CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9176df13ee8f3fee',cH: 'O8VFGNwDPVzA4i2LM50Tp_aeCwB_IFghD9Rhegf_Ngs-1740477868-1.2.1.1-coiEDRnmFo11hnymrxyRzX1SyA7xH.LnEzSGArA6qTV.ifUsWReWmLpjOjcJqtK9',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=geotechnics&__cf_chl_tk=JGk8I3KPdsz2Hd_ZDGCegHqkbFbcLlz36C.jcO_xUtA-1740477868-1.0.1.1-AHEoC0l5pe3cKhVLJD79wG9AqpXQY_PZE5nH0pzv6yw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740477868',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=geotechnics&__cf_chl_f_tk=JGk8I3KPdsz2Hd_ZDGCegHqkbFbcLlz36C.jcO_xUtA-1740477868-1.0.1.1-AHEoC0l5pe3cKhVLJD79wG9AqpXQY_PZE5nH0pzv6yw",md: "T6VBC.gUdrwY.2RHtB97mvSRL7e3cJIOc8CYAh5AlaE-1740477868-1.2.1.1-3Df0JC6Lvzy2UcQu2Hvv8q9g3A7IeN82hsoTLeE1NuOzB41gs8BlaMzKDYIANjcLpbXObowGvHt0pomxzfgPz7d3NJKns7VQ1BiDmFGL.8qMS.EoJxXQb2t9eYgFk0StWRtUHjtE8BZx6q0HutV3cIeL3EijpUv8VmM5isVd30nA8DUtvrYx1Du061i7GqWiOoKCiDyqXk0wJRt9axRVznskMZekxU5Op8mzp4kp5daIQaakkbDkZnX99KscjcNfnRNqbrmuXiuWD1_tWQs2Ey8p3_Y1I0e7BvYkdWvwaDN2pqsaZJ1PmqgFdUPzfBloJ9kyigTd5qvsvS61.CM5w2WUECCievWPflVTlcZqf8UmMKVtpFOV0xtIot_pmTRuS0faUzykS0BlSEXGql8oGnXkHO36dj6hL4huSk.vV9HhyzB7C8JtgyZ2U0jGvUwu6PkKTuChZbVbe_nQEJJ4Ahy1b3973H5PjEPDL24dMekwSBMo6y5K6cSne2SL5b_6HxsQzfWmIhgnaix9K1ZrsbsrFz9MQfc4XWAVWLynoCpjpOrLBLwIl7mfdwXEuzJleal0LyXxuLx0BWMm6a0kkWkWFyXbG4t2NuGEYznvC76nExqcEdYFsucvqKE3z1.LdB5Ww_0IJX4yC_CW6UwTkjk9jFMNqMZkKMJFB53PgYmLpxMKiElPEcy08xcZhVsv4B4Z7Q5ptM4V3ndBUDw0tZuZ5mvUBpPqAuYQk5PJSq.Mhyit1KN8r7Vus55_eHWLYqypcrz7d_zIoAevqSLbI3aneA_hGIVKaTrX5mkazKnAq9yE1viAEN1VL92r3q9yDRXJ1m.ZT8ID9WBrgYzTooa5P4Tuz7Md.iFbbb6mYmzOWYEtSWdUbYhmBLfSiIbGGpLcWTFT0zgd.avyybtHz7ymaiDMQvIAEwlsO6wfpe.1zTgMWJ.V07odDLxs91xXK8bSe5fziorff5MupKIb5wm15QOFzhZdO1r_KswhPwwRl_84ithqpIGHoxtCbktF8vf8ikrP8o8V5IuiRwrz1ZMW2531CMYc6nn7RUR8qFJooXgLc2AcUKivaa01nwUDZy0BPgdMnfZchw1ujfIgS7FWTHbjxtUA3lh11BxTr_k6QWFv1FId_tMKM.WtVpgauGnwR8hmu.75bx.3JILTNuiN9pr7iAhLM6Jr7lVXW4JyiiqegC7v_.ZwXo9LmCQbANsuyvO3vNwX5AlFtkB4gt3H4haTvdNw9ElSPc_5BdTWpjo.xvrOGhVLa6fjLnCRi8Ygopj8wFSusAs6LJu6wqCHNML5eyTlWp7ZvFl5noPE.i_7VpsGkz_w.9Jw2DtuOEKpuhKlO14_va4KVEFYs2TLOjmWTtosxTcSDwQxaAYdw06vcYLzWQyTGXMy4qSq_OawgW2NTZkxoo3NkbNG7mx318dxYQdGfE1dQHQT.vN7OGfLsUjkuZJ9Km7xSguvGSo0LkN9saM7ugvCPvUNsHSZzT.M7jwr1J0ZSLb6DR1Dl_Ixkli_VQ9Bj5eUCvGlmjzfulaFoKU4_UrIyHR3XdYfflJzkDo2A1ni3RlC3FD65_Iz7AwFg0PgW1S6OaMAeSG9YmwbTr2MaK4Aq3M3Ux8FRauGuKKeXQxxzBdvXWFENLHqk2I1J.wEC5LupNRrwqLq.ozQiv_AkWbgaKu1Vt3yENeZzCT0ev2oFJbZdinxb7MYsAO0CYWkzcyt_E4pa14.pr6PLbHxonNYrzy4jrWenfgiW6.3p.C8V5T9fPf0NeOYi8qYLPOJVA_c.pfPeghqQU8qleO3Jg_vbWyB2tHJ4uV4MBJkARGTzPL5XdRDHN89Pg1_P9GI4N5Iwg9J3Q_FicEijstzaRdU210pdH3SMkx1jMKcg6AGfCkLcMsEvHWGRTbhbXs3BsZ3UcM1dlrrf8B0LYVcsYLp.XdSzw",mdrd: "Ftujg4ytxOc21hzASg6vqaET7MHtEa2tT9qF6SUrk.0-1740477868-1.2.1.1-rPAX7PoqgkTyVXM.rCCjbAJNE9lQfalUGhxpd3nW1rlMa4b5rEHMbMR08fJeh_49BaL_IkPOhNrSIhU1nrc.2o7gGf_2sz6q7v4U6Avax5UNPQdNEMxDm8zvRc0uPpGUShQe9LKNNlCl5U5zCepwRLlPUnBtrEOzgQAHCxx9R8YROHg.Z6Vqa6ls5qGXgQb5LHHeUS8jLgh1i1jpvLzjHavqbMBlBC95vRkVZgcf0Xe7Gahl70yMYF1KkMFjMhKsiSMjKZAfpLPndGUizU3WQbD6Mwz6HlnAwJ2YzjboF5JXbRIRG3kTrHZRNU.lx9AWijuxnVP5usiv2So8xmo4Xm7KB_2PMlkWiOSPmZtVOnClgUJZNGqUJoiDQwOk.mFsUXML71jaBKvW7HVqg8tx2ZOTO5d5.hMMTehfFt6L_jpguOn.rPVY75SUYPf9WStZuIxnYdWNtlf0SKDIhFVPekqXzVXJrrd2wQXhEQW9WQpO0T8jfVNaCQYCmcVEBKALvDlDNuaG2uWYdG5ZulBy.S0I3oJkGG0dke7W0OSTYNGkhdufHdk5PCFrNrnOh9zhJRzq.Pt9gowFJ1ng90glilSi8jpNm_dshK.5wzKHoM312onQwSjmH7th6yUYEcJiuEXivtkGKgJ8ivDJt_OPCTzdPvhMl5LIohhlIAuDjtN5piYfdGT0iwh8qBErL6KJb1GTvxhb3_HAsxkg0K7bb2M018H.9M0XflucxFrFl.F9chw82YQe6CntVpamH0.0o3HXOsLC.ovsJgqaHr29ggUctHXohiFVnFfL7y80Qh0A8xc1H54r3ndYg8syKTQUtyWXRnFgI8k.di5DBUJBn6Vvc3Sw42c.Lf8xgz6.wcBJ0Zs9AmLTBgSiaG2Uc7ABIJtossh6TrF2wUADpdriu0IBBL5JV1TyTLt_C5pV9pI2id4pk6CVulOPeyRxLNYYMy1kclbUjGN6zn61l4pA0SuxYN6fHSZjP6wNujpFtSgCKPG4xGm7rj_hAb3Y2_.ORNbXN.OesnpnKNm07dFzrx5WPVWmQ571Uj2p0kWh5X4dgry7J5y7zMn.TC9q5Xp7JEOvbua2j9GiZIPIFmZyLlZFWIQKOKzc7UuvI.b78bcQgfrmfEHQgJVsGxd4xznKYo9ZXOwrImlIVQ6BGj.jiMMSKGL4DjZ4Cyr_r18tv7ntlUhKEqDdwl66E2gc_j0AkEuaonV7.zUns5LK7.TQHfl_HfptFuW8idEQduHJLqhdB6VStUp4xlMIPP_lFq_72bzVei68wBjU3XR5Ilrb2yPrAycEc35AKg3XQOq7thw163mZNoOEpqO9rLvIyo0LuILHPIO_w7za2Z2h4sAQobfAAb9debzf6EW.OfO_2dX_6ibgDj0OzrMhpH9TQULborzO9HxHqyvr2QbJiECDckdtSLdfyPW7DsHlg7Or2mt7oT3EzzvyzEBckLxmurinMQJgX.36UnBCeDO8t0dR_EVmuEZZcAa3xm.RmbgQzgXyKniNGSRhL31LkiVAV.qEod9pPx2qAkje4EWQzzWVcZMjrBNU5bjNO59Hu6OZzrvjtTtUWEKuUruj7ss3CeTzFNc4EUT4te0IKeyiRFwHkXXAkysoJ3Wun31u.g4aYZzy5hNIaCFVC94hrjL1v1B0A75wlzIqYoU7_Y3JC7f8YbmWMts46VkPn4vGo7ji5QctRUc16XdwAr.jiWkz7AyAinKDOBseRvsivabM2N._dgzRXw3sJW9d4OXMcbc1L22a5Y1TrS174E4HHtsoSVtw7arLCwfYbHkQd3fzxLneytTTCTA2RKLoYQ3bhOHDPE9UXKECio6iNnJI9K0KmyqqriU6L.4njM.FjsaPEsPci7NSG.PQt34FLO8Kt2On4K7xCe7h9Uxu_IeOuP7gcGgWDyeGR9pq8gn4xcFrbaPBgBQ.Guf15VQvaH405R4.Ty0WDmgqFO7HIQ7cqfPW2Hpg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9176df13ee8f3fee';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=geotechnics&__cf_chl_rt_tk=JGk8I3KPdsz2Hd_ZDGCegHqkbFbcLlz36C.jcO_xUtA-1740477868-1.0.1.1-AHEoC0l5pe3cKhVLJD79wG9AqpXQY_PZE5nH0pzv6yw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>