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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Eisteddfod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>National Eisteddfod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Eisteddfod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Manuscripts and publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trawsfynydd_and_Yr_Ysgwrn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trawsfynydd_and_Yr_Ysgwrn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Trawsfynydd and Yr Ysgwrn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trawsfynydd_and_Yr_Ysgwrn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centennial_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centennial_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Centennial commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centennial_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div 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id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هد وین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هد وین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedd_Wyn" title="Hedd Wyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hedd Wyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Эванс, Эллис Хамфри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эванс, Эллис Хамфри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Welsh poet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1992 film, see <a href="/wiki/Hedd_Wyn_(film)" title="Hedd Wyn (film)">Hedd Wyn (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Hedd Wyn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedd_Wyn_01(a-dg).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ellis Humphrey Evans, c.1910. Frontispiece in Cerddi'r Bugail (1918)"><img alt="Ellis Humphrey Evans, c.1910. Frontispiece in Cerddi'r Bugail (1918)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hedd_Wyn_01%28a-dg%29.JPG/220px-Hedd_Wyn_01%28a-dg%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hedd_Wyn_01%28a-dg%29.JPG/330px-Hedd_Wyn_01%28a-dg%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hedd_Wyn_01%28a-dg%29.JPG/440px-Hedd_Wyn_01%28a-dg%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="1146" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Ellis Humphrey Evans, c.1910. <br /> <a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a> in <i>Cerddi'r Bugail</i> (1918)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Ellis Humphrey Evans<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-01-13</span>)</span>13 January 1887<br />Yr Ysgwrn <a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd" title="Trawsfynydd">Trawsfynydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merionethshire" title="Merionethshire">Merionethshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">31 July 1917<span style="display:none">(1917-07-31)</span> (aged 30)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pilckem_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilckem Ridge">Pilckem Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passchendaele_salient" class="mw-redirect" title="Passchendaele salient">Passchendaele salient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Artillery_Wood_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery Wood Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Artillery Wood Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boezinge" title="Boezinge">Boezinge, Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Hedd wyn, Fleur De Lys</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Poet</li> <li>Shepherd/farmer</li> <li>Soldier</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_poetry" title="War poetry">war poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i>Yr Arwr</i>, <i>Ystrad Fflur</i>, <i>Plant Trawsfynydd</i>, <i>Y Blotyn Du</i>, <i>Nid â’n Ango</i>, <i>Rhyfel</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairing_of_the_Bard" title="Chairing of the Bard">Bard's chair</a> at the 1917 <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hedd Wyn</b> (born <b>Ellis Humphrey Evans</b>, 13 January 1887 – 31 July 1917) was a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> who was killed on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pilckem_Ridge" title="Battle of Pilckem Ridge">first day</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Chairing_of_the_Bard" title="Chairing of the Bard">bard's chair</a> at the 1917 <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod</a>. Evans, who had been awarded several chairs for his poetry, was inspired to take the bardic name <i>Hedd Wyn</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[heːð<span class="wrap"> </span>wɨ̞n]</a></span>, "blessed peace") from the way sunlight penetrated the mist in the <a href="/wiki/Meirionnydd" title="Meirionnydd">Meirionnydd</a> valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in the village of <a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd" title="Trawsfynydd">Trawsfynydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, Evans wrote much of his poetry while working as a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a> on his family's hill farm. His style, which was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">romantic poetry</a>, was dominated by themes of nature and religion. He also wrote several <a href="/wiki/War_poetry" title="War poetry">war poems</a> following the outbreak of war on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in 1914. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ellis Humphrey Evans was born on 13 January 1887 at Penlan,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a house in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd" title="Trawsfynydd">Trawsfynydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meirionydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Meirionydd">Meirionydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. He was the eldest of eleven children born to Evan and Mary Evans. In the spring of 1887, the family moved to his father's family 168-acre hill-farm of Yr Ysgwrn, in Cwm Prysor, a few miles from <a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd" title="Trawsfynydd">Trawsfynydd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent his life there, apart from a short stint in South Wales. </p><p>Ellis Evans received a basic education from the age of six at the local primary school and Sunday school. He left school around fourteen years of age and worked as a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a> on his father's farm.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his brief attendance in formal schooling (6–14) he had a talent for poetry and had already composed his first poem by the age of eleven, "Y Das Fawn" (the peat stack). Ellis's interests included both Welsh and English poetry. His main influence was the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, and themes of nature and religion dominated his work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eisteddfodau">Eisteddfodau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eisteddfodau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His talent for poetry was well known in the village of <a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd" title="Trawsfynydd">Trawsfynydd</a>, and he took part in numerous competitions and local <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfodau</a>, winning his first <a href="/wiki/Chairing_of_the_Bard" title="Chairing of the Bard">chair</a> (<i>Cadair y Bardd</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Bala,_Gwynedd" title="Bala, Gwynedd">Bala</a> in 1907, aged 20. In 1910, he was given the <a href="/wiki/Bardic_name" title="Bardic name">bardic name</a> Hedd Wyn by the bard Bryfdir at a poets' meeting in <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a>. 'Hedd' is <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> for peace and 'Wyn' can mean white or pure;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this "blessed peace" also alluded to the way rays of sunlight penetrated the mists in the Meirionydd valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryfdir was the bardic name of Evans's older friend Humphrey Jones (1867–1947), a quarryman from <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a>; in his lifetime, Jones published two volumes of poetry, won more than 60 bardic chairs and was an eisteddfodau compère.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jones said he bestowed Hedd Wyn on Evans because he had the manner of a dreamer who moved slowly and calmly.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another close friend of Hedd Wyn was the clergyman and writer <a href="/wiki/R._Silyn_Roberts" title="R. Silyn Roberts">R. Silyn Roberts</a>, who was known as 'Rhosyr'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913, 26-year-old Hedd Wyn began to find fame for his poetry when he won chairs at the local eisteddfodau at <a href="/wiki/Pwllheli" title="Pwllheli">Pwllheli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llanuwchllyn" title="Llanuwchllyn">Llanuwchllyn</a>. In 1915 he was successful at local eisteddfodau in <a href="/wiki/Pontardawe" title="Pontardawe">Pontardawe</a> and Llanuwchllyn. That same year he entered his first poem <i>Eryri</i> (an ode to <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a> which was held in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor, Gwynedd</a>. The following year he took second place at the National Eisteddfod in <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a> with <i>Ystrad Fflur</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Awdl" title="Awdl">awdl</a> written in honour of <a href="/wiki/Strata_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata Florida">Strata Florida</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> abbey ruins in <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hedd Wyn was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifist</a> and did not enlist for the war initially, feeling he could never kill anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war left <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_in_Wales" title="Nonconformity in Wales">Welsh non-conformists</a> deeply divided. Traditionally, the Nonconformists had not been comfortable at all with the idea of warfare. The war saw a major clash within Welsh Nonconformism between those who backed military action and those who adopted a pacifist stance on religious grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war inspired Hedd Wyn's work and produced some of his most noted poetry, including <i>Plant Trawsfynydd</i> ("Children of Trawsfynydd"), <i>Y Blotyn Du</i> ("The Black Dot"), and <i>Nid â’n Ango</i> ("[It] Will Not Be Forgotten"). His poem, <i>Rhyfel</i> ("War"), remains one of his most frequently quoted works. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="cy" class="poem"> <p>Gwae fi fy myw mewn oes mor ddreng,<br /> A Duw ar drai ar orwel pell;<br /> O'i ôl mae dyn, yn deyrn a gwreng,<br /> Yn codi ei awdurdod hell.<br /> <br /> Pan deimlodd fyned ymaith Dduw<br /> Cyfododd gledd i ladd ei frawd;<br /> Mae sŵn yr ymladd ar ein clyw,<br /> A'i gysgod ar fythynnod tlawd.<br /> <br /> Mae'r hen delynau genid gynt,<br /> Ynghrog ar gangau'r helyg draw,<br /> A gwaedd y bechgyn lond y gwynt,<br /> A'u gwaed yn gymysg efo'r glaw </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Why must I live in this grim age,<br /> When, to a far horizon, God<br /> Has ebbed away, and man, with rage,<br /> Now wields the sceptre and the rod?<br /> <br /> Man raised his sword, once God had gone,<br /> To slay his brother, and the roar<br /> Of battlefields now casts upon<br /> Our homes the shadow of the war.<br /> <br /> The harps to which we sang are hung,<br /> On willow boughs, and their refrain<br /> Drowned by the anguish of the young<br /> Whose blood is mingled with the rain.<sup id="cite_ref-llwyd_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llwyd-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p233">: p233 </span></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscription">Conscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30a_Sammlung_Eybl_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien._Alfred_Leete_(1882%E2%80%931933)_Britons_(Kitchener)_wants_you_(Briten_Kitchener_braucht_Euch)._1914_(Nachdruck),_74_x_50_cm._(Slg.Nr._552).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/30a_Sammlung_Eybl_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien._Alfred_Leete_%281882%E2%80%931933%29_Britons_%28Kitchener%29_wants_you_%28Briten_Kitchener_braucht_Euch%29._1914_%28Nachdruck%29%2C_74_x_50_cm._%28Slg.Nr._552%29.jpg/190px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/30a_Sammlung_Eybl_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien._Alfred_Leete_%281882%E2%80%931933%29_Britons_%28Kitchener%29_wants_you_%28Briten_Kitchener_braucht_Euch%29._1914_%28Nachdruck%29%2C_74_x_50_cm._%28Slg.Nr._552%29.jpg/285px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/30a_Sammlung_Eybl_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien._Alfred_Leete_%281882%E2%80%931933%29_Britons_%28Kitchener%29_wants_you_%28Briten_Kitchener_braucht_Euch%29._1914_%28Nachdruck%29%2C_74_x_50_cm._%28Slg.Nr._552%29.jpg/380px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5981" data-file-height="8934" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_Wants_You" title="Lord Kitchener Wants You">Lord Kitchener Wants You</a>" recruitment poster from 1914.</figcaption></figure><p> Although farm work was classed as a <a href="/wiki/Reserved_occupation" title="Reserved occupation">reserved occupation</a> due its national importance, in 1916, the Evans family were required to send one of their sons to join the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. The 29-year-old Ellis enlisted rather than his younger brother Robert. In February 1917, he received his training at Litherland Camp, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, but in March 1917 the government called for farm workers to help with ploughing and many soldiers were temporarily released. Hedd Wyn was given seven weeks' leave. He spent most of this leave working on the <a href="/wiki/Awdl" title="Awdl">awdl</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Arwr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yr Arwr (page does not exist)">Yr Arwr</a></i> ("The Hero"),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his submission for the National Eisteddfod. According to his nephew, Gerald Williams, </p><blockquote><p>"It was a wet year in 1917. He came back for fourteen days leave and wrote the poem, <i>Yr Arwr</i>, on the table by the fire. As it was such a wet year, he stayed for another seven days. This extra seven days made him a <a href="/wiki/Deserter" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserter">deserter</a>. So the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Police" title="Royal Military Police">military police</a> came to fetch him from the hayfield and took him to the jail at <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau</a>. From there he travelled to... the war in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. Because he left in such a hurry he forgot the poem on the table, so he wrote it again on the journey. So there are two copies: one in <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In June 1917, Hedd Wyn joined the 15th Battalion <a href="/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers" title="Royal Welch Fusiliers">Royal Welsh Fusiliers</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/38th_(Welsh)_Infantry_Division" title="38th (Welsh) Infantry Division">38th (Welsh) Division</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A9chin" title="Fléchin">Fléchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. His arrival depressed him, as exemplified in his quote, "Heavy weather, heavy soul, heavy heart. That is an uncomfortable trinity, isn’t it?" Nevertheless, at Fléchin he finished his National Eisteddfod entry and signed it “<a href="/wiki/Fleur_de_Lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleur de Lys">Fleur de Lis</a>”. It is believed it was sent via the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> around the end of June. On 31 July 15 Battalion marched towards the major offensive which would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Battle_of_Ypres_and_death">Third Battle of Ypres and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third Battle of Ypres and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedd_Wyn_Grave_at_Artillery_Wood_Cemetery_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hedd_Wyn_Grave_at_Artillery_Wood_Cemetery_7.jpg/170px-Hedd_Wyn_Grave_at_Artillery_Wood_Cemetery_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hedd_Wyn_Grave_at_Artillery_Wood_Cemetery_7.jpg/255px-Hedd_Wyn_Grave_at_Artillery_Wood_Cemetery_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hedd_Wyn_Grave_at_Artillery_Wood_Cemetery_7.jpg/340px-Hedd_Wyn_Grave_at_Artillery_Wood_Cemetery_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Hedd Wyn at <a href="/wiki/Artillery_Wood_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery Wood Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Artillery Wood Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boezinge" title="Boezinge">Boezinge, Belgium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hedd Wyn was fatally wounded within the first few hours of the start of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a> on 31 July, 1917. He fell during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pilckem_Ridge" title="Battle of Pilckem Ridge">Battle of Pilckem Ridge</a> which had begun at 3:50 a.m. with a heavy bombardment of the German lines (this was the opening attack in what became known as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a>). However, the troops' <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">advance</a> was hampered by incoming artillery and machine gun fire, and by heavy rain turning the battlefield to swamp. </p><p> Private Evans, as part of the 15th (Service) Battalion (1st London Welsh), was advancing towards a German strongpoint –created within the ruins of the Belgian hamlet of Hagebos ("Iron Cross")– when he was hit.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagebos_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagebos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview conducted in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/St_Fagans_National_Museum_of_History" title="St Fagans National Museum of History">St Fagans National History Museum</a>, Simon Jones, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Welsh Fusiliers">Royal Welsh Fusiliers</a>, recalled, </p><blockquote><p>"We started over Canal Bank at <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>, and he was killed half way across Pilckem. I've heard many say that they were with Hedd Wyn and this and that, well I was with him... I saw him fall and I can say that it was a nosecap shell in his stomach that killed him. You could tell that... He was going in front of me, and I saw him fall on his knees and grab two fistfuls of dirt... He was dying, of course... There were stretcher bearers coming up behind us, you see. There was nothing – well, you'd be breaking the rules if you went to help someone who was injured when you were in an attack."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Soon after being wounded, Hedd Wyn was carried to a first-aid post. Still conscious, he asked the doctor "Do you think I will live?" though it was clear that he had little chance of surviving; he died at about 11:00 a.m. Among the fatalities that day was the <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/War_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="War poet">war poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ledwidge" title="Francis Ledwidge">Francis Ledwidge</a>, who was "blown to bits" while drinking tea in a shell hole. </p><p>Ellis H. Evans was buried in Section II, Row F, Grave 11 at <a href="/wiki/Artillery_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery Wood">Artillery Wood</a> Cemetery, near <a href="/wiki/Boezinge" title="Boezinge">Boezinge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a petition was submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Graves_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial War Graves Commission">Imperial War Graves Commission</a> after the war, his headstone was given the additional words <i>Y <a href="/wiki/Prifardd" title="Prifardd">Prifardd</a> Hedd Wyn</i> (English: "The Chief Bard, Hedd Wyn"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Eisteddfod">National Eisteddfod</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National Eisteddfod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 September 1917, the ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Chairing_of_the_Bard" title="Chairing of the Bard">Chairing of the Bard</a> took place at the National Eisteddfod in <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_Park" title="Birkenhead Park">Birkenhead Park</a>, England; in attendance was the Welsh-speaking <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>. After the adjudicators announced that the entry submitted under the pseudonym <i><a href="/wiki/Fleur_de_Lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleur de Lys">Fleur de Lys</a></i> was the winner, the trumpets were sounded for the author to identify themselves. After three such summons, <a href="/wiki/Archdruid" title="Archdruid">Archdruid</a> <a href="/wiki/Evan_Rees_(Dyfed)" title="Evan Rees (Dyfed)">Dyfed</a> solemnly announced that the winner had been killed in action six weeks earlier. The empty chair was then draped in a black sheet. It was delivered to Evans's parents in the same condition, "the festival in tears and the poet in his grave", as Archdruid Dyfed said. The festival is now referred to as "<i>Eisteddfod y Gadair Ddu</i>" ("The Eisteddfod of the Black Chair"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y_Gadair_Ddu_(manylyn).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Y_Gadair_Ddu_%28manylyn%29.JPG/220px-Y_Gadair_Ddu_%28manylyn%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Y_Gadair_Ddu_%28manylyn%29.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>The Black Chair (<i>Y Gadair Ddu</i>) is on permanent display at his family farm near <a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd" title="Trawsfynydd">Trawsfynydd </a></figcaption></figure> <p>The chair was hand-crafted by <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> craftsman, Eugeen Vanfleteren (1880–1950), a carpenter born in <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, who had fled to England on the outbreak of war and had settled in Birkenhead.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts_and_publications">Manuscripts and publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately after the Eisteddfod, a committee was formed in Trawsfynydd to look after the poet's legacy. Under the leadership of J. R. Jones, the head teacher of the village school, all manuscripts in the poet's hand were collected and carefully preserved. Due to the committee's efforts, the first anthology of the bard's work, titled <i>Cerddi'r Bugail</i> ("The Shepherd's Poems"), was published in 1918. The manuscripts were donated to the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hedd Wyn, Ei Farddoniaeth</i>, a complete Welsh language anthology of his works, was published by Trawsfynydd's Merilang Press in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poem <i>Yr Arwr</i> ("The Hero"), for which Hedd Wyn won the National Eisteddfod, is still considered his greatest work. The ode is structured in four parts and presents two principal characters, <i>Merch y Drycinoedd</i> ("Daughter of the Tempests") and the <i>Arwr</i>. There has been much disagreement in the past regarding the meaning of the ode. It can be said with certainty that Hedd Wyn, like his favourite poet Shelley, longed for a perfect humanity and a perfect world during the chaos of war.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Merch y Drycinoedd</i> has been perceived as a symbol of love, the beauty of nature, and creativity; and <i>Yr Arwr</i> as a symbol of goodness, fairness, freedom, and justice. It is wished that through his sacrifice, and his union with <i>Merch y Drycinoedd</i> at the end of the ode, a better age will come. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trawsfynydd_and_Yr_Ysgwrn">Trawsfynydd and Yr Ysgwrn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trawsfynydd and Yr Ysgwrn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedd_Wyn_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hedd_Wyn_statue.jpg/170px-Hedd_Wyn_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hedd_Wyn_statue.jpg/255px-Hedd_Wyn_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hedd_Wyn_statue.jpg/340px-Hedd_Wyn_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="3235" /></a><figcaption>The statue of Hedd Wyn in his home village of <a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd" title="Trawsfynydd">Trawsfynydd</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A bronze statue of Hedd Wyn, dressed as a shepherd, was unveiled by his mother in the centre of the village in 1923. It bears an <a href="/wiki/Englyn" title="Englyn">englyn</a> which Hedd Wyn had written in memory of a slain friend, Tommy Morris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ei aberth nid â heibio – ei wyneb<br /> Annwyl nid â'n ango<br /> Er i'r Almaen ystaenio<br /> Ei dwrn dur yn ei waed o.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>His sacrifice was not in vain, his face<br /> In our minds will remain,<br /> Although he left a bloodstain<br /> On Germany's iron fist of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-llwyd_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llwyd-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p213">: p213 </span></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Evans's bardic chair is on permanent display at his family's hill farm, Yr Ysgwrn. The property was preserved just as it was in 1917 by the poet's family and his nephew Gerald Williams (d. 2021), who was the last of his relatives to live on the farm.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For years, Gerald and his brother Ellis continued to farm the land surrounding the farmhouse as custodians of both Yr Ysgwrn and Hedd Wyn’s legacy, welcoming visitors and working to ensure Hedd Wyn’s story lived on. In 2012, fourteen years after Ellis's death, Gerald decided it was time to pass on the custodianship of Yr Ysgwrn to the <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia_National_Park_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowdonia National Park Authority">Snowdonia National Park Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Park Authority, with support from the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a>, announced on <a href="/wiki/St_David%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St David's Day">St David's Day</a> 2012 that it had acquired the <a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Gwynedd" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Gwynedd">Grade II-listed</a> farmstead and its surrounding lands for the Welsh nation. The Authority's objectives are to protect and preserve the site while enhancing the visitor experience in order to share the story of Hedd Wyn.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Gerald Williams was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire">MBE</a> for his "exceptional contribution" to conserving the heritage of his bardic uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centennial_commemorations">Centennial commemorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Centennial commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Memorial_Park,_Ypres" title="Welsh Memorial Park, Ypres">Welsh Memorial Park, Ypres</a> was unveiled at <a href="/wiki/Pilckem_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilckem Ridge">Pilckem Ridge</a> near Ypres. The <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorial</a> stands close to the spot where Hedd Wyn was mortally wounded in July 1917 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagebos_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagebos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To mark the 100th anniversary of his death, a Bardic chair was made to celebrate the life of Hedd Wyn.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was presented to the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> at a special service of remembrance at Birkenhead Park in September 2017. A memorial to the poet was also unveiled in the park, the site of the 1917 National Eisteddfod.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2017, as part of the annual <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">British Armistice commemorations</a>, a video installation commemorating the life of Hedd Wyn was beamed onto the exterior walls of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was the culmination of a project involving more than 800 schoolchildren and adults at primary and secondary schools across Wales which looked at the life and legacy of the poet.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war film">anti-war</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopic">biopic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hedd_Wyn_(film)" title="Hedd Wyn (film)">Hedd Wyn</a></i> was released in 1992. The film, which starred <a href="/wiki/Huw_Garmon" title="Huw Garmon">Huw Garmon</a> as the poet, is based on a <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">screenplay</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Llwyd" title="Alan Llwyd">Alan Llwyd</a>. It depicts Hedd Wyn as a <a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">tragic hero</a> who has an intense dislike of the wartime <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalism</a> which surrounds him and his doomed struggle to avoid conscription. </p><p>In 1993, <i>Hedd Wyn</i> won the Royal Television Society's Television Award for Best Single Drama. It became the first British motion picture to be nominated for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/66th_Academy_Awards" title="66th Academy Awards">66th Academy Awards</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-BFI_1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFI_1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, at the newly inaugurated <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Cymru" title="BAFTA Cymru">BAFTA Cymru Awards</a>, it won in six categories: Best Director (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Turner_(director)" title="Paul Turner (director)">Paul Turner</a>), Best Design (by Jane Roberts and Martin Morley), Best Drama – Welsh (Shan Davies and Paul Turner), Best Editor (Chris Lawrence), Best Original Music (<a href="/wiki/John_E.R._Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="John E.R. Hardy">John E.R. Hardy</a>) and Best Screenwriter – Welsh (Alan Llwyd).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Black Chair</i>, a 2009 novel for young people by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Carradice" title="Phil Carradice">Phil Carradice</a>, is based on the life of Hedd Wyn.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2017, Y Lolfa published <i>An Empty Chair</i>, a novel for young people telling the story of Hedd Wyn as seen from the point of view of his teenage sister, Anni (mother of Gerald Williams). It is an adaptation by Haf Llewelyn of her prize-winning Welsh-language novel, <i>Diffodd Y Sêr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The track "Halflife" on the 2015 album <i>Everyone Was a Bird</i> by avant garde <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a> group <a href="/wiki/Grasscut" title="Grasscut">Grasscut</a> references Hedd Wyn as a figure in the history of Trawsfynydd, merging his presence with that of the reactors of the <a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd_nuclear_power_station" title="Trawsfynydd nuclear power station">Trawsfynydd nuclear power station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i>2117/Hedd Wyn</i>, with music by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNeff" title="Stephen McNeff">Stephen McNeff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gruff_Rhys" title="Gruff Rhys">Gruff Rhys</a>, was inspired by the life of Hedd Wyn; set in the year 2117, it imagines a group of schoolchildren in a post-apocalyptic Trawsfynydd learning about the life and work of the poet. It was recorded by Ty Cerdd Records and released in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/wyn.html">"Hedd Wyn"</a>. poetsgraves.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedd+Wyn&rft.pub=poetsgraves.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetsgraves.co.uk%2Fwyn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trawsfynydd.org/wp/?page_id=22">"Trawsfynydd – History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trawsfynydd+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trawsfynydd.org%2Fwp%2F%3Fpage_id%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Llwyd (2009), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Llwyd (2009), p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literal translation: white peace</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehandschutter2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lieven_Dehandschutter" title="Lieven Dehandschutter">Dehandschutter, Lieven</a> (2001). <i>Hedd Wyn. A Welsh tragedy in Flanders. Vormingscentrum Lodewijk Dosfel (Gent, Flanders, Belgium)</i>. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hedd+Wyn.+A+Welsh+tragedy+in+Flanders.+Vormingscentrum+Lodewijk+Dosfel+%28Gent%2C+Flanders%2C+Belgium%29&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dehandschutter&rft.aufirst=Lieven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biography.wales/article/s2-JONE-HUM-1867">"JONES, HUMPHREY (' Bryfdir '; 1867 – 1947), poet and 'compère' of eisteddfodau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Library_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Library of Wales">The National Library of Wales</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JONES%2C+HUMPHREY+%28%27+Bryfdir+%27%3B+1867+%E2%80%93+1947%29%2C+poet+and+%27comp%C3%A8re%27+of+eisteddfodau&rft.pub=The+National+Library+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiography.wales%2Farticle%2Fs2-JONE-HUM-1867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crickhowell-hs.powys.sch.uk/trips/ww1-trip-to-france-and-belgium-2018/hedd-wyn/">"Hedd Wyn"</a>. <i>www.crickhowell-hs.powys.sch.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crickhowell-hs.powys.sch.uk&rft.atitle=Hedd+Wyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crickhowell-hs.powys.sch.uk%2Ftrips%2Fww1-trip-to-france-and-belgium-2018%2Fhedd-wyn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ladywell-live.org/2020/10/03/from-llanllyfin-to-lewisham-and-a-meeting-with-lenin-the-life-of-silyn-roberts-a-welsh-quarryman-turned-poet-and-presbyterian-minister/">"From Llanllyfin to Lewisham and a meeting with Lenin, the life of Silyn Roberts, a Welsh quarryman turned poet and presbyterian minister"</a>. <i>www.ladywell-live.org</i>. 3 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ladywell-live.org&rft.atitle=From+Llanllyfin+to+Lewisham+and+a+meeting+with+Lenin%2C+the+life+of+Silyn+Roberts%2C+a+Welsh+quarryman+turned+poet+and+presbyterian+minister&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladywell-live.org%2F2020%2F10%2F03%2Ffrom-llanllyfin-to-lewisham-and-a-meeting-with-lenin-the-life-of-silyn-roberts-a-welsh-quarryman-turned-poet-and-presbyterian-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726215119/http://freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alwyn/Cerddibugail/ystrad_fflyr.shtml">"Online Text"</a>. Freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alwyn/Cerddibugail/ystrad_fflyr.shtml">the original</a> on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Text&rft.pub=Freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~alwyn%2FCerddibugail%2Fystrad_fflyr.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanicEdwardsBartonMartin-Jones2009" class="citation book cs1">Ivanic, Roz; Edwards, Richard; Barton, David; Martin-Jones, Marilyn; Fowler, Zoe; Hughes, Buddug; Mannion, Greg; Miller, Kate; Satchwell, Candice; Smith, June (4 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVP7Imhnm5kC&q=hedd+wyn+pacifist&pg=PA156"><i>Improving Learning in College: Rethinking Literacies Across the Curriculum</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134031474" title="Special:BookSources/9781134031474"><bdi>9781134031474</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improving+Learning+in+College%3A+Rethinking+Literacies+Across+the+Curriculum&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.isbn=9781134031474&rft.aulast=Ivanic&rft.aufirst=Roz&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Richard&rft.au=Barton%2C+David&rft.au=Martin-Jones%2C+Marilyn&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Zoe&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Buddug&rft.au=Mannion%2C+Greg&rft.au=Miller%2C+Kate&rft.au=Satchwell%2C+Candice&rft.au=Smith%2C+June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVP7Imhnm5kC%26q%3Dhedd%2Bwyn%2Bpacifist%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Shipton2014" class="citation web cs1">Martin Shipton (30 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/first-world-war-pacifism-cracks-8362287">"The First World War, pacifism, and the cracks in Wales' Nonconformism movement"</a>. Wales Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%2C+pacifism%2C+and+the+cracks+in+Wales%27+Nonconformism+movement&rft.pub=Wales+Online&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft.au=Martin+Shipton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Ffirst-world-war-pacifism-cracks-8362287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-llwyd-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-llwyd_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llwyd_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlwyd2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Llwyd" title="Alan Llwyd">Llwyd, Alan</a> (2008). <i>Out of the Fire of Hell: Welsh Experience of the Great War 1914–1918 in Prose and Verse</i>. Gomer Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Fire+of+Hell%3A+Welsh+Experience+of+the+Great+War+1914%E2%80%931918+in+Prose+and+Verse&rft.pub=Gomer+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Llwyd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alwyn/Cerddibugail/yr_arwr.shtml">Full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427130357/http://freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alwyn/Cerddibugail/yr_arwr.shtml">Archived</a> 27 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Welsh)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320072246/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/2056/">"National Library of Wales interviews Gerald Williams"</a>. Museumwales.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/2056/">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Library+of+Wales+interviews+Gerald+Williams&rft.pub=Museumwales.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Fen%2Frhagor%2Farticle%2F2056%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagebos-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hagebos_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hagebos_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-21439931">"Flanders community remembers Welsh dead in 'dark days' of World War I"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Flanders+community+remembers+Welsh+dead+in+%27dark+days%27+of+World+War+I&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-21439931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621234348/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920">"Welsh bard falls in the battle fields of Flanders"</a>. Museumwales.ac.uk. 25 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/">the original</a> on 21 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+bard+falls+in+the+battle+fields+of+Flanders&rft.pub=Museumwales.ac.uk&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Fen%2Frhagor%2Farticle%2F1920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/100906">"Casualty details—Evans, Ellis Humphrey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+details%E2%80%94Evans%2C+Ellis+Humphrey&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F100906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehandschutter2001" class="citation book cs1">Dehandschutter, Lieven (2001). <i>Hedd Wyn. A Welsh tragedy in Flanders</i>. Vormingscentrum Lodewijk Dosfel (Gent, Flanders, Belgium. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hedd+Wyn.+A+Welsh+tragedy+in+Flanders&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Vormingscentrum+Lodewijk+Dosfel+%28Gent%2C+Flanders%2C+Belgium&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dehandschutter&rft.aufirst=Lieven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=3790">"National Library's Page on Hedd Wyn"</a>. Llgc.org.uk. 31 July 1917<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Library%27s+Page+on+Hedd+Wyn&rft.pub=Llgc.org.uk&rft.date=1917-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llgc.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D3790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis_Humphrey_Evans2012" class="citation book cs1">Ellis Humphrey Evans (2012). Daffni Percival (ed.). <i>Hedd Wyn, Ei Farddoniaeth</i>. Merilang Press. pp. 1–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956937919" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956937919"><bdi>978-0956937919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hedd+Wyn%2C+Ei+Farddoniaeth&rft.pages=1-184&rft.pub=Merilang+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0956937919&rft.au=Ellis+Humphrey+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427130357/http://freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alwyn/Cerddibugail/yr_arwr.shtml">"Full text (in Welsh)"</a>. Freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alwyn/Cerddibugail/yr_arwr.shtml">the original</a> on 27 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+%28in+Welsh%29&rft.pub=Freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~alwyn%2FCerddibugail%2Fyr_arwr.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Wyn, Euros (director) (5 August 2017). <i>Hedd Wyn: The Lost War Poet</i> (Documentary). British Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedd+Wyn%3A+The+Lost+War+Poet&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2017-08-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57446605">"Gerald Williams: Man who kept WW1 poet Hedd Wyn memory alive dies"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Gerald+Williams%3A+Man+who+kept+WW1+poet+Hedd+Wyn+memory+alive+dies&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-57446605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snowdonia.gov.wales/visiting/yr-ysgwrn?name=">"Yr Ysgwrn"</a>. snowdonia.gov.wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yr+Ysgwrn&rft.pub=snowdonia.gov.wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snowdonia.gov.wales%2Fvisiting%2Fyr-ysgwrn%3Fname%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-20857039">"BBC News – Wales honours: Libyan Mahdi Jibani MBE for medical and interfaith work"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Wales+honours%3A+Libyan+Mahdi+Jibani+MBE+for+medical+and+interfaith+work&rft.date=2012-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-north-west-wales-20857039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-38585595">"New chair marks Welsh WW1 poet Hedd Wyn's centenary"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+chair+marks+Welsh+WW1+poet+Hedd+Wyn%27s+centenary&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-38585595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-41214767">"Birkenhead festival marks Hedd Wyn Black Chair centenary"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Birkenhead+festival+marks+Hedd+Wyn+Black+Chair+centenary&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-41214767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-41511334">"Hedd Wyn video installation on National Library of Wales"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hedd+Wyn+video+installation+on+National+Library+of+Wales&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-41511334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishpower.com/pages/spfnews_war_poet_hedd_wyn_remembered_in_unique_video_installation_beamed_on_to_the_national_library_of_wales.aspx">"War poet Hedd Wyn remembered in unique video installation beamed on to the National Library of Wales"</a>. <i>www.scottishpower.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scottishpower.com&rft.atitle=War+poet+Hedd+Wyn+remembered+in+unique+video+installation+beamed+on+to+the+National+Library+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishpower.com%2Fpages%2Fspfnews_war_poet_hedd_wyn_remembered_in_unique_video_installation_beamed_on_to_the_national_library_of_wales.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFI_1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFI_1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106103224/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7c1b94fb">"The BFI: Hedd Wyn (1992)"</a>. <i>British Film Institute website</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7c1b94fb">the original</a> on 6 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Film+Institute+website&rft.atitle=The+BFI%3A+Hedd+Wyn+%281992%29&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffilms-tv-people%2F4ce2b7c1b94fb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000125/1994">"BAFTA Awards, Wales (1994)"</a>. imdb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BAFTA+Awards%2C+Wales+%281994%29&rft.pub=imdb.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fevent%2Fev0000125%2F1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carradice (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ylolfa.com/en/dangos.php?ISBN=9781784614522">"<i>An Empty Chair: The story of Welsh First World War poet Hedd Wyn</i>"</a>. Y Lolfa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Empty+Chair%3A+The+story+of+Welsh+First+World+War+poet+Hedd+Wyn&rft.pub=Y+Lolfa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ylolfa.com%2Fen%2Fdangos.php%3FISBN%3D9781784614522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caughtbytheriver.net/2015/04/robert-macfarlane-landscape-grasscut/">"Everyone Was A Bird"</a>. <i>www.caughtbytheriver.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.caughtbytheriver.net&rft.atitle=Everyone+Was+A+Bird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caughtbytheriver.net%2F2015%2F04%2Frobert-macfarlane-landscape-grasscut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedd+Wyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tycerdd.org/2117-hedd-wyn">Ty Cerdd – 2117/Hedd Wyn</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carradice, Phil (2009). <i>The Black Chair</i>. Pont Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84323-978-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84323-978-9">978-1-84323-978-9</a></li> <li>Dehandschutter, Lieven (1st Edn 1992, 4th Edn 2001). <i>Hedd Wyn. A Welsh tragedy in Flanders</i>. Vormingscentrum Lodewijk Dosfel (Gent, Flanders, Belgium)</li> <li>Llwyd, Alan (2009). <i>Stori Hedd Wyn, Bardd y Gadair Ddu. The Story of Hedd Wyn, the Poet of the Black Chair</i>. Cyhoeddiadau Barddas / Barddas Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906396-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906396-20-6">978-1-906396-20-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedd_Wyn&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Welsh <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="cy" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/cy:Categori:Hedd_Wyn" class="extiw" title="s:cy:Categori:Hedd Wyn">Hedd Wyn</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hedd_Wyn" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hedd Wyn">Hedd Wyn</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alwyn/Cerddibugail/">"The Shepherd's Poems," 1918 Anthology (In Welsh)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326215600/http://freepages.books.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alwyn/Cerddibugail/">Archived</a> 26 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104403/"><i>Hedd Wyn</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774626#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408030405/http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/nb_heddwyn.html">A detailed biographical sketch of Hedd Wyn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213430/http://www.100welshheroes.com/en/biography/heddwyn">Hedd Wyn at 100 Welsh Heroes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/heddwyn.shtml">BBC North Wales on Hedd Wyn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113235324/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/heddwyn.shtml">Archived</a> 13 January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812011422/http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/item10/32226">Hedd Wyn at Gathering the Jewels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2009/06/ellis-evans-war-from-welsh.html">English translation of Hedd Wyn's <i>War</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2010/02/hedd-wyn-black-spot.html">English translation of Hedd Wyn's <i>Black Spot</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VUPV_fJJR8"><span class="plainlinks">90th Anniversary of Hedd Wyn's death</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320072246/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/2056/">National Museum of Wales interviews Hedd Wyn's Nephew (In Welsh with English subtitles)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/22e5c388-b247-424b-8f43-e27a572062fd">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/100906/">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/232521301">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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