied military personnel, including most of the BEF, to Britain, although the BEF was forced to leave behind a significant amount of equipment.<a href="#cite_note-heath216-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201540-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_in_the_United_Kingdom_1940−1942">Service in the United Kingdom 1940−1942</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Service in the United Kingdom 1940−1942">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8492.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8492.jpg/170px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8492.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8492.jpg/255px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8492.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8492.jpg/340px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8492.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery, GOC V Corps, with war correspondents during a large-scale exercise in Southern Command, March 1941</figcaption></figure> On his return Montgomery antagonised the War Office with trenchant criticisms of the command of the BEF<a href="#cite_note-biermansmith-22">[22]</a> and was briefly relegated to divisional command of 3rd Division, which was the only fully equipped division in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-memoirs64-73">[73]</a> He was made a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cb-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8404.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8404.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8404.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8404.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8404.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8404.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H8404.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery inspecting men of the 7th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment" title="Suffolk Regiment">Suffolk Regiment</a>, at Sandbanks near <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, 22 March 1941. To his right, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">peaked cap</a>, is Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/210th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade_(Home)" title="210th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)">210th Brigade</a>, the 7th Suffolks' parent formation.</figcaption></figure> Montgomery was ordered to make ready the 3rd Division to invade the neutral Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-memoirs64-73">[73]</a> Models of the islands were prepared and detailed plans worked out for the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-memoirs64-73">[73]</a> The invasion plans did not go ahead and plans switched to invading <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> island also belonging to neutral Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-memoirs65-75">[75]</a> These invasion plans also did not go ahead. Montgomery was then ordered to prepare plans for the invasion of neutral Ireland and to seize <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a> and Cork harbour.<a href="#cite_note-memoirs65-75">[75]</a> These invasion plans, like those of the Portuguese islands, also did not go ahead and in July 1940, Montgomery was appointed acting lieutenant-general and after handing over command of his division to <a href="/wiki/James_Gammell" title="James Gammell">James Gammell</a>, he was placed in command of <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="V Corps (United Kingdom)">V Corps</a>, responsible for the defence of <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> and started a long-running feud with the new Commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of Southern Command, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-biermansmith-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H14377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H14377.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H14377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H14377.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H14377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H14377.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H14377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>During Exercise 'Bumper' on 2 October 1941 Montgomery, the Chief Umpire, talks to General Sir Alan Brooke (C-in-C Home Forces).</figcaption></figure> In April 1941, he became commander of <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XII Corps (United Kingdom)">XII Corps</a> responsible for the defence of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath216-72">[72]</a> During this period he instituted a regime of continuous training and insisted on high levels of physical fitness for both officers and other ranks. He was ruthless in sacking officers he considered unfit for command in action.<a href="#cite_note-Mead303-77">[77]</a> Promoted to temporary lieutenant-general in July, overseeing the defence of Kent, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mead303-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In December Montgomery was given command of <a href="/wiki/Aldershot_Command" title="Aldershot Command">South-Eastern Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He renamed his command the South-Eastern Army to promote offensive spirit. During this time he further developed and rehearsed his ideas and trained his soldiers, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger_(1942)" title="Exercise Tiger (1942)">Exercise Tiger</a> in May 1942, a combined forces exercise involving 100,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa_and_Italy">North Africa and Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North Africa and Italy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montgomery's_early_command">Montgomery's early command</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Montgomery's early command">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia campaign">Tunisia campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernard_Law_Montgomery_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bernard_Law_Montgomery_1942.jpg/220px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bernard_Law_Montgomery_1942.jpg/330px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bernard_Law_Montgomery_1942.jpg/440px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2853" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery in a <a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">Grant</a> tank in North Africa, November 1942</figcaption></figure> In 1942, a new field commander was required in the Middle East, where Auchinleck was fulfilling both the role of C-in-C of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a> and commander <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">Eighth Army</a>. He had stabilised the Allied position at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a>, but after a visit in August 1942, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, replaced him as C-in-C with General <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Sir Harold Alexander</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gott" title="William Gott">William Gott</a> as commander of the Eighth Army in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert</a>. However, after Gott was killed flying back to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Churchill was persuaded by Brooke, who by this time was <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a> (CIGS), to appoint Montgomery, who had only just been nominated to replace Alexander, as commander of the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">British First Army</a> for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the invasion of <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> A story, probably apocryphal but popular at the time, is that the appointment caused Montgomery to remark that "After having an easy war, things have now got much more difficult." A colleague is supposed to have told him to cheer up—at which point Montgomery said "I'm not talking about me, I'm talking about <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Rommel</a>!"<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Montgomery's assumption of command transformed the fighting spirit and abilities of the Eighth Army.<a href="#cite_note-Playfair370-83">[83]</a> Taking command on 13 August 1942, he immediately became a whirlwind of activity. He ordered the creation of the <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="X Corps (United Kingdom)">X Corps</a>, which contained all armoured divisions, to fight alongside his <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a>, which was all infantry divisions. This arrangement differed from the German Panzer Corps: one of Rommel's Panzer Corps combined infantry, armour and artillery units under one corps commander. The only common commander for Montgomery's all-infantry and all-armour corps was the Eighth Army Commander himself. Writing post-war the English historian <a href="/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Correlli Barnett</a> commented that Montgomery's solution "was in every way opposite to Auchinleck's and in every way wrong, for it carried the existing dangerous separatism still further."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Montgomery reinforced the 30 miles (48 km) long front line at El Alamein, something that would take two months to accomplish. He asked Alexander to send him two new British divisions (<a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">51st Highland</a> and <a href="/wiki/44th_(Home_Counties)_Division" title="44th (Home Counties) Division">44th Home Counties</a>) that were then arriving in Egypt and were scheduled to be deployed in defence of the Nile Delta. He moved his field HQ to Burg al Arab, close to the Air Force command post in order to better coordinate combined operations.<a href="#cite_note-Playfair370-83">[83]</a> Montgomery was determined that the army, navy and air forces should fight their battles in a unified, focused manner according to a detailed plan. He ordered immediate reinforcement of the vital heights of Alam Halfa, just behind his own lines, expecting the German commander, Erwin Rommel, to attack with the heights as his objective, something that Rommel soon did. Montgomery ordered all contingency plans for retreat to be destroyed. "I have cancelled the plan for withdrawal. If we are attacked, then there will be no retreat. If we cannot stay here alive, then we will stay here dead",<a href="#cite_note-Moorehead118-127-85">[85]</a> he told his officers at the first meeting he held with them in the desert, though, in fact, Auchinleck had no plans to withdraw from the strong defensive position he had chosen and established at El Alamein.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick-Adams2012461-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1942_E15787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1942_E15787.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1942_E15787.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1942_E15787.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1942_E15787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1942_E15787.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1942_E15787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, the new commander of the British Eighth Army, and Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Brian Horrocks</a>, the new GOC XIII Corps, discussing troop dispositions at 22nd Armoured Brigade HQ, 20 August 1942. The brigade commander, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/George_Philip_Bradley_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="George Philip Bradley Roberts">George Roberts</a> is on the right (in beret).</figcaption></figure> Montgomery made a great effort to appear before troops as often as possible, frequently visiting various units and making himself known to the men, often arranging for cigarettes to be distributed. Although he still wore a standard British officer's cap on arrival in the desert, he briefly wore an Australian broad-brimmed hat before switching to wearing the black beret (with the badge of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="Royal Tank Regiment">Royal Tank Regiment</a> and the British General Officer's <a href="/wiki/Cap_badge" title="Cap badge">cap badge</a>) for which he became notable. The black beret was offered to him by Jim Fraser while the latter was driving him on an inspection tour.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Both Brooke and Alexander were astonished by the transformation in atmosphere when they visited on 19 August, less than a week after Montgomery had taken command.<a href="#cite_note-Moorehead118-127-85">[85]</a> Alan Brooke said that Churchill was always impatient for his generals to attack at once, and he wrote that Montgomery was always "my Monty" when Montgomery was out of favour with Churchill. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a> had some late night drinks with Churchill, and Eden said at a meeting of the Chiefs of Staff the next day (29 October 1942) that the Middle East offensive was "petering out". Alanbrooke had told Churchill "fairly plainly" what he thought of Eden's ability to judge the tactical situation from a distance, and was supported at the Chiefs of Staff meeting by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Smuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke2001-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_battles_with_Rommel">First battles with Rommel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First battles with Rommel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animals_in_War_1939-1945_B6541.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Animals_in_War_1939-1945_B6541.jpg/220px-Animals_in_War_1939-1945_B6541.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Animals_in_War_1939-1945_B6541.jpg/330px-Animals_in_War_1939-1945_B6541.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Animals_in_War_1939-1945_B6541.jpg/440px-Animals_in_War_1939-1945_B6541.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>General Montgomery with his pets, the puppies "Hitler" (left) and "Rommel", and a cage of canaries which also travelled with him (at Blay, his second HQ in France in July 1944)</figcaption></figure> Rommel attempted to turn the left flank of the Eighth Army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">Battle of Alam el Halfa</a> from 31 August 1942. The German/Italian armoured corps infantry attack was stopped in very heavy fighting. Rommel's forces had to withdraw urgently lest their retreat through the British minefields be cut off.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Montgomery was criticised for not counter-attacking the retreating forces immediately, but he felt strongly that his methodical build-up of British forces was not yet ready. A hasty counter-attack risked ruining his strategy for an offensive on his own terms in late October, planning for which had begun soon after he took command.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> He was confirmed in the permanent rank of lieutenant-general in mid-October.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The conquest of Libya was essential for airfields to support <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and to threaten the rear of Axis forces opposing Operation Torch. Montgomery prepared meticulously for the new offensive after convincing Churchill that the time was not being wasted. (Churchill sent a telegram to Alexander on 23 September 1942 which began, "We are in your hands and of course a victorious battle makes amends for much delay."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>) He was determined not to fight until he thought there had been sufficient preparation for a decisive victory, and put into action his beliefs with the gathering of resources, detailed planning, the training of troops—especially in clearing minefields and fighting at night<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>—and in the use of 252<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> of the latest American-built <a href="/wiki/Sherman_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman tank">Sherman tanks</a>, 90 <a href="/wiki/M7_Priest" title="M7 Priest">M7 Priest</a> self-propelled howitzers, and making a personal visit to every unit involved in the offensive. By the time the offensive was ready in late October, Eighth Army had 231,000 men on its ration strength.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="El_Alamein">El Alamein</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: El Alamein">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/220px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/330px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/440px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Men of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Australian Division</a> in a posed photograph during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> began on 23 October 1942, and ended 12 days later with one of the first large-scale, decisive Allied land victories of the war. Montgomery correctly predicted both the length of the battle and the number of casualties (13,500).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Historian Correlli Barnett has pointed out that the rain also fell on the Germans, and that the weather is therefore an inadequate explanation for the failure to exploit the breakthrough, but nevertheless the Battle of El Alamein had been a great success. Over 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> were taken,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> including the German second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Ritter_von_Thoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter von Thoma">General von Thoma</a>, as well as eight other general officers.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tunisia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg/220px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg/330px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg/440px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>The British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> with military leaders during his visit to Tripoli. The group includes: Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leese" title="Oliver Leese">Sir Oliver Leese</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Sir Harold Alexander</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a> and General Sir Bernard Montgomery.</figcaption></figure> Montgomery was advanced to <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">KCB</a> and promoted to full general.<a href="#cite_note-KCB+Gen-99">[99]</a> He kept the initiative, applying superior strength when it suited him, forcing Rommel out of each successive defensive position. On 6 March 1943, Rommel's attack on the over-extended Eighth Army at <a href="/wiki/Medenine" title="Medenine">Medenine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Capri" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Capri">Operation Capri</a>) with the largest concentration of German armour in North Africa was successfully repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Mareth_Line" title="Mareth Line">Mareth Line</a>, 20 to 27 March, when Montgomery encountered fiercer frontal opposition than he had anticipated, he switched his major effort into an outflanking inland pincer, backed by low-flying <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> fighter-bomber support.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-101">[101]</a> For his role in North Africa he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> by the United States government in the rank of Chief Commander.<a href="#cite_note-LM-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sicily">Sicily</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sicily">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton,_Jr.,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg/220px-Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg/330px-Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg/440px-Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery visits Patton in Palermo, Sicily, July 1943.</figcaption></figure> The next major Allied attack was the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a> (Operation Husky). Montgomery considered the initial plans for the Allied invasion, which had been agreed in principle by <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Forces_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Forces Headquarters">Allied Forces Headquarters</a>, and General Alexander, the <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_Group" title="15th Army Group">15th Army Group</a> commander, to be unworkable because of the dispersion of effort. He managed to have the plans recast to concentrate the Allied forces, having <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George Patton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army" title="Seventh United States Army">US Seventh Army</a> land in the Gulf of Gela (on the Eighth Army's left flank, which landed around <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> in the south-east of Sicily) rather than near <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> in the west and north of Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Inter-Allied tensions grew as the American commanders, Patton and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a> (then commanding <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)" title="II Corps (United States)">US II Corps</a> under Patton), took umbrage at what they saw as Montgomery's attitudes and boastfulness.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-101">[101]</a> However, while they were considered three of the greatest soldiers of their time, due to their competitiveness they were renowned for "squabbling like three schoolgirls" thanks to their "bitchiness", "whining to their superiors" and "showing off".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgomery_E010786478-v8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Montgomery_E010786478-v8.jpg/170px-Montgomery_E010786478-v8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Montgomery_E010786478-v8.jpg/255px-Montgomery_E010786478-v8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Montgomery_E010786478-v8.jpg/340px-Montgomery_E010786478-v8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Wartime photograph of General Montgomery with his <a href="/wiki/Miles_Messenger" title="Miles Messenger">Miles Messenger</a> aircraft (location and date unknown)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Campaign_in_Italy,_September-december_1943-_the_Allied_Advance_To_the_Gustav_Line-_Personalities_NA10338.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Campaign_in_Italy%2C_September-december_1943-_the_Allied_Advance_To_the_Gustav_Line-_Personalities_NA10338.jpg/220px-The_Campaign_in_Italy%2C_September-december_1943-_the_Allied_Advance_To_the_Gustav_Line-_Personalities_NA10338.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Campaign_in_Italy%2C_September-december_1943-_the_Allied_Advance_To_the_Gustav_Line-_Personalities_NA10338.jpg/330px-The_Campaign_in_Italy%2C_September-december_1943-_the_Allied_Advance_To_the_Gustav_Line-_Personalities_NA10338.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Campaign_in_Italy%2C_September-december_1943-_the_Allied_Advance_To_the_Gustav_Line-_Personalities_NA10338.jpg/440px-The_Campaign_in_Italy%2C_September-december_1943-_the_Allied_Advance_To_the_Gustav_Line-_Personalities_NA10338.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Freddie_de_Guingand" title="Freddie de Guingand">Freddie de Guingand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Broadhurst" title="Harry Broadhurst">Harry Broadhurst</a>, Montgomery, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Freyberg,_1st_Baron_Freyberg" title="Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg">Sir Bernard Freyberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Walter_Allfrey" title="Charles Walter Allfrey">Charles Allfrey</a></figcaption></figure> Montgomery's Eighth Army was then fully involved in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> in early September 1943, becoming the first of the Allied forces to land in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2007306-105">[105]</a> Led by Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a>'s XIII Corps, the Eighth Army landed on the toe of Italy in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Baytown" title="Operation Baytown">Operation Baytown</a> on 3 September, four years to the day after Britain declared war on Germany. They encountered little enemy resistance.<a href="#cite_note-heath217-106">[106]</a> The Germans had made the decision to fall back and did what they could to stall the Eighth Army's advance, including blowing up bridges, laying mines, and setting up booby-traps. All of these slowed the Army's advance north on the awful <a href="/wiki/Italian_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian roads">Italian roads</a>, although it was Montgomery who was later much criticised for the lack of progress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2007306-105">[105]</a> On 9 September the <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">British 1st Airborne Division</a> landed at the key port of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> in the heel of Italy as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Slapstick" title="Operation Slapstick">Operation Slapstick</a>, capturing the port unopposed.<a href="#cite_note-heath217-106">[106]</a> On the same day the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_North" title="United States Army North">U.S. Fifth Army</a> under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark W. Clark</a> (which actually contained a large number of British troops) landed at <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Avalanche" title="Operation Avalanche">Operation Avalanche</a> but soon found itself fighting for its very existence with the Germans launching several determined counterattacks to try and push the Allies back into the sea, with Montgomery's men being too far away to provide any real assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2007306-105">[105]</a> The situation was tense over the next few days but the two armies (both of which formed the 15th Army Group under General Alexander) finally began to meet on 16 September, by which time the crisis at Salerno was virtually over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2007306-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_by_Montgomery_to_21st_Army_corp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Speech_by_Montgomery_to_21st_Army_corp.jpg/170px-Speech_by_Montgomery_to_21st_Army_corp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Speech_by_Montgomery_to_21st_Army_corp.jpg/255px-Speech_by_Montgomery_to_21st_Army_corp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Speech_by_Montgomery_to_21st_Army_corp.jpg/340px-Speech_by_Montgomery_to_21st_Army_corp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>The time has come to deal the enemy a terrific blow ...</figcaption></figure> Clark's Fifth Army then began to advance to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a> while Montgomery, with Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Walter_Allfrey" title="Charles Walter Allfrey">Charles Allfrey</a>'s V Corps having arrived to reinforce Dempsey's XIII Corps, advanced to the east. The <a href="/wiki/Foggia_Airfield_Complex" title="Foggia Airfield Complex">Foggia airfields</a> soon fell to Allfrey's V Corps, but the Germans fought hard in the defence of <a href="/wiki/Termoli" title="Termoli">Termoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biferno" title="Biferno">Biferno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2007306-105">[105]</a> Movement soon came to an almost complete halt in the early part of November when the Eighth Army came up against a new defensive line established by the Germans on the <a href="/wiki/Sangro" title="Sangro">River Sangro</a>, which was to be the scene of much bitter and heavy fighting for the next month. While some ground was gained, it was often at the expense of heavy casualties and the Germans always managed to retreat to new defensive positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2007306-105">[105]</a> Montgomery abhorred what he considered to be a lack of coordination, a dispersion of effort, a strategic muddle and a lack of opportunism in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Allied campaign in Italy</a>, describing the whole affair as a "dog's breakfast".<a href="#cite_note-odnb-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normandy">Normandy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Normandy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simonds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Simonds.jpg/220px-Simonds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Simonds.jpg/330px-Simonds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Simonds.jpg/440px-Simonds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery with officers of the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a>. From left, <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Vokes" title="Christopher Vokes">Vokes</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Harry_Crerar" title="Harry Crerar">Crerar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> Montgomery, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Horrocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant-general (Canada)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Simonds</a>, Major-General Spry, and Major-General <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Matthews_(Canadian_Army_officer)" title="Bruce Matthews (Canadian Army officer)">Matthews</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of his dissatisfaction with Italy, he was delighted to receive the news that he was to return to Britain in January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He was assigned to command the <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a> consisting of all Allied ground forces participating in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, codename for the Allied invasion of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. Overall direction was assigned to the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces, American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.<a href="#cite_note-heath217-106">[106]</a> Both Churchill and Eisenhower had found Montgomery difficult to work with in the past and wanted the position to go to the more affable General Sir Harold Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan,_1994_p._56-108">[108]</a> However Montgomery's patron, General Sir Alan Brooke, firmly argued that Montgomery was a much superior general to Alexander and ensured his appointment.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan,_1994_p._56-108">[108]</a> Without Brooke's support, Montgomery would have remained in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan,_1994_p._56-108">[108]</a> At St Paul's School on 7 April and 15 May Montgomery presented his strategy for the invasion. He envisaged a ninety-day battle, with all forces reaching the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>. The campaign would pivot on an Allied-held <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> in the east of the Normandy bridgehead, with relatively static British and Canadian armies forming a shoulder to attract and defeat German counter-attacks, relieving the US armies who would move and seize the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, wheeling south and then east on the right forming a pincer.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35960.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35960.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35960.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H35960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>General Montgomery inspects men of the 5th/7th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders" title="Gordon Highlanders">Gordon Highlanders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">51st (Highland) Division</a>, at Beaconsfield, February 1944.</figcaption></figure> During the ten weeks of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a>, unfavourable autumnal weather conditions disrupted the Normandy landing areas.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-101">[101]</a> Montgomery's initial plan was for the Anglo-Canadian troops under his command to break out immediately from their beachheads on the Calvados coast towards Caen with the aim of taking the city on either D Day or two days later.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Montgomery attempted to take Caen with the 3rd Infantry Division, <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</a> and the 3rd Canadian Division but was stopped from 6–8 June by 21st Panzer Division and <a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend</a>, who hit the advancing Anglo-Canadian troops very hard.<a href="#cite_note-badsey43-110">[110]</a> Rommel followed up this success by ordering the 2nd Panzer Division to Caen while Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> received permission from Hitler to have the elite 1st Waffen SS Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler and 2nd Waffen SS Division Das Reich sent to Caen as well.<a href="#cite_note-badsey43-110">[110]</a> Montgomery thus had to face what Stephen Badsey called the "most formidable" of all the German divisions in France.<a href="#cite_note-badsey43-110">[110]</a> The 12th Waffen SS Division Hitlerjugend, as its name implies, was drawn entirely from the more fanatical elements of the Hitler Youth and commanded by the ruthless SS-Brigadeführer <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Meyer" title="Kurt Meyer">Kurt Meyer</a>, aka "Panzer Meyer".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5179.jpg/240px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5179.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5179.jpg/360px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5179.jpg/480px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>General Montgomery passes German POWs while being driven along a road in a jeep, shortly after arriving in Normandy, 8 June 1944. Two seem to have recognised him.</figcaption></figure> The failure to take Caen immediately has been the source of an immense historiographical dispute with bitter nationalist overtones.<a href="#cite_note-Powers_pages_455-471-112">[112]</a> Broadly, there has been a "British school" which accepts Montgomery's post-war claim that he never intended to take Caen at once, and instead the Anglo-Canadian operations around Caen were a "holding operation" intended to attract the bulk of the German forces towards the Caen sector to allow the Americans to stage the "break out operation" on the left flank of the German positions, which was all part of Montgomery's "Master Plan" that he had conceived long before the Normandy campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Powers_pages_455-471-112">[112]</a> By contrast, the "American school" argued that Montgomery's initial "master plan" was for the 21st Army Group to take Caen at once and move his tank divisions into the plains south of Caen, to then stage a breakout that would lead the 21st Army Group into the plains of northern France and hence into <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Letters written by Eisenhower at the time of the battle make it clear that Eisenhower was expecting from Montgomery "the early capture of the important focal point of Caen". Later, when this plan had clearly failed, Eisenhower wrote that Montgomery had "evolved" the plan to have the US forces achieve the break-out instead.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5787.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5787.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5787.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5787.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B5787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>General Montgomery in conversation with Major-General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Graham_(British_Army_officer)" title="Douglas Graham (British Army officer)">Douglas Graham</a>, GOC <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</a>, pictured here in Normandy, 20 June 1944</figcaption></figure> As the campaign progressed, Montgomery altered his initial plan for the invasion and continued the strategy of attracting and holding German counter-attacks in the area north of Caen rather than to the south, to allow the U.S. First Army in the west to take Cherbourg. A memo summarising Montgomery's operations written by Eisenhower's chief of staff, General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a> who met with Montgomery in late June 1944 says nothing about Montgomery conducting a "holding operation" in the Caen sector, and instead speaks of him seeking a "breakout" into the plains south of the Seine.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> On 12 June, Montgomery ordered the 7th Armoured Division into an attack against the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_Lehr_Division" title="Panzer Lehr Division">Panzer Lehr Division</a> that made good progress at first but ended when the Panzer Lehr was joined by the 2nd Panzer Division.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._44-116">[116]</a> At Villers Bocage on 14 June, the British lost twenty Cromwell tanks to five Tiger tanks led by SS Obersturmführer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wittmann" title="Michael Wittmann">Michael Wittmann</a>, in about five minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._44-116">[116]</a> Despite the setback at Villers Bocage, Montgomery was still optimistic as the Allies were landing more troops and supplies than they were losing in battle, and though the German lines were holding, the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS were suffering considerable attrition.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Sir Arthur Tedder</a> complained that it was impossible to move fighter squadrons to France until Montgomery had captured some airfields, something he asserted that Montgomery appeared incapable of doing.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._47-118">[118]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> attacks on London, which started on 13 June, further increased the pressure on Montgomery from Whitehall to speed up his advance.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._47-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B5634.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B5634.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B5634.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B5634.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B5634.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B5634.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B5634.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">The King</a> with Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a>, GOC British Second Army, and General Montgomery, at his HQ in <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Creullet" class="extiw" title="fr:Château de Creullet">Creullet</a>, 16 June 1944</figcaption></figure> On 18 June, Montgomery ordered Bradley to take Cherbourg while the British were to take Caen by 23 June.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._47-118">[118]</a> In Operation Epsom, the British VII Corps commanded by Sir Richard O'Connor attempted to outflank Caen from the west by breaking through the dividing line between the Panzer Lehr and the 12th SS to take the strategic Hill 112.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._48-119">[119]</a> Epsom began well with O'Connor's assault force (the British 15th Scottish Division) breaking through and with the 11th Armoured Division stopping the counter-attacks of the 12th SS Division.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._48-119">[119]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Dollmann" title="Friedrich Dollmann">Friedrich Dollmann</a> of Seventh Army had to commit the newly arrived II SS Corps to stop the British offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._48-119">[119]</a> Dollmann, fearing that Epsom would be a success, committed suicide and was replaced by SS Oberstegruppenführer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hausser" title="Paul Hausser">Paul Hausser</a>. O'Connor, at the cost of about 4,000 men, had won a salient 5 miles (8.0 km) deep and 2 miles (3.2 km) wide but placed the Germans into an unviable long-term position.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._48-119">[119]</a> There was a strong sense of crisis in the Allied command, as the Allies had advanced only about 15 miles (24 km) inland, at a time when their plans called for them to have already taken Rennes, Alençon and St. Malo.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._48-119">[119]</a> After Epsom, Montgomery had to tell General <a href="/wiki/Harry_Crerar" title="Harry Crerar">Harry Crerar</a> that the activation of the First Canadian Army would have to wait as there was only room at present, in the Caen sector, for the newly arrived XII Corps under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Neil_Ritchie" title="Neil Ritchie">Neil Ritchie</a>, which caused some tension with Crerar, who was anxious to get into the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este1983247-120">[120]</a> Epsom had forced further German forces into Caen but all through June and the first half of July Rommel, Rundstedt, and Hitler were engaged in planning for a great offensive to drive the British into the sea; it was never launched and would have required the commitment of a large number of German forces to the Caen sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este1983246-121">[121]</a> It was only after several failed attempts to break out in the Caen sector that Montgomery devised what he later called his "master plan" of having the 21st Army Group hold the bulk of the German forces, thus allowing the Americans to break out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp200484-122">[122]</a> The Canadian historians <a href="/wiki/Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Terry Copp</a> and Robert Vogel wrote about the dispute between the "American school" and "British school" after having suffered several setbacks in June 1944: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Montgomery drew what was the indisputably correct conclusion from these events. If the British and Canadians could continue to hold the bulk of the German armoured divisions on their front through a series of limited attacks, they could wear down the Germans and create the conditions for an American breakout on the right. This is what Montgomery proposed in his Directive of June 30th and, if he and his admirers had let the record speak for itself, there would be little debate about his conduct of the first stages of the Normandy campaign. Instead, Montgomery insisted that this Directive was a consistent part of a master plan that he had devised long before the invasion. Curiously, this view does a great disservice to 'Monty' for any rigid planning of operations before the German response was known would have been bad generalship indeed!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198386-123">[123]</a></blockquote> Hampered by stormy weather and the <a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a> terrain, Montgomery had to ensure that Rommel focused on the British in the east rather than the Americans in the west, who had to take the Cotentin Peninsula and Brittany before the Germans could be trapped by a general swing east.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Montgomery told General Sir Miles Dempsey, the commander of Second British Army: "Go on hitting, drawing the German strength, especially some of the armour, onto yourself—so as to ease the way for Brad [Bradley]."<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._283-125">[125]</a> The Germans had deployed twelve divisions, of which six were Panzer divisions, against the British while deploying eight divisions, of which three were Panzer divisions, against the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._283-125">[125]</a> By the middle of July Caen had not been taken, as Rommel continued to prioritise prevention of the break-out by British forces rather than the western territories being taken by the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> This was broadly as Montgomery had planned, albeit not with the same speed as he outlined at St Paul's, although as the American historian Carlo D'Este pointed out the actual situation in Normandy was "vastly different" from what was envisioned at the St. Paul's conference, as only one of four goals outlined in May had been achieved by 10 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este1983322–323-127">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B7767.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B7767.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B7767.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B7767.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B7767.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B7767.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B7767.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Churchill with General Montgomery at the latter's HQ in Normandy, July 1944</figcaption></figure> On 7 July, Montgomery began Operation Charnwood with a <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a> offensive that turned much of the French countryside and the city of Caen into a wasteland.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._53-128">[128]</a> The British and Canadians succeeded in advancing into northern Caen before the Germans, who used the ruins to their advantage and stopped the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> On 10 July, Montgomery ordered Bradley to take Avranches, after which U.S. Third Army would be activated to drive towards Le Mans and Alençon.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._56-130">[130]</a> On 14 July 1944, Montgomery wrote to his patron Brooke, saying he had chosen on a "real show down on the eastern flanks, and to loose a Corps of three armoured divisions in the open country about the Caen-Falaise road ... The possibilities are immense; with seven hundred tanks loosed to the South-east of Caen, and the armoured cars operating far ahead, anything can happen."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance#Role_in_the_liberation_of_France_and_casualties" title="French Resistance">French Resistance had launched Plan Violet</a> in June 1944 to systematically destroy the telephone system of France, which forced the Germans to use their radios more and more to communicate, and as the code-breakers of Bletchley Park had broken many of the German codes, Montgomery had, thanks to "<a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>" intelligence, a good idea of the German situation.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Montgomery thus knew German Army Group B had lost 96,400 men while receiving 5,200 replacements and the Panzer Lehr Division now based at St. Lô was down to only 40 tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._56-130">[130]</a> Montgomery later wrote that he knew he had the Normandy campaign won at this point as the Germans had almost no reserves while he had three armoured divisions in reserve.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> An American break-out was achieved with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a> and the encirclement of German forces in the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a> at the cost of British losses with the diversionary <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este1983202-134">[134]</a> On the early morning of 18 July 1944, Operation Goodwood began with British heavy bombers beginning carpet bombing attacks that further devastated what was left of Caen and the surrounding countryside.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A British tank crewman from the Guards Armoured Division later recalled: "At 0500 hours a distant thunder in the air brought all the sleepy-eyed tank crews out of their blankets. 1,000 Lancasters were flying from the sea in groups of three or four at 3,000 feet (910 m). Ahead of them the pathfinders were scattering their flares and before long the first bombs were dropping."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> A German tankman from the 21st Panzer Division at the receiving end of this bombardment remembered: "We saw little dots detach themselves from the planes, so many of them that the crazy thought occurred to us: are those leaflets? ... Among the thunder of the explosions, we could hear the wounded scream and the insane howling of men who had [been] driven mad."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The British bombing had badly smashed the German front-line units. Initially, the three British armoured divisions assigned to lead the offensive, the 7th, 11th and the Guards, made rapid progress and were soon approaching the Borguebus ridge, which dominated the landscape south of Caen, by noon.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B6934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B6934.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B6934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B6934.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B6934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B6934.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B6934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>General Montgomery stops his car to chat with troops during a tour of I Corps area near Caen, 11 July 1944.</figcaption></figure> If the British could take the Borguebus Ridge, the way to the plains of northern France would be wide open, and potentially Paris could be taken, which explains the ferocity with which the Germans defended the ridge. One German officer, Lieutenant Baron von Rosen, recalled that to motivate a Luftwaffe officer commanding a battery of four 88 mm guns to fight against the British tanks, he had to hold his handgun to the officer's head "and asked him whether he would like to be killed immediately or get a high decoration. He decided for the latter."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The well dug-in 88 mm guns around the Borguebus Ridge began taking a toll on the British Sherman tanks, and the countryside was soon dotted with dozens of burning Shermans.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._284-140">[140]</a> One British officer reported with worry: "I see palls of smoke and tanks brewing up with flames belching forth from their turrets. I see men climbing out, on fire like torches, rolling on the ground to try and douse the flames."<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._284-140">[140]</a> Despite Montgomery's orders to try to press on, fierce German counter-attacks stopped the British offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._284-140">[140]</a> The objectives of Operation Goodwood were all achieved except the complete capture of the Bourgebus Ridge, which was only partially taken. The operation was a strategic Allied success in drawing in the last German reserves in Normandy towards the Caen sector away from the American sector, greatly assisting the American breakout in Operation Cobra. By the end of Goodwood on 25 July 1944, the Canadians had finally taken Caen while the British tanks had reached the plains south of Caen, giving Montgomery the "hinge" he had been seeking, while forcing the Germans to commit the last of their reserves to stop the Anglo-Canadian offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._285-141">[141]</a> "Ultra" decrypts indicated that the Germans now facing Bradley were seriously understrength, with Operation Cobra about to commence.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> During Operation Goodwood, the British had 400 tanks knocked out, with many recovered returning to service. The casualties were 5,500 with 7 miles (11 km) of ground gained.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._285-141">[141]</a> Bradley recognised Montgomery's plan to pin down German armour and allow U.S. forces to break out: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The British and Canadian armies were to decoy the enemy reserves and draw them to their front on the extreme eastern edge of the Allied beachhead. Thus, while Monty taunted the enemy at Caen, we [the Americans] were to make our break on the long roundabout road to Paris. When reckoned in terms of national pride, this British decoy mission became a sacrificial one, for while we tramped around the outside flank, the British were to sit in place and pin down the Germans. Yet strategically it fitted into a logical division of labors, for it was towards Caen that the enemy reserves would race once the alarm was sounded.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></blockquote> The long-running dispute over what Montgomery's "master plan" in Normandy led historians to differ greatly about the purpose of Goodwood. The British journalist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Urban" title="Mark Urban">Mark Urban</a> wrote that the purpose of Goodwood was to draw German troops to their left flank to allow the American forces to break out on the right flank, arguing that Montgomery had to lie to his soldiers about the purpose of Goodwood, as the average British soldier would not have understood why they were being asked to create a diversion to allow the Americans to have the glory of staging the breakout with Operation Cobra.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._285-141">[141]</a> By contrast, the American historian Stephen Power argued that Goodwood was intended to be the "breakout" offensive and not a "holding operation", writing: "It is unrealistic to assert that an operation which called for the use of 4,500 Allied aircraft, 700 artillery pieces and over 8,000 armored vehicles and trucks and that cost the British over 5,500 casualties was conceived and executed for so limited an objective."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Power noted that Goodwood and Cobra were supposed to take effect on the same day, 18 July 1944, but Cobra was cancelled owing to heavy rain in the American sector, and argued that both operations were meant to be breakout operations to trap the German armies in Normandy. American military writer Drew Middleton wrote that there is no doubt that Montgomery wanted Goodwood to provide a "shield" for Bradley, but at the same time Montgomery was clearly hoping for more than merely diverting German attention away from the American sector.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este1983396-146">[146]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">John Keegan</a> pointed out that Montgomery made differing statements before Goodwood about the purpose of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Keegan wrote that Montgomery engaged in what he called a "hedging of his bets" when drafting his plans for Goodwood, with a plan for a "break out if the front collapsed, if not, sound documentary evidence that all he had intended in the first place was a battle of attrition".<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Again Bradley confirmed Montgomery's plan and that the capture of Caen was only incidental to his mission, not critical. The American magazine LIFE quoted Bradley in 1951: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">While Collins was hoisting his VII Corps flag over Cherbourg, Montgomery was spending his reputation in a bitter siege against the old university city of Caen. For three weeks he had rammed his troops against those panzer divisions he had deliberately drawn towards that city as part of our Allied strategy of diversion in the Normandy Campaign. Although Caen contained an important road junction that Montgomery would eventually need, for the moment the capture of that city was only incidental to his mission. For Monty's primary task was to attract German troops to the British front that we might more easily secure Cherbourg and get into position for the breakout. While this diversion of Monty's was brilliantly achieved, he nevertheless left himself open to criticism by overemphasising the importance of his thrust toward Caen. Had he limited himself simply to the containment without making Caen a symbol of it, he would have been credited with success instead of being charged, as he was, with failure.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></blockquote> With Goodwood drawing the Wehrmacht towards the British sector, U.S. First Army enjoyed a two-to-one numerical superiority. Bradley accepted Montgomery's advice to begin the offensive by concentrating at one point instead of a "broad front" as Eisenhower would have preferred.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._288-150">[150]</a> Operation Goodwood almost cost Montgomery his job, as Eisenhower seriously considered sacking him and only chose not to do so because to sack the popular "Monty" would have caused such a political backlash in Britain against the Americans at a critical moment in the war that the resulting strains in the Atlantic alliance were not considered worth it.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Montgomery expressed his satisfaction at the results of Goodwood when calling the operation off. Eisenhower was under the impression that Goodwood was to be a break-out operation. Either there was a miscommunication between the two men or Eisenhower did not understand the strategy.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Bradley fully understood Montgomery's intentions. Both men would not give away to the press the true intentions of their strategy.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Montgomery_with_Generals_Patton_(left)_and_Bradley_(centre)_at_21st_Army_Group_HQ,_Normandy,_7_July_1944._B6551.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/General_Montgomery_with_Generals_Patton_%28left%29_and_Bradley_%28centre%29_at_21st_Army_Group_HQ%2C_Normandy%2C_7_July_1944._B6551.jpg/220px-General_Montgomery_with_Generals_Patton_%28left%29_and_Bradley_%28centre%29_at_21st_Army_Group_HQ%2C_Normandy%2C_7_July_1944._B6551.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/General_Montgomery_with_Generals_Patton_%28left%29_and_Bradley_%28centre%29_at_21st_Army_Group_HQ%2C_Normandy%2C_7_July_1944._B6551.jpg/330px-General_Montgomery_with_Generals_Patton_%28left%29_and_Bradley_%28centre%29_at_21st_Army_Group_HQ%2C_Normandy%2C_7_July_1944._B6551.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/General_Montgomery_with_Generals_Patton_%28left%29_and_Bradley_%28centre%29_at_21st_Army_Group_HQ%2C_Normandy%2C_7_July_1944._B6551.jpg/440px-General_Montgomery_with_Generals_Patton_%28left%29_and_Bradley_%28centre%29_at_21st_Army_Group_HQ%2C_Normandy%2C_7_July_1944._B6551.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>General Montgomery with Lieutenant Generals <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a> (centre) at 21st Army Group HQ, 7 July 1944</figcaption></figure> Many American officers had found Montgomery a difficult man to work with, and after Goodwood, pressured Eisenhower to fire Montgomery.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._285-141">[141]</a> Although the Eisenhower–Montgomery dispute is sometimes depicted in nationalist terms as being an Anglo-American struggle, it was the British Air Marshal Arthur Tedder who was pressing Eisenhower most strongly after Goodwood to fire Montgomery.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> An American officer wrote in his diary that Tedder had come to see Eisenhower to "pursue his current favourite subject, the sacking of Monty".<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._287-155">[155]</a> With Tedder leading the "sack Monty" campaign, it encouraged Montgomery's American enemies to press Eisenhower to fire Montgomery.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._287-155">[155]</a> Brooke was sufficiently worried about the "sack Monty" campaign to visit Montgomery at his Tactical Headquarters (TAC) in France and as he wrote in his diary; "warned [Montgomery] of a tendency in the PM [Churchill] to listen to suggestions that Monty played for safety and was not prepared to take risks".<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._285-141">[141]</a> Brooke advised Montgomery to invite Churchill to Normandy, arguing that if the "sack Monty" campaign had won the Prime Minister over, then his career would be over, as having Churchill's backing would give Eisenhower the political "cover" to fire Montgomery.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._287-155">[155]</a> On 20 July, Montgomery met Eisenhower and on 21 July, Churchill, at the TAC in France.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._287-155">[155]</a> One of Montgomery's staff officers wrote afterwards that it was "common knowledge at Tac that Churchill had come to sack Monty".<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._287-155">[155]</a> No notes were taken at the Eisenhower–Montgomery and Churchill–Montgomery meetings, but Montgomery was able to persuade both men not to sack him.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._288-150">[150]</a> With the success of Cobra, which was soon followed by unleashing Patton's Third Army, Eisenhower wrote to Montgomery: "Am delighted that your basic plan has begun brilliantly to unfold with Bradley's initial success."<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._289-156">[156]</a> The success of Cobra was aided by Operation Spring, when the II Canadian Corps under General <a href="/wiki/Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a> (the only Canadian general whose skill Montgomery respected) began an offensive south of Caen that made little headway, but which the Germans regarded as the main offensive.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Once Third Army arrived, Bradley was promoted to take command of the newly created 12th Army Group, consisting of U.S. First and Third Armies. Following the American breakout, there followed the Battle of Falaise Gap. British, Canadian, and Polish soldiers of 21st Army Group commanded by Montgomery advanced south, while the American and French soldiers of Bradley's 12th Army Group advanced north to encircle the German Army Group B at Falaise, as Montgomery waged what Urban called "a huge battle of annihilation" in August 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._289-156">[156]</a> Montgomery began his offensive into the Suisse Normande region with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Operation Bluecoat</a>, with Sir Richard O'Connor's VIII Corps and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Bucknall" title="Gerard Bucknall">Gerard Bucknall</a>'s XXX Corps heading south.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._73-158">[158]</a> A dissatisfied Montgomery sacked Bucknall for being insufficiently aggressive and replaced him with General <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Brian Horrocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._73-158">[158]</a> At the same time, Montgomery ordered Patton—whose Third Army was supposed to advance into Brittany—to instead capture <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, which was soon taken.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._73-158">[158]</a> Hitler waited too long to order his soldiers to retreat from Normandy, leading Montgomery to write: "He [Hitler] refused to face the only sound military course. As a result the Allies caused the enemy staggering losses in men and materials."<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._289-156">[156]</a> Knowing via "Ultra" that Hitler was not planning to retreat from Normandy, Montgomery, on 6 August 1944, ordered an envelopment operation against Army Group B—with the First Canadian Army under Harry Crerar to advance towards Falaise, British Second Army under Miles Dempsey to advance towards <a href="/wiki/Argentan" title="Argentan">Argentan</a>, and Patton's Third Army to advance to <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._77-159">[159]</a> On 11 August, Montgomery changed his plan, with the Canadians to take Falaise and to meet the Americans at Argentan.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey,_1990_p._77-159">[159]</a> The First Canadian Army launched two operations, Operation Totalize on 7 August, which advanced only 9 miles (14 km) in four days in the face of fierce German resistance, and Operation Tractable on 14 August, which finally took Falaise on 17 August.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In view of the slow Canadian advance, Patton requested permission to take Falaise, but was refused by Bradley on 13 August. This prompted much controversy, many historians arguing that Bradley lacked aggression and that Montgomery should have overruled Bradley.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise Gap</a> was closed on 22 August 1944, but several American generals, most notably Patton, accused Montgomery of being insufficiently aggressive in closing it. About 60,000 German soldiers were trapped in Normandy, but before 22 August, about 20,000 Germans had escaped through the Falaise Gap.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._289-156">[156]</a> About 10,000 Germans had been killed in the Battle of the Falaise Gap, which led a stunned Eisenhower, who viewed the battlefield on 24 August, to comment with horror that it was impossible to walk without stepping on corpses.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The successful conclusion of the Normandy campaign saw the beginning of the debate between the "American school" and "British school" as both American and British generals started to advance claims about who was most responsible for this victory.<a href="#cite_note-Urban,_p._289-156">[156]</a> Brooke wrote in defence of his protégé Montgomery: "Ike knows nothing about strategy and is 'quite' unsuited to the post of Supreme Commander. It is no wonder that Monty's real high ability is not always realised. Especially so when 'national' spectacles pervert the perspective of the strategic landscape."<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> About Montgomery's conduct of the Normandy campaign, Badsey wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Too much discussion on Normandy has centered on the controversial decisions of the Allied commanders. It was not good enough, apparently, to win such a complete and spectacular victory over an enemy that had conquered most of Europe unless it was done perfectly. Most of the blame for this lies with Montgomery, who was foolish enough to insist that it had been done perfectly, that Normandy—and all his other battles—had been fought accordingly to a precise master plan drawn up beforehand, from which he never deviated. It says much for his personality that Montgomery found others to agree with him, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. His handling of the Battle of Normandy was of a very high order, and as the person who would certainly have been blamed for losing the battle, he deserves the credit for winning it.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replaced_as_Ground_Forces_Commander">Replaced as Ground Forces Commander</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Replaced as Ground Forces Commander">edit</a>]</div> Eisenhower took over Ground Forces Command on 1 September, while continuing as Supreme Commander, with Montgomery continuing to command the 21st Army Group, now consisting mainly of British and Canadian units. Montgomery bitterly resented this change, although it had been agreed before the D-Day invasion.<a href="#cite_note-weigley-165">[165]</a> The British journalist Mark Urban writes that Montgomery seemed unable to grasp that as the majority of the 2.2 million Allied soldiers fighting against Germany on the Western Front were now American (the ratio was 3:1) that it was politically unacceptable to American public opinion to have Montgomery remain as Land Forces Commander as: "Politics would not allow him to carry on giving orders to great armies of Americans simply because, in his view, he was better than their generals."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Winston Churchill had Montgomery promoted to field marshal<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> by way of compensation.<a href="#cite_note-weigley-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advance_to_the_Rhine">Advance to the Rhine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Advance to the Rhine">edit</a>]</div> By September, ports like Cherbourg were too far away from the front line, causing the Allies great logistical problems. Antwerp was the third largest port in Europe. It was a deep water inland port connected to the North Sea via the river <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>. The Scheldt was wide enough and dredged deep enough to allow the passage of ocean-going ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel1984129-168">[168]</a> On 3 September 1944 Hitler ordered Fifteenth Army, which had been stationed in the Pas de Calais region and was withdrawing north into the Low Countries, to hold the mouth of the river Scheldt to deprive the Allies of the use of Antwerp.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._148-169">[169]</a> Von Rundstedt, the German commander of the Western Front, ordered General <a href="/wiki/Gustav-Adolf_von_Zangen" title="Gustav-Adolf von Zangen">Gustav-Adolf von Zangen</a>, the commander of 15th Army, that: "The attempt of the enemy to occupy the West Scheldt in order to obtain the free use of the harbor of Antwerp must be resisted to the utmost" (emphasis in the original).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198511-170">[170]</a> Rundstedt argued with Hitler that as long as the Allies could not use the port of Antwerp, the Allies would lack the logistical capacity for an invasion of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198511-170">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Witte_Brigade" title="Witte Brigade">Witte Brigade</a> (White Brigade) of the Belgian resistance had captured the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a> before the Germans could destroy key port facilities,<a href="#cite_note-auto-171">[171]</a> and on 4 September, Antwerp was captured by Horrocks with its harbour mostly intact.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The British declined to immediately advance over the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Canal" title="Albert Canal">Albert Canal</a>, and an opportunity to destroy the German Fifteenth Army was lost.<a href="#cite_note-auto-171">[171]</a> The Germans had mined the river Scheldt, the mouth of the Scheldt was still in German hands making it impossible for the Royal Navy to clear the mines in the river, and therefore the port of Antwerp was still useless to the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198516,_42–43-173">[173]</a> On 5 September, SHAEF's naval commander, Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay" title="Bertram Ramsay">Bertram Ramsay</a>, had urged Montgomery to make clearing the mouth of the Scheldt his number-one priority. Alone among the senior commanders, only Ramsay saw opening Antwerp as crucial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198516-174">[174]</a> Thanks to "Ultra," Montgomery was aware of Hitler's order by 5 September.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._148-169">[169]</a> On 9 September, Montgomery wrote to Brooke that "one good Pas de Calais port" would be sufficient to meet all the logistical needs of the 21st Army Group, but only the supply needs of the same formation.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._150-175">[175]</a> At the same time, Montgomery noted that "one good Pas de Calais port" would be insufficient for the American armies in France, which would thus force Eisenhower, if for no other reasons than logistics, to favour Montgomery's plans for an invasion of northern Germany by the 21st Army Group, whereas if Antwerp were opened up, then all of the Allied armies could be supplied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp1981150-176">[176]</a> The importance of ports closer to Germany was highlighted with the liberation of the city of Le Havre, which was assigned to <a href="/wiki/John_Crocker" title="John Crocker">John Crocker</a>'s I Corps.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._150-175">[175]</a> To take Le Havre, two infantry divisions, two tank brigades, most of the artillery of the Second British Army, the specialised armoured "gadgets" of Percy Hobart's 79th Armoured Division, the battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">HMS Warspite</a> and the monitor <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(I02)" title="HMS Erebus (I02)">HMS Erebus</a> were all committed.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._150-175">[175]</a> On 10 September 1944, Bomber Command dropped 4,719 tons of bombs on Le Havre, which was the prelude to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a>, the assault on Le Havre by Crocker's men, which was taken two days later.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._150-175">[175]</a> The Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Terry Copp</a> wrote that the commitment of this much firepower and men to take only one French city might "seem excessive", but by this point, the Allies desperately needed ports closer to the front line to sustain their advance.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._150-175">[175]</a> In September 1944, Montgomery ordered Crerar and his First Canadian Army to take the French ports on the English Channel, namely Calais, Boulogne and Dunkirk,<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._150-175">[175]</a> and to clear the Scheldt, a task that Crerar stated was impossible as he lacked enough troops to perform both operations at once.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Montgomery refused Crerar's request to have British XII Corps under Neil Ritchie assigned to help clear the Scheldt as Montgomery stated he needed XII Corps for Operation Market Garden.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> On 6 September 1944, Montgomery told Crerar that "I want Boulogne badly" and that city should be taken no matter what the cost.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._150-175">[175]</a> On 22 September 1944, Simonds's II Canadian Corps took Boulogne, followed up by taking Calais on 1 October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel1984100,_112-179">[179]</a> Montgomery was highly impatient with Simonds, complaining that it had taken Crocker's I Corps only two days to take Le Havre while it took Simonds two weeks to take Boulogne and Calais, but Simonds noted that at Le Havre, three divisions and two brigades had been employed, whereas at both Boulogne and Calais, only two brigades were sent in to take both cities.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> After an attempt to storm the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Canal_(Belgium)" title="Leopold Canal (Belgium)">Leopold Canal</a> by the 4th Canadian Division had been badly smashed by the German defenders, Simonds ordered a stop to further attempts to clear the river Scheldt until his mission of capturing the French ports on the English Channel had been accomplished; this allowed the German Fifteenth Army ample time to dig into its new home on the Scheldt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel1984124-181">[181]</a> The only port that was not captured by the Canadians was Dunkirk, as Montgomery ordered the 2nd Canadian Division on 15 September to hold his flank at Antwerp as a prelude for an advance up the Scheldt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel1984129-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_VI_listens_as_Field_Marshal_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_outlines_his_future_strategy_at_his_mobile_headquarters_in_Holland,_13_October_1944._TR2393.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/King_George_VI_listens_as_Field_Marshal_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_outlines_his_future_strategy_at_his_mobile_headquarters_in_Holland%2C_13_October_1944._TR2393.jpg/290px-King_George_VI_listens_as_Field_Marshal_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_outlines_his_future_strategy_at_his_mobile_headquarters_in_Holland%2C_13_October_1944._TR2393.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/King_George_VI_listens_as_Field_Marshal_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_outlines_his_future_strategy_at_his_mobile_headquarters_in_Holland%2C_13_October_1944._TR2393.jpg/435px-King_George_VI_listens_as_Field_Marshal_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_outlines_his_future_strategy_at_his_mobile_headquarters_in_Holland%2C_13_October_1944._TR2393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/King_George_VI_listens_as_Field_Marshal_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_outlines_his_future_strategy_at_his_mobile_headquarters_in_Holland%2C_13_October_1944._TR2393.jpg/580px-King_George_VI_listens_as_Field_Marshal_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_outlines_his_future_strategy_at_his_mobile_headquarters_in_Holland%2C_13_October_1944._TR2393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>Holland, 13 October 1944: Montgomery outlines his future strategy to King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> in his mobile headquarters.</figcaption></figure> Montgomery pulled away from the First Canadian Army (temporarily commanded now by Simonds as Crerar was ill), the British 51st Highland Division, 1st Polish Division, British 49th (West Riding) Division and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade, and sent all of these formations to help the Second British Army to expand the Market Garden salient with Operations Constellation, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aintree" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Aintree">Aintree</a>, and towards the end of October <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pheasant" title="Operation Pheasant">Pheasant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198518-182">[182]</a> However, Simonds seems to have regarded the Scheldt campaign as a test of his ability, and he felt he could clear the Scheldt with only three Canadian divisions, despite having to take on the entire Fifteenth Army, which held strongly fortified positions in a landscape that favoured the defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198519–20-183">[183]</a> Simonds never complained about the lack of air support (made worse by the cloudy October weather), shortages of ammunition or having insufficient troops, regarding these problems as challenges for him to overcome, rather than a cause for complaint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198519–20-183">[183]</a> As it was, Simonds made only slow progress in October 1944 during the fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a>, although he was praised by Copp for imaginative and aggressive leadership who managed to achieve much, despite all of the odds against him.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Montgomery had little respect for the Canadian generals, whom he dismissed as mediocre, with the exception of Simonds, whom he consistently praised as Canada's only "first-rate" general in the entire war.<a href="#cite_note-Copp,_1981_p._150-175">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_POLISH_ARMY_IN_THE_NORTH-WEST_EUROPE_CAMPAIGN,_1944-1945_B12101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/THE_POLISH_ARMY_IN_THE_NORTH-WEST_EUROPE_CAMPAIGN%2C_1944-1945_B12101.jpg/290px-THE_POLISH_ARMY_IN_THE_NORTH-WEST_EUROPE_CAMPAIGN%2C_1944-1945_B12101.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/THE_POLISH_ARMY_IN_THE_NORTH-WEST_EUROPE_CAMPAIGN%2C_1944-1945_B12101.jpg/435px-THE_POLISH_ARMY_IN_THE_NORTH-WEST_EUROPE_CAMPAIGN%2C_1944-1945_B12101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/THE_POLISH_ARMY_IN_THE_NORTH-WEST_EUROPE_CAMPAIGN%2C_1944-1945_B12101.jpg/580px-THE_POLISH_ARMY_IN_THE_NORTH-WEST_EUROPE_CAMPAIGN%2C_1944-1945_B12101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery in conversation with Major General <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek" title="Stanisław Maczek">Stanisław Maczek</a> during his visit to the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(Poland)" title="1st Armoured Division (Poland)">1st Polish Armoured Division</a> Headquarters in Breda, 25 November 1944</figcaption></figure> Admiral Ramsay, who proved to be a far more articulate and forceful champion of the Canadians than their own generals, starting on 9 October demanded of Eisenhower in a meeting that he either order Montgomery to make supporting the First Canadian Army in the Scheldt fighting his number one priority or sack him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198542-185">[185]</a> Ramsay in very strong language argued to Eisenhower that the Allies could only invade Germany if Antwerp was opened, and that as long as the three Canadian divisions fighting in the Scheldt had shortages of ammunition and artillery shells because Montgomery made the Arnhem salient his first priority, then Antwerp would not be opened anytime soon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198542-185">[185]</a> Even Brooke wrote in his diary: "I feel that Monty's strategy for once is at fault. Instead of carrying out the advance to Arnhem he ought to have made certain of Antwerp".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198542-185">[185]</a> On 9 October 1944, at Ramsay's urging, Eisenhower sent Montgomery a cable that emphasised the "supreme importance of Antwerp", that "the Canadian Army will not, repeat not, be able to attack until November unless immediately supplied with adequate ammunition", and warned that the Allied advance into Germany would totally stop by mid-November unless Antwerp was opened by October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198542-185">[185]</a> Montgomery replied by accusing Ramsay of making "wild statements" unsupported by the facts, denying the Canadians were having to ration ammunition, and claimed that he would soon take the Ruhr thereby making the Scheldt campaign a sideshow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198542-185">[185]</a> Montgomery further issued a memo entitled "Notes on Command in Western Europe" demanding that he once again be made Land Forces Commander. This led to an exasperated Eisenhower telling Montgomery that the question was not the command arrangement but rather his (Montgomery's) ability and willingness to obey orders. Eisenhower further told Montgomery to either obey orders to immediately clear the mouth of the Scheldt or be sacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198543-186">[186]</a> A chastised Montgomery told Eisenhower on 15 October 1944 that he was now making clearing the Scheldt his "top priority", and the ammunition shortages in the First Canadian Army, a problem which he denied even existed five days earlier, were now over as supplying the Canadians was henceforth his first concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198543-186">[186]</a> Simonds, now reinforced with British troops and Royal Marines, cleared the Scheldt by taking <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a> island, the last of the German "fortresses" on the Scheldt, on 8 November 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel1985127-187">[187]</a> With the Scheldt in Allied hands, Royal Navy minesweepers removed the German mines in the river, and Antwerp was finally opened to shipping on 28 November 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel1985127-187">[187]</a> Reflecting Antwerp's importance, the Germans spent the winter of 1944–45 firing V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets at it in an attempt to shut down the port, and the German offensive in December 1944 in the Ardennes had as its ultimate objective the capture of Antwerp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel1985127-187">[187]</a> Urban wrote that Montgomery's most "serious failure" in the entire war was not the well publicised <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a>, but rather his lack of interest in opening up Antwerp, as without it the entire Allied advance from the North Sea to the Swiss Alps stalled in the autumn of 1944 for logistical reasons.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Market_Garden">Operation Market Garden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Operation Market Garden">edit</a>]</div> Montgomery was able to persuade Eisenhower to allow him to test his strategy of a single thrust to the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Area">Ruhr</a> with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> in September 1944. The offensive was strategically bold.<a href="#cite_note-Lanning-189">[189]</a> Following the Allied breakout from Normandy, Eisenhower, favored pursuing the German armies northwards and eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> on a broad front. Eisenhower relied on speed, which in turn depended on logistics, which were "stretched to the limit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954254–255-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a> (SHAEF) did provide Montgomery with additional resources, principally additional <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a>, and priority for air supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954255-191">[191]</a> Eisenhower's decision to launch Market Garden was influenced by his desire to keep the retreating Germans under pressure, and by the pressure from the United States to use the <a href="/wiki/First_Allied_Airborne_Army" title="First Allied Airborne Army">First Allied Airborne Army</a> as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954269-192">[192]</a> Montgomery's plan for Operation Market Garden (17–25 September 1944) was to outflank the Siegfried Line and cross the Rhine, setting the stage for later offensives into the Ruhr region. The 21st Army Group would attack north from Belgium, 60 miles (97 km) through the Netherlands, across the Rhine and consolidate north of Arnhem on the far side of the Rhine. The risky plan required three Airborne Divisions to capture numerous intact bridges along a single-lane road, on which an entire Corps had to attack and use as its main supply route. The offensive failed to achieve its objectives.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Both Churchill and Montgomery claimed that the operation was nearly or 90% successful, although in Montgomery's equivocal acceptance of responsibility he blames lack of support, and also refers to the Battle of the Scheldt which was undertaken by Canadian troops not involved in Market Garden. Montgomery later said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was a bad mistake on my part—I underestimated the difficulties of opening up the approaches to Antwerp ... I reckoned the Canadian Army could do it while we were going for the Ruhr. I was wrong ... In my—prejudiced—view, if the operation had been properly backed from its inception, and given the aircraft, ground forces, and administrative resources necessary for the job, it would have succeeded in spite of my mistakes, or the adverse weather, or the presence of the 2nd SS Panzer Corps in the Arnhem area. I remain Market Garden's unrepentant advocate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958243,_298-194">[194]</a></blockquote> In the aftermath of Market Garden, Montgomery made holding the Arnhem salient his first priority, arguing that the Second British Army might still be able to break through and reach the wide open plains of northern Germany, and that he might be able to take the Ruhr by the end of October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198512,_14-195">[195]</a> The Germans under Field Marshal Walther Model in early October attempted to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nijmegen_salient" title="Battle of the Nijmegen salient">retake the Nijmegen salient</a> but were beaten back. In the meantime, the First Canadian Army finally achieved the task of clearing the mouth of the river Scheldt, despite the fact that in the words of Copp and Vogel "that Montgomery's Directive required the Canadians to continue to fight alone for almost two weeks in a battle which everyone agreed could only be won with the aid of additional divisions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppVogel198514-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Battle of the Bulge">edit</a>]</div> On 16 December 1944, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, Montgomery's 21st Army Group was on the northern flank of the allied lines. Bradley's <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_United_States_Army_Group" title="Twelfth United States Army Group">US 12th Army Group</a> was to Montgomery's south, with <a href="/wiki/William_Hood_Simpson" title="William Hood Simpson">William Simpson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ninth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth United States Army">U.S. Ninth Army</a> adjacent to 21st Army Group, <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Hodges" title="Courtney Hodges">Courtney Hodges</a>' <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">U.S. First Army</a>, holding the Ardennes and Patton's U.S. Third Army further south.<a href="#cite_note-speer459-197">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45-_the_Prime_Minister_in_Germany_BU2239.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45-_the_Prime_Minister_in_Germany_BU2239.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45-_the_Prime_Minister_in_Germany_BU2239.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45-_the_Prime_Minister_in_Germany_BU2239.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45-_the_Prime_Minister_in_Germany_BU2239.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45-_the_Prime_Minister_in_Germany_BU2239.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45-_the_Prime_Minister_in_Germany_BU2239.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery talking with Lieutenant General Simpson, GOC U.S. Ninth Army and Major General <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="John B. Anderson (United States Army officer)">John Anderson</a>, GOC <a href="/wiki/XVI_Corps_(United_States)" title="XVI Corps (United States)">U.S. XVI Corps</a>. Behind are General Bradley and Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/SHAEF" class="mw-redirect" title="SHAEF">SHAEF</a> believed the Wehrmacht was no longer capable of launching a major offensive, and that no offensive could be launched through such rugged terrain as the Ardennes Forest. Because of this, the area was held by refitting and newly arrived American formations.<a href="#cite_note-speer459-197">[197]</a> The Wehrmacht planned to exploit this by making a surprise attack through the Ardennes Forest whilst bad weather grounded Allied air power, splitting the Allied Armies in two. They would then turn north to recapture the port of Antwerp.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp, the whole of 21st Army Group, along with U.S. Ninth Army and most of U.S. First Army would be trapped without supplies behind German lines.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The attack initially advanced rapidly, splitting U.S. 12th Army Group in two, with all of U.S. Ninth Army and the bulk of U.S. First Army on the northern shoulder of the German 'bulge'. The 12th Army Group commander, Bradley, was located in Luxembourg, making command of the U.S. forces north of the bulge problematic. As Montgomery was the nearest army group commander on the ground, on 20 December, Eisenhower temporarily transferred command of U.S. Ninth Army and U.S. First Army to Montgomery's 21st Army Group. Bradley was "concerned because it might discredit the American command" but that it might mean Montgomery would commit more of his reserves to the battle. In practice the change led to "great resentment on the part of many Americans, particularly at Headquarters, 12th Army Group, and Third Army".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> With the British and American forces under Montgomery's command holding the northern flank of the German assault, General Patton's Third Army, which was 90 miles (140 km) to the south, turned north and fought its way through the severe weather and German opposition to relieve the besieged American forces in <a href="/wiki/Bastogne" title="Bastogne">Bastogne</a>. Four days after Montgomery took command of the northern flank, the bad weather cleared and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> and RAF<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> resumed operations, inflicting heavy casualties on German troops and vehicles. Six days after Montgomery took command of the northern flank, Patton's Third Army relieved the besieged American forces in Bastogne. Unable to advance further, and running out of fuel, the Wehrmacht abandoned the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-speer459-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Morelock states that Montgomery was preoccupied with leading a "single thrust offensive" to Berlin as the overall commander of Allied ground forces, and that he accordingly treated the Ardennes counteroffensive "as a sideshow, to be finished with the least possible effort and expenditure of resources."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelock201565-203">[203]</a> Montgomery subsequently wrote of his actions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank as one whole, to ensure the vital areas were held securely, and to create reserves for counter-attack. I embarked on these measures: I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers, and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front. I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> </blockquote> After the war <a href="/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel" title="Hasso von Manteuffel">Hasso von Manteuffel</a>, who commanded the <a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army">5th Panzer Army</a> in the Ardennes, was imprisoned awaiting trial for war crimes. During this period he was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a>, a British author who has since been accused of putting words in the mouths of German generals, and attempting to "rewrite the historical record".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> After conducting several interviews via an interpreter, Liddell Hart in a subsequent book attributed to Manteuffel the following statement about Montgomery's contribution to the battle in the Ardennes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2004318-209">[209]</a></blockquote> However, American historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Stephen Ambrose</a>, writing in 1997, maintained that "Putting Monty in command of the northern flank had no effect on the battle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick-Adams2015644-210">[210]</a> Ambrose wrote that: "Far from directing the victory, Montgomery had gotten in everyone's way, and had botched the counter-attack."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1999111-211">[211]</a> General Omar Bradley blamed Montgomery's "stagnating conservatism" for his failure to counter-attack when ordered to do so by Eisenhower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelock201592-212">[212]</a> Command of U.S. First Army reverted to 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945,<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> whilst command of U.S. Ninth Army remained with 21st Army Group for the coming operations to cross the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing_the_Rhine">Crossing the Rhine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Crossing the Rhine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operationvarsity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Operationvarsity.jpg/220px-Operationvarsity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Operationvarsity.jpg/330px-Operationvarsity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Operationvarsity.jpg/440px-Operationvarsity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery (left), Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coningham_(RAF_officer)" title="Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)">Sir Arthur Coningham</a> (centre) and the Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">British Second Army</a>, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Sir Miles Dempsey</a>, talking after a conference in which Montgomery gave the order for the Second Army to begin <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgomery_receives_Order_of_Victory_HD-SN-99-02756.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Montgomery_receives_Order_of_Victory_HD-SN-99-02756.JPG/220px-Montgomery_receives_Order_of_Victory_HD-SN-99-02756.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Montgomery_receives_Order_of_Victory_HD-SN-99-02756.JPG/330px-Montgomery_receives_Order_of_Victory_HD-SN-99-02756.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Montgomery_receives_Order_of_Victory_HD-SN-99-02756.JPG/440px-Montgomery_receives_Order_of_Victory_HD-SN-99-02756.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2561" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Victory" title="Order of Victory">Order of Victory</a> on 5 June 1945. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Tedder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Tedder">Sir Arthur Tedder</a> were also present.</figcaption></figure> In February 1945, Montgomery's 21st Army Group advanced to the Rhine in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Operation Veritable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenade" title="Operation Grenade">Operation Grenade</a>. It crossed the Rhine on 24 March 1945, in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a>, which took place two weeks after <a href="/wiki/U.S._First_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. First Army">U.S. First Army</a> had crossed the Rhine after capturing the <a href="/wiki/Ludendorff_Bridge" title="Ludendorff Bridge">Ludendorff Bridge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">Battle of Remagen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> 21st Army Group's river crossing was followed by the encirclement of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Pocket">Ruhr Pocket</a>. During this battle, U.S. Ninth Army, which had remained part of 21st Army Group after the Battle of the Bulge, formed the northern arm of the envelopment of German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>, with U.S. First Army forming the southern arm. The two armies linked up on 1 April 1945, encircling 370,000 German troops, and on 4 April 1945, Ninth Army reverted to Omar Bradley's 12th Army Group.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> By the war's end, the remaining formations of 21st Army group, First Canadian Army and British Second Army, had liberated the northern part of the Netherlands and captured much of north-west Germany, occupied <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> and sealed off the Danish peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> On 4 May 1945, on <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a>, Montgomery accepted the <a href="/wiki/German_surrender_at_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="German surrender at Lüneburg Heath">surrender of German forces in north-west Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath218-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualty_conservation_policy">Casualty conservation policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Casualty conservation policy">edit</a>]</div> The British high command were not only concerned with winning the war and defeating Germany, but also with ensuring that it retained sufficient influence in the post-war world to govern global policy. Suffering heavy losses in Normandy would diminish British leadership and prestige within its empire and in post-war Europe in particular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200755-219">[219]</a> Many of Montgomery's clashes with Eisenhower were based on his determination to pursue the war "on lines most suitable to Britain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200756-220">[220]</a> The fewer the number of combat-experienced divisions the British had left at the end of the war, the smaller Britain's influence in Europe was likely to be, compared to the emerging superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union. Montgomery was thus caught in a dilemma—the British Army needed to be seen to be pulling at least half the weight in the liberation of Europe, but without incurring the heavy casualties that such a role would inevitably produce. 21st Army Group scarcely possessed sufficient forces to achieve such a military prominence, and the remaining divisions had to be expended sparingly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200758-221">[221]</a> In 1944, Britain did not possess the manpower to rebuild shattered divisions and it was imperative for Montgomery to protect the viability of the British army. It was reported to the War Office that "Montgomery has to be very careful of what he does on his eastern flank because on that flank is the only British Army there is left in this part of the world". The context of British casualties and the shortage of reinforcements, prompted Montgomery to "excessive caution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200770-222">[222]</a> Dempsey wrote on 13 June, that Caen could only be taken by a "set piece assault and we did not have the men or the ammunition for that at the time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200776–77-223">[223]</a> Montgomery's solution to the dilemma was to attempt to remain Commander of All Land Forces until the end of the war, so that any victory attained on the Western front—although achieved primarily by American formations—would accrue in part to him and thus to Britain. He would also be able to ensure that British units were spared some of the high-attrition actions, but would be most prominent when the final blows were struck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200759-224">[224]</a> When that strategy failed, he persuaded Eisenhower to occasionally put some American formations under the control of the 21st Army Group, so as to bolster his resources while still maintaining the outward appearance of successful British effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200760-225">[225]</a> Montgomery initially remained prepared to push Second (British) Army hard to capture the vital strategic town of Caen, and consequently incur heavy losses. In the original Overlord plan, Montgomery was determined to push past Caen to Falaise as quickly as possible. However, after the heavy casualties incurred in capturing Caen, he changed his mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200763-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Personality">edit</a>]</div> Montgomery was notorious for his lack of tact and diplomacy. Even his "patron", the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir Alan Brooke, frequently mentions it in his war diaries: "he is liable to commit untold errors in lack of tact" and "I had to haul him over the coals for his usual lack of tact and egotistical outlook which prevented him from appreciating other people's feelings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke2001418–419,_516,_531,_550,_638-227">[227]</a> One incident that illustrated this occurred during the North African campaign when Montgomery bet <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a> that he could capture <a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> by the middle of April 1943. Smith jokingly replied that if Montgomery could do it he would give him a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Flying Fortress</a> complete with crew. Smith promptly forgot all about it, but Montgomery did not, and when Sfax was taken on 10 April, he sent a message to Smith "claiming his winnings". Smith tried to laugh it off, but Montgomery was having none of it and insisted on his aircraft. It got as high as Eisenhower who, with his renowned skill in diplomacy, ensured Montgomery did get his Flying Fortress, though at a great cost in ill feeling.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke2001417–418-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a>, in discussing Montgomery's counterproductive lack of tact in the final months of the war, described him as "insufferable". Beevor says that in January 1945 Montgomery had tried to claim far too much credit for the British (and for himself) in defeating the German counter-attack in the Ardennes in December 1944. This "crass and unpleasant blunder" helped make it impossible for Churchill and Alan Brooke to persuade Eisenhower of the need for an immediate thrust—to be led by Montgomery—through Germany to Berlin. Eisenhower did not accept the viability of the "dagger thrust" approach, it had already been agreed that Berlin would fall into the future Soviet occupation zone, and he was not willing to accept heavy casualties for no gain, so Eisenhower disregarded the British suggestions and continued with his conservative broad front strategy, and the Red Army reached Berlin well ahead of the Western Allies.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> In August 1945, while Brooke, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Sir Andrew Cunningham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a> were discussing their possible successors as "Chiefs of Staff", they concluded that Montgomery would be very efficient as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">CIGS</a> from the Army's point of view but that he was also very unpopular with a large proportion of the Army. Despite this, Cunningham and Portal were strongly in favour of Montgomery succeeding Brooke after his retirement.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Churchill, by all accounts a faithful friend, is quoted as saying of Montgomery, "In defeat, unbeatable; in victory, unbearable."<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Montgomery suffered from "an overbearing conceit and an uncontrollable urge for self-promotion." <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay" title="Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay">General Hastings Ismay</a>, who was at the time Winston Churchill's chief staff officer and trusted military adviser, once stated of Montgomery: "I have come to the conclusion that his love of publicity is a disease, like alcoholism or taking drugs, and that it sends him equally mad."<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_military_career">Post-war military career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Post-war military career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg/220px-Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg/330px-Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg/440px-Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshals</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Zhukov</a> (red sash) and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Rokossovsky</a> (medal with solid red ribbon) with <a href="/wiki/Army_General_(Soviet_rank)" title="Army General (Soviet rank)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky" title="Vasily Sokolovsky">Sokolovsky</a> (medal with red and white ribbon) leave the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> on 12 July 1945 after being decorated by Montgomery.</figcaption></figure> After the war, Montgomery became the C-in-C of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a> (BAOR), the name given to the <a href="/wiki/British_Occupation_zone_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="British Occupation zone in Germany">British Occupation Forces</a>, and was the British member of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mead309-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Chief of the Imperial General Staff">edit</a>]</div> Montgomery was Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) from 1946 to 1948, succeeding Alan Brooke.<a href="#cite_note-heath218-218">[218]</a> As CIGS, Montgomery toured Africa in 1947 and in a secret 1948 report to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>'s government proposed a "master plan" to amalgamate British Africa territories and to exploit the raw materials of Africa, thereby counteracting the loss of British influence in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-heath218-218">[218]</a> Montgomery sought to strengthen white rule to serve as a bulwark against communism. He described Africans as uncivilized, stating "he is a complete savage and is quite incapable of developing the country himself." His statements were publicized in 1999. After learning of Montgomery's remarks, one of his biographers, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chalfont" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chalfont">Lord Chalfont</a>, said his reputation had been "irredeemably damaged... I find it very disappointing and depressing."<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> However, Montgomery was barely on speaking terms with his fellow service chiefs, sending his deputy <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Crawford" title="Kenneth Crawford">Kenneth Crawford</a> to attend their meetings<a href="#cite_note-Mead309-236">[236]</a> and he clashed particularly with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Tedder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Tedder">Sir Arthur Tedder</a>, who was by now <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a> (CAS).<a href="#cite_note-heath218-218">[218]</a> When Montgomery's term of office expired, Prime Minister Attlee appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">Sir William Slim</a> from retirement with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">field marshal</a> as his successor. When Montgomery protested that he had told his protégé, General Sir John Crocker, former commander of <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> in the 1944–45 <a href="/wiki/North-West_Europe_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Europe Campaign">North-West Europe Campaign</a>, that the job was to be his, Attlee is said to have retorted "Untell him."<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Union_Defence_Organization">Western Union Defence Organization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Western Union Defence Organization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_Lord_Montgomery_(19481576520).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Field_Marshal_Lord_Montgomery_%2819481576520%29.jpg/170px-Field_Marshal_Lord_Montgomery_%2819481576520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Field_Marshal_Lord_Montgomery_%2819481576520%29.jpg/255px-Field_Marshal_Lord_Montgomery_%2819481576520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Field_Marshal_Lord_Montgomery_%2819481576520%29.jpg/340px-Field_Marshal_Lord_Montgomery_%2819481576520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1947</figcaption></figure> Montgomery was then appointed Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_Defence_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Union Defence Organization">Western Union Defence Organization</a>'s C-in-C committee.<a href="#cite_note-Mead309-236">[236]</a> Volume 3 of <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hamilton_(author)" title="Nigel Hamilton (author)">Nigel Hamilton</a>'s Life of Montgomery of Alamein gives an account of the bickering between Montgomery and his land forces chief, French General <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a>, which created splits through the Union headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NATO">NATO</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: NATO">edit</a>]</div> On the creation of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a> in 1951, Montgomery became Eisenhower's deputy.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> He would continue to serve under Eisenhower's successors, Generals <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gruenther" title="Alfred Gruenther">Al Gruenther</a>, until his retirement, aged nearly 71, in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Personal">edit</a>]</div> Montgomery was created 1st <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" title="Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Viscount Montgomery of Alamein</a> in <a href="/wiki/1946_New_Year_Honours" title="1946 New Year Honours">1946</a>.<a href="#cite_note-viscount-242">[242]</a> Montgomery's mother, Maude Montgomery, died in 1949. Montgomery did not attend the funeral, claiming he was "too busy".<a href="#cite_note-odnb-101">[101]</a> Montgomery was an Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Winkle_Club" title="Winkle Club">Winkle Club</a>, a charity in <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>, East Sussex, and introduced Winston Churchill to the club in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> He was chairman of the governing body of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_School,_Leatherhead" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's School, Leatherhead">St. John's School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a>, Surrey, from 1951 to 1966, and a generous supporter.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> He was also President of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C." title="Portsmouth F.C.">Portsmouth Football Club</a> between 1944 and 1961.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In the mid-1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a> published sets of photographs taken by Montgomery while flying over the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>. In February 1957, views of Mount Toedi taken with a <a href="/wiki/Rolleiflex" title="Rolleiflex">Rolleiflex</a> camera were reproduced.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinions">Opinions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Opinions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Memoirs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monty,_wavvel,_auk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Monty%2C_wavvel%2C_auk.jpg/220px-Monty%2C_wavvel%2C_auk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Monty%2C_wavvel%2C_auk.jpg/330px-Monty%2C_wavvel%2C_auk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Monty%2C_wavvel%2C_auk.jpg/440px-Monty%2C_wavvel%2C_auk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Lord Montgomery as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">CIGS</a> with <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Lord Wavell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Auchinleck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander in Chief Indian Army</a>. Delhi 1946</figcaption></figure> Montgomery's memoirs (1958) criticised many of his wartime comrades in harsh terms, including Eisenhower.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> He was threatened with legal action by Field Marshal Auchinleck for suggesting that Auchinleck had intended to retreat from the Alamein position if attacked again, and had to give a radio broadcast (20 November 1958) expressing his gratitude to Auchinleck for having stabilised the front at the First Battle of Alamein.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The 1960 paperback edition of Montgomery's memoirs contains a publisher's note drawing attention to that broadcast, and stating that although the reader might assume from Montgomery's text that Auchinleck had been planning to retreat "into the Nile Delta or beyond" in the publisher's view it had been Auchinleck's intention to launch an offensive as soon as the Eighth Army was "rested and regrouped".<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Montgomery was stripped of his honorary citizenship of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, and was challenged to a duel by an Italian lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Montgomery mentioned to the American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">John Gunther</a> in April 1944 that (like Alanbrooke) he kept a secret diary. Gunther remarked that it would surely be an essential source for historians. When Montgomery asked whether it would be worth money one day, Gunther suggested "at least $100,000." This was converted into pounds sterling, and he is supposed to have grinned and said "Well, I guess I won't die in the poor house after all."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke2001xxiv-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_opinions">Military opinions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Military opinions">edit</a>]</div> Montgomery twice met Israeli general <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>. After an initial meeting in the early 1950s, Montgomery met Dayan again in the 1960s to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, which Dayan was studying. Montgomery was harshly critical of US strategy in Vietnam, which involved deploying large numbers of combat troops, aggressive bombing attacks, and uprooting entire village populations and forcing them into <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">strategic hamlets</a>. Montgomery said that the Americans' most important problem was that they had no clear objective, and allowed local commanders to set military policy. At the end of their meeting, Montgomery asked Dayan to tell the Americans, in his name, that they were "insane".<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> During a visit to the Alamein battlefields in May 1967, he bluntly told high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a> officers that they would lose any war with Israel, a warning that was shown to be justified only a few weeks later in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_opinions">Social opinions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Social opinions">edit</a>]</div> In retirement, Montgomery publicly supported <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> after a visit to South Africa in 1962, and after a visit to China declared himself impressed by the Chinese leadership led by Chairman <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Tse-tung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> He spoke out against the legalisation of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">Sexual Offences Act 1967</a> was a "charter for buggery"<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> and that "this sort of thing may be tolerated by the French, but we're British—thank God".<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Montgomery was a non-smoking <a href="/wiki/Teetotaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Teetotaller">teetotaller</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg/110px-BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg/165px-BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg/220px-BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Montgomery in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, London, by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Nemon" title="Oscar Nemon">Oscar Nemon</a>, unveiled in 1980</figcaption></figure> Montgomery died in 1976 at his home Isington Mill in <a href="/wiki/Isington" title="Isington">Isington</a>, Hampshire, aged 88.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> After a funeral at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor">St George's Chapel, Windsor</a>, his body was buried in Holy Cross churchyard, in <a href="/wiki/Binsted" title="Binsted">Binsted</a>, Hampshire.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-101">[101]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgomery_grave2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Montgomery's grave, Holy Cross churchyard, Binsted"><img alt="Montgomery's grave, Holy Cross churchyard, Binsted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montgomery_grave2.jpg/120px-Montgomery_grave2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montgomery_grave2.jpg/180px-Montgomery_grave2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montgomery_grave2.jpg/240px-Montgomery_grave2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="2725" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Montgomery's grave, Holy Cross churchyard, Binsted</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Warwick,_Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary,_interior_-_1st_Visc_Montgomery_of_Alamein%27s_Garter_Banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Montgomery's Garter banner on display in St Mary's, Warwick"><img alt="Montgomery's Garter banner on display in St Mary's, Warwick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warwick%2C_Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary%2C_interior_-_1st_Visc_Montgomery_of_Alamein%27s_Garter_Banner.jpg/120px-Warwick%2C_Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary%2C_interior_-_1st_Visc_Montgomery_of_Alamein%27s_Garter_Banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warwick%2C_Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary%2C_interior_-_1st_Visc_Montgomery_of_Alamein%27s_Garter_Banner.jpg/180px-Warwick%2C_Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary%2C_interior_-_1st_Visc_Montgomery_of_Alamein%27s_Garter_Banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warwick%2C_Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary%2C_interior_-_1st_Visc_Montgomery_of_Alamein%27s_Garter_Banner.jpg/240px-Warwick%2C_Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary%2C_interior_-_1st_Visc_Montgomery_of_Alamein%27s_Garter_Banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2799" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Montgomery's <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Garter banner</a> on display in <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary,_Warwick" title="Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick">St Mary's, Warwick</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_de_Bernard_Montgomery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in Montgomery Square, Brussels"><img alt="Statue of Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in Montgomery Square, Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Statue_de_Bernard_Montgomery.jpg/120px-Statue_de_Bernard_Montgomery.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Statue_de_Bernard_Montgomery.jpg/180px-Statue_de_Bernard_Montgomery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Statue_de_Bernard_Montgomery.jpg/240px-Statue_de_Bernard_Montgomery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in Montgomery Square, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>His <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Garter banner</a>, which had hung in St. George's Chapel in Windsor during his lifetime, is now on display in <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary,_Warwick" title="Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick">St Mary's, Warwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li> <li>Montgomery's portrait by <a href="/wiki/Frank_O._Salisbury" title="Frank O. Salisbury">Frank O. Salisbury</a> (1945) hangs in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></li> <li>A statue of Montgomery by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Nemon" title="Oscar Nemon">Oscar Nemon</a> stands outside the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, alongside those of <a href="/wiki/William_Slim" class="mw-redirect" title="William Slim">Field Marshal Lord Slim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>Montgomery gave his name to the French <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a> <a href="/wiki/Colleville-Montgomery" title="Colleville-Montgomery">Colleville-Montgomery</a> in Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M3_Monty.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M3_Monty.JPG/220px-M3_Monty.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M3_Monty.JPG/330px-M3_Monty.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M3_Monty.JPG/440px-M3_Monty.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Montgomery's Grant command tank, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> holds a variety of material relating to Montgomery in its collections. These include Montgomery's <a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">Grant</a> command tank (on display in the atrium at the museum's London branch), his command caravans as used in North West Europe (on display at IWM Duxford), and his papers are held by the museum's Department of Documents. The museum maintains a permanent exhibition about Montgomery, entitled Monty: Master of the Battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/World_Pipe_Band_Championships" title="World Pipe Band Championships">World Champion</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_Montgomery_Pipe_Band" title="Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band">Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band</a> from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li> <li>Montgomery's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rolls-Royce_motor_cars" title="List of Rolls-Royce motor cars">Rolls-Royce</a> staff car is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps_Museum" title="Royal Logistic Corps Museum">Royal Logistic Corps Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worthy_Down" class="mw-redirect" title="Worthy Down">Worthy Down</a>, Hampshire.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></li> <li>The Montgomery cocktail is a <a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">martini</a> mixed at a ratio of 15 parts gin to 1 part vermouth, and popular with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harry%27s_Bar_(Venice)" title="Harry's Bar (Venice)">Harry's Bar</a> in Venice.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The drink was facetiously named for Montgomery's supposed refusal to go into battle unless his numerical advantage was at least fifteen to one, and it appeared in Hemingway's 1950 novel <a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_into_the_Trees" title="Across the River and into the Trees">Across the River and into the Trees</a>. Ironically, following severe internal injuries received in the First World War, Montgomery himself could neither smoke nor drink.<a href="#cite_note-Lanning-189">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Honours and awards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein,_KG,_GCB,_DSO,_PC,_DL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein%2C_KG%2C_GCB%2C_DSO%2C_PC%2C_DL.png/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein%2C_KG%2C_GCB%2C_DSO%2C_PC%2C_DL.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein%2C_KG%2C_GCB%2C_DSO%2C_PC%2C_DL.png/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein%2C_KG%2C_GCB%2C_DSO%2C_PC%2C_DL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein%2C_KG%2C_GCB%2C_DSO%2C_PC%2C_DL.png/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein%2C_KG%2C_GCB%2C_DSO%2C_PC%2C_DL.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Montgomery: Azure two lions passant guardant between three fleur-de-lis two in chief and one in base and two trefoils in fess all or.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscountcy</a> as <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" title="Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Montgomery of Alamein</a> (UK, January 1946)<a href="#cite_note-viscount-242">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter">Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter</a> (UK, 1946)<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Most_Honourable_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath</a> (UK, 1945)<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> KCB – 11 November 1942,<a href="#cite_note-KCB+Gen-99">[99]</a> CB – 11 July 1940<a href="#cite_note-cb-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Distinguished_Service_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Distinguished Service Order">Companion of the Distinguished Service Order</a> (UK, 1914)<a href="#cite_note-DSO-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">Mentioned in Despatches</a> (UK, 17 February 1915, 4 January 1917, 11 December 1917, 20 May 1918, 20 December 1918, 5 July 1919, 15 July 1939, 24 June 1943,<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> 13 January 1944<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de Guerre 1914-1918</a> (France, 1919)<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur</a> (France, May 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_militaire" title="Médaille militaire">Médaille militaire</a> (France, 9 September 1958)<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a> (US, 1947)<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li> <li>Chief Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (US, 10 August 1943)<a href="#cite_note-LM-102">[102]</a></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Victory" title="Order of Victory">Order of Victory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, 21 June 1945)<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a> (Denmark, 2 August 1945)<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li>Grand Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_George_I" title="Order of George I">Order of George I</a> (Greece, 20 June 1944)<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li>Silver Cross (V Class) of the <a href="/wiki/Virtuti_Militari" title="Virtuti Militari">Virtuti Militari</a> (Poland, 31 October 1944)<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Military Order of the White Lion">Military Order of the White Lion</a> (Czechoslovakia, 1947)<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></li> <li>Grand Cordon of the Seal of Solomon (Ethiopia, 1949)<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li> <li>Grand Officer with Palm of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II" title="Order of Leopold II">Order of Leopold II</a> (Belgium, 1947)<a href="#cite_note-lg37853-285">[285]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Cross_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="War Cross (Belgium)">Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm</a> (Belgium)<a href="#cite_note-lg37853-285">[285]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a> (Netherlands, 16 January 1947)<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_St._Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav">Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav</a> (Norway) (1951)<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ribbons of the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein <a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/109px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/164px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/218px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon.svg/107px-Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon.svg/161px-Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon.svg/214px-Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="215" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_1914_Star_%26_Rosette.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ribbon_-_1914_Star_%26_Rosette.png/99px-Ribbon_-_1914_Star_%26_Rosette.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ribbon_-_1914_Star_%26_Rosette.png/149px-Ribbon_-_1914_Star_%26_Rosette.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/159px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/212px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/106px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/159px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/212px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Clifton_James" title="M. E. Clifton James">M. E. Clifton James</a> (Montgomery's double during the World War II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Banwell" title="Tex Banwell">Tex Banwell</a> (another double)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_military_diaspora" title="Irish military diaspora">Irish military diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_Army_Africa" title="Panzer Army Africa">Panzer Army Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Was_Monty%27s_Double_(film)" title="I Was Monty's Double (film)">I Was Monty's Double</a>, 1958 film adapted from the autobiography of M. E. Clifton James</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2007" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJoaugn2h8C">World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7477-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-7477-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Military+Leaders%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7477-8&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSJoaugn2h8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette40729" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40729/supplement/1504">"No. 40729"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 9 March 1956. p. 1504.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+40729&rft.pages=1504&rft.date=1956-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F40729%2Fsupplement%2F1504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37983" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37983/supplement/2663">"No. 37983"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 10 June 1947. p. 2663.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37983&rft.pages=2663&rft.date=1947-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37983%2Fsupplement%2F2663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette41182" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41182/supplement/5545">"No. 41182"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 20 September 1957. p. 5545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+41182&rft.pages=5545&rft.date=1957-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F41182%2Fsupplement%2F5545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37589" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37589/supplement/2665">"No. 37589"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 31 May 1946. p. 2665.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37589&rft.pages=2665&rft.date=1946-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37589%2Fsupplement%2F2665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette42240" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42240/supplement/24">"No. 42240"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 30 December 1960. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+42240&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1960-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F42240%2Fsupplement%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37826" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37826/supplement/6236">"No. 37826"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 20 December 1946. p. 6236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37826&rft.pages=6236&rft.date=1946-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37826%2Fsupplement%2F6236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette43160" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43160/supplement/9424">"No. 43160"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 15 November 1963. p. 9424.</cite><span 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text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28992/page/10188">"No. 28992"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 1 December 1914. p. 10188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+28992&rft.pages=10188&rft.date=1914-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F28992%2Fpage%2F10188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29080" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29080/page/1833">"No. 29080"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 23 February 1915. p. 1833.</cite><span 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href="#cite_ref-heath214_32-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeathcote1999">Heathcote 1999</a>, p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29958" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29958/page/1879">"No. 29958"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 23 February 1917. p. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29958&rft.pages=1879&rft.date=1917-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29958%2Fpage%2F1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30716/supplement/6456">"No. 30716"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 31 May 1918. p. 6456.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30716&rft.pages=6456&rft.date=1918-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30716%2Fsupplement%2F6456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30884" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30884/supplement/10505">"No. 30884"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 3 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href="https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2022/0505/1296130-1922-macroom-castle-monty-british-army-ira/">"The story behind Monty's Macroom Castle standoff with the IRA"</a> – via www.rte.ie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+story+behind+Monty%27s+Macroom+Castle+standoff+with+the+IRA&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft.aulast=Bielenberg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Borgonovo%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fbrainstorm%2F2022%2F0505%2F1296130-1922-macroom-castle-monty-british-army-ira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33083" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33083/page/5972">"No. 33083"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 11 September 1925. p. 5972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33083&rft.pages=5972&rft.date=1925-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33083%2Fpage%2F5972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33128" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33128/page/691">"No. 33128"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 29 January 1926. p. 691.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33128&rft.pages=691&rft.date=1926-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33128%2Fpage%2F691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1981">Hamilton 1981</a>, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1981">Hamilton 1981</a>, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1981">Hamilton 1981</a>, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1981">Hamilton 1981</a>, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1981">Hamilton 1981</a>, p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> A staff post, normally held by a major, although the account does not give his specific rank at the time </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1984">Hamilton 1984</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1984">Hamilton 1984</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1984">Hamilton 1984</a>, p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33460" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33460/page/617">"No. 33460"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 25 January 1929. p. 617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33460&rft.pages=617&rft.date=1929-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33460%2Fpage%2F617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33681" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33681/page/378">"No. 33681"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 16 January 1931. p. 378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33681&rft.pages=378&rft.date=1931-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33681%2Fpage%2F378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34067" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34067/page/4340">"No. 34067"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 6 July 1934. p. 4340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34067&rft.pages=4340&rft.date=1934-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34067%2Fpage%2F4340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34075" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34075/page/4975">"No. 34075"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 3 August 1934. p. 4975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34075&rft.pages=4975&rft.date=1934-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34075%2Fpage%2F4975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34426" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34426/page/5181">"No. 34426"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 13 August 1937. p. 5181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34426&rft.pages=5181&rft.date=1937-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34426%2Fpage%2F5181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34426" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34426/page/5178">"No. 34426"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 13 August 1937. p. 5178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34426&rft.pages=5178&rft.date=1937-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34426%2Fpage%2F5178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34566" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34566/page/6814">"No. 34566"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 1 November 1938. p. 6814.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34566&rft.pages=6814&rft.date=1938-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34566%2Fpage%2F6814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34566" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34566/page/6815">"No. 34566"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 1 November 1938. p. 6815.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34566&rft.pages=6815&rft.date=1938-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34566%2Fpage%2F6815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2011" class="citation book cs1">Barr, James (2011). A Line in the Sand. Simon & Schuster. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84737-453-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84737-453-0"><bdi>978-1-84737-453-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Line+in+the+Sand&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84737-453-0&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeathcote1999">Heathcote 1999</a>, p. 218, </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke200118,_19-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke200118,_19_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlanbrooke2001">Alanbrooke 2001</a>, pp. 18, 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201539-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead201539_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead201539_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead201539_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMead2015">Mead 2015</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead201539−40-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead201539−40_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead201539−40_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMead2015">Mead 2015</a>, p. 39−40. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1990" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Brian (1990). Britain, France, and Belgium, 1939–1940. 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Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1966. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004c">Playfair et al. 2004c</a>, pp. 367–369 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Churchill, p. 420. According to J. 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CMH Pub. 7-1 – via Hyperwar Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XX.+Winter+Counteroffensives&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Command&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II.+European+Theater+of+Operations&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Pogue&rft.aufirst=Forrest+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-E-Supreme%2FUSA-E-Supreme-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019073942/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/worldwarii.cfm">"The RAF in WWII"</a>. The Royal Air Force. 7 May 1945. 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Dept. of the Army – Office of Military History; 1947; p. 439 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426074853/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Last/USA-E-Last-11.html">"HyperWar: The Last Offensive [Chapter 11]"</a>. www.ibiblio.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Last/USA-E-Last-11.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=HyperWar%3A+The+Last+Offensive+%5BChapter+11%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-E-Last%2FUSA-E-Last-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606183843/http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/the-u-s-ninth-armys-breakout-crossing-the-roer-and-the-rhine/">"The U.S. Ninth Army's Breakout: Crossing the Roer and the Rhine"</a>. Warfare History Network. 30 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/the-u-s-ninth-armys-breakout-crossing-the-roer-and-the-rhine/">the original</a> on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Ninth+Army%27s+Breakout%3A+Crossing+the+Roer+and+the+Rhine&rft.pub=Warfare+History+Network&rft.date=2018-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Fdaily%2Fwwii%2Fthe-u-s-ninth-armys-breakout-crossing-the-roer-and-the-rhine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militarymaps.narod.ru/eur_oper_e.html#may45">"Second World War Military Situation Maps 1944–1945"</a>. 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The Fall of Berlin 1945 (2007 ed.). London: Penguin. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-90302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-90302-6"><bdi>978-0-141-90302-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Berlin+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-141-90302-6&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlanbrooke2001">Alanbrooke 2001</a>, p. 720 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnright2001" class="citation book cs1">Enright, Dominique (2001). 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Retrieved 10 April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231325/https://www.stjohnsleatherhead.co.uk/history">"History"</a>. St. John's School, Leatherhead. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stjohnsleatherhead.co.uk/history">the original</a> on 28 November 2020. 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Retrieved 6 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompey+mentioned+in+Monty%27s+despatches+%E2%80%93+The+News&rft.pub=Portsmouth.co.uk&rft.date=2004-06-15&rft.au=Hello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpompey-mentioned-in-monty-s-despatches-1-1261833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Field Marshall reconnoitres Switzerland's No-Man's-Land once again: some striking aerial views of Mount Toedi taken by Lord Montgomery". Illustrated London News. 23 February 1957. pp. 298–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=The+Field+Marshall+reconnoitres+Switzerland%27s+No-Man%27s-Land+once+again%3A+some+striking+aerial+views+of+Mount+Toedi+taken+by+Lord+Montgomery.&rft.pages=298-9&rft.date=1957-02-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Montgomery memoirs, p. 317 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1999">Baxter 1999</a>, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontgomery1960">Montgomery 1960</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Per La Repubblica (22 February 1992), the duel challenge actually came from Vincenzo Caputo, a Sicilian lawyer. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke2001xxiv-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlanbrooke2001xxiv_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlanbrooke2001">Alanbrooke 2001</a>, p. xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/moshe-dayan-sounds-the-alarm-in-vietnam-3.htm">"Moshe Dayan Sounds the Alarm in Vietnam"</a>. 15 September 2011. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+39282&rft.pages=3753&rft.date=1951-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F39282%2Fpage%2F3753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadsey1990" class="citation book cs1">Badsey, Stephen (1990). Normandy 1944 Allied Landings and Breakout. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-921-0"><bdi>978-0-85045-921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+1944+Allied+Landings+and+Breakout&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-921-0&rft.aulast=Badsey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1999" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, Colin (1999). Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887–1976: A Selected Bibliography. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29119-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29119-7"><bdi>978-0-313-29119-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+Bernard+Law+Montgomery%2C+1887%E2%80%931976%3A+A+Selected+Bibliography&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29119-7&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernage2000" class="citation book cs1">Bernage, Georges (2000). The Panzers and the Battle of Normandy, June 5th–July 20th, 1944. Editions Heimdal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84048-135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84048-135-5"><bdi>978-2-84048-135-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panzers+and+the+Battle+of+Normandy%2C+June+5th%E2%80%93July+20th%2C+1944&rft.pub=Editions+Heimdal&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-84048-135-5&rft.aulast=Bernage&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiermanSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). Alamein: War Without Hate. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91109-7"><bdi>978-0-670-91109-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alamein%3A+War+Without+Hate&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-670-91109-7&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smith%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">Buckley, J.</a> (2014) [2013]. Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe (pbk. ed.). London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20534-3"><bdi>978-0-300-20534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty%27s+Men%3A+The+British+Army+and+the+Liberation+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=pbk.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20534-3&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrereton2011" class="citation book cs1">Brereton, Lewis (2011). The Brereton Diaries: The War in the Air in the Pacific, Middle East and Europe, 3 October 1941 – 8 May 1945. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-20290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-20290-3"><bdi>978-1-258-20290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brereton+Diaries%3A+The+War+in+the+Air+in+the+Pacific%2C+Middle+East+and+Europe%2C+3+October+1941+%E2%80%93+8+May+1945&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-258-20290-3&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrighton,_Terry2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Brighton" title="Terry Brighton">Brighton, Terry</a> (2009). Masters of Battle: Monty, Patton and Rommel at War. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102985-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102985-6"><bdi>978-0-14-102985-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Battle%3A+Monty%2C+Patton+and+Rommel+at+War&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102985-6&rft.au=Brighton%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBungay2002" class="citation book cs1">Bungay, Stephen (2002). Alamein. Auram. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-929-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-929-3"><bdi>978-1-85410-929-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alamein&rft.pub=Auram&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85410-929-3&rft.aulast=Bungay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaddick-Adams2012" class="citation book cs1">Caddick-Adams, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/montyrommelparal0000cadd">Monty and Rommel: Parallel Lives</a>. London: Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84809-152-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84809-152-8"><bdi>978-1-84809-152-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+and+Rommel%3A+Parallel+Lives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84809-152-8&rft.aulast=Caddick-Adams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmontyrommelparal0000cadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaddick-Adams2015" class="citation book cs1">Caddick-Adams, P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hD7KBQAAQBAJ">Snow & Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944–45</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933514-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933514-5"><bdi>978-0-19-933514-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snow+%26+Steel%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Bulge%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933514-5&rft.aulast=Caddick-Adams&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhD7KBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarafano2008" class="citation book cs1">Carafano, James Joy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeW3DAAAQBAJ&q=montgomery&pg=PA95">After D-Day: Operation Cobra and the Normandy Breakout</a>. Stackpole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3487-5"><bdi>978-0-8117-3487-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+D-Day%3A+Operation+Cobra+and+the+Normandy+Breakout&rft.pub=Stackpole&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3487-5&rft.aulast=Carafano&rft.aufirst=James+Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeW3DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmontgomery%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalfont1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alun_Gwynne_Jones,_Baron_Chalfont" title="Alun Gwynne Jones, Baron Chalfont">Chalfont, Alun</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/montgomeryofalam00chal/">Montgomery of Alamein</a>. Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-10744-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-10744-7"><bdi>0-689-10744-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montgomery+of+Alamein&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-689-10744-7&rft.aulast=Chalfont&rft.aufirst=Alun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmontgomeryofalam00chal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp1981" class="citation journal cs1">Copp, Terry (Fall 1981). "'No Lack of Rational Speed': First Canadian Army Operations, September 1944". Journal of Canadian Studies. 16 (3–4): 145–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fjcs.16.3-4.145">10.3138/jcs.16.3-4.145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151600903">151600903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27No+Lack+of+Rational+Speed%27%3A+First+Canadian+Army+Operations%2C+September+1944&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=145-155&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fjcs.16.3-4.145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151600903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp2004" class="citation book cs1">Copp, Terry (2004). Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Fire%3A+The+Canadians+in+Normandy&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp2006" class="citation book cs1">Copp, J.T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIr0mfiTqJ8C">Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944-1945</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3925-5"><bdi>978-0-8020-3925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinderella+Army%3A+The+Canadians+in+Northwest+Europe%2C+1944-1945&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3925-5&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIr0mfiTqJ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppVogel1983" class="citation book cs1">Copp, Terry; Vogel, Robert (1983). Maple Leaf Route: Caen. Alma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919907-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919907-01-0"><bdi>978-0-919907-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maple+Leaf+Route%3A+Caen&rft.pub=Alma&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-919907-01-0&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppVogel1984" class="citation book cs1">Copp, Terry; Vogel, Robert (1984). Maple Leaf Route: Antwerp. Alma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919907-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919907-03-4"><bdi>978-0-919907-03-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maple+Leaf+Route%3A+Antwerp&rft.pub=Alma&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-919907-03-4&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppVogel1985" class="citation book cs1">Copp, Terry; Vogel, Robert (1985). Maple Leaf Route: Scheldt. Alma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919907-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919907-04-1"><bdi>978-0-919907-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maple+Leaf+Route%3A+Scheldt&rft.pub=Alma&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-919907-04-1&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2010" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Gordon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarmi0000corr">The Second World War: A Military History</a>. Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-894-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-894-2"><bdi>978-1-84354-894-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+A+Military+History&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84354-894-2&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwarmi0000corr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Barnett, Correlli</a> (1960). The Desert Generals. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35280-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35280-7"><bdi>978-0-304-35280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desert+Generals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35280-7&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Correlli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Este1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D'Este">D'Este, Carlo</a> (1983). Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: William Collins Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217056-7"><bdi>978-0-00-217056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+in+Normandy%3A+The+Unwritten+Story+of+Montgomery+and+the+Allied+Campaign&rft.pub=London%3A+William+Collins+Sons&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-00-217056-7&rft.aulast=D%27Este&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1986). The Second World War, Volume 4: The Hinge of Fate. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-144175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-144175-7"><bdi>978-0-14-144175-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%2C+Volume+4%3A+The+Hinge+of+Fate&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-14-144175-7&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Guingand1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Freddie_de_Guingand" title="Freddie de Guingand">de Guingand, Francis</a> (1947). Operation Victory. London: Hodder and Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=de+Guingand&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaforce2004" class="citation book cs1">Delaforce, Patrick (2004). The Battle of the Bulge – Hitler's Final Gamble.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Bulge+%E2%80%93+Hitler%27s+Final+Gamble&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Delaforce&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1976" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Norman (1976). <a href="/wiki/On_the_Psychology_of_Military_Incompetence" title="On the Psychology of Military Incompetence">On the Psychology of Military Incompetence</a>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5889-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5889-8"><bdi>978-0-7126-5889-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Psychology+of+Military+Incompetence&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-5889-8&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Doherty" title="Richard Doherty">Doherty, Richard</a> (2004). Ireland's Generals in the Second World War. Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851828654" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851828654"><bdi>978-1851828654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+Generals+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1851828654&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2014" class="citation book cs1">English, John (2014). Surrender Invites Death: Fighting the Waffen SS in Normandy. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0763-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0763-3"><bdi>978-0-8117-0763-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrender+Invites+Death%3A+Fighting+the+Waffen+SS+in+Normandy&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0763-3&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmannMas2014" class="citation book cs1">Feldmann, Daniel; Mas, Cédric (2014). Montgomery. Paris: éditions Economica (in French). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-717-86699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-717-86699-5"><bdi>978-2-717-86699-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montgomery&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Economica+%28in+French%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-717-86699-5&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Mas%2C+C%C3%A9dric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1988" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, David (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andweshallshockt0000fras_f2v8">And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in World War II</a>. Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-42637-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-42637-1"><bdi>978-0-340-42637-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+We+Shall+Shock+Them%3A+The+British+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-340-42637-1&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandweshallshockt0000fras_f2v8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1894" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton,_1st_Viscount_Sumner" title="John Hamilton, 1st Viscount Sumner">Hamilton, J. A.</a> (1894). "Montgomery, Robert (1809–1887)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati38stepuoft/page/322">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. XXXVIII. New York: MacMillan and Co. pp. 323–324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montgomery%2C+Robert+%281809%E2%80%931887%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=323-324&rft.pub=MacMillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofnati38stepuoft%2Fpage%2F322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrman2016" class="citation book cs1">Lehrman, Lewis (2016). Churchill, Roosevelt & Company: Studies in Character and Statecraft. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1898-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1898-1"><bdi>978-0-8117-1898-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%2C+Roosevelt+%26+Company%3A+Studies+in+Character+and+Statecraft&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-1898-1&rft.aulast=Lehrman&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hamilton_(author)" title="Nigel Hamilton (author)">Hamilton, Nigel</a> (2001). The Full Monty: Montgomery of Alamein 1887–1942. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9334-9"><bdi>978-0-7139-9334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Full+Monty%3A+Montgomery+of+Alamein+1887%E2%80%931942&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9334-9&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1981" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Nigel (1981). Monty: The Making of a General. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10583-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10583-2"><bdi>978-0-241-10583-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty%3A+The+Making+of+a+General&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-241-10583-2&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1984" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Nigel (1984). Monty: Master of the Battlefield. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11104-8"><bdi>978-0-241-11104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty%3A+Master+of+the+Battlefield&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton+Ltd&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-241-11104-8&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1986" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Nigel (1986). Monty: The Field-Marshal 1944–1976. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11838-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11838-2"><bdi>978-0-241-11838-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty%3A+The+Field-Marshal+1944%E2%80%931976&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton+Ltd&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-241-11838-2&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2002" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Nigel (2002). The Full Monty: Montgomery of Alamein, 1887–1942 v. 1. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028375-4"><bdi>978-0-14-028375-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Full+Monty%3A+Montgomery+of+Alamein%2C+1887%E2%80%931942+v.+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028375-4&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2004" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mark (2004). Medicine and Victory: British Military Medicine in the Second World War. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926859-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+and+Victory%3A+British+Military+Medicine+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926859-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2007" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Stephen (2007). Colossal Cracks: Montgomery's 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe, 1944–45. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3383-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-3383-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossal+Cracks%3A+Montgomery%27s+21st+Army+Group+in+Northwest+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3383-0&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings,_Max2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armageddonbattle00hast_0">Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945</a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41433-6"><bdi>978-0-375-41433-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon%3A+The+Battle+for+Germany%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41433-6&rft.au=Hastings%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmageddonbattle00hast_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcote1999" class="citation book cs1">Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-696-7"><bdi>978-0-85052-696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Field+Marshals+1736%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-696-7&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Jonathan W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brothersrivalsvi0000jord">Brothers Rivals Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe</a>. NAL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23212-0"><bdi>978-0-451-23212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers+Rivals+Victors%3A+Eisenhower%2C+Patton%2C+Bradley%2C+and+the+Partnership+That+Drove+the+Allied+Conquest+in+Europe&rft.pub=NAL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-451-23212-0&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrothersrivalsvi0000jord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1994" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1994). Six Armies in Normandy. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023542-5"><bdi>978-0-14-023542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Armies+in+Normandy&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-023542-5&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattimer2002" class="citation book cs1">Lattimer, Jon (2002). Alamein. John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01376-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01376-6"><bdi>978-0-674-01376-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alamein&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01376-6&rft.aulast=Lattimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKee1984" class="citation book cs1">McKee, Alexander (1984). Caen: Anvil of Victory. Papermac. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-38313-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-38313-1"><bdi>978-0-333-38313-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caen%3A+Anvil+of+Victory&rft.pub=Papermac&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-333-38313-1&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2007" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud, UK: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0"><bdi>978-1-86227-431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Lions%3A+A+biographical+guide+to+the+key+British+generals+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-431-0&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2015" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Richard (2015). The Men Behind Monty. Barnsley, Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47382-716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47382-716-5"><bdi>978-1-47382-716-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922926980">922926980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+Behind+Monty&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922926980&rft.isbn=978-1-47382-716-5&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1933" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Maud (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/england/hhmontgomery1933/">Bishop Montgomery: A Memoir</a>. London: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bishop+Montgomery%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Propagation+of+the+Gospel&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Maud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fengland%2Fhhmontgomery1933%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorehead1973" class="citation book cs1">Moorehead, Alan (1973). Montgomery. London: White Lion Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85617-357-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85617-357-8"><bdi>978-0-85617-357-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montgomery&rft.place=London&rft.pub=White+Lion+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-85617-357-8&rft.aulast=Moorehead&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelock2015" class="citation book cs1">Morelock, Jerry D (2015). Generals of the Bulge: Leadership in the U.S. Army's Greatest Battle. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811761758" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811761758"><bdi>978-0811761758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+of+the+Bulge%3A+Leadership+in+the+U.S.+Army%27s+Greatest+Battle&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0811761758&rft.aulast=Morelock&rft.aufirst=Jerry+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2005" class="citation book cs1">Neillands, Robin (2005). The Battle for the Rhine 1944. Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-028-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-028-5"><bdi>978-1-59020-028-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+the+Rhine+1944&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59020-028-5&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004c" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.</a>; Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004c) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>:1960]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, Sir James</a> (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol. III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-067-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-067-2"><bdi>978-1-84574-067-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%2C+Vol.+III%3A+British+Fortunes+reach+their+Lowest+Ebb+%28September+1941+to+September+1942%29&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+UK&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-067-2&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Major-General+I.S.O.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Captain+F.C.+%28R.N.%29&rft.au=Molony%2C+Brigadier+C.J.C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+Group+Captain+T.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004d" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.</a>; Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004d) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>:1966]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, Sir James</a> (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-068-9"><bdi>978-1-84574-068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%2C+Volume+IV%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Axis+Forces+in+Africa&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+UK&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-068-9&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Major-General+I.S.O.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Captain+F.C.+%28R.N.%29&rft.au=Molony%2C+Brigadier+C.J.C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+Group+Captain+T.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1992" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Stephen (July 1992). The Battle of Normandy: The Lingering Controversy. Vol. 56. The Journal of Military History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Normandy%3A+The+Lingering+Controversy&rft.pub=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.date=1992-07&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1974" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Cornelius (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgetoofar00ryan_0">A Bridge Too Far</a>. Hodder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80330-2"><bdi>978-0-684-80330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bridge+Too+Far&rft.pub=Hodder&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80330-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbridgetoofar00ryan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz1998" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, James (1998). A framework for military decision making under risks. Thesis. Air University, Maxwell Airforce Base, Alabama.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+framework+for+military+decision+making+under+risks.+Thesis&rft.pub=Air+University%2C+Maxwell+Airforce+Base%2C+Alabama&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer2003" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William L. (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</a>. Gallery Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-7404-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-7404-2"><bdi>978-0-8317-7404-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Gallery+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8317-7404-2&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1970" class="citation book cs1">Speer, Albert (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Inside_the_Third_Reich_Albert_Speer/Inside_the_Third_Reich_Albert_Speer_djvu.txt">Inside the Third Reich</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-299-61013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-299-61013-2"><bdi>978-1-299-61013-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1-299-61013-2&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FInside_the_Third_Reich_Albert_Speer%2FInside_the_Third_Reich_Albert_Speer_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2005" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalstenbriti0000urba">Generals Ten British Commanders Who Shaped The World</a>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23249-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23249-9"><bdi>978-0-571-23249-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+Ten+British+Commanders+Who+Shaped+The+World&rft.pub=London%3A+Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-571-23249-9&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralstenbriti0000urba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard (2004). A World in Arms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7"><bdi>978-0-521-61826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+in+Arms&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61826-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlanbrooke2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord</a> (2001). Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel (eds.). War Diaries 1939–1945. London: Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-526-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-526-7"><bdi>978-1-84212-526-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Diaries+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-526-7&rft.aulast=Alanbrooke&rft.aufirst=Field+Marshal+Lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett-James1984" class="citation book cs1">Brett-James, Anthony (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000bret">Conversations with Montgomery</a>. Irwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0531-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0531-4"><bdi>978-0-7183-0531-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Montgomery&rft.pub=Irwin&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7183-0531-4&rft.aulast=Brett-James&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconversationswit0000bret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower, Dwight D.</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226615">Crusade in Europe</a>. London: William Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-70768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-70768-1"><bdi>978-0-306-70768-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/219971286">219971286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusade+in+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F219971286&rft.isbn=978-0-306-70768-1&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=Dwight+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.226615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2000" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Bernard Law (2000) [1972]. A Concise History of Warfare. Wordsworth Military Library. Ware, Herts, UK: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-223-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-223-4"><bdi>978-1-84022-223-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Warfare&rft.place=Ware%2C+Herts%2C+UK&rft.series=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-223-4&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1958" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Bernard Law (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsoffieldma000248mbp">The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery</a>. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Field+Marshal+Montgomery&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=The+World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsoffieldma000248mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1960" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Bernard Law (1960). The memoirs of field-marshall the viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K.G. Companion Book Club. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86057670">86057670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+memoirs+of+field-marshall+the+viscount+Montgomery+of+Alamein%2C+K.G&rft.pub=Companion+Book+Club&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86057670&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1961" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Bernard Law (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathtoleadership0000mont">The Path to Leadership</a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8158-128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8158-128-0"><bdi>978-81-8158-128-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/464095648">464095648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Leadership&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F464095648&rft.isbn=978-81-8158-128-0&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathtoleadership0000mont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2008" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Bernard (2008). Brooks, Stephen (ed.). Montgomery and the Battle of Normandy: A Selection from the Diaries, Correspondence and Other Papers of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, January to August 1944. Army Records Society series, 27. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5123-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5123-4"><bdi>978-0-7509-5123-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montgomery+and+the+Battle+of+Normandy%3A+A+Selection+from+the+Diaries%2C+Correspondence+and+Other+Papers+of+Field+Marshal+the+Viscount+Montgomery+of+Alamein%2C+January+to+August+1944&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.series=Army+Records+Society+series%2C+27&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-5123-4&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterling2000" class="citation book cs1">Zetterling, Niklas (2000). Normandy 1944: German Military Organization, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness. Fedorowicz (J.J.), Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921991-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-921991-56-4"><bdi>978-0-921991-56-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+1944%3A+German+Military+Organization%2C+Combat+Power+and+Organizational+Effectiveness&rft.pub=Fedorowicz+%28J.J.%29%2C+Canada&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-921991-56-4&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Montgomery&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" class="extiw" title="commons:Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bernard_Montgomery" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_M02.html#Montgomery_BL">British Army Officers 1939–1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generals.dk/general/Montgomery/Bernard_Law/Great_Britain.html">Generals of World War II</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_142460.htm">"NATO Declassified – Montgomery"</a>. NATO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO+Declassified+%E2%80%93+Montgomery&rft.pub=NATO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Fdeclassified_142460.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Montgomery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105044239/http://www.polishsoldier.nl/chapter-8-the-process-of-polish-rehabilitation-in-2006/">Montgomery and Anglo Polish relations during WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-bernard-montgomery">contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Montgomery.html">Biography of Montgomery</a>, Jewish Virtual Library website. Retrieved 10 April 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desertwar.net/bernard-montgomery.html">Profile</a>, desertwar.net. Retrieved 10 April 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009y0ss">Viscount Montgomery of Alamein</a> interview on BBC Radio 4 <a href="/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs" title="Desert Island Discs">Desert Island Discs</a>, 20 December 1969</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/012452">Newspaper clippings about Bernard Montgomery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Raikes" title="Geoffrey Raikes">Geoffrey Raikes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="9th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">Commander, 9th Infantry Brigade</a> 1937–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Robb_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Robb (British Army officer)">William Robb</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">Division reformed</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">Commander, 8th Infantry Division</a> 1938–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Reade_Godwin-Austen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen">Reade Godwin-Austen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Bernard_(British_Army_officer)" title="Denis Bernard (British Army officer)">Denis Bernard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/3rd_(United_Kingdom)_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd (United Kingdom) Division">GOC, 3rd Infantry Division</a> 1939–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Gammell" title="James Gammell">James Gammell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="II Corps (United Kingdom)">GOC II Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> May–June 1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Osborne" title="Edmund Osborne">Edmund Osborne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Sir Claude Auchinleck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="V Corps (United Kingdom)">GOC, V Corps</a> 1940–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Schreiber" title="Edmond Schreiber">Edmond Schreiber</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorne" title="Andrew Thorne">Andrew Thorne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XII Corps (United Kingdom)">GOC, XII Corps</a> April–November 1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Gammell" title="James Gammell">James Gammell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Paget" title="Bernard Paget">Bernard Paget</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Aldershot_Command" title="Aldershot Command">GOC-in-C, South-Eastern Command</a> 1941–1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Swayne" title="John Swayne">John Swayne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir Claude Auchinleck</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">GOC-in-C, Eighth Army</a> 1942–1943 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leese" title="Oliver Leese">Sir Oliver Leese</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir Bernard Paget</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">GOC-in-C, 21st Army Group</a> 1944–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Post disbanded </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">New command</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">C-in-C British Army of the Rhine</a> 1945–1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_McCreery" title="Richard McCreery">Sir Richard McCreery</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">The Lord Alanbrooke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a> 1946–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">Sir William Slim</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe#Deputy" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Europe</a> 1951–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gale_(British_Army_officer)" title="Richard Gale (British Army officer)">Sir Richard Gale</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New creation </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" title="Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Viscount Montgomery of Alamein</a> 1946–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Montgomery,_2nd_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" title="David Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">David Montgomery</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clement_Thurstan_Tomes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clement Thurstan Tomes (page does not exist)">Clement Thomes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Colonel of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a> 1947–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Macdonald_(British_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Macdonald (British Army officer) (page does not exist)">Ronald Macdonald</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">Duke of Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">Duke of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Earl of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinhardt_Schomberg,_3rd_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg">Duke of Leinster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde" title="James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde">Duke of Ormonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalrymple,_2nd_Earl_of_Stair" title="John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair">Earl of Stair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wade" title="George Wade">George Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">Viscount Ligionier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby" title="John Manners, Marquess of Granby">Marquess of Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Lord Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Henry Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Lord Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dundas_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Dundas (British Army officer)">Sir David Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Viscount Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Viscount Hardinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Viscount Wolseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Earl Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Lyttelton" title="Neville Lyttelton">Sir Neville Lyttelton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson,_1st_Baron_Nicholson" title="William Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson">Sir William Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">Sir John French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._H._Douglas" title="Charles W. H. Douglas">Sir Charles Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe_Murray" title="James Wolfe Murray">Sir James Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Murray" title="Archibald Murray">Sir Archibald Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Robertson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet">Sir William Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Wilson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Lambart,_10th_Earl_of_Cavan" title="Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan">The Earl of Cavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Milne,_1st_Baron_Milne" title="George Milne, 1st Baron Milne">Sir George Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Montgomery-Massingberd" title="Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd">Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Deverell" title="Cyril Deverell">Sir Cyril Deverell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">The Viscount Gort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Sir Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">Sir John Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">Sir William Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harding,_1st_Baron_Harding_of_Petherton" title="John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton">Sir John Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Sir Gerald Templer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Festing" title="Francis Festing">Sir Francis Festing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hull" title="Richard Hull">Sir Richard Hull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chiefs of the General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hull" title="Richard Hull">Sir Richard Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cassels_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Cassels (British Army officer)">Sir James Cassels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Baker_(British_Army_officer)" title="Geoffrey Baker (British Army officer)">Sir Geoffrey Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carver" title="Michael Carver">Sir Michael Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunt_(British_Army_officer)" title="Peter Hunt (British Army officer)">Sir Peter Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Gibbs" title="Roland Gibbs">Sir Roland Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bramall" title="Edwin Bramall">Sir Edwin Bramall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stanier_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Stanier (British Army officer)">Sir John Stanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall" title="Nigel Bagnall">Sir Nigel Bagnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapple_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Chapple (British Army officer)">Sir John Chapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Inge,_Baron_Inge" title="Peter Inge, Baron Inge">Sir Peter Inge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Guthrie,_Baron_Guthrie_of_Craigiebank" title="Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank">Sir Charles Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wheeler_(British_Army_officer)" title="Roger Wheeler (British Army officer)">Sir Roger Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walker,_Baron_Walker_of_Aldringham" title="Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham">Sir Michael Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Mike Jackson (British Army officer)">Sir Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dannatt" title="Richard Dannatt">Sir Richard Dannatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richards,_Baron_Richards_of_Herstmonceux" title="David Richards, Baron Richards of Herstmonceux">Sir David Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wall_(British_Army_officer)" title="Peter Wall (British Army officer)">Sir Peter Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Carter_(British_Army_officer)" title="Nick Carter (British Army officer)">Sir Nick Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carleton-Smith" title="Mark Carleton-Smith">Sir Mark Carleton-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sanders_(British_Army_officer)" title="Patrick Sanders (British Army officer)">Sir Patrick Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Walker" title="Roland Walker">Sir Roland Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Dudley_Pound" title="Dudley Pound">Sir Dudley Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Somerville" title="James Somerville">Sir James Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tovey,_1st_Baron_Tovey" title="John Tovey, 1st Baron Tovey">Sir John Tovey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Field Marshals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Sir Harold Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">Sir John Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">Lord Gort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Sir Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Sir Archibald Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Sir Henry Maitland Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Marshals of the Royal Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellington" title="Edward Ellington">Sir Edward Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Newall,_1st_Baron_Newall" title="Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall">Sir Cyril Newall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152025#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152025#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152025#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk8VBMXT6KY68DYJJ4rMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118583778">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50004022">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127865124">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127865124">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450376">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35670953">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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