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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phases of the theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phases_of_the_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phases of the theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phases_of_the_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Womanist_(1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Womanist_(1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Womanist (1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Womanist_(1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Womanism_(1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Womanism_(1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Womanism (1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Womanism_(1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africana_womanism_(1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africana_womanism_(1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Africana womanism (1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africana_womanism_(1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Black feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africana_womanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africana_womanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Africana womanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africana_womanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Womanist_identifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Womanist_identifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Womanist identifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Womanist_identifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Womanist identifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Womanist_identifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literature and activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality_and_womanist_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality_and_womanist_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spirituality and womanist theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality_and_womanist_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Critiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanismo" title="Womanismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Womanismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maouezouriezh" title="Maouezouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maouezouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Γυναικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυναικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujerismo" title="Mujerismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mujerismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Womanism" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullerismo" title="Mullerismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mullerismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ah%E1%BB%A5nanya_%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5_nwany%E1%BB%8B" title="Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanisme" title="Womanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Womanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="וומניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וומניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Воманизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воманизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="خاتونیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خاتونیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulherismo" title="Mulherismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mulherismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вуманизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вуманизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ويمنزم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويمنزم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenizam" title="Ženizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ženizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intersectional feminist movement</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Unity%22_-_NARA_-_558865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white drawing of women of African-American descent holding a large pot together above their heads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%22Unity%22_-_NARA_-_558865.jpg/220px-%22Unity%22_-_NARA_-_558865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%22Unity%22_-_NARA_-_558865.jpg/330px-%22Unity%22_-_NARA_-_558865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%22Unity%22_-_NARA_-_558865.jpg/440px-%22Unity%22_-_NARA_-_558865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of black female unity as a core value of womanism</figcaption></figure><p><b>Womanism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> movement, primarily championed by <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminists</a>, originating in the work of African American author <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> in her 1983 book <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Our_Mothers%27_Gardens" title="In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens">In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens</a></i>. Walker coined the term "womanist" in the short story "Coming Apart" in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx–xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx–xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her initial use of the term evolved to envelop a spectrum of issues and perspectives facing black women and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walker defined "womanism" as embracing the courage, audacity, and self-assured demeanor of Black women, alongside their love for other women, themselves, and all of humanity. Since its inception by Walker, womanism has expanded to encompass various domains, giving rise to concepts such as Africana womanism and <a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a> or spirituality. </p><p>Womanism can be applied as a <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a> based on the history and everyday experiences of <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">Black women</a>. According to womanist scholar Layli Maparyan (Phillips), womanist theory seeks to "restore the balance between people and the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environment</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and reconcil[e] human life with the spiritual dimension."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx–xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx–xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Womanist theory, while diverse, holds at its core that mainstream feminism is a movement led by white women to serve white women's goals and can often be indifferent to, or even in opposition to, the needs of Black women. Feminism does not inherently render white women non-racist, while womanism places anti-racism at its core. Both the empowerment of women and the upholding of Black cultural values are seen as important to Black women's existence. In this view, the very definition of "the feminine" and "femininity" must be re-examined and contextualized.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a> shares this concern with the more recently coined term, <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a>, the two concepts differ in the valuation they place on intersectionality within their respective theoretical frameworks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Womanism supports the idea that the culture of the woman, which in this case is the focal point of intersection as opposed to class or some other characteristic, is not an element of her identity but rather is the lens through which her identity exists. As such, a woman's Blackness is not a component of her feminism. Instead, her Blackness is the lens through which she understands her feminist/womanist identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Womanist theory grew in large part out of the perceived indifference of the feminist movement towards the concerns of Black women. Early feminist activism around suffrage (<a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first-wave feminism</a>) in the United States largely excluded non-white women, as non-white women were not seen as feminine/female in the same ways as white women and therefore did not merit full inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a> brought greater inclusivity of non-white women within the movement. However, white feminists equated this inclusion with "colorblindness" and preferred to deemphasize racial issues in favor of focusing exclusively on gender concerns. An inability to reconcile this division ultimately hampered the ability of white and non-white feminists to create a functional interracial movement. As a result of this disconnect between the groups, a <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a> began that incorporated the concepts of intersectionality and womanism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historic exclusion of Black women from the broader feminist movement has resulted in two interpretations of womanism. Some womanists believe that the experience of Black women will not be validated by feminists to be equal to the experience of white women because of the problematic way in which some feminists treated Blackness throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Afrocentric_Paradigm_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Afrocentric_Paradigm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, womanists do not see womanism as an extension of feminism, but rather as a theoretical framework which exists independent of feminist theory. This is a departure from the thinking of Black feminists who have carved their own space in feminism through academia and activism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, not all womanists hold this view of womanism as distinct from feminism. The earliest conception of womanism is expressed in Alice Walker's statement "womanism is to feminism as purple is to lavender".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this rubric, the theories appear intimately tied, with womanism as the broad umbrella under which feminism falls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phases_of_the_theory">Phases of the theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phases of the theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Womanist_(1979)"><span id="Womanist_.281979.29"></span>Womanist (1979)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Womanist (1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Author and poet <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> first used the term "womanist" in her short story "Coming Apart", in 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx-xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx-xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in<i> <a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Our_Mothers%27_Gardens" title="In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens">In Search of our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose</a></i> (1983). Walker defined a "womanist" as a Black feminist or feminist of color. The term comes from the Black folk expression of mothers to female children, 'You acting womanish', referring to grown-up behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2005xi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2005xi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_challenge_of_blackness_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_challenge_of_blackness-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The womanish girl exhibits willful, courageous, and outrageous behavior that is considered to be beyond the scope of societal norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She goes on to say that a womanist is also: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A woman who loves other women, sexually and/or nonsexually. Appreciates and prefers women's culture, women's emotional flexibility<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] and women's strength.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male <em>and</em> female. Not a separatist, except periodically, for health<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Loves music. Loves dance. Loves the moon. <em>Loves</em> the Spirit<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Loves struggle. <em>Loves</em> the folk. Loves herself. <em>Regardless</em>. Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2005xii_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2005xii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Walker, while feminism is incorporated into womanism, it is also instinctively pro-humankind; womanism is a broader category that includes feminism as a subtype.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus of the theory is not on <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a>, but race- and class-based oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-maparyan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maparyan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She sees womanism as a theory/movement for the survival of the Black race; a theory that takes into consideration the experiences of Black women, Black culture, Black myths, spiritual life, and orality.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walker's much cited phrase, "womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender", suggests that feminism is a component beneath the much larger ideological umbrella of womanism.<sup id="cite_ref-the_challenge_of_blackness_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_challenge_of_blackness-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walker's definition also holds that womanists are <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalists</a>. This philosophy is further invoked by her metaphor of a garden where all flowers bloom equally. A womanist is committed to the survival of both <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">males</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">females</a> and desires a world where men and women can coexist, while maintaining their cultural distinctiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-the_challenge_of_blackness_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_challenge_of_blackness-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inclusion of men provides Black women with an opportunity to address gender oppression without directly attacking men.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third definition provided by Walker pertains to the sexuality of the women portrayed in her review of <i>Gifts of Power: The Writings of Rebecca Jackson</i>. Here, she argues that the best term to describe Rebecca Jackson, a Black <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shaker</a> who leaves her husband and goes on to live with her white Shaker companion, would be a womanist, because it is a word that affirms the connection to the world, regardless of sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-maparyan_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maparyan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seemingly contrasting interpretations of womanism given by Walker validate the experiences of African-American women, while promoting a visionary perspective for the world based on said experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-the_challenge_of_blackness_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_challenge_of_blackness-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of Alice Walker's progeny admit that while she is the creator of the term, Walker fails to consistently define the term and often contradicts herself.<sup id="cite_ref-Critical_Essays_on_Alice_Walker_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critical_Essays_on_Alice_Walker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some points she portrays womanism as a more inclusive revision of Black feminism as it is not limited to Black women and focuses on the woman as a whole. Later in life, she appears to begin to regret this peace-seeking and inclusive form of womanism due to the constant and consistent prejudice inflicted upon Black women, specifically those whose voices had yet to be validated by both white women and Black men.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Womanism_(1985)"><span id="Womanism_.281985.29"></span>Womanism (1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Womanism (1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chikwenye_Okonjo_Ogunyemi" title="Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi">Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi</a> is a Nigerian literary critic who, in 1985, published the article "Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English" which described her interpretation of womanism. She asserts that the womanist vision is to answer the ultimate question of how to equitably share power among the races and between the sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She arrived at her interpretation of the term independently of Alice Walker's definition, yet there are several overlaps between the two ideologies. In alignment with Walker's definition focusing on Blackness and womanhood, Ogunyemi writes, "black womanism is a philosophy that celebrates black roots, the ideals of black life, while giving a balanced presentation of black womandom".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than citing gender inequality as the source of Black oppression, Ogunyemi takes a separatist stance much like Hudson-Weems, and dismisses the possibility of reconciliation of white feminists and Black feminists on the grounds of the intractability of racism.<sup id="cite_ref-maparyan_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maparyan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She uses a few examples of how feminists write about Blackness and African Blackness specifically to make salient the need for an African conception of womanism. These critiques include the use of Blackness as a tool to forward feminist ideals without also forwarding ideals related to Blackness, the thought that Western feminism is a tool which would work in African nations without acknowledging cultural norms and differences, and a co-opting of things that African women have been doing for centuries before the western notion of feminism into Western feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-palava_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ogunyemi finds her conception of womanism's relationship with men at the cross roads of Walker's and Hudson-Weems'. Walker's expresses a communal opportunity for men while acknowledging how they can be dangerous to the womanist community.<sup id="cite_ref-Critical_Essays_on_Alice_Walker_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critical_Essays_on_Alice_Walker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hudson-Weems' conception refuses to see the Africana man as an enemy, disregarding the harm that Africana men have imparted on to the community.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africana_womanism_(1995)"><span id="Africana_womanism_.281995.29"></span>Africana womanism (1995)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Africana womanism (1995)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clenora_Hudson-Weems" title="Clenora Hudson-Weems">Clenora Hudson-Weems</a> is credited with coining the term <a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a>. In 1995, the publication of her book, <i>Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves</i> sent shock waves through the Black nationalism community and established her as an independent thinker.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander-Floyd_and_Simien_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-Floyd_and_Simien-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hudson-Weems rejects feminism as the theology of <a href="/wiki/Africana_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Africana studies">Africana</a> women, that is to say women of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, because it is philosophically rooted in Eurocentric ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-maparyan_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maparyan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hudson-Weems identifies further differences between womanism and feminism being; womanism is "family-oriented" and focuses on race, class, and gender, while feminism is "female-oriented" and strictly focuses on biological sex-related issues women and girls face, globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She further asserts that it is impossible to incorporate the cultural perspectives of African women into the feminism ideal due to the history of slavery and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in America">racism in America</a>. Furthermore, Weems rejects feminism's characterization of the man as the enemy. She claims that this does not connect with Africana women as they do not see Africana men as the enemy. Instead the enemy is the oppressive force that subjugates the Africana man, woman, and child.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Afrocentric_Paradigm_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Afrocentric_Paradigm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She claims that feminism's masculine-feminine binary comes from a lack of additional hardship placed on women by their circumstances (i.e. race and socio-economic) as feminism was founded to appeal to upper-class white women.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Afrocentric_Paradigm_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Afrocentric_Paradigm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She also distances the Africana woman from Black feminism by demarcating the latter as distinctly African-American which is in turn distinctly Western.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also critiques Black feminism as a subset of feminism needing the validation of white feminists for their voices to be heard. She claims that feminism will never truly accept Black feminists, but instead relegate them to the fringes of the feminist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Womanist_Reader_Review_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Womanist_Reader_Review-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She ultimately claims that the matriarchs of the Black feminist movement will never be put into the same conversation as the matriarchs of the feminist movement. A large part of her work mirrors separatist Black Nationalist discourse, because of the focus on the collective rather than the individual as the forefront of her ideology. Hudson-Weems refutes Africana womanism as an addendum to feminism, and asserts that her ideology differs from Black feminism and Walker's womanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Womanist_Reader_Review_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Womanist_Reader_Review-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologies">Ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of womanist theory, ideologies refer to the overarching belief systems, worldviews, and frameworks of thought that underpin and guide the perspectives, actions, and principles of womanists. These ideologies are integral to understanding womanism as a social and philosophical movement that centers the experiences of Black women, as well as the broader struggles for justice, equity, and empowerment. </p><p>Womanism has various definitions and interpretations. At its broadest definition, it is a universalist ideology for all women, regardless of color. A womanist is, according to Walker's 1979 story "Coming Apart", an African-American heterosexual woman willing to utilize wisdom from African-American lesbians about how to improve sexual relationships and avoid being sexually objectified.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of men's destructive use of pornography and their exploitation of Black women as pornographic objects, a womanist is also committed to "the survival and wholeness of an entire people, male and female"<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan,_Linda_1995_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan,_Linda_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through confronting oppressive forces. </p><p>Walker's much cited phrase, "womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender", suggests that Walker considers feminism as a component of the wider ideological umbrella of womanism.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It focuses on the unique experiences, struggles, needs, and desires of not just Black women, but all women of color in addition to critically addressing the dynamics of the conflict between the mainstream feminist, the Black feminist, the African feminist, and the Africana womanist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is Black nationalist discourse prevalent within womanist work and for this reason scholars are divided between associating womanism with other similar ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a> or taking the stance that the three are inherently incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander-Floyd_and_Simien_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-Floyd_and_Simien-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_feminism">Black feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Black feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminist</a> movement was formed in response to the needs of women who were racially underrepresented by the Women's Movement and sexually oppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black feminist scholars assert that African-American women are doubly disadvantaged in the social, economic, and political sphere, because they face discrimination on the basis of both race and gender.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black women felt that their needs were being ignored by both movements and they struggled to identify with either based on race or gender. African-American women who use the term Black feminism attach a variety of interpretations to it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One such interpretation is that Black feminism addresses the needs of African-American women that the feminism movement largely ignores. Feminism, as Black feminist theorist Pearl Cleage defines it, is "the belief that women are full human beings capable of participation and leadership in the full range of human activities—intellectual, political, social, sexual, spiritual, and economic".<sup id="cite_ref-collins_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this definition, the feminist agenda can be said to encompass different issues ranging from political rights to educational opportunities within a global context.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Black feminist agenda seeks to streamline these issues and focuses on those that are the most applicable to African-American women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africana_womanism">Africana womanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africana womanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></div> <p>Clenora Hudson-Weems's <a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a> arose from a nationalist <a href="/wiki/Africana_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Africana studies">Africana studies</a> concept. In <i>Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves</i>, Hudson-Weems explores the limitations of feminist theory and explains the ideas and activism of different African women who have contributed to womanist theory.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its core, Africana womanism rejects feminism because it is set up in a way as to promote the issues of white women over the issues of Black women. Hudson-Weems argues that feminism will never be okay for Black women due to the implications of slavery and prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-maparyan_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maparyan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weems professes womanism is separate from other feminism in that it has a different agenda, different priorities, and "focuses on the unique experiences, struggles, needs, and desires of Africana women."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She further asserts that the relationship between a Black man and a <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">Black woman</a> is significantly different from the relationship between a white man and a white woman, because the white woman battles the white man for subjugating her, but the black woman battles all oppressive forces that subjugate her, her children, and the black man.<sup id="cite_ref-maparyan_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maparyan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She further asserts that racism forced African-American men and African-American women to assume unconventional gender roles. In this context, the desire of mainstream feminism to dismantle traditional gender roles becomes inapplicable to the Black experience. Unlike womanism,<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander-Floyd_and_Simien_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-Floyd_and_Simien-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though closely related, Africana womanism is an ideology designed specifically with women of African descent in mind. It is grounded in African culture and focuses on the unique struggles, needs, and desires of African women. Based on this reasoning, Africana womanism posits race- and class-based oppression as far more significant than gender-based oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-maparyan_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maparyan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Womanist_identifications">Womanist identifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Womanist identifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and identifications are related concepts, but they have distinct meanings in the context of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>. <i>Identity</i> represents the deeper, multifaceted understanding of who a person or group is, while <i>identifications</i> are the specific <a href="/wiki/Stigma_management" title="Stigma management">labels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">categories</a> that are applied to express or communicate aspects of that identity. Identifications can be one of the ways people express and define their identities, but they do not capture the entirety of a person's or group's identity. Womanist identifications have been a source of discussion and <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debate</a>, particularly when individuals or groups feel that the labels assigned to them do not fully represent their complex identities. </p><p>In her introduction to <i>The Womanist Reader</i>, Layli Phillips contends that despite womanism's characterization, its main concern is not the Black woman per se but rather the Black woman is the point of origin for womanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic tenets of womanism includes a strong, self-authored spirit of <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a> that is especially evident in literature. Womanism has been such a polarizing movement for women that it has managed to step outside of the Black community and extend itself into non-white communities. "Purple is to Lavender" is applied to non-Black contexts by professors Dimpal Jain (<a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northridge,_Los_Angeles" title="Northridge, Los Angeles">Northridge</a>) and Caroline Sotello Viernes Turner (<a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Fulton_Teachers_College" title="Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College">Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_&_Turner_67-83_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_&_Turner_67-83-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars view womanism as a subcategory of feminism while others argue that it is actually the other way around. Purple is to Lavender explores the concept that womanism is to feminism as purple is to lavender, that feminism falls under the umbrella of womanism. In "Purple is to Lavender", Dimpal Jain and Caroline Turner discuss their experiences as non-white women in faculty. They experienced a great deal of discrimination because they were minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_&_Turner_67-83_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_&_Turner_67-83-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain is <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asian</a>, while Caroline identifies as <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a>. </p><p>They go on to describe the concept of "The Politics of Naming" which shapes the reason for why they prefer womanism as opposed to feminism<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_&_Turner_67-83_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_&_Turner_67-83-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain states: "I knew that the term feminism was contested and that I did not like how it fit in my mouth. It was uncomfortable and scratchy, almost like a foreign substance that I was being forced to consume as the white women continued to smile with comforting looks of familiarity and pride"<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_&_Turner_67-83_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_&_Turner_67-83-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here, Turner makes it well known that she feels as though feminism is something that is forced upon her. She feels that she cannot completely identify with feminism. It is also important to note Jain's statement that "The crux of the politics of naming is that names serve as identifiers and are not neutral when attached to social movements, ideas, and groups of people. Naming and labeling become politicized acts when they serve to determine any type of membership at a group level."<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_&_Turner_67-83_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_&_Turner_67-83-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This statement illustrates that if an individual identifies with feminism they may do so for particular reasons. However, those reasons may not be evident to the general public because of the connotation that the word feminism brings with it in terms of social movements, ideas, and groups of people. Individuals want something to identify with that expresses and supports their beliefs holistically. They want something that they can embrace to the fullest without any hint of regret. Similarly, Alice Walker even states: "I don't choose womanism because it is 'better' than feminism ... I choose it because I prefer the sound, the feel, the fit of it... because I share the old ethnic-American habit of offering society a new word when the old word it is using fails to describe behavior and change that only a new word can help it more fully see"<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_&_Turner_67-83_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_&_Turner_67-83-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a majority of Black women feminism has failed to accurately and holistically describe them as individuals to the world that surrounds them. They feel as though it takes something new that is not already bound to a predetermined master in order to capture this new movement. Womanism is something that Alice Walker can completely identify with without having second thoughts; it feels natural to her. Feminism does not. When distinguishing between feminism and womanism it is important to remember that many women find womanism easier to identify with. In addition, a key component of a womanist discourse is the role that spirituality and ethics has on ending the interlocking oppression of race, gender, and class that circumscribes the lives of African-American women.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_activism">Literature and activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature and activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Womanist literature and activism are two areas that are largely interrelated, with each having a considerable effect on the other. A major tenet of womanist literature and activism is the idea that Black activists and Black authors should separate themselves from the feminist ideology. This stems from assertions by Kalenda Eaton, Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi, and numerous other womanist theologians that the goal of a womanist should be to promote the issues affecting not just Black women, but Black men and other groups that have been subjected to discrimination or impotence.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi, a white woman writer may be a feminist, but a Black woman writer is likely to be a womanist. That is, she recognizes that along with battling for sexual equality, she must also incorporate race, economics, culture, and politics within her philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Smorol_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smorol-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kalenda Eaton's, <i>Womanism, Literature and the Transformation of the Black Community</i>, Black women writers are portrayed as both activists and visionaries for change in the Black Community following the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She interweaves the historical events of African-American history with the development of Afro-Politico womanism in a bid to create a haven for Black female <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a> within the Black community.<sup id="cite_ref-Smorol_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smorol-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Afro-Politico womanism veers from the traditional feminist goal of gender equality within a group and rather seeks to fight for the men and women whose <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> are infringed upon. While Eaton takes the stance that Black women were largely excluded from the more prominent positions within the Black Movement, she argues that Black women activists had the greatest effect in small-scale grassroots protests within their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using various characters from <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon_(novel)" title="Song of Solomon (novel)">Song of Solomon</a></i>, Alice Walker's <i><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(novel)" title="Meridian (novel)">Meridian</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Cade_Bambara" title="Toni Cade Bambara">Toni Cade Bambara</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Eaters" title="The Salt Eaters">The Salt Eaters</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Paule_Marshall" title="Paule Marshall">Paule Marshall</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_Place,_the_Timeless_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chosen Place, the Timeless People">The Chosen Place, the Timeless People</a></i> as symbols of the various political agendas and issues that were prevalent within The Black Movement, Eaton draws upon the actions of the protagonists to illustrate solutions to the problems of disgruntlement and disorganization within the movement. Often the main task of these literary activists was to empower the impoverished masses—defined by Eaton as mainly Southern African-Americans, and they used the Black middle class as a model for the possibility of social mobility within the African-American community.<sup id="cite_ref-Smorol_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smorol-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common theme within womanist literature is the failure of Black women writers to identify with feminist thought. Womanism becomes the concept that binds these novelists together. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a> in <i>The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House</i> criticizes second-wave feminism, arguing that women were taught to ignore their differences, or alternately to let their differences divide them. Lorde never used the word "womanist" or "womanism" in her writing or in descriptions of herself, but her work has helped to further the concept. As she pointed out, traditional second-wave feminism often focused too narrowly on the concerns of white, heterosexual women, with the concerns of Black women and lesbians often being ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality_and_womanist_theology">Spirituality and womanist theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spirituality and womanist theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Womanist spirituality has six identifying characteristics—it is eclectic, synthetic, holistic, personal, visionary, and pragmatic. It draws from its resources and uses the summation of said resources to create a whole from multiple parts. Although it is ultimately defined by self, womanist spirituality envisions the larger picture and exists to solve problems and end injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-maparyan_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maparyan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emilie Townes, a womanist theologian, further asserts that womanist spirituality grows out of individual and communal reflection on African-American faith and life. She explains that it is not grounded in the notion that spirituality is a force but rather a practice separate from who we are moment by moment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main characteristics of womanism is its religious aspect, commonly thought of as Christian. This connotation portrays spiritual Black womanists as "church going" women who play a vital role in the operation of the church. In William's article "Womanist Spirituality Defined" she discusses how womanist spirituality is directly connected to an individual's experiences with God.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_97_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_97-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Williams declares that "the use of the term spirituality in this paper speaks of the everyday experiences of life and the way in which we relate to and interpret God at work in those experiences".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_97_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_97-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This connotation is disputed in <a href="/wiki/Monica_Coleman" title="Monica Coleman">Monica Coleman</a>'s Roundtable Discussion: "Must I Be a Womanist?" where she focuses on the shortcomings of womanism that result from how individuals have historically described womanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_85-98_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_85-98-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This holistic discussion of womanism is the result of a roundtable discussion. Coleman, who initiated the discussion, describes her thoughts on why she prefers Black feminism as opposed to womanism, and she also discusses the limited scope that womanist religious scholarship embodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_85-98_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_85-98-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coleman offers deep insight into the spiritual aspect of womanism when she declares that, "Intentionally or not, womanists have created a Christian hegemonic discourse within the field".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200689_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200689-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here Coleman argues that the majority of womanists have defined womanist spirituality as Christian. A specific example of this occurs in Walker's "Everyday Use", when the mother suddenly gains the courage to take a stand against her spoiled daughter as she declares, "When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. Just like when I'm in church and the spirit of God touches me and I get happy and shout".<sup id="cite_ref-Walker,_Use_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker,_Use-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Coleman provides a counter example to this assumption, writing: "How, for example, might a womanist interpret the strength Tina Turner finds in Buddhism and the role her faith played in helping her to leave a violent relationship?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200689_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200689-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coleman believes that the assumption of Christianity as the default in womanism is a limited view. She asserts that Womanist religious scholarship has the ability to spread across a variety of paradigms and traditions, and can represent and support a radical womanist spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200689_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200689-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethics">Ethics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> is a branch of philosophy. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> is a broad field of study that explores fundamental questions about <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">existence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">reality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">values</a>. Within philosophy, ethics is the specific branch that focuses on questions related to moral principles, values, and the rightness or wrongness of human actions. Ethical philosophy delves into topics such as moral theories, ethical dilemmas, moral reasoning, and the nature of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> itself. It seeks to provide a rational and systematic framework for understanding and evaluating ethical questions and decisions. </p><p>Womanist ethics is a religious discipline that examines the ethical theories concerning human <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a>, action, and relationship. At the same time, it rejects social constructions that have neglected the existence of a group of women that have bared the brunt of injustice and oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its perspective is shaped by the theological experiences of African-American women.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the use of analytic tools, the effect of race, class, gender, and sexuality on the individual and communal perspective is examined. Womanist ethic provides an alternative to Christian and other religious ethics while utilizing the elements of critique, description, and construction to assess the power imbalance and patriarchy that has been used to oppress women of color and their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katie Cannon's "The Emergence of Black Feminist Consciousness" was the first publication to speak directly about womanist ethics. In this article, Cannon argues that the perspectives of Black women are largely ignored in various religious and academic discourses. <a href="/wiki/Jacquelyn_Grant" title="Jacquelyn Grant">Jacquelyn Grant</a> expands on this point by asserting that Black women concurrently experience the three oppressive forces of racism, sexism, and classism.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black feminist theory has been used by womanist ethics to explain the lack of participation of African-American women and men in academic discourse. <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Collins</a> credits this phenomenon to prevalence of white men determining what should or should not be considered valid discourse and urges for an alternative mode of producing knowledge that includes the core themes of Black female consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critiques">Critiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major ongoing critique about womanist scholarship is the failure of many scholars to critically address homosexuality within the Black community. Walker's protagonist in "Coming Apart" uses writings from two African-American womanists, <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luisah_Teish" title="Luisah Teish">Luisah Teish</a>, to support her argument that her husband should stop consuming pornography,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and posts quotes from lesbian poet Lorde above her kitchen sink. <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Our_Mothers%27_Gardens" title="In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens">In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens</a></i> states that a womanist is "a woman who loves another woman, sexually and/or non-sexually",<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet despite "Coming Apart" and <i>In Search of Our Mother's Gardens</i>, there is very little literature linking womanism to lesbian or bisexual issues. Womanist theologian Renee Hill cites Christian influences as a source of this <a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200688_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200688-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rev. Kelly Brown Douglas also sees the influence of the Black church, and its male leadership, as a reason for the community at large having little regard for queer women of color.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black feminist critic <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Barbara Smith</a> blames this lack of support on the Black community's reluctance to come to terms with homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, there is also an increase in the criticism of heterosexism within womanist scholarship. Christian womanist theologian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Lightsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamela Lightsey (page does not exist)">Pamela R. Lightsey</a>, in her book <i>Our Lives Matter: A Womanist Queer Theology</i> (2015), writes, "To many people, we are still <i>perverts</i>. To many, the black pervert is the most dangerous threat to the American ideal. Because the black conservative bourgeoisie has joined the attack on our personhood, black LGBTQ persons cannot allow the discourse to be controlled such that our existence within the black community is denied or made invisible."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional critique lies within the ambivalence of womanism. In African womanism, the term is associated with <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Black nationalist">Black nationalist</a> discourse and the separatist movement. <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Collins</a> argues that this exaggerates racial differences by promoting homogeneous identity. This is a sharp contrast to the universalist model of womanism that is championed by Walker. The continued controversy and dissidence within the various ideologies of womanism serves only to draw attention away from the goal of ending race and gender-based oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander-Floyd_and_Simien_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-Floyd_and_Simien-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Women_Are_White,_All_the_Blacks_Are_Men,_But_Some_of_Us_Are_Brave" title="All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave">All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Africa" title="Daughters of Africa">Daughters of Africa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Geneva_Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Katie Geneva Cannon">Katie Geneva Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_M._Floyd-Thomas" title="Stacey M. Floyd-Thomas">Stacey M. Floyd-Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx–xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx–xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006xx–xix"Introduction._Womanism:_On_Its_Own"_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips2006">Phillips 2006</a>, pp. xx–xix, "Introduction. Womanism: On Its Own".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/womanism">"Womanism"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Womanism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fwomanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1981" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Alice (1981). "Coming Apart". <i>You Can't Keep a Good Woman Down</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coming+Apart&rft.btitle=You+Can%27t+Keep+a+Good+Woman+Down&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reader-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Layli (2006). <i>The Womanist Reader</i>. New York and Abingdon: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Womanist+Reader&rft.place=New+York+and+Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Layli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/portal/curated/womanism/#:~:text=Womanism%20is%20a%20term%20used,of%20humanity,%20not%20just%20themselves.">"Womanism"</a>. <i>bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Womanism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmrc.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fportal%2Fcurated%2Fwomanism%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWomanism%2520is%2520a%2520term%2520used%2Cof%2520humanity%2C%2520not%2520just%2520themselves.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1965–1980" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Kalenda (1965–1980). <i>Womanism Literature, and the transformation of the Black community</i>. 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Pickwick Publications. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0664-8"><bdi>978-1-4982-0664-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Lives+Matter&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Pickwick+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0664-8&rft.aulast=Lightsey&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexander-Floyd, N. G., & E. M. Simien (2006). "Revisiting 'What's in a Name?' Exploring the Contours of Africana Womanist Thought". <i>Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</i>, 27 (1), 67–89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ffro.2006.0011">10.1353/fro.2006.0011</a>.</li> <li>Cannon, Katie Geneva. <i>Katie's Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community</i>, Continuum, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32891307">32891307</a>.</li> <li>Cannon, Katie G. <i>Black Womanist Ethics</i> (AAR Academy Series), An American Academy of Religion Book, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17353392">17353392</a>.</li> <li>Douglas, Kelly Brown. <i>Sexuality and the Black Church: A Womanist Perspective</i>, Orbis Books, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40354539">40354539</a>.</li> <li>Lightsey, Pamela R. <i>Our Lives Matter: A Womanist Queer Theology</i>, Pickwick Publications, 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsMccaskill1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Phillips, Layli & Mccaskill, Barbara (1995). "Who's Schooling Who? Black Women and the Bringing of the Everyday into Academe, or Why We Started 'The Womanist'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Signs</i>. Vol. 20, no. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Schooling+Who%3F+Black+Women+and+the+Bringing+of+the+Everyday+into+Academe%2C+or+Why+We+Started+%27The+Womanist%27&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Layli&rft.au=Mccaskill%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuarshie2017" class="citation web cs1">Quarshie, Mabinty (March 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/03/30/black-women-womanism-feminism/99514484/">"#BlackWomenAtWork Shows Why Some Women Identify as Womanists, Not Feminists"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Gannett Satellite Information Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%23BlackWomenAtWork+Shows+Why+Some+Women+Identify+as+Womanists%2C+Not+Feminists&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Quarshie&rft.aufirst=Mabinty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2F30%2Fblack-women-womanism-feminism%2F99514484%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Silva-Wayne, Susan. <i>Feminisms and Womanisms: A Women's Studies Reader</i>, Women's Press Ltd, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55147009">55147009</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Thomas, Linda E. (Summer 1998). "Womanist Theology, Epistemology, and a New Anthropological". <i>Paradigm Cross Currents</i>. Vol. 48, no. 4. pp. <span class="nowrap">488–</span>499. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/207564711">207564711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paradigm+Cross+Currents&rft.atitle=Womanist+Theology%2C+Epistemology%2C+and+a+New+Anthropological&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E488-%3C%2Fspan%3E499&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F207564711&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Linda+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walker, Alice. <i>In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose</i>, Mariner Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9557895">9557895</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Womanism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aril.org/thomas.htm">Aril.org: Womanist Theology</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Womanism&oldid=1266304667">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Womanism&oldid=1266304667</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Womanism" title="Category:Womanism">Womanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_feminism" title="Category:Black feminism">Black feminism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Africana_philosophy" title="Category:Africana philosophy">Africana philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_feminism" title="Category:African-American feminism">African-American feminism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Category:Feminist movements and ideologies">Feminist movements and ideologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multicultural_feminism" title="Category:Multicultural feminism">Multicultural feminism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alice_Walker" title="Category:Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 December 2024, at 00:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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