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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jews_in_Peninsular_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_in_Peninsular_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jews in Peninsular states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_in_Peninsular_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Jewish_massacres_of_1391_and_their_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jewish_massacres_of_1391_and_their_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Jewish massacres of 1391 and their consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Jewish_massacres_of_1391_and_their_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews_in_the_fifteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_in_the_fifteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Jews in the fifteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_in_the_fifteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversos_and_the_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversos_and_the_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Conversos and the Inquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversos_and_the_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Expulsion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expulsion_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expulsion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Segregation_of_the_Jews_(1480)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segregation_of_the_Jews_(1480)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Segregation of the Jews (1480)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segregation_of_the_Jews_(1480)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Andalusia_(1483)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Andalusia_(1483)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The expulsion of the Jews from Andalusia (1483)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Andalusia_(1483)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_genesis_of_the_expulsion_decree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_genesis_of_the_expulsion_decree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The genesis of the expulsion decree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_genesis_of_the_expulsion_decree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_conditions_of_expulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_conditions_of_expulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The conditions of expulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_conditions_of_expulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_the_expulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_the_expulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reasons for the expulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_the_expulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consequences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_end_of_religious_diversity_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_religious_diversity_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The end of religious diversity in Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_end_of_religious_diversity_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sephardic_diaspora_and_the_Jewish_identity_continuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sephardic_diaspora_and_the_Jewish_identity_continuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Sephardic diaspora and the Jewish identity continuity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sephardic_diaspora_and_the_Jewish_identity_continuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="طرد اليهود من إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طرد اليهود من إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F%D1%9E_%D0%B7_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Выгнанне яўрэяў з Іспаніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Выгнанне яўрэяў з Іспаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F%D1%9E_%D0%B7_%D0%93%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Выгнаньне габрэяў з Гішпаніі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Выгнаньне габрэяў з Гішпаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Изгонване на евреите от Испания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изгонване на евреите от Испания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsi%C3%B3_dels_jueus_d%27Espanya" title="Expulsió dels jueus d'Espanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Expulsió dels jueus d'Espanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Expulsión de los judíos de España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expulsión de los judíos de España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forpelo_de_la_judoj_el_Hispanio" title="Forpelo de la judoj el Hispanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forpelo de la judoj el Hispanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_juduen_kanporatzea" title="Espainiako juduen kanporatzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako juduen kanporatzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اخراج یهودی‌ها از اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخراج یهودی‌ها از اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_des_Juifs_d%27Espagne" title="Expulsion des Juifs d'Espagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expulsion des Juifs d'Espagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D6%81" title="Հրեաների վտարում Իսպանիայից – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեաների վտարում Իսպանիայից" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="גירוש ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גירוש ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ესპანეთიდან ებრაელების განდევნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპანეთიდან ებრაელების განდევნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Изгнание евреев из Испании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Изгнание евреев из Испании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaisten_karkotus_Espanjasta" title="Juutalaisten karkotus Espanjasta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaisten karkotus Espanjasta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B2_%D0%B7_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Вигнання євреїв з Іспанії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вигнання євреїв з Іспанії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="גירוש שפאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גירוש שפאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Expulsion of Jews from Spain</b> was the expulsion of practicing <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> in 1492,<sup id="cite_ref-Decree-translation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decree-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was enacted to eliminate their influence on <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'s large <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a></i> population and to ensure its members did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">Massacre of 1391</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2012_17_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2012_17-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to continuing attacks, around 50,000 more had converted by 1415.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those who remained decided to convert to avoid expulsion. As a result of the Alhambra decree and the prior persecution, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism, and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled. An unknown number returned to Spain in the following years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expulsion led to <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">mass migration</a> of Jews from Spain to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One result of the migration was new <a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname" title="Jewish surname">Jewish surnames</a> appearing in Italy and Greece. The surnames Faraggi, Farag and Farachi, for example, originated from the Spanish city of <a href="/wiki/Fraga" title="Fraga">Fraga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, the regime of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a> granted Spanish citizenship to a part of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jewish">Sephardic Jewish</a> diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-PdR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PdR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edict was formally and symbolically revoked on December 16, 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, by the regime of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. This occurred a full century after Jews had openly begun to practice their religion in Spain and synagogues were once more legal places of worship under Spain's Laws of Religious Freedom. </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> of Spain passed a law whereby the descendants of Sephardic Jews <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law#Sephardi_Jews" title="Spanish nationality law">could obtain Spanish nationality by naturalisation</a> to "compensate for shameful events in the country's past."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews who could prove that they are the descendants of those expelled from Spain due to the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> could "become Spaniards without leaving home or giving up their present nationality."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deadline to apply was October 1, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews_in_Peninsular_states">Jews in Peninsular states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jews in Peninsular states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Antisemitism in Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toledo_-_Sinagoga_El_Transito_int_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Toledo_-_Sinagoga_El_Transito_int_02.jpg/220px-Toledo_-_Sinagoga_El_Transito_int_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Toledo_-_Sinagoga_El_Transito_int_02.jpg/330px-Toledo_-_Sinagoga_El_Transito_int_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Toledo_-_Sinagoga_El_Transito_int_02.jpg/440px-Toledo_-_Sinagoga_El_Transito_int_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3775" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_El_Transito" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogue of El Transito">Synagogue of El Transito</a> of Toledo</figcaption></figure> <p>Up until the fourteenth century, Jews who lived under the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> were tolerated, a period referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Menocal" title="María Rosa Menocal">María Rosa Menocal</a> wrote that Jews under Muslim rule were <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a> with reduced rights relative to Muslims, but were still generally in a better position than other European Jews living under Christian rule. <a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Mark R. Cohen</a>, whose book <i>Under Cross and Crescent</i> reviewed the treatment of medieval Jews, writes that while there were significant restrictions on Jews in Islamic states, they did not suffer <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionist oppression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonisation">demonisation</a> like the Jews of Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darío Fernández-Morera states that the supposed harmony between Jews and Muslims in Spain was an exaggeration that proliferated in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this position has been strongly criticized as <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fernández-Morera uses the case of medieval Spain to further an explicitly extreme right-wing and conservative Christian political and cultural agenda as it bears upon debates about politics, the establishment of religion and the very place of the academy in civic life.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion">Expulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 2, 1492, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>. The last Muslim king, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_XII_of_Granada" title="Muhammad XII of Granada">Muhammad XII</a> (<i>Spanish:</i> Boabdil), withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Alpujarras" title="Alpujarras">Alpujarras</a> as almost 800 years of Muslim rule were ended by the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>. </p><p>A letter sent by the Catholic Monarchs to the <a href="/wiki/Bilbao_City_Council" title="Bilbao City Council">Bilbao City Council</a> in 1490 stated that under <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> and the laws of the kingdoms, Jews were tolerated and allowed to live in the kingdoms as subjects and <a href="/wiki/Vassals" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassals">vassals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Joseph Pérez</a> considers that "the myth of the 'Spain of the three cultures,' widely used as an element of propaganda, is so far detached from historical reality that it can only generate new elements of confusion."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Christian kingdoms, according to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Henry Kamen</a>, both Jews and Muslims were treated "with contempt"<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the three communities "lived separate existences."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Muslim kingdoms, on the other hand, Christians and Jews were required to pay a tax to profess their religion. </p><p>In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian anti-Judaism</a> in the West had intensified, which was reflected in the harsh anti-Jewish measures agreed at the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a> called in 1215 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>. The peninsular Christian kingdoms were not at all oblivious to the growth of increasingly belligerent anti-Judaism – the Castilian statutory code of <a href="/wiki/Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Siete Partidas</a> stated that the Jews lived among Christians "so that their presence reminds them that they descend from those who crucified Our Lord Jesus Christ", but the kings continued to "protect" the Jews for the important role they played in their kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fourteenth century, the period of relative tolerance towards the Jews ended, passing into a phase of increasing conflict. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What changes are not the mentalities, it is the circumstances. The good times of the Spain of the three religions had coincided with a phase of territorial, demographic, and economic expansion, in which Jews and Christians did not compete in the labor market: both the former and the latter had contributed to the general prosperity and shared their benefits. The militant anti-Judaism of the Church and the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> barely found an echo. The social, economic and political changes of the 14th century, however, including the wars and natural disasters that preceded and followed the <a href="/wiki/Black_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Plague">Black Plague</a>, created a new situation. [...] [The people] believed they were victims of a curse, punished for sins they must have committed. The clergy invited the faithful to repent, change their behavior, and return to God. It was then that the presence of the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">deicidal people</a>" among Christians was considered scandalous.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jewish_massacres_of_1391_and_their_consequences">The Jewish massacres of 1391 and their consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Jewish massacres of 1391 and their consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">Massacre of 1391</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicente_Cutanda_-_A_los_pies_del_Salvador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vicente_Cutanda_-_A_los_pies_del_Salvador.jpg/250px-Vicente_Cutanda_-_A_los_pies_del_Salvador.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vicente_Cutanda_-_A_los_pies_del_Salvador.jpg/375px-Vicente_Cutanda_-_A_los_pies_del_Salvador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vicente_Cutanda_-_A_los_pies_del_Salvador.jpg/500px-Vicente_Cutanda_-_A_los_pies_del_Salvador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1927" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption><i>At the Feet of the Saviour</i>, massacre of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Cutanda" title="Vicente Cutanda">Vicente Cutanda</a> (1887)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first wave of violence against the Jews on the Iberian Peninsula occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> as a consequence of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in 1321. The Jewish communities of <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estella-Lizarra" title="Estella-Lizarra">Estella-Lizarra</a> were massacred. Two decades later, the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_of_1348" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Death of 1348">Black Death of 1348</a> provoked assaults on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish quarters">Jewish quarters</a> (<i>juderías</i>) of several places, especially <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and other places in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>, anti-Jewish violence was closely related to the civil war during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter of Castile</a>. In this conflict, the side supporting Enrique de Trastámara (later King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II of Castile</a>) used anti-Judaism as a propaganda weapon, and the pretender to the throne accused his stepbrother, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter of Castile</a>, of favoring the Jews. The first slaughter of Jews, in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> in 1355, was carried out by the supporters of Enrique de Trastámara when they entered the city. The same happened eleven years later when they occupied <a href="/wiki/Briviesca" title="Briviesca">Briviesca</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, Jews who could not pay the large tribute imposed on them in 1366 were <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved and sold</a>. In 1367 in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Jews were assaulted to shouts of "Long live King Henry!" There were no deaths, but the synagogues were burned down.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matanza_de_jud%C3%ADos_en_Barcelona_-_a%C3%B1o_1391.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Matanza_de_jud%C3%ADos_en_Barcelona_-_a%C3%B1o_1391.jpg/250px-Matanza_de_jud%C3%ADos_en_Barcelona_-_a%C3%B1o_1391.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Matanza_de_jud%C3%ADos_en_Barcelona_-_a%C3%B1o_1391.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><i>Slaughter of Jews in Barcelona in 1391</i> by <a href="/wiki/Josep_Segrelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Josep Segrelles">Josep Segrelles</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The great catastrophe for the Jews took place in 1391 when the communities of Castile and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> were massacred. The assaults, fires, looting, and slaughter began in June, in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Ferrand_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Ferrand Martínez">Ferrand Martínez </a>, archdeacon of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cija" title="Écija">Écija</a>, took advantage of the power vacuum created by the death of the archbishop of Seville. Hardening his<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> preaching against the Jews that had begun in 1378, he ordered the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> and the seizure of <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">prayer books</a>. In January 1391, an assault on the Jewish quarter was avoided by the municipal authorities, but in June, hundreds of Jews were murdered, their houses were ransacked, and their synagogues were converted into churches. Some Jews managed to escape; others, terrified, asked to be baptized.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamen_2011_17_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen_2011_17-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Seville, anti-Jewish violence extended throughout <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, and then towards other parts of Castile. In August, it reached the crown of Aragon. Murders, looting, and fires occurred everywhere. The Jews who managed to survive either fled, many seeking refuge in the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>, Portugal and France, and in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, or chose baptism to avoid death. It is difficult to be certain of the number of victims. In Barcelona some 400 Jews were murdered; in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, 250; and in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Lérida">Lérida</a>, 68.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamen_2011_17_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen_2011_17-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">Massacre of 1391</a>, anti-Jewish measures were intensified. In Castile in 1412, Jewish men had to let their beards grow, and Jews were required to wear a distinctive red badge sewn to their clothes, so they could be recognized. In the Crown of Aragon, possession of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> was declared unlawful, and the number of synagogues was limited to one per Jewish community (<i><a href="/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama">aljama</a></i>). In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> intensified their campaign of proselytism to make Jews convert to Christianity. The Dominican <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a> of Valencia played a prominent role in this campaign, which had the support of the monarchs. In the Crown of Aragon, it was decreed that Jews were obligated to attend three sermons a year. As a result of the massacres of 1391 and the measures that followed, by 1415 more than half of the Jews of the crowns of Castile and Aragon had renounced <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Mosaic law</a> and had been baptized, including many <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> and important members of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2012_17_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2012_17-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews_in_the_fifteenth_century">Jews in the fifteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jews in the fifteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanishhaggadah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Spanishhaggadah.jpg/220px-Spanishhaggadah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Spanishhaggadah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Miniature of a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">haggadah</a> of the 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>After the massacres of 1391 and the preaching that followed them, by 1415 scarcely 100,000 Jews continued to practice their religion in the crowns of Castile and Aragon. The historian Joseph Perez explains that "Spanish Judaism [would] never recover from this catastrophe." The Jewish community "came out of the crisis not only physically diminished but morally and intellectually shattered".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Crown of Aragon, Judaism virtually disappeared in important places such as Barcelona, Valencia, and Palma – in 1424 the Barcelona Jewry was abolished because it was considered unnecessary – <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only the one in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> remained. In Castile, once-flourishing <a href="/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama">aljamas</a> such as those of Seville, Toledo, and Burgos lost many of their members; in 1492, the year of the expulsion, in the Crown of Aragon only a quarter of the former number of Jews remained. The famous Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Gerona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerona, Spain">Gerona</a>, for example, was left with only 24 families. In the Crown of Castile, there were less than 80,000. In Seville before the revolts of 1391, there were about 500 Jewish families. According to Joseph Perez, at the time of the expulsion, there were fewer than 150,000 Jews, distributed in 35 aljamas of the Crown of Aragon and 216 in the Crown of Castile. In both Crowns, it was observed that the Jews had left the great cities and lived in the small and rural areas, less exposed "to the excesses of the Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havdal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Havdal.jpg/220px-Havdal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Havdal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Jewish man celebrating <a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">havdalah</a>, detail of 14th century miniature.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the critical period of 1391–1415, the pressure on Jews to recuperate their confiscated synagogues and books had decreased, and they were then able to avoid certain obligations such as carrying the red ribbon or attending friars' sermons. They were also able to reconstruct the internal organization of the aljamas and their religious activities, thanks to the agreements reached by the procurators of the aljamas gathered in Valladolid in 1432 and sanctioned by the king, which meant that "the Crown of Castile accepts again officially that a minority of its subjects has another religion than the Christian one and recognizes the right of this minority to exist legally, with a legal status." "In this way, the Jewish community is rebuilt with the approval of the crown." <a href="/wiki/Benveniste#Aragon,_Kingdom_of_Castile_and_the_expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_15th_century" title="Benveniste">Abraham Benveniste</a>, who presided over the meeting of Valladolid, was appointed court rabbi with authority over all the Jews of the kingdom, and at the same time as delegate of the king over them.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, in the last quarter of the 15th century, many Jews lived in rural villages and engaged in agricultural activities. Crafts and trade were not monopolized – international trade had passed into the hands of converts. While Jews continued to trade as <a href="/wiki/Money-lender" class="mw-redirect" title="Money-lender">money-lenders</a>, the number of Christian lenders had increased by a large percentage. Jews also continued to collect royal, ecclesiastical, and seigniorial rents, but their importance there had also diminished – in Castile they were only in charge of a quarter of the revenues. However, in the court of Castile – but not in the crown of Aragon – Jews held important administrative and financial positions. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Senior" title="Abraham Senior">Abraham Senior</a> was from 1488 treasurer-major of the Holy Brotherhood, a key organ in the financing of the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a>, and also chief rabbi of Castile. Yucé Abravanel was "A greater collector of the service and mountaineering of the herds, one of the more healthy income and greater yield of the Crown of Castile."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Joseph Perez, the role of the Jews in the court must not be exaggerated. "The truth was that the state could do without the Jews, both in the bureaucratic apparatus and in the management of the estate."<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2009_168_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2009_168-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IsabellaofCastile03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IsabellaofCastile03.jpg/220px-IsabellaofCastile03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IsabellaofCastile03.jpg/330px-IsabellaofCastile03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IsabellaofCastile03.jpg/440px-IsabellaofCastile03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="2582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabel I of Castile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hebrew community at the end of the 15th century was therefore far from rich and influential. "In fact, the Spanish Jews at the time of their expulsion did not form a homogeneous social group. There were classes among them as in Christian society, a small minority of very rich and well-placed men, together with a mass of small people: farmers, artisans, shopkeepers."<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2009_168_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2009_168-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What united them was that they practiced the same faith, different from the one recognized, which made them a separate community within the monarchy and which was "property" of the crown which thereby protected them.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter dated July 7, 1477, addressed to the authorities of <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Trujillo, Cáceres">Trujillo</a>, where incidents had occurred against the Jews, Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, after putting the aljama under her protection and prohibiting all type of oppression or humiliation against its members, states:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All the Jews of my kingdoms are mine and are under my protection, and it is for me to defend and protect them and to keep them in justice.</p></blockquote> <p>Thus, the Jews "formed not a State in the State, but rather a micro-society next to the majority Christian society, with an authority, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_rabbi_(Iberia)" title="Crown rabbi (Iberia)">crown rabbi</a>, that the crown delegated to it over its members." The aljamas were organized internally with a wide margin of autonomy. They designated by lottery the council of elders that governed the life of the community; collecting their own taxes for the maintenance of worship, synagogues, and rabbinical teaching; lived under the norms of Jewish law; and had their own courts that heard all cases in civil matters – since the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortes_de_Madrigal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortes de Madrigal (page does not exist)">Cortes de Madrigal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_de_Madrigal" class="extiw" title="es:Cortes de Madrigal">es</a>]</span> of 1476, criminal cases had passed to the royal courts. But Jews did not enjoy full civil rights: they had a specific tax system far more burdensome than that of Christians and were excluded from positions that could confer authority over Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation in which the Jews lived, according to Joseph Perez, posed two problems: "As subjects and vassals of the king, the Jews had no guarantee for the future – the monarch could at any time close the autonomy of the aljamas or require new Most important taxes"; and, above all, "in these late years of the Middle Ages, when a state of modern character was being developed, there could be no question of a problem of immense importance: was the existence of separate and autonomous communities compatible with the demands of a modern state? This was the real question."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversos_and_the_Inquisition">Conversos and the Inquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conversos and the Inquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajador_judeo-espa%C3%B1ol_s.XIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tajador_judeo-espa%C3%B1ol_s.XIV.jpg/220px-Tajador_judeo-espa%C3%B1ol_s.XIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tajador_judeo-espa%C3%B1ol_s.XIV.jpg/330px-Tajador_judeo-espa%C3%B1ol_s.XIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tajador_judeo-espa%C3%B1ol_s.XIV.jpg/440px-Tajador_judeo-espa%C3%B1ol_s.XIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Judeo-Spanish dish of the 14th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">limpieza de sangre</a></div> <p>In the 15th century, the main problem stopped being the Jews becoming <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a>, who, according to Henry Kamen, probably numbered around three hundred thousand people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> “Christian convert” was the term applied to Jews who had been <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> and their descendants. As many of them had been forcibly converted, they were often looked upon with distrust by those who considered themselves <a href="/wiki/Old_Christian" title="Old Christian">Old Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The positions abandoned by Jews were mostly filled by converts, who congregated where Jewish communities had flourished before 1391, doing work formerly performed by Jews – trade and crafts – with the added advantage that as Christians they could now access trades and professions previously forbidden to Jews. Some even entered the clergy, becoming <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">priors</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The socio-economic position of converts was viewed with suspicion by the "old" Christians, a resentment that was accentuated by the conscience on the part of those who had a differentiated identity, proud of being Christians and having Jewish ancestry, which was the lineage of Christ. Popular revolts broke out against the converts between 1449 and 1474, a period in Castile of economic difficulties and political crisis (especially during the civil war of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a>). The first and largest of these revolts took place in 1449 in Toledo, during which a "Judgment–Statute" was approved that prohibited access to municipal positions by "any confessor of Jewish lineage" – an antecedent of the <a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">blood-purity statutes</a> of the following century. The origin of the revolts was economic in Andalusia especially because there was a situation of hunger, aggravated by an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> – and in principle "not directed especially against the converts. ... It was the parties and the demagogues that took advantage of the exasperation of the people and directed it against the converts."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg/250px-La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg/375px-La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg/500px-La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption> The painting <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Virgen de los Reyes Católicos (page does not exist)">Virgen de los Reyes Católicos</a></i> in which appears kneeling behind the king Ferdinand the Catholic, the inquisitor general <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a> and kneeling behind the queen the inquisitor of Aragon <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Arbu%C3%A9s" title="Pedro de Arbués">Pedro of Arbués</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To justify the attacks on converts, they affirmed that <i>conversos</i> were false Christians and that they still practiced the Jewish religion in secret. According to Joseph Perez, it is a proven fact that, among those who converted to escape the blind furor of the masses in 1391, or by the pressure of the proselytizing campaigns of the early fifteenth century, some clandestinely returned to their old faith when it seemed that the danger had passed, of which it is said that they "Judaized". The accusation of <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a> became more plausible when some cases arose of prominent converts who continued to observe Jewish rites after their conversion. But Judaizers, according to Joseph Perez, were a minority, although relatively important. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Henry Kamen</a> says that "it can be affirmed that at the end of the 1470s, there was no Judaizing movement highlighted or proven among the converts." He also points out that when a convert was accused of Judaizing, in many cases the "proofs" that were brought were, in fact, cultural elements of his Jewish ancestry – such as treating Saturday, not Sunday, as the day of rest – or the lack of knowledge of the new faith, such as not knowing the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">creed</a> or eating meat during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is how the "<i>converso</i> problem" was born. The baptized cannot renounce their faith according to the canonical doctrine of the Church, which considers <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> that must be punished. This is how various voices began to claim, including those of some converts who do not want to question the sincerity of their baptism because of those "false" Christians who are beginning to be called <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a>. And it also bolstered the idea that the presence of the Jews among the Christians is what invites the converts to continue practicing the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Isabel_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel I of Castile">Isabel I of Castile</a> ascended to the throne in 1474, she was already married to the heir to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>. At this time, there was no punishment for practicing <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">crypto-Judaism</a>, not out of tolerance for Jews, but for legalistic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They decided to confront the "<a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> problem," especially after having received some alarming reports in 1475 by the Prior of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> of Seville, Friar Alonso de Ojeda,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who reported that there were a large number of <i>conversos</i> in that city secretly practicing their religion in private, some even doing so openly. After receiving these reports, the monarchs applied to Pope <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a> for authorization to name a number of <a href="/wiki/Inquisitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitors">inquisitors</a> in their kingdom, which the pontiff agreed to in his <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exigit_sincerae_devotionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exigit sincerae devotionis (page does not exist)">Exigit sincerae devotionis</a></i> of 1 November 1478.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "With the creation of the Tribunal of the Inquisition,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the authorities will have sufficient instruments and methods of investigation at their disposal."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Joseph Pérez, Ferdinand and Isabella "were convinced that the Inquisition would force the <i>conversos</i> to assimilate into society once and for all: the day when all of the new Christians would renounce Judaism, and nothing would distinguish them anymore from any other member of society."<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2012_26–27_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2012_26–27-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expulsion_2">Expulsion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segregation_of_the_Jews_(1480)"><span id="Segregation_of_the_Jews_.281480.29"></span>Segregation of the Jews (1480)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Segregation of the Jews (1480)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IsabellaofCastile05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IsabellaofCastile05.jpg/220px-IsabellaofCastile05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/IsabellaofCastile05.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabel I of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Fernando II of Aragon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning of their reign, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Isabel and Ferdinand</a> were concerned with protecting Jews – since they were "property" of the crown. For example, on September 6, 1477, in a letter addressed to the Jewish community of Seville, Queen Isabel I gave assurances about their safety:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> I take under my protection the Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama">aljamas</a> in general and each one in particular, as well as their persons and their property; I protect them against any attack, whatever their nature ...; I forbid that they be attacked, killed or injured; I also forbid that they adopt a passive attitude if they are attacked, killed or injured.</p></blockquote><p> Hence, even the Catholic Monarchs were reputed to be favorable to the Jews until 1492. This is what the German traveler, Nicolas de Popielovo said, for example, after his visit in 1484–1485:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Her subjects from Catalonia and Aragon speak publicly, and I have heard the same thing from many in Spain that the Queen is the protector of the Jews and the daughter of a Jewess.</p></blockquote> <p>But the monarchs could not do away with all the vexations and discrimination suffered by the Jews, encouraged on many occasions by the preaching of the friars from the mendicant orders. They decided to segregate the Jews to end the conflict. Already in the Cortes of Madrigal of 1476, the monarchs had protested the breach of the provisions in the Order of 1412 on the Jews – prohibition to wear luxury dresses; obligation to wear a red slice on the right shoulder; prohibition to hold positions with authority over Christians, to have Christian servants, to lend money at usurious interest, etc. But in the Cortes de Toledo of 1480, they decided to go much further to fulfill these norms: to force the Jews to live in separate quarters, where they could not leave except during daytime to carry out their professional occupations. Until then, the Jewish quarters – where the Jews used to live and where they had their synagogues, butchers, etc. – had not formed a separate world in the cities. There were also Christians living in them and Jews living outside them. From 1480 onwards, the Jewish quarters were converted into ghettos surrounded by walls, and the Jews were confined in them to avoid confusion and damage to Christianity. A term of two years was established for the process, but it lasted for more than ten years and was not exempt from problems and abuses by Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SegoviaPSAndres_21-4-03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SegoviaPSAndres_21-4-03.JPG/220px-SegoviaPSAndres_21-4-03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SegoviaPSAndres_21-4-03.JPG/330px-SegoviaPSAndres_21-4-03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SegoviaPSAndres_21-4-03.JPG/440px-SegoviaPSAndres_21-4-03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Descent to the Gate of San Andrés, in the <i>judería</i> of Segovia</figcaption></figure> <p>The text approved by the Cortes, which also applied to the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Muslims of the region</a>, read as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We send to the aljamas of the said Jews and Moors: that each of them be put in said separation [by] such procedure and such order that within the said term of the said two years they [shall] have the said houses of their separation, and live and die in them, and henceforth not have their dwellings among the Christians or elsewhere outside the designated areas and places that have been assigned to the said Jewish and Moorish quarters.</p></blockquote> <p>The decision of the kings approved by the Courts of Toledo had antecedents, since Jews already had been confined in some Castilian localities like Cáceres or Soria. In this last locality it had been carried out with the monarchs' approval "to avoid the harms that followed from the Jews living, dwelling, and being present among the Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fray Hernando de Talavera, the queen's confessor and who had opposed the use of force to solve the "converso problem," also justified the segregation "by avoiding many sins that follow from the mixture and a great deal of familiarity [between Christians and Jews] and from not keeping everything that, encompassing their conversation with Christians, by <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">holy canons</a> and civil laws is ordered and commanded."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the decision to detain Jews in ghettos, it was not only a question of separating them from Christians and of protecting them, but also of imposing a series of obstacles to their activities, so that they would have no choice but "to give up their status as Jews if they want to lead a normal existence. Their conversion is not demanded – not yet – nor is their autonomous statute touched, but it continues with them in such a way that they end up convincing themselves that the only solution is conversion."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Andalusia_(1483)"><span id="The_expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Andalusia_.281483.29"></span>The expulsion of the Jews from Andalusia (1483)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The expulsion of the Jews from Andalusia (1483)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordoba_sinagoga_de_cordoba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cordoba_sinagoga_de_cordoba.jpg/250px-Cordoba_sinagoga_de_cordoba.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cordoba_sinagoga_de_cordoba.jpg/375px-Cordoba_sinagoga_de_cordoba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cordoba_sinagoga_de_cordoba.jpg/500px-Cordoba_sinagoga_de_cordoba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Synagogue" title="Córdoba Synagogue">Córdoba Synagogue</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first inquisitors appointed by the kings arrived in Seville in November 1480, "immediately sowing terror." During the first years, in this city alone, they pronounced 700 death sentences and more than 5,000 "reconciliations" – that is, prison sentences, exile or simple penances – accompanied by confiscation of their property and disqualification for public office and ecclesiastical benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of their inquiries, the inquisitors discovered that for a long time many converts had been meeting with their Jewish relatives to celebrate Jewish holidays and even attend synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This convinced them that they would not be able to put an end to crypto-Judaism if converts continued to maintain contact with the Jews, so they asked the monarchs for the Jews to be expelled from Andalusia. This request was approved and in 1483, the monarchs gave six months for the Jews of the dioceses of Seville, Cordoba, and Cadiz to go to <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>. There are doubts as to whether the order was strictly enforced, since at the time of the final expulsion in 1492 some chroniclers speak of the fact that 8,000 families of Andalusia embarked in Cadiz and others in Cartagena and the ports of the Crown of Aragon. On the other hand, the expulsion of the Jews of Saragossa and Teruel was also proposed, but in the end, it was not carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Julio Valdeón, the decision to expel the Jews from Andalusia also obeyed "the desire to move them away from the border between the crown of Castile and the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Nasrid Kingdom of Granada</a>, the scene, during the 1480s and the first years of the 1490s, of the war that ended with the disappearance of the last stronghold of peninsular Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_genesis_of_the_expulsion_decree">The genesis of the expulsion decree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The genesis of the expulsion decree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_Decree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alhambra_Decree.jpg/225px-Alhambra_Decree.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alhambra_Decree.jpg/338px-Alhambra_Decree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alhambra_Decree.jpg/450px-Alhambra_Decree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Sealed copy of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Edict of Granada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 31, 1492, shortly after the end of the Granada War, the Catholic Monarchs signed the decree of expulsion of the Jews in Granada, which was sent to all the cities, towns and lordships of their kingdoms with strict orders to not read it or make it public until May 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumeu_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumeu-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that some prominent Jews tried to nullify or soften it but did not have any success. Among these Jews, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abravanel</a> stands out, who offered King Ferdinand a considerable sum of money. According to a well-known legend, when Inquisitor General <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a> discovered this, he presented himself before the king and threw a crucifix at his feet, saying: "Judas sold our Lord for thirty pieces of silver; His Majesty is about to sell it again for thirty thousand." According to the Israeli historian Benzion Netanyahu, quoted by Julio Valdeón, when Abravanel met with Queen Isabella, she said to him: "'Do you think this comes from me? The Lord has put that thought into the heart of the King?"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months before, an <a href="/wiki/Auto_da_fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto da fe">auto da fe</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was held in Avila in which three converts and two Jews condemned by the Inquisition were burnt alive for an alleged ritual crime against a Christian child (who will be known as the [Child of the Guard]) contributed to create the propitious environment for the expulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torquemada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Torquemada.jpg/220px-Torquemada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Torquemada.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomas de Torquemada</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor" title="Grand Inquisitor">inquisitor general</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> had precisely entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor" title="Grand Inquisitor">inquisitor general</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a> and its collaborators the writing of the decree fixing to them, according to the historian <a href="/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Luis Suárez Fernández">Luis Suarez</a>, three previous conditions which would be reflected in the document: to justify the expulsion by charging Jews with two sufficiently serious offenses – usury and "heretical practice"; That there should be sufficient time for Jews to choose between baptism or exile; And that those who remained faithful to the Mosaic law could dispose of their movable and immovable property, although with the provisos established by the laws: they could not take either gold, silver, or horses. Torquemada presented the draft decree to the monarchs on March 20, 1492, and the monarchs signed and published it in Granada on March 31. According to Joseph Pérez, that the monarchs commissioned the drafting of the decree to Torquemada "demonstrates the leading role of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">the Inquisition</a> in that matter."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the decree promulgated in Granada on March 31, which was based on the draft decree of Torquemada – drawn up "with the will and consent of their highnesses" and which is dated March 20 in Santa Fe – there are two versions: One signed by the two monarchs and valid for the Crown of Castile and another signed only by King Ferdinand and valid for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. Between the draft decree of Torquemada and the two final versions, there exist, according to Joseph Pérez, "significant variants." In contrast to the Torquemada project and the Castilian decree, in the version addressed to the Crown of Aragon: </p> <ul><li>The advocacy of the Inquisition is recognized – "Persuading us, the venerable father prior of Santa Cruz [Torquemada], inquisitor general of the said heretical iniquity...";</li> <li>Usury is mentioned as one of the two crimes of which the Jews are accused: "We find the said Jews, by means of great and unbearable usury, to devour and absorb the properties and substances of Christians";</li> <li>The official position is reaffirmed that only the Crown can decide the fate of the Jews since they are the possession of the monarchs – "they are ours," it is said;</li> <li>And it contains more insulting expressions against the Jews: they are accused of making fun of the laws of Christians and of considering them <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatrous</a>; it mentions the abominable circumstances and of Jewish perfidy; labels Judaism as "leprosy"; and it recalls that the Jews "by their own fault are subject to perpetual servitude, to be slaves and captives."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Regarding the essentials, the two versions have the same structure and expose the same ideas. The first part describes the reasons why the monarchs – or the king in the case of the Aragonese version – decided to expel the Jews. The second part details how the expulsion would take place.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_conditions_of_expulsion">The conditions of expulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The conditions of expulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg/225px-Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg/338px-Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg/450px-Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2729" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><i>The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain</i> (in the year 1492) by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Sala_(painter)" title="Emilio Sala (painter)">Emilio Sala Francés</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The second part of the decree detailed the conditions for expulsion:<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The expulsion of the Jews was final: "We agree to send out all male and female Jews from our kingdoms and [order] that none of them ever come back or return to them."</li> <li>There was no exception, neither for age, residence, nor place of birth – it included both those born in the crowns of Castile and Aragon and those from elsewhere.</li> <li>There was a period of four months, which would be extended ten more days, until August 10, to leave the monarchs' domains. Those who did not do so within that period, or who returned, would be punished with the death penalty and the confiscation of their property. Likewise, those who aided or concealed the Jews were liable to lose "all their goods, vassals, and fortresses, and other inheritances."</li> <li>Within the set period of four months the Jews could sell their real estate and take the proceeds of the sale in the form of bills of exchange – not in coinage or gold and silver because their export was prohibited by law – or merchandise, as long as they were not arms or horses, whose export was also prohibited.</li></ol> <p>Although the edict did not refer to a possible conversion, this alternative was implicit. As the historian <a href="/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Luis Suárez Fernández">Luis Suárez</a> pointed out, the Jews had "four months to take the most terrible decision of their lives: to abandon their faith to be integrated in it [in the kingdom, in the political and civil community], or leave the territory in order to preserve it."<sup id="cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_415_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suárez_Fernández_2012_415-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drama that the Jews lived is documented by a contemporary source:<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2013_112_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2013_112-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some Jews, when the term was running out, went about by night and day in despair. Many turned from the road ... and received the faith of Christ. Many others, in order not to deprive themselves of the country where they were born and not to sell their goods at that time at lower prices, were baptized.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e1_134-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e1_134-0.jpg/220px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e1_134-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e1_134-0.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Abravanel">Isaac Abravanel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most outstanding Jews, with few exceptions such as that of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abravanel</a>, decided to convert to Christianity. The most relevant case was that of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Senior" title="Abraham Senior">Abraham Senior</a>, the chief rabbi of Castile and one of the closest collaborators of the monarchs. He and all his relatives were baptized on June 15, 1492, in the Guadalupe monastery, with the monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand as their godparents. He took the name of Fernán Núñez Coronel, while his son-in-law Mayr Melamed took the name Fernán Pérez Coronel – in both cases, the same <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> as the king. This case, like that of Abraham de Córdoba, was given much publicity, to serve as an example for the rest of their community. In fact, during the four-month tacit term that was given for the conversion, many Jews were baptized, especially the rich and the most educated, and among them the vast majority of the <a href="/wiki/Rabino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabino">rabbis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A chronicler of the time relates the intense propaganda campaign that unfolded:<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2013_112_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2013_112-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To all their <a href="/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama">aljamas</a> and communities much preaching was done, in all the synagogues and in the squares and in the churches and in the fields, by the wise men of Spain; and the holy gospel and the doctrine of the Holy Mother Church was preached to them, and it was preached and proven by their own Scriptures, how the Messiah they awaited was Our Redeemer and Savior Jesus Christ, who came at the suitable time, who their ancestors ignored with malice, and all the others who came after them never wanted to hear the truth; before, deceived by the false book of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, having the truth before their eyes and reading it in their law every day, they ignored and disregarded it.</p></blockquote> <p>The Jews who decided not to convert "had to prepare themselves for the departure in tremendous conditions." They had to sell their goods because they had very little time and had to accept the sometimes ridiculous amounts offered to them in the form of goods that could be carried away, since the export of gold and silver from the kingdom was prohibited. The possibility of taking <a href="/wiki/Bills_of_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bills of exchange">bills of exchange</a> was not much help because the bankers, Italians for the most part, demanded enormous interest. A chronicler of the time attests:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They sold and bargained away everything they could of their estates ... and in everything there were sinister ventures, and the Christians got their estates, very many and very rich houses and inheritances, for few monies; and they went about begging with them, and found not one to buy them, and gave a house for an ass and a vine for a little cloth or linen because they could not bring forth gold or silver.</p></blockquote> <p>They also had serious difficulties in recovering money lent to Christians because either the repayment term was after August 10, the deadline for their departure, or many of the debtors claimed "usury fraud," knowing that the Jews would not have time for the courts to rule in their favor.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to the monarchs, the <a href="/wiki/Ampudia" title="Ampudia">Ampudia</a> Jews complained that, "The mayors of the said village were committing and have committed many wrongdoings and affronts that were specifically not consented to, no less do they want to pay their personal property and real estate that they have, nor pay the debts owed to them and that which they owe urge them to do and then pay them even if the deadlines are not reached."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_de_Santangel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Luis_de_Santangel.jpg/220px-Luis_de_Santangel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Luis_de_Santangel.jpg/330px-Luis_de_Santangel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Luis_de_Santangel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Sant%C3%A1ngel" title="Luis de Santángel">Luis de Santángel</a>, a Valencian convert who collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a> in the organization of the journey of the expelled Jews.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, they had to pay all the expenses of the trip – transport, maintenance, freight of the ships, tolls, etc. This was organized by Isaac Abravanel, who contracted the ships (having to pay very high prices), and whose owners in some cases did not fulfill the contract or killed the travelers to steal what little they had. Abravanel counted on the collaboration of the royal official and convert <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Sant%C3%A1ngel" title="Luis de Santángel">Luis de Santángel</a> and of the Genovese banker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Pinelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Pinelo (page does not exist)">Francisco Pinelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2013_114_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2013_114-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monarchs had to give orders to protect Jews during the trip because they suffered vexations and abuse. This is how <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bernaldez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés Bernaldez (page does not exist)">Andrés Bernaldez</a>, pastor of <a href="/wiki/Los_Palacios" title="Los Palacios">Los Palacios</a>, describes the time when the Jews had to "abandon the lands of their birth":<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2013_114_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2013_114-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All the young men and daughters who were twelve years old were married to each other, for all the females of this age above were in the shadow and company of husbands... They came out of the lands of their birth, big and small children, old and young, on foot and men on asses and other beasts, and on wagons, and continued their journeys each to the ports where they were to go; and went by the roads and fields where they went with many works and fortunes; some falling, others rising, others dying, others being born, others becoming sick, that there was no Christian that did not feel their pain, and always invited them to baptism, and some, with grief, converted and remained, but very few, and the rabbis worked them up and made the women and young men sing and play tambourines.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_the_expulsion">Reasons for the expulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reasons for the expulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Castillian version of the Alhambra Decree, reference is made exclusively to religious motives. The Aragonese version also alludes to usury. The Jews are accused of heretical depravity, that is, of serving as an example and inciting the <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">convert</a> to return to the practices of his ancient religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2009_188_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2009_188-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_414_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suárez_Fernández_2012_414-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the decree, It is said that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> It is well known that in our dominions, there are some bad Christians who have Judaized and committed apostasy against the holy Catholic faith, the majority being caused by relations between Jews and Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2009_188_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2009_188-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The measures taken up to that point by the monarchs to put an end to communication between the Jewish community and the converts, a fundamental cause of the new Christians "Judaizing," according to the monarchs and the Inquisition, are as follows. The first was the agreement of the Cortes of Toledo of 1480, by which the Jews were forced to live in separate neighborhoods from the Christians, to prevent the Jews from being able to "subvert and subtract the Christian faithful from our holy Catholic faith." The second was the decision to expel the Jews from Andalusia, "believing that this would be enough for those of the other cities and towns and places of our kingdoms and manors to stop doing and committing the aforementioned." But this measure failed "because every day it is found and it seems that the said Jews continue to grow their evil and damaged purpose where they live and converse."<sup id="cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_414_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suárez_Fernández_2012_414-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the reason for deciding to expel the entire Jewish community, and not just those of its members who allegedly wanted to "pervert" the Christians, is explained:<sup id="cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_415_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suárez_Fernández_2012_415-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2009_188_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2009_188-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because when some serious and detestable crime is committed by some college or university [i.e. some corporation and community], it is reason that such college or university be dissolved, and annihilated and the younger ones by the elders and for each other to be punished and that those who pervert the good and honest living of cities and towns by a contagion, that can harm others, be expelled.</p></blockquote> <p>As highlighted <a href="/wiki/Julio_Valde%C3%B3n_Baruque" title="Julio Valdeón Baruque">Julio Valdeón</a>, "undoubtedly the expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian site is one of the most controversial issues of all that have happened throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">history of Spain</a>." It is not surprising, therefore, that historians have debated whether, in addition to the motives laid out by the Catholic Monarchs in the decree, there were others. Nowadays, some of the arguments made over time, such as that the Jews were expelled to keep their wealth, seem to have been discarded, since the majority of the Jews who left were the most modest, while the richest converted and they stayed. And on the other hand, the crown did not benefit at all from the operation; rather, it was damaged, because it stopped receiving the taxes paid by the Jews. Nor does the argument seem to hold that the expulsion was an episode of class conflict – for instance, that the nobility wanted to get rid of an incipient bourgeoisie, represented by the Jews, that supposedly threatened their interests – because many Jews were defended by some of the most important noble families of Castile, and because in addition, it was among the ranks of the "bourgeoisie" of "old Christians" where anti-Judaism grew the most.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A personal motive on the part of the monarchs can also be ruled out, as there is no indication that they felt any repugnance towards Jews and converts. Among the monarchs' trusted men were several who belonged to this group, such as the confessor of the queen <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Talavera" title="Hernando de Talavera">friar Hernando de Talavera</a>, the steward <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Cabrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés Cabrera (page does not exist)">Andrés Cabrera</a>, the treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Senior" title="Abraham Senior">Abraham Senior</a>, or Mayr Melamed and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a>, without counting the Jewish doctors that attended them.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsion_judios-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/300px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/450px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/600px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8960" data-file-height="6672" /></a><figcaption>Expulsion of European Jewish communities between 1100 and 1600. The main routes that the Spanish Jews followed are marked in light brown.</figcaption></figure> <p>Current historians prefer to place expulsion in the European context, and those such as <a href="/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Luis Suárez Fernández">Luis Suárez Fernández</a> or Julio Valdeón highlight that the Catholic Monarchs were, in fact, the last of the sovereigns of the great western European states to decree expulsion – the Kingdom of England did it in 1290, the <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of France</a> in 1394; in 1421 the Jews were expelled from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>; in 1424 from <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Colonia</a>; in 1439 from <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>; in 1442 from <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>; in 1485 from <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>; in 1486 from <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>; in 1488 from <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>; in 1489 from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Luca" title="San Luca">Luca</a>; in 1493 from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>; in 1494 from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>; in 1498 from <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>...-.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of all of them was to achieve unity of faith in their states, a principle that would be defined in the 16th century with the maxim "<a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a>," i.e., that the subjects should profess the same religion as their prince.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Joseph Pérez has pointed out, the expulsion "puts an end to an original situation in Christian Europe: that of a nation that consents to the presence of different religious communities" with which it "becomes a nation like the rest in European Christendom." Pérez adds, "The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> congratulated Spain for having carried out an act of good governance, an opinion shared by the best minds of the time (<a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>)... [...] it was the so-called medieval coexistence that was strange to Christian Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julio Valdeón affirms that the decision of the Catholic Monarchs, who "showed themselves, in their first years of rule, clearly protective of the Hebrews," was due to "pressure from the rest of Christianity" and to "the constant pressure of The Church, who often preached against those it called "deicides," as well as the "tremendous animosity that existed in the Christian people against the Jewish community." In this sense, he quotes the thesis of the Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Benzion_Netanyahu" title="Benzion Netanyahu">Benzion Netanyahu</a> that the expulsion was the consequence of the climate of racism that lived in the Christian society of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A thesis of the latter – that the monarchs decided on the expulsion to ingratiate themselves with the masses in which anti-Jewish sentiments predominated – Joseph Pérez considers to be without foundation: "Why should the monarchs have had to worry about what the masses felt about Jews and converts when they did not [even] attend to the more concrete interests of those masses? Of the three surviving versions of the expulsion edict, only the third [the Aragonese], which was signed only by King Ferdinand, refers to the subject of usury, and certainly in very harsh terms. In the other two versions, we do not read a single mention or even the slightest allusion to this matter. Accusations that had been repeated for centuries against the Jews: a deicide people, desecration of hosts, ritual crimes ... do not appear in any of the three versions."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Joseph Pérez, the decision of the Catholic Monarchs, as evidenced by the content of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Granada Edict</a>, is directly related to the "converso problem." The first step was the creation of the Inquisition, the second the expulsion of the Jews to eliminate those who allegedly incited the converts to Judaize. "What concerned them [the monarchs] was the total and definitive assimilation of the converts, for which the previous measures failed; they resort to a drastic solution: the expulsion of the Jews to root out evil."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The idea of expelling the Jews comes from the Inquisition; there is no doubt about this. [...] The expulsion of the Jews seemed to the Inquisition the best way to end the Judaizing of converts: by removing the cause – communication with Jews – the effect would fade away. […] The Catholic Monarchs take the idea on their own, but this does not mean that they are under pressure from the inquisitors. The concerns, for them, are also religious: heresy is not to their liking; they want to cleanse the kingdom of it, as the queen wrote, but these concerns are also political: they hope that the elimination of Judaism will facilitate the definitive assimilation and integration of the converts into Spanish society. ".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Joseph Pérez, following Luis Suárez, places the expulsion within the context of the construction of the "modern State," which requires greater social cohesion based on the unity of faith to impose its authority on all groups and individuals in the kingdom. Unlike in medieval times, in this type of state there are no groups that are governed by particular rules, as was the case for the Jewish community. For this reason, it is not by chance, Pérez warns, that only three months after having eliminated the last Muslim stronghold on the peninsula with the conquest of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada, the monarchs decreed the expulsion of the Jews. "What was intended then was to fully assimilate Judaizers and Jews so that there were only Christians. The monarchs must have thought that the prospect of expulsion would encourage Jews to convert <i>en masse</i> and that thus a gradual assimilation would destroy the remnants of Judaism. They were wrong about this. The vast majority preferred to leave, with all that this entailed in tears, sacrifices and humiliations, and remain faithful to their faith. They flatly refused the assimilation that was offered them as an alternative."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "assimilation" is in this quote a euphemism: what was offered to the Sephardic Jew was, in fact, conversion to a faith that was not his own, hence his mass emigration (towards the different directions indicated in the map above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_end_of_religious_diversity_in_Spain">The end of religious diversity in Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The end of religious diversity in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumentoalatolerancia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Monumentoalatolerancia.jpg/220px-Monumentoalatolerancia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Monumentoalatolerancia.jpg/330px-Monumentoalatolerancia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Monumentoalatolerancia.jpg/440px-Monumentoalatolerancia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Tolerance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to Tolerance (page does not exist)">Monument to Tolerance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, located in the place where five Jews were burned alive.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sephardic_family_in_Bosnia,_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sephardic_family_in_Bosnia%2C_19th_century.jpg/220px-Sephardic_family_in_Bosnia%2C_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sephardic_family_in_Bosnia%2C_19th_century.jpg/330px-Sephardic_family_in_Bosnia%2C_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Sephardic_family_in_Bosnia%2C_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Sephardic family of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina">Ottoman Bosnia</a> (19th century).</figcaption></figure> <p>As Joseph Pérez has pointed out, "In 1492, the story of Spanish Judaism ends, thenceforth leading only an underground existence, always threatened by the Spanish Inquisition and the suspicion of a public opinion that saw in Jews, Judaizers and even sincere converts natural enemies of Catholicism and Spanish idiosyncrasy, as understood and imposed by some ecclesiastical and intellectual leaders, in an attitude that bordered on racism."<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2013_117_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2013_117-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historic accounts of the numbers of Jews who left Spain are based on speculation, and some aspects were exaggerated by early accounts and historians: <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Juan de Mariana</a> speaks of 800,000 people, and <a href="/wiki/Don_Isaac_Abravanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Isaac Abravanel">Don Isaac Abravanel</a> of 300,000. While few reliable statistics exist for the expulsion, modern estimates by scholars from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a> estimated the number of Sephardic Jews during the 15th century at 400,000 out of a total population of approximately 7.5 million people in all of Spain, out of whom about half (at least 200,000<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or slightly more (300,000) remained in Iberia as <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso"><i>conversos</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others who tried to estimate the Jews' demographics based on tax returns and population estimates of communities are much lower, with Kamen stating that, of a population of approximately 80,000 Jews and 200,000 <i>conversos</i>, about 40,000 emigrated.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another approximately 50,000 Jews received a Christian baptism so as to remain in Spain; many secretly kept some of their Jewish traditions and thus became the target of the Inquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jews of the kingdom of Castile emigrated mainly to Portugal (where the entire community was forcibly converted in 1497) and to North Africa. The Jews of the kingdom of Aragon fled to other Christian areas including Italy, rather than to Muslim lands as is often assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the vast majority of <i>conversos</i> simply assimilated into the Catholic dominant culture, a minority continued to practice Judaism in secret, gradually migrating throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire, mainly to areas where Sephardic communities were already present as a result of the Alhambra Decree.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation of those who returned was regularized with an order of November 10, 1492, in which it was established that civil and ecclesiastical authorities had to be witnesses to baptism, and in the event that they had been baptized before returning, evidence and testimonials that confirm it. They were also able to recover all their goods for the same price at which they had sold them. Returns are documented at least until 1499. On the other hand, the Provision of the Royal Council of 24 October 1493 set harsh sanctions for those who slandered these New Christians with insulting terms such as <i>tornadizos</i> ("transgressors").<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the economic impact of the expulsion, it seems to be ruled out that it was a hard setback that stopped the birth of capitalism, which would be one of the causes of the decline of Spain. As Joseph Pérez has pointed out, "in view of the published literature on taxation and economic activities, there is no doubt that the Jews were no longer a source of relevant wealth, neither as bankers nor as renters nor as merchants who conducted business at an international level. [...] The expulsion of the Jews produced problems at the local level but not a national catastrophe. It is unreasonable to attribute to that event the decline of Spain and its supposed inability to adapt to the transformations of the modern world. What we know now shows that 16th century Spain was not exactly an economically backward nation. [....] In strictly demographic and economic terms, and apart from human aspects, the expulsion did not imply for Spain any substantial deterioration, but only a temporary crisis quickly overcome."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An issue of the Amsterdam Gazette published in the Netherlands on September 12, 1672, and preserved at <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_the_Jewish_People_at_Beit_Hatfutsot" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot">Beth Hatefutsoth</a> evidences interest by the Jewish community in what was happening at that time in Madrid, and it presents the news in Spanish, 180 years after the expulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sephardic_diaspora_and_the_Jewish_identity_continuity">The Sephardic diaspora and the Jewish identity continuity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Sephardic diaspora and the Jewish identity continuity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expulsion initiated a prolonged period of exile and hardship, triggering a <a href="/wiki/Refugee_crisis" title="Refugee crisis">refugee crisis</a> as Jews sought new places of refuge and resettlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the expelled Jews settled in North Africa, sometimes via Portugal, or in nearby states, such as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Kingdom of Portugal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>, or in the Italian states. As they were also expelled from these first two kingdoms in 1497 and 1498 respectively, they were forced to emigrate again. The majority of those from Navarre settled in <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>. And those from Portugal ended up in Northern Europe (England or <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>). In North Africa, those who went to the <a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Fez kingdom</a> suffered all kinds of ill-treatment and were plundered, even by the Jews who had lived there for a long time. Those who fared the best were those who settled in the territories of the Ottoman Empire, both in North Africa and in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a>, after having passed by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The sultan gave orders to welcome them, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> exclaimed on one occasion, referring to King Ferdinand: "You call him king who impoverishes his states to enrich mine?" This same sultan commented to the ambassador sent by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Carlos V</a> who marveled that "the Jews had been thrown out of Castile, which was to throw away wealth."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of a few generations, the Ottoman Empire's cities emerged as the heart of the Sephardic world.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As some Jews identified Spain and the Iberian Peninsula with the biblical <a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a>, the Jews expelled by the Catholic monarchs took or received the name of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2013_117_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2013_117-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Jewish accounts frequently compared their suffering to that of the ancient Israelites, expressing both their trust in God and their hope for messianic deliverance.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to their religion, they also "kept many of their ancestral customs, and in particular preserved the use of the Spanish language, a language which, of course, is not exactly what was spoken in fifteenth-century Spain: like any living language, it evolved and suffered notable alterations over the passage of time, although the structures and essential characteristics remained those of late medieval Castilian. [...] The Sephardis never forgot the land of their parents, harboring mixed feelings for her: on the one hand, the resentment for the tragic events of 1492, and on the other hand, as time goes by, the nostalgia for the lost homeland."<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2013_117_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2013_117-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> (also known as <i>Ladino</i>) as a socio-cultural and identity phenomenon, Garcia-Pelayo and Gross wrote in 1977: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is said of the Jews expelled from Spain in the 15th century that they preserve the language and the Spanish traditions in the East. The expulsion of the Jews [...] sent a large number of families out of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly from Andalusia and Castile, to settle in the eastern Mediterranean countries dominated by the Turks, where they formed colonies which have survived to this day, especially in Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria [...]. These families, generally composed of Sephardic elements of good social standing, have maintained their religion, traditions, language, and even their own literature for four-and-a-half centuries. The Spanish that they transported, that of Castile and Andalusia from the end of the 15th century, removed from all contact with that of the Peninsula, has not participated in the evolution undergone by that of Spain and Spanish colonial America. Its phonetics present some archaic but not degenerate forms; Its vocabulary offers countless loan words from Hebrew, Greek, Italian, Arabic, Turkish, according to the countries of residence.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a> was not punished:</b> "Certainly not because of tolerance or indifference, but because they lacked the appropriate legal instruments in order to define it as a crime." <small><i>"No, por cierto, por tolerancia o indiferencia, sino porque se carecía de instrumentos jurídicos apropiados para caracterizar este tipo de delito.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>"</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_2012_26–27_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez_2012_26–27-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Friar Alonso De Ojeda:</b> this is not <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a>, Spanish navigator and conquistador, but a close relative of his with the same name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Tribunal of the Inquisition:</b> officially, "<a href="/wiki/Tribunal_of_the_Holy_Office_of_the_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition">Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition</a>" (Spanish: <i lang="es">Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición</i>) normally known in English as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Decree-translation-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Decree-translation_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/decree.html">"The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews – 1492 Spain"</a>. <i>www.sephardicstudies.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sephardicstudies.org&rft.atitle=The+Edict+of+Expulsion+of+the+Jews+%E2%80%93+1492+Spain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sephardicstudies.org%2Fdecree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez_2012_17-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2012_17_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2012_17_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, p. 17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber1994" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, Jane (1994). <i>The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience</i>. New York: The Free Press. pp. 1–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029115749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029115749"><bdi>978-0029115749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Spain%3A+A+History+of+the+Sephardic+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-144&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0029115749&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez, Joseph</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKYlN1ySFOYC"><i>History of a Tragedy: The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain</i></a>. Translated by Hochroth, Lysa. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252031410" title="Special:BookSources/9780252031410"><bdi>9780252031410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+a+Tragedy%3A+The+Expulsion+of+the+Jews+from+Spain&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780252031410&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKYlN1ySFOYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2011">Kamen (2011</a>, p. 12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewminate.com/jewish-migration-from-1500-to-the-20th-century/">"Jewish Migration from 1500 to the 20th Century"</a>. 22 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Migration+from+1500+to+the+20th+Century&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrewminate.com%2Fjewish-migration-from-1500-to-the-20th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125012925/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~faraggi/faraggi.html">"The Faraggi Family of the Balkans, Salonika, Volos, Larissa, Tricala, Seres, Monastir, Kastoria, Florina and Istanbul"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~faraggi/faraggi.html">the original</a> on 2021-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Faraggi+Family+of+the+Balkans%2C+Salonika%2C+Volos%2C+Larissa%2C+Tricala%2C+Seres%2C+Monastir%2C+Kastoria%2C+Florina+and+Istanbul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb2.ph.utexas.edu%2F~faraggi%2Ffaraggi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PdR-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PdR_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4049868.pdf">Celia Prados García: La expulsión de los judíos y el retorno de los sefardíes como nacionales españoles. Un análisis histórico-jurídico</a> (in Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/17/archives/1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-by-spain-1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-in.html">"1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, Dec. 17, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir2014" class="citation news cs1">Mir, Meritxell (17 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2014/02/17/sephardic-jews-eager-apply-spanish-citizenship/">"Sephardic Jews eager to apply for Spanish citizenship"</a>. <i>Religion News Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens%2C+juifs+et+musulmans+dans+l%27Espagne+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.+La+convivencia+et+autres+mythes+historiographiques&rft.issue=86&rft.pages=257-271&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcdlm.6878&rft.issn=1773-0201&rft.aulast=Cailleaux&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fcdlm%2F6878%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2011">Kamen (2011</a>, pp. 11, 16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 10–11)«Los judíos, perseguidos, hallaron refugio en los reinos cristianos del norte, donde fueron bien acogidos por los príncipes porque procedían de un país –<a href="/wiki/Al-%C3%81ndalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ándalus">Al-Ándalus</a>- cuya civilización era por aquel entonces muy superior a la de la España cristiana, porque hablaban árabe, porque conocían la organización política, económica y social de los territorios musulmanes y porque dominaban las técnicas comerciales más avanzadas».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 12–13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 13–15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, p. 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamen_2011_17-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen_2011_17_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen_2011_17_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2011">Kamen (2011</a>, p. 17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 16–17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 138)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2011">Kamen (2011</a>, p. 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 138, 164–165)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 139–140)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 165–167)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez_2009_168-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2009_168_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2009_168_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 168)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 168–169)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 174)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 169–170)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 170–171)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2011">Kamen (2011</a>, pp. 17–18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 19–20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2011">Kamen (2011</a>, p. 35)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 20–21)"The rich are hated because they are safe from hunger and disease; traders are accused of storing wheat to cause prices to rise; the houses of one and the other are looted."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2011">Kamen (2011</a>, pp. 44–46)"Anyone who does not adapt to the rest of the community will be I saw as "Jew."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Manuel Rodríguez, alchemist of Soria in the 1470s, disdained the official religion, but the parish priest described him as "the wisest men in the world in all things." Precisely for this reason he was reputed, according to the testimony of an official, to be "Jewish"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 24–25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez_2012_26–27-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2012_26–27_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2012_26–27_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 26–27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 171)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2012">Pérez (2012</a>, pp. 21–22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 175)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 176–178)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, p. 92)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, p. 92)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, p. 94)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 178)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 181)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 171–172)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 182)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, p. 93)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rumeu-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rumeu_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumeu_de_Armas1985" class="citation book cs1">Rumeu de Armas, Antonio (1985). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ed.). <i>New light on the Santa Fe capitulations of 1492 between the Catholic Monarchs and Christopher Columbus: institutional and diplomatic study</i>. Editorial – CSIC Press. pp. 138–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400059613" title="Special:BookSources/9788400059613"><bdi>9788400059613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+light+on+the+Santa+Fe+capitulations+of+1492+between+the+Catholic+Monarchs+and+Christopher+Columbus%3A+institutional+and+diplomatic+study&rft.pages=138-141&rft.pub=Editorial+%E2%80%93+CSIC+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9788400059613&rft.aulast=Rumeu+de+Armas&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, p. 101)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 185–186)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 187)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, pp. 187–188)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 188)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 189)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suárez_Fernández_2012_415-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_415_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_415_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez_Fernández2012">Suárez Fernández (2012</a>, p. 415)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez_2013_112-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2013_112_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2013_112_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, p. 112)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, p. 111)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 112–113)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 113–114)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, p. 102)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez_2013_114-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2013_114_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2013_114_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, p. 114)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez_2009_188-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2009_188_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2009_188_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2009_188_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2009">Pérez (2009</a>, p. 188)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suárez_Fernández_2012_414-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_414_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_414_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez_Fernández2012">Suárez Fernández (2012</a>, p. 414)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, pp. 99–100)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 117–118, 120–)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 124–125)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, p. 8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, pp. 89, 99)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 136–137)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007">Valdeón Baruque (2007</a>, p. 101)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 125–126)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, p. 124)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 128–129)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 129–132)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez_2013_117-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2013_117_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2013_117_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez_2013_117_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, p. 117)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20Jews%20of%20Spain%3A%20A%20History%20of%20the%20Sephardic%20Experience&publication_year=1994&author=Gerber%2CJ">Gerber J : The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience</a>, 1st ed. New York: Free Press, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bedford, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2011200">Sephardic signature in haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA</a>. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 441–448 (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.200">10.1038/ejhg.2011.200</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325779v1.full.pdf">Genetic analysis of Sephardic ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula</a>; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Barcelona.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, pp. 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1909" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, A (1909). <i>Life of Spinoza (Spinoza's Short Treatise on God, Man and his Well Being)</i>. London: Adam and Charles Black. pp. 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Spinoza+%28Spinoza%27s+Short+Treatise+on+God%2C+Man+and+his+Well+Being%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Cullen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsjuryinquisit0000murp/page/75"><i>God's jury: the Inquisition and the making of the modern world</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-09156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-09156-0"><bdi>978-0-618-09156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+jury%3A+the+Inquisition+and+the+making+of+the+modern+world&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-618-09156-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Cullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsjuryinquisit0000murp%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, p. 115)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, pp. 118–120)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La historia de los judíos en <i>Sefarad</i> (hebreo: España) se remonta a los tiempos de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edad_Antigua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edad Antigua (page does not exist)">Antigüedad</a> e involucra a los súbditos del rey <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salom%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salomón (page does not exist)">Salomón</a> y a otros tantos exiliados del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reino_de_Jud%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reino de Judá (page does not exist)">Reino de Judá</a> (Toledo, Sinagoga del Tránsito, <i>La vida judía en Sefarad</i>, noviembre 1991 – enero 1992; publicación del Ministerio de Cultura de España, pp. 19–20).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2013" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Jonathan Stewart (2013). <i>After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry</i>. New York: New York University Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2911-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-2911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+expulsion%3A+1492+and+the+making+of+Sephardic+Jewry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2911-3&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2013">Pérez (2013</a>, p. 116)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramón García-Pelayo y Gross, <i>Pequeño Larousse Ilustrado</i>, Buenos Aires y México: Larousse, 1977, pp. 603–604.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishinquisiti00henr"><i>The Spanish Inquisition: a Historical Revision</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07522-9"><bdi>978-0-300-07522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition%3A+a+Historical+Revision&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07522-9&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishinquisiti00henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a> (2011). <i>La Inquisición Española. Una revisión histórica</i> (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Barcelona: Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9892-198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9892-198-4"><bdi>978-84-9892-198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Inquisici%C3%B3n+Espa%C3%B1ola.+Una+revisi%C3%B3n+hist%C3%B3rica&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-9892-198-4&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez, Joseph</a> (2009) [2005]. <i>Los judíos en España</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-03-3"><bdi>978-84-96467-03-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+jud%C3%ADos+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-84-96467-03-3&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez, Joseph (2012) [2009]. <i>Breve Historia de la Inquisición en España</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-08-00695-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-08-00695-4"><bdi>978-84-08-00695-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Historia+de+la+Inquisici%C3%B3n+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-84-08-00695-4&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez, Joseph</a> (2013) [2007]. <i>Historia de una tragedia. La expulsión de los judíos de España</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-08-05538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-08-05538-9"><bdi>978-84-08-05538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+una+tragedia.+La+expulsi%C3%B3n+de+los+jud%C3%ADos+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-84-08-05538-9&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez_Fernández2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Luis Suárez Fernández">Suárez Fernández, Luis</a> (2012). <i>La expulsión de los judíos. Un problema europeo</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ariel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-344-0025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-344-0025-2"><bdi>978-84-344-0025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+expulsi%C3%B3n+de+los+jud%C3%ADos.+Un+problema+europeo&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Ariel&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-84-344-0025-2&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valdeón Baruque, Julio (2007). "El reinado de los Reyes Católicos. Época crucial del antijudaísmo español". In <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_%C3%81lvarez_Chillida" title="Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida">Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida</a>; Ricardo Izquierdo Benito (eds.). <i>El antisemitismo en España</i> (in Spanish). Cuenca: University of Castilla-La Mancha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8427-471-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8427-471-1"><bdi>978-84-8427-471-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+reinado+de+los+Reyes+Cat%C3%B3licos.+%C3%89poca+crucial+del+antijuda%C3%ADsmo+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.btitle=El+antisemitismo+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Cuenca&rft.pub=University+of+Castilla-La+Mancha&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-8427-471-1&rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n+Baruque&rft.aufirst=Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpulsion+of+Jews+from+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">History of the Jews in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Andorra" title="History of the Jews in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iceland" title="History of the Jews in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Liechtenstein" title="History of the Jews in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malta" title="History of the Jews in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monaco" title="History of the Jews in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Montenegro" title="History of the Jews in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_San_Marino" title="History of the Jews in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovenia" title="History of the Jews in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kosovo" title="History of the Jews in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Transnistria" title="History of the Jews in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Jews in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jersey" title="History of the Jews in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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