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id="toc-Procedure_in_Commonwealth_realms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>State legislatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">Period in which a legislature is convened; subdivision of a legislative term</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about sessions in the context of a legislature. For sessions in other deliberative assemblies, see <a href="/wiki/Meeting_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Meeting (parliamentary procedure)">Meeting (parliamentary procedure)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>legislative session</b> is the period of time in which a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, in both <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential systems</a>, is convened for purpose of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">lawmaking</a>, usually being one of two or more smaller divisions of the entire time between two elections. A session may last for the full term of the legislature or the term may consist of a number of sessions. These may be of fixed duration, such as a year, or may be determined by the party in power. In some countries, a session of the legislature is brought to an end by an official act of <a href="/wiki/Prorogation" title="Prorogation">prorogation</a>, in others by a motion to <a href="/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die" title="Adjournment sine die">adjourn <i>sine die</i></a>. In either event, the close of a session generally brings an end to all unpassed bills in the legislature, which would have to be introduced anew to continue debate in the following session. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_procedure">Common procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2018)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> each session of a parliament would last less than one year, ceasing with a prorogation during which legislators could return to their <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a>. In more recent times, development in transportation technology has permitted these individuals to journey with greater ease and frequency from the legislative capital to their respective <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral districts</a> (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)"><i>ridings</i></a>, electorate, division) for short periods, meaning that parliamentary sessions typically last for more than one year, though the length of sessions varies. Legislatures plan their business within a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_calendar" title="Legislative calendar">legislative calendar</a>, which lays out how <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bills</a> will proceed before a session ceases, although related but unofficial affairs may be conducted by legislators outside a session or during a session on days in which parliament is not meeting. </p><p>While a parliament is prorogued, between two legislative sessions, the legislature is still constituted – i.e. no <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a> takes place and all <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> thus retain their seats. In many legislatures, prorogation causes all orders of the body – bills, <a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">motions</a>, etc. – to be expunged.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prorogations should thus not be confused with recesses, adjournments, or holiday breaks from legislation, after which bills can resume exactly where they left off. In the United Kingdom, however, the practice of terminating all bills upon prorogation has slightly altered; <a href="/wiki/Public_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Public bill">public bills</a> may be re-introduced in the next legislative session, and fast-tracked directly to the stage they reached in the prorogued legislative session. </p><p>A new session will often begin on the same day that the previous session ended. In most cases, when a parliament reconvenes for a new legislative session, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, or a representative thereof, will address the legislature in an <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">opening ceremony</a>. </p><p>In both <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential systems</a>, sessions are referred to by the name of the body and an <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinal number</a> – for example, the <i>2nd Session of the <a href="/wiki/39th_Canadian_Parliament" title="39th Canadian Parliament">39th Canadian Parliament</a></i> or the <i>1st Session of the <a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th United States Congress</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purposes">Purposes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governments today end sessions whenever it is most convenient, but a "good faith exercise of the power" to prorogue parliament does not include preventing it from frustrating the prime minister's agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> conquered the power to decide on its recalling, the MP Modigliani spoke of a <i>coup d'état</i>, if the right to prorogue or close the session was exercised immediately after Parliament had recalled itself.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral campaign">electoral campaign</a>, this break takes place so as to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> from sitting and to purge all upper chamber business before the start of the next legislative session. It is not uncommon for a session of parliament to be put into recess during holidays and then resumed a few weeks later exactly where it left off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure_in_Commonwealth_realms">Procedure in Commonwealth realms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Procedure in Commonwealth realms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg/220px-Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg/330px-Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament of England</a> in session, with <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward I</a> presiding</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, legislative sessions can last from a few weeks to over a year; between general elections; there are usually anywhere from one to six sessions of parliament before a dissolution by either the <a href="/wiki/Queen-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen-in-Council">Crown-in-Council</a> or the expiry of a legally mandated term limit. Each session begins with a <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a>, read to the members of both legislative chambers either by the reigning sovereign or a <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> or other representative. Houses of parliament in some realms will, following this address, introduce a <a href="/wiki/Pro_forma#Legislation" title="Pro forma"><i>pro forma</i> bill</a> as a symbol of the right of parliament to give priority to matters other than the monarch's speech (always written by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> of the day).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">Prorogation in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">prorogation</a> is immediately preceded by a speech to both legislative chambers, with procedures similar to the Throne Speech. The monarch usually approves the oration—which recalls the prior legislative session, noting major bills passed and other functions of the government<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but rarely delivers it in person, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> being the last to do so. Instead, the speech is presented by the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners" title="Lords Commissioners">Lords Commissioners</a> and read by the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> in 1628, after the <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Right" title="Petition of Right">Petition of Right</a>, he gave a prorogation speech that effectively cancelled all future meetings of the legislature, at least until he again required finances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia</a></div> <p>Prior to 1977, it was common for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">federal Parliament</a> to have up to three sessions, with Parliament being prorogued at the end of each session and recalled at the beginning of the next. This was not always the case, for instance the 10th Parliament (1926–1928) went full term without prorogation. The practice of having multiple sessions in the same parliament gradually fell into disuse, and all parliaments from 1978 to 2013 had a single session. (There were only four prorogations since 1961, twice to allow the visiting Queen to "open" Parliament, once after the <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">1967 death</a> of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> and for political reasons in 2016.) Since 1990, it has been the practice for the parliament to be prorogued on the same day that the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament#Parliament_of_Australia" title="Dissolution of parliament">House is dissolved</a> so that the Senate will not be able to sit during the election period.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, on 21 March 2016, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a> announced that the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">44th Parliament</a>, elected in 2013, would be prorogued on 15 April and that a second session would begin on 18 April.<sup id="cite_ref-Karp_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prorogation is now a procedural device, the effect of which is to call the Parliament back on a particular date (especially the Senate, which the government did not control), and to wipe clean all matters before each House, without triggering an election.<sup id="cite_ref-Karp_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">Prorogation in Canada</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> and its provinces, the legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the Speech from the Throne (called the <i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_programme" title="Legislative programme">legislative programme</a></i> in the UK). It remains in recess until the monarch, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">governor general</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">lieutenant governor</a> summons parliamentarians again. Historically, long prorogations allowed legislators to spend part of their year in the capital city and part in their home <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">ridings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this reason has become less important with the advent of rapid transcontinental travel. </p><p>More recently, prorogations have triggered speculation that they were advised by the sitting <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a> for political purposes: for example, in the <a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">40th Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute#Governor_General_prorogues_parliament" title="2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute">the first prorogation</a> occurred in the midst of <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" title="2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute">a parliamentary dispute</a>, in which the opposition parties expressed intent to defeat the minority government, and the <a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament#Second_prorogation" title="40th Canadian Parliament">second</a> was suspected by opposition Members of Parliament to be a way to avoid investigations into <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Afghan_detainee_issue" title="Canadian Afghan detainee issue">the Afghan detainees affair</a> and triggered <a href="/wiki/2010_Canada_anti-prorogation_protests" title="2010 Canada anti-prorogation protests">citizen protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2012, the provincial legislature of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> was prorogued under similar circumstances, allegedly to avoid scrutiny of the provincial Government on a number of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bills are numbered within each session. For example, in the federal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> each session's government bills are numbered from C-2 to C-200, and the numbering returns again to C-2 following a prorogation (<a href="/wiki/Bill_C-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill C-1">Bill C-1</a> is a <i>pro-forma</i> bill). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure_in_the_United_States">Procedure in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Procedure in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Congress">United States Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Procedures of the United States Congress">Procedures of the United States Congress</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> is renewed every two years as required by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">US Constitution</a>, with all members of the House of Representatives up for reelection and one-third of the members of the US Senate up for reelection. (Senators serve a six-year term; House members serve a two-year term). Each Congress sits in two sessions lasting approximately one year. Thus, the 1st session of the 114th Congress commenced on January 3, 2015, and the 2nd session commenced on January 3, 2016, with the same members and no intervening election. All legislative business, however, is cleared at the end of each session. It is common for bills to be reintroduced in the second session that were not passed in the first session, and the restrictions on reconsideration only apply to a single session. </p><p>When the leaders of the majority party in each house have determined that no more business will be conducted by that house during that term of Congress, a motion is introduced to <a href="/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die" title="Adjournment sine die">adjourn <i>sine die</i></a>, effectively dissolving that house. Typically, this is done at some point after the general congressional election in November of even-numbered years. If the party in power is retained, it may happen as early as mid-November and members return to their districts for the holiday season. However, when the party in power is ousted or if important business, such as approval of <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_bill" title="Appropriation bill">appropriation bills</a>, has not been completed, Congress will often meet in a <a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">lame-duck session</a>, adjourning as late as December 31, before the newly elected Congress takes office on January 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_legislatures">State legislatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, most <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislatures</a>, most of which are part-time paid legislatures with a set stipend, meet only part of the year. State constitutions, statutes or legislative rules may set deadlines for adjournment <i>sine die</i> per session or term, depending on whether a state constitution defines entire time allowed for a session as "legislative days" (any day from when either house meets quorum until the speaker gavels the body into adjournment) or "calendar days" (any specific 24-hour day on the Gregorian calendar). Constitutional limits on the length of sessions may lead legislative leaders to change rules or pass statutes which define a day on the legislative calendar, such as extending a calendar day beyond 24 hours or defining what legislative business counts against a maximum number of legislative days. </p><p>Depending upon limitations of the state's constitution, if business arises that must be addressed before the next regular session, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor (U.S.)">governor</a> may call a <a href="/wiki/Special_session" title="Special session">special session</a>. In many states, a special session may be called by petition from two-thirds of both houses. </p><p>The few state legislatures which meet year-round, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="North Carolina General Assembly">North Carolina</a>, are usually full-time paid legislatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> has met, since 1995, in a single ordinary session, which begins on the first working day of October and ends on the last working day of June. The convening of an extraordinary session of the French Parliament can only take place between July and September, and only at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> or the majority of the members of the National Assembly. It is a presidential decree which opens and closes the session(s) of this kind</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Assembly of the Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> sits from September 15 to June 15. The decision on calling a special session falls to the permanent committee of the Assembly, or to the President, but only for specific questions.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> have two ordinary sessions during the year: from September to December, then from February to June. The holding of an extraordinary session takes place at the request of the Permanent Deputation, of the government or the absolute majority of deputies and/or senators.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Parliament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> has three ordinary sessions, of two months each: the first session begins on February 5, the second on June 5, and the third on October 5.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> leaves total freedom to its <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a> to choose the dates of its ordinary session.</li> <li>In Japan, only the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">cabinet</a> can call the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Diet</a> into extraordinary session. However, it is required to do so if a quarter or more of the deputies or councilors so request</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarleauMontpetit" class="citation web cs1">Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208120658/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch08&Seq=7&Lang=E">"House of Commons Procedure and Practice > 8. The Parliamentary Cycle"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch08&Seq=7&Lang=E">the original</a> on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Procedure+and+Practice+%3E+8.+The+Parliamentary+Cycle&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.aulast=Marleau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Montpetit%2C+Camille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2FMarleauMontpetit%2FDocumentViewer.aspx%3FSec%3DCh08%26Seq%3D7%26Lang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegislative+session" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam Fowles, <i>Proroguing parliament: what does it mean and can it be used to push through Brexit?</i>, The Week, 5 luglio 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even then closing the session had the effect not only of suspending, but of ending all pending matters, cancelling all work not completed; stopping all the offices including the Presidency. If a member of the opposition had succeeded in passing a proposal contrary to the Government views, or a project dissatisfied a part of the majority, the Cabinet should only close the session and the Ministry was removed from all embarrassment. For this reason, the Parliamentary power to recall itself was the frontier between the democratic evolution of the form of government and the Fascist reaction: <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Domenico Argondizzo, <a href="/wiki/Felice_Besostri" title="Felice Besostri">Felice Besostri</a>, Giampiero Buonomo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giurcost.org/studi/argondizzobesostribuonomo.pdf"><i>Su alcune ragioni dell’evoluzione costituzionale nei Parlamenti operanti per sessioni</i>, Consulta online, 2019, fasc. III, p. 427-438</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004121312/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/stateopening.cfm">"About > How Parliament works > Parliamentary occasions > State Opening of Parliament"</a>. Queen's Printer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/stateopening.cfm">the original</a> on 4 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Queen's Printer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%3E+How+Parliament+works+%3E+Parliamentary+occasions+%3E+Prorogation&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.au=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Foccasions%2Fprorogation.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegislative+session" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chronology of Parliaments". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice6/Practice6HTML?file=appendix15"><i>House of Representatives Practice</i></a> (6th ed.). 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Helium Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Prorogation%3F&rft.pub=Helium+Inc.&rft.date=2010-10-17&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldissues360.com%2Findex.php%2Fwhat-is-prorogation-9838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegislative+session" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/thousands-protest-parliament-s-suspension-1.866970">"Thousands protest Parliament's suspension"</a>. CBC. 23 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Post. 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dalton+McGuinty%27s+prorogation+of+Ontario+parliament+normal+but+%27cynical%27&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F10%2F16%2Fdalton-mcguintys-prorogation-of-ontario-parliament-normal-but-cynical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegislative+session" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_session&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prorogue" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:prorogue">prorogue</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Canadian_Parliament_suspended_until_late_January_2009" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Canadian Parliament suspended until late January 2009"> Canadian Parliament suspended until late January 2009</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7755478.stm">Video of Prorogation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203193712/http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_d_prorogationparliament-e.htm">Canada. House of Commons. 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