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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auschwitz_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Auschwitz I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auschwitz_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_mass_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_mass_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 First mass transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_mass_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crematorium_I,_first_gassings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crematorium_I,_first_gassings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Crematorium I, first gassings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crematorium_I,_first_gassings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_mass_transport_of_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_mass_transport_of_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 First mass transport of Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_mass_transport_of_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Auschwitz II-Birkenau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auschwitz_II-Birkenau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crematoria_II–V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crematoria_II–V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Crematoria II–V </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crematoria_II–V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auschwitz_III–Monowitz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auschwitz_III–Monowitz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Auschwitz III–Monowitz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auschwitz_III–Monowitz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subcamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Subcamps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_the_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_the_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Life in the camps </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_in_the_camps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life in the camps subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_in_the_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SS_garrison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SS_garrison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 SS garrison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SS_garrison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functionaries_and_Sonderkommando" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functionaries_and_Sonderkommando"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Functionaries and Sonderkommando </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functionaries_and_Sonderkommando-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tattoos_and_triangles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tattoos_and_triangles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tattoos and triangles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tattoos_and_triangles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Transports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_for_the_inmates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_for_the_inmates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Life for the inmates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_for_the_inmates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Women's camp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_experiments,_block_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_experiments,_block_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Medical experiments, block 10 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_experiments,_block_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punishment,_block_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment,_block_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Punishment, block 11 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment,_block_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Death wall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Family camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gypsy_family_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gypsy_family_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.1 Gypsy family camp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gypsy_family_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theresienstadt_family_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theresienstadt_family_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.2 Theresienstadt family camp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theresienstadt_family_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_and_extermination_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_and_extermination_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Selection and extermination process </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selection_and_extermination_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Selection and extermination process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Selection_and_extermination_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gas chambers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inside_the_crematoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inside_the_crematoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Inside the crematoria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inside_the_crematoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_corpses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_corpses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Use of corpses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_corpses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance,_escapes,_and_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance,_escapes,_and_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Resistance, escapes, and liberation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resistance,_escapes,_and_liberation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Resistance, escapes, and liberation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Resistance,_escapes,_and_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camp_resistance,_flow_of_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_resistance,_flow_of_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Camp resistance, flow of information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp_resistance,_flow_of_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escapes,_Auschwitz_Protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escapes,_Auschwitz_Protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Escapes, Auschwitz Protocols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escapes,_Auschwitz_Protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombing_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombing_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bombing proposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombing_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonderkommando_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonderkommando_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Sonderkommando revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonderkommando_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation_and_death_marches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_and_death_marches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Evacuation and death marches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_and_death_marches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Liberation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 After the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle After the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trials_of_war_criminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials_of_war_criminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Trials of war criminals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials_of_war_criminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Citations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Auschwitz concentration camp</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-konsentrasiekamp" title="Auschwitz-konsentrasiekamp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Auschwitz-konsentrasiekamp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="معسكر أوشفيتس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر أوشفيتس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0" title="অশউইৎজ নিৰ্যাতন শিবিৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অশউইৎজ নিৰ্যাতন শিবিৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C5%9Fvitz_h%C9%99bs_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99si" title="Auşvitz həbs düşərgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Auşvitz həbs düşərgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آوشویتس حبس دوشرگه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آوشویتس حبس دوشرگه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_kons%C3%A9ntrasi_Auschwitz" title="Kamp konséntrasi Auschwitz – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kamp konséntrasi Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="অশউইৎজ বন্দী শিবির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অশউইৎজ বন্দী শিবির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Асвенцім – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асвенцім" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Асьвенцім – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асьвенцім" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Аушвиц – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аушвиц" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Auschwitz" title="Koncentracijski logor Auschwitz – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_koncentrationslejr" title="Auschwitz koncentrationslejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Auschwitz koncentrationslejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="لموعتاقال د أوشڤيتس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لموعتاقال د أوشڤيتس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Auschwitz" title="KZ Auschwitz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="KZ Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitzi_koonduslaager" title="Auschwitzi koonduslaager – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Auschwitzi koonduslaager" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%86%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Στρατόπεδο συγκέντρωσης Άουσβιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο συγκέντρωσης Άουσβιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%AD%C5%9Dvico_(koncentreja_komplekso)" title="Aŭŝvico (koncentreja komplekso) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭŝvico (koncentreja komplekso)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="اردوگاه آشویتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه آشویتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa_G%C3%A9ibhinn_Auschwitz" title="Campa Géibhinn Auschwitz – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Campa Géibhinn Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleih-champ_Auschwitz" title="Sleih-champ Auschwitz – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sleih-champ Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa-d%C3%B9mhlachaidh_Auschwitz" title="Campa-dùmhlachaidh Auschwitz – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Campa-dùmhlachaidh Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%88%EB%B9%84%EC%B8%A0_%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%9C_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%86%8C" title="아우슈비츠 강제 수용소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아우슈비츠 강제 수용소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B4" title="Օսվենցիմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսվենցիմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Auschwitz" title="Koncentracijski logor Auschwitz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_konsentrasi_Auschwitz" title="Kamp konsentrasi Auschwitz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp konsentrasi Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_concentramento_di_Auschwitz" title="Campo di concentramento di Auschwitz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di concentramento di Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A5" title="אושוויץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אושוויץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_kons%C3%A8ntrasi_Auschwitz" title="Barak konsèntrasi Auschwitz – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Barak konsèntrasi Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ოსვენციმის საკონცენტრაციო ბანაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსვენციმის საკონცენტრაციო ბანაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Освенцим лагері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Освенцим лагері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambi_ya_Auschwitz" title="Kambi ya Auschwitz – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kambi ya Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampa_komkirin%C3%AA_ya_Auschwitz%C3%AA" title="Kampa komkirinê ya Auschwitzê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kampa komkirinê ya Auschwitzê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8C_(Auschwitz)" title="ຄ້າຍກັກກັນເອົາສວິທສ໌ (Auschwitz) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄ້າຍກັກກັນເອົາສວິທສ໌ (Auschwitz)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_(castra_carceralia)" title="Auschwitz (castra carceralia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Auschwitz (castra carceralia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C5%A1vicas_koncentr%C4%81cijas_nometne" title="Aušvicas koncentrācijas nometne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aušvicas koncentrācijas nometne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Auschwitz" title="KZ Auschwitz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="KZ Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C5%A1vico_koncentracijos_stovykla" title="Aušvico koncentracijos stovykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aušvico koncentracijos stovykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_(camp_de_cuncentrament)" title="Auschwitz (camp de cuncentrament) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Auschwitz (camp de cuncentrament)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitzi_koncentr%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_t%C3%A1bor" title="Auschwitzi koncentrációs tábor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Auschwitzi koncentrációs tábor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Аушвиц – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аушвиц" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഓഷ്‌വിറ്റ്സ് തടങ്കൽപ്പാളയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓഷ്‌വിറ്റ്സ് തടങ്കൽപ്പാളയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आउश्वित्झ छळछावणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आउश्वित्झ छळछावणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="აუშვიციშ საკონცენტრაციე კარე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აუშვიციშ საკონცენტრაციე კარე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_tahanan_Auschwitz" title="Kem tahanan Auschwitz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kem tahanan Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Аушвиц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аушвиц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%87%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အော့ဇဝစ်အကျဉ်းစခန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့ဇဝစ်အကျဉ်းစခန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_(concentratiekamp)" title="Auschwitz (concentratiekamp) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Auschwitz (concentratiekamp)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Auschwitz-Birkenau" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="अश्विज कन्सन्ट्रेसन क्याम्प – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अश्विज कन्सन्ट्रेसन क्याम्प" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="アウシュヴィッツ＝ビルケナウ強制収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウシュヴィッツ＝ビルケナウ強制収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_d%27Auschwitz-Birkenau" title="Camp d'Auschwitz-Birkenau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camp d'Auschwitz-Birkenau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvensim_konslageri" title="Osvensim konslageri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Osvensim konslageri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AA" title="ਆਉਸ਼ਵਿਤਸ ਤਸੀਹਾ ਕੈਂਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਉਸ਼ਵਿਤਸ ਤਸੀਹਾ ਕੈਂਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE" title="آشوٹز بندی کیمپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آشوٹز بندی کیمپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE" title="د اجباري کار اشویتس کمپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اجباري کار اشویتس کمپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Auschwitz-Birkenau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_concentrare_Auschwitz" title="Lagărul de concentrare Auschwitz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagărul de concentrare Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Освенцим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Освенцим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campu_de_cuncentramentu_de_Auschwitz" title="Campu de cuncentramentu de Auschwitz – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Campu de cuncentramentu de Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auschwitz concentration camp" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampi_i_p%C3%ABrqendrimit_i_Aushvicit" title="Kampi i përqendrimit i Aushvicit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kampi i përqendrimit i Aushvicit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB" title="අවුෂ්විට්ස් සිර කඳවුර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අවුෂ්විට්ස් සිර කඳවුර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Auschwitz concentration camp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_t%C3%A1bor_Auschwitz" title="Koncentračný tábor Auschwitz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koncentračný tábor Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijsko_tabori%C5%A1%C4%8De_Auschwitz" title="Koncentracijsko taborišče Auschwitz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koncentracijsko taborišče Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="کەمپی ئاوشڤیتز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەمپی ئاوشڤیتز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Логор Аушвиц – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логор Аушвиц" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Auschwitz" title="Koncentracijski logor Auschwitz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampo_ng_konsentrasyon_sa_Auschwitz" title="Kampo ng konsentrasyon sa Auschwitz – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kampo ng konsentrasyon sa Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அவுஷ்விட்ஸ் வதை முகாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அவுஷ்விட்ஸ் வதை முகாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C5%9Fwitz" title="Auşwitz – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Auşwitz" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ค่ายกักกันเอาช์วิทซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่ายกักกันเอาช์วิทซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Auschwitz-Birkenau" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86" title="Аушвіц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аушвіц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A4%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%90%D9%B9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE" title="آؤشوِٹس حراستی کیمپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آؤشوِٹس حراستی کیمپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canpo_de_consentramento_de_Auschwitz" title="Canpo de consentramento de Auschwitz – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canpo de consentramento de Auschwitz" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from editing it"><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auschwitz_II-Birkenau&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German network of concentration and extermination camps in occupied Poland during World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Auschwitz" redirects here. For the city, see <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Auschwitz (disambiguation)">Auschwitz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Auschwitz Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camp</a> (1940–1945)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0px 0 0 0px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 0px 0px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_I_(22_May_2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg/250px-Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg/375px-Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg/500px-Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 0px 0px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Birkenau_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Birkenau_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Birkenau_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Birkenau_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Birkenau_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Birkenau_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Birkenau_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1357" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: Gate to Auschwitz I with its <a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a> sign ("work sets you free")<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Bottom: Auschwitz II-Birkenau gatehouse. The train track, in operation from May to October 1944, led toward the gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Auschwitz_concentration_camp&params=50_02_09_N_19_10_42_E_region:PL-MA_type:landmark">50°02′09″N 19°10′42″E / 50.03583°N 19.17833°E / 50.03583; 19.17833</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commandant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original use</th><td class="infobox-data">Army barracks</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1940 – January 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Mainly Jews, Poles, Romani, Soviet prisoners of war</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 1.3 million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b230-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Killed</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 1.1 million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b230-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Liberated by</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet Union, 27 January 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable inmates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Category:Auschwitz_concentration_camp_prisoners" title="Category:Auschwitz concentration camp prisoners">Auschwitz prisoners</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Burger" title="Adolf Burger">Adolf Burger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Eger" title="Edith Eger">Edith Eger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_L%C3%B6hner-Beda" title="Fritz Löhner-Beda">Fritz Löhner-Beda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_N%C3%A9mirovsky" title="Irène Némirovsky">Irène Némirovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Pietrzykowski" title="Tadeusz Pietrzykowski">Tadeusz Pietrzykowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liliana_Segre" title="Liliana Segre">Liliana Segre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Wetzler" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Else_Ury" title="Else Ury">Else Ury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Jaku" title="Eddie Jaku">Eddie Jaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable books</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" title="Man's Search for Meaning">Man's Search for Meaning</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_This_Is_a_Man" title="If This Is a Man">If This Is a Man</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_(memoir)" title="Night (memoir)">Night</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a> (1980–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auschwitz.org/en/">auschwitz.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Auschwitz Birkenau, German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1979 (3rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/31">31</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Europe and North America</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> Auschwitz concentration camp (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[kɔntsɛntʁaˈtsi̯oːnsˌlaːɡɐ ˈʔaʊʃvɪts]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/De-Konzentrationslager_Auschwitz.ogg\/De-Konzentrationslager_Auschwitz.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Konzentrationslager Auschwitz.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/De-Konzentrationslager_Auschwitz.ogg/De-Konzentrationslager_Auschwitz.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Konzentrationslager_Auschwitz.ogg" title="File:De-Konzentrationslager Auschwitz.ogg">ⓘ</a>; also KL Auschwitz or KZ Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">occupied Poland</a> (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. It consisted of <a href="#Auschwitz_I">Auschwitz I</a>, the main camp (Stammlager) in <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>; <a href="#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>, a concentration and extermination camp with <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a>; <a href="#Auschwitz_III">Auschwitz III-Monowitz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Arbeitslager" title="Arbeitslager">labour camp</a> for the chemical conglomerate <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">dozens of subcamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The camps became a major site of the Nazis' <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final Solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>. After Germany <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II#Invasion_of_Poland" title="Causes of World War II">initiated World War II</a> by <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invading Poland</a> in September 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002166-5">[5]</a> The initial transport of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims#Political_victims" title="Holocaust victims">political detainees</a> to Auschwitz consisted almost solely of Poles (for whom the camp was initially established). For the first two years, the majority of inmates were Polish.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In May 1940, German criminals brought to the camp as <a href="#functionaries">functionaries</a> established the camp's reputation for sadism. Prisoners were beaten, tortured, and executed for the most trivial of reasons. The first <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp#Gassings" title="Extermination camp">gassings</a>—of Soviet and Polish prisoners—took place in <a href="#block_11">block 11</a> of Auschwitz I around August 1941. Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month, and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> to its gas chambers. Of the <a href="#numbers">1.3 million people</a> sent to Auschwitz, 1.1 million were murdered. The number of victims includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000 <a href="/wiki/German_AB-Aktion_in_Poland" title="German AB-Aktion in Poland">non-Jewish Poles</a>, 21,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani</a>, 15,000 <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a>, and up to 15,000 others.<a href="#cite_note-Piperfigures-7">[7]</a> Those not gassed were murdered via starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings. Others were killed during <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">medical experiments</a>. At least 802 prisoners tried to escape, 144 successfully, and on <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Revolt_in_Auschwitz" title="Sonderkommando Revolt in Auschwitz">7 October 1944</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a> units, consisting of prisoners who operated the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising. After the Holocaust ended, only 789 <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> personnel (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b116,_n.&nbsp;19-8">[8]</a> Several were executed, including camp commandant <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>' failure to act on early reports of mass murder by bombing the camp or its railways remains controversial. As the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> approached Auschwitz in January 1945, toward the end of the war, the SS sent most of the camp's population west on a <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">death march</a> to camps inside Germany and Austria. Soviet troops <a href="#Liberation">entered the camp</a> on 27 January 1945, a day commemorated since 2005 as <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Day">International Holocaust Remembrance Day</a>. In the decades after the war, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">survivors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Eger" title="Edith Eger">Edith Eger</a> wrote memoirs of their experiences, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a> on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Auschwitz is the site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/220px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/330px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/440px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1090" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Camps and ghettos in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>, 1944</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Auschwitz_and_environs,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Auschwitz_and_environs%2C_1944.jpg/220px-Map_of_Auschwitz_and_environs%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Auschwitz_and_environs%2C_1944.jpg/330px-Map_of_Auschwitz_and_environs%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Auschwitz_and_environs%2C_1944.jpg/440px-Map_of_Auschwitz_and_environs%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="361" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Auschwitz I, II, and III</div></div></div></div></div> The ideology of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> combined elements of "<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a>", <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">pan-Germanism</a>, and territorial expansionism, <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> writes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20057-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> became obsessed by the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004424-12">[12]</a> Both during and immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">Nazi seizure of power</a> in Germany in 1933, acts of violence against <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a> became ubiquitous,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201032–35,_41-13">[13]</a> and legislation was passed excluding them from certain professions, including the civil service and the law.<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> Harassment and economic pressure <a href="/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">encouraged Jews to leave Germany</a>; their businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden from advertising in newspapers, and deprived of government contracts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201041,_67–69-16">[15]</a> On 15 September 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>. One, the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Citizenship_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Citizenship Law">Reich Citizenship Law</a>, defined as citizens those of "German or related blood who demonstrate by their behaviour that they are willing and suitable to serve the German People and Reich faithfully", and the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_German_Blood_and_German_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor">Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor</a> prohibited marriage and extramarital relations between those with "German or related blood" and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201060-17">[16]</a> When Germany <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> in September 1939, triggering World War II, Hitler ordered that the Polish leadership and intelligentsia be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The area around Auschwitz was <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">annexed to the German Reich</a>, as part of first <a href="/wiki/Gau_Silesia" title="Gau Silesia">Gau Silesia</a> and from 1941 <a href="/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia" title="Gau Upper Silesia">Gau Upper Silesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaar200941–46-19">[18]</a> The camp at Auschwitz was established in April 1940, at first as a quarantine camp for Polish political prisoners. On 22 June 1941, in an attempt to obtain new territory, Hitler <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016xxxiii-20">[19]</a> The first gassing at Auschwitz—of a group of Soviet prisoners of war—took place around August 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b117-21">[20]</a> By the end of that year, during what most historians regard as the first phase of the Holocaust, 500,000–800,000 Soviet Jews had been murdered in mass shootings by a combination of German <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>, ordinary German soldiers, and local collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthäus2004244-22">[21]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> in Berlin on 20 January 1942, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> outlined the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_to_the_Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Solution to the Jewish Question">Final Solution to the Jewish Question</a> to senior Nazis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201684–85-23">[22]</a> and from early 1942 freight trains delivered Jews from all over <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a> to German <a href="#Extermination_camps">extermination camps</a> in Poland: Auschwitz, <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>. Most prisoners were gassed on arrival.<a href="#cite_note-deathcamps-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camps">Camps</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auschwitz_I">Auschwitz I</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth">Growth</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_I_-_Birkenau,_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim,_Polonia_-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Auschwitz_I_-_Birkenau%2C_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_Polonia_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_I_-_Birkenau%2C_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_Polonia_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Auschwitz_I_-_Birkenau%2C_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_Polonia_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_I_-_Birkenau%2C_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_Polonia_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Auschwitz_I_-_Birkenau%2C_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_Polonia_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_I_-_Birkenau%2C_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_Polonia_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Auschwitz I, 2013 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Auschwitz_concentration_camp&params=50.0275_N_19.205_E_region:PL-MA_type:landmark&title=Auschwitz+I">50°01′39″N 19°12′18″E / 50.0275°N 19.2050°E / 50.0275; 19.2050 (Auschwitz I)</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_Auschwitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Museum_Auschwitz.jpg/220px-Museum_Auschwitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Museum_Auschwitz.jpg/330px-Museum_Auschwitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Museum_Auschwitz.jpg/440px-Museum_Auschwitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Auschwitz I, 2009; the prisoner reception center of Auschwitz I became the visitor reception center of the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002362-25">[24]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_I_visitor_reception_centre,_July_2014_(panoramio)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Auschwitz_I_visitor_reception_centre%2C_July_2014_%28panoramio%29_cropped.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_I_visitor_reception_centre%2C_July_2014_%28panoramio%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Auschwitz_I_visitor_reception_centre%2C_July_2014_%28panoramio%29_cropped.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_I_visitor_reception_centre%2C_July_2014_%28panoramio%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Auschwitz_I_visitor_reception_centre%2C_July_2014_%28panoramio%29_cropped.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_I_visitor_reception_centre%2C_July_2014_%28panoramio%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="2670" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Former prisoner reception center; the building on the far left with the row of chimneys was the camp kitchen.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AerialAuschwitz1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AerialAuschwitz1944.jpg/220px-AerialAuschwitz1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AerialAuschwitz1944.jpg/330px-AerialAuschwitz1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AerialAuschwitz1944.jpg/440px-AerialAuschwitz1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2417" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An aerial reconnaissance photograph of the Auschwitz concentration camp showing the Auschwitz I camp, 4 April 1944</div></div></div></div></div> A former World War I camp for transient workers and later a Polish army barracks, Auschwitz I was the main camp (Stammlager) and administrative headquarters of the camp complex. Fifty kilometres (31 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, the site was first suggested in February 1940 as a quarantine camp for Polish prisoners by <a href="/wiki/Arpad_Wigand" title="Arpad Wigand">Arpad Wigand</a>, the inspector of the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a> (security police) and deputy of <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">Higher SS and Police Leader</a> for Silesia. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a>, sent <a href="/wiki/Walter_Eisfeld" title="Walter Eisfeld">Walter Eisfeld</a>, former commandant of the <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg" title="Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a>, Germany, to inspect it.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) long and 400 metres (1,300 ft) wide,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199816-27">[26]</a> Auschwitz consisted at the time of 22 brick buildings, eight of them two-story. A second story was added to the others in 1943 and eight new blocks were built.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>, approved the site in April 1940 on the recommendation of SS-<a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">Obersturmbannführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> of the camps inspectorate. Höss oversaw the development of the camp and served as its first commandant. The first 30 prisoners arrived on 20 May 1940 from the Sachsenhausen camp. German "career criminals" (Berufsverbrecher), the men were known as "greens" (Grünen) after the <a href="#Triangles">green triangles</a> on their prison clothing. Brought to the camp as functionaries, this group did much to establish the sadism of early camp life, which was directed particularly at Polish inmates, until the political prisoners took over their roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000a15-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Brodniewicz" title="Bruno Brodniewicz">Bruno Brodniewicz</a>, the first prisoner (who was given serial number 1), became <a href="/wiki/Lager%C3%A4lteste" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerälteste">Lagerälteste</a> (camp elder). The others were given positions such as <a href="/wiki/Kapo_(concentration_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapo (concentration camp)">kapo</a> and block supervisor.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_mass_transport">First mass transport</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_mass_transport_to_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="First mass transport to Auschwitz concentration camp">First mass transport to Auschwitz concentration camp</a></div> The first mass transport—of 728 Polish male political prisoners, including Catholic priests and Jews—arrived on 14 June 1940 from <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>, Poland. They were given serial numbers 31 to 758.<a href="#cite_note-32">[b]</a> In a letter on 12 July 1940, Höss told Glücks that the local population was "fanatically Polish, ready to undertake any sort of operation against the hated SS men".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200071-33">[31]</a> By the end of 1940, the SS had confiscated land around the camp to create a 40-square-kilometer (15 sq mi) "zone of interest" (Interessengebiet) patrolled by the SS, Gestapo and local police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200072–73-34">[32]</a> By March 1941, 10,900 were imprisoned in the camp, most of them Poles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199816-27">[26]</a> An inmate's first encounter with Auschwitz, if they were registered and not sent straight to the gas chamber, was at the prisoner reception centre near the gate with the Arbeit macht frei sign, where they were tattooed, shaved, disinfected, and given a striped prison uniform. Built between 1942 and 1944, the center contained a bathhouse, laundry, and 19 gas chambers for delousing clothing. The prisoner reception center of Auschwitz I became the visitor reception center of the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002362-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crematorium_I,_first_gassings">Crematorium I, first gassings</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#Gas_chambers">§ Gas chambers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_I_krematorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Auschwitz_I_krematorium.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_I_krematorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Auschwitz_I_krematorium.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_I_krematorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Auschwitz_I_krematorium.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_I_krematorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3373" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crematorium I, photographed in 2016, reconstructed after the war<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002364-35">[33]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Construction of crematorium I began at Auschwitz I at the end of June or beginning of July 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b121-36">[34]</a> Initially intended not for mass murder but for prisoners who had been executed or had otherwise died in the camp, the crematorium was in operation from August 1940 until July 1943, by which time the crematoria at Auschwitz II had taken over.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> By May 1942 three ovens had been installed in crematorium I, which together could burn 340 bodies in 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128-38">[36]</a> The first experimental gassing took place around August 1941, when Lagerführer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a>, at the instruction of Rudolf Höss, murdered a group of Soviet prisoners of war by throwing <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> crystals into their basement cell in <a href="/wiki/Block_11" title="Block 11">block 11</a> of Auschwitz I. A second group of 600 Soviet prisoners of war and around 250 sick Polish prisoners were gassed on 3–5 September.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The morgue was later converted to a gas chamber able to hold at least 700–800 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[c]</a> Zyklon B was dropped into the room through slits in the ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_mass_transport_of_Jews">First mass transport of Jews</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bytom_Synagogue" title="Bytom Synagogue">Bytom Synagogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beuthen_Jewish_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Beuthen Jewish Community">Beuthen Jewish Community</a></div> Historians have disagreed about the date the all-Jewish transports began arriving in Auschwitz. At the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> in Berlin on 20 January 1942, the Nazi leadership outlined, in euphemistic language, its plans for the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Franciszek Piper</a>, the Auschwitz commandant <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> offered inconsistent accounts after the war, suggesting the extermination began in December 1941, January 1942, or before the establishment of the women's camp in March 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000a61-42">[39]</a> In Kommandant in Auschwitz, he wrote: "In the spring of 1942 the first transports of Jews, all earmarked for extermination, arrived from Upper Silesia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss2003148-43">[40]</a> On 15 February 1942, according to <a href="/wiki/Danuta_Czech" title="Danuta Czech">Danuta Czech</a>, a transport of Jews from Beuthen, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom">Bytom</a>, Poland), arrived at Auschwitz I and was sent straight to the gas chamber.<a href="#cite_note-45">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> In 1998 an eyewitness said the train contained "the women of Beuthen".<a href="#cite_note-48">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Saul Friedländer</a> wrote that the Beuthen Jews were from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Schmelt" title="Organization Schmelt">Organization Schmelt</a> labor camps and had been deemed unfit for work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007359-49">[44]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher Browning</a>, transports of Jews unfit for work were sent to the gas chamber at Auschwitz from autumn 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004357-50">[45]</a> The evidence for this and the February 1942 transport was contested in 2015 by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Wachsmann" title="Nikolaus Wachsmann">Nikolaus Wachsmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015707-51">[46]</a> Around 20 March 1942, according to Danuta Czech, a transport of Polish Jews from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_Basin" title="Dąbrowa Basin">Zagłębie Dąbrowskie</a> was taken straight from the station to the Auschwitz II gas chamber, which had just come into operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000143-52">[47]</a> On 26 and 28 March, two transports of Slovakian Jews were registered as prisoners in the <a href="#Women's_camp">women's camp</a>, where they were kept for slave labour; these were the first transports organized by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">department IV B4</a> (the Jewish office) in the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Security Head Office">Reich Security Head Office</a> (RSHA).<a href="#cite_note-54">[f]</a> On 30 March the first RHSA transport arrived from France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000144-53">[48]</a> "Selection", where new arrivals were chosen for work or the gas chamber, began in April 1942 and was conducted regularly from July. Piper writes that this reflected Germany's increasing need for labour. Those selected as unfit for work were gassed without being registered as prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000a62-55">[49]</a> There is also disagreement about how many were gassed in Auschwitz I. <a href="/wiki/Perry_Broad" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry Broad">Perry Broad</a>, an SS-Unterscharführer, wrote that "transport after transport vanished in the Auschwitz [I] crematorium."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b133,_n.&nbsp;419-56">[50]</a> In the view of <a href="/wiki/Filip_M%C3%BCller" title="Filip Müller">Filip Müller</a>, one of the Auschwitz I <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a>, tens of thousands of Jews were murdered there from France, Holland, Slovakia, Upper Silesia, and Yugoslavia, and from the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt">Theresienstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciechanow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciechanow">Ciechanow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a> ghettos.<a href="#cite_note-Müller_1999_31-57">[51]</a> Against this, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Pressac" title="Jean-Claude Pressac">Jean-Claude Pressac</a> estimated that up to 10,000 people had been murdered in Auschwitz I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b133,_n.&nbsp;419-56">[50]</a> The last inmates gassed there, in December 1942, were around 400 members of the Auschwitz II Sonderkommando, who had been forced to dig up and burn the remains of that camp's mass graves, thought to hold over 100,000 corpses.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auschwitz_II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Birkenau" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birkenau_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birkenau (disambiguation)">Birkenau (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction">Construction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_of_Auschwitz_II,_28_November_2007_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gate_of_Auschwitz_II%2C_28_November_2007_%283%29.jpg/220px-Gate_of_Auschwitz_II%2C_28_November_2007_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gate_of_Auschwitz_II%2C_28_November_2007_%283%29.jpg/330px-Gate_of_Auschwitz_II%2C_28_November_2007_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gate_of_Auschwitz_II%2C_28_November_2007_%283%29.jpg/440px-Gate_of_Auschwitz_II%2C_28_November_2007_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="674" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Auschwitz II-Birkenau gate from inside the camp, 2007</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_1944_(Auschwitz_Album)_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1a.jpg/220px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1a.jpg/330px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1a.jpg/440px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4205" data-file-height="2814" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Same scene, May/June 1944, with the gate in the background. "Selection" of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Hungary">Hungarian Jews</a> for work or the <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a>, taken by the camp's <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Erkennungsdienst" title="Auschwitz Erkennungsdienst">Erkennungsdienst</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_Auschwitz_Birkenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Museum_Auschwitz_Birkenau.jpg/220px-Museum_Auschwitz_Birkenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Museum_Auschwitz_Birkenau.jpg/330px-Museum_Auschwitz_Birkenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Museum_Auschwitz_Birkenau.jpg/440px-Museum_Auschwitz_Birkenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gate with the camp remains in the background, 2009</div></div></div></div></div> After visiting Auschwitz I in March 1941, it appears that Himmler ordered that the camp be expanded,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b144-59">[53]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_(historian)" title="Peter Hayes (historian)">Peter Hayes</a> notes that, on 10 January 1941, the Polish underground told the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> in London: "the Auschwitz concentration camp ...can accommodate approximately 7,000 prisoners at present, and is to be rebuilt to hold approximately 30,000."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2003335-60">[54]</a> Construction of Auschwitz II-Birkenau—called a Kriegsgefangenenlager (prisoner-of-war camp) on blueprints—began in October 1941 in <a href="/wiki/Brzezinka" title="Brzezinka">Brzezinka</a>, about three kilometers from Auschwitz I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b144,_155_for_''Kriegsgefangenenlager''-61">[55]</a> The initial plan was that Auschwitz II would consist of four sectors (Bauabschnitte I–IV), each consisting of six subcamps (BIIa–BIIf) with their own gates and fences. The first two sectors were completed (sector BI was initially a quarantine camp), but the construction of BIII began in 1943 and stopped in April 1944, and the plan for BIV was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200080–83-62">[56]</a> SS-Sturmbannführer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bischoff" title="Karl Bischoff">Karl Bischoff</a>, an architect, was the chief of construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b144-59">[53]</a> Based on an initial budget of <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">RM</a> 8.9 million, his plans called for each barracks to hold 550 prisoners, but he later changed this to 744 per barracks, which meant the camp could hold 125,000, rather than 97,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt1998118–119-63">[57]</a> There were 174 barracks, each measuring 35.4 by 11.0 m (116 by 36 ft), divided into 62 bays of 4 m2 (43 sq ft). The bays were divided into "roosts", initially for three inmates and later for four. With personal space of 1 m2 (11 sq ft) to sleep and place whatever belongings they had, inmates were deprived, <a href="/wiki/Robert-Jan_van_Pelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert-Jan van Pelt">Robert-Jan van Pelt</a> wrote, "of the minimum space needed to exist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt1998122–123-64">[58]</a> The prisoners were forced to live in the barracks as they were building them; in addition to working, they faced long roll calls at night. As a result, most prisoners in BIb (the men's camp) in the early months died of <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, starvation or exhaustion within a few weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200087-65">[59]</a> Some 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war arrived at Auschwitz I between 7 and 25 October 1941,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000138–139-66">[60]</a> but by 1 March 1942 only 945 were still registered; they were transferred to Auschwitz II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000142-44">[41]</a> where most of them had died by May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200594-67">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crematoria_II–V">Crematoria II–V</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#Gas_chambers">§ Gas chambers</a></div> The first gas chamber at Auschwitz II was operational by March 1942. On or around 20 March, a transport of Polish Jews sent by the Gestapo from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_Basin" title="Dąbrowa Basin">Zagłębie Dąbrowskie</a> was taken straight from the <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a> freight station to the Auschwitz II gas chamber, then buried in a nearby meadow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000143-52">[47]</a> The gas chamber was located in what prisoners called the "little red house" (known as bunker 1 by the SS), a brick cottage that had been turned into a gassing facility; the windows had been bricked up and its four rooms converted into two insulated rooms, the doors of which said "Zur Desinfektion" ("to disinfection"). A second brick cottage, the "little white house" or bunker 2, was converted and operational by June 1942.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> When Himmler visited the camp on 17 and 18 July 1942, he was given a demonstration of a selection of Dutch Jews, a mass-murder in a gas chamber in bunker 2, and a tour of the building site of Auschwitz III, the new <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> plant being constructed at <a href="/wiki/Monowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Monowitz">Monowitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> Use of bunkers I and 2 stopped in spring 1943 when the new crematoria were built, although bunker 2 became operational again in May 1944 for the murder of the Hungarian Jews. Bunker I was demolished in 1943 and bunker 2 in November 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b143-70">[64]</a> Plans for crematoria II and III show that both had an oven room 30 by 11.24 m (98.4 by 36.9 ft) on the ground floor, and an underground dressing room 49.43 by 7.93 m (162.2 by 26.0 ft) and gas chamber 30 by 7 m (98 by 23 ft). The dressing rooms had wooden benches along the walls and numbered pegs for clothing. Victims would be led from these rooms to a five-yard-long narrow corridor, which in turn led to a space from which the gas chamber door opened. The chambers were white inside, and nozzles were fixed to the ceiling to resemble showerheads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b165–166-71">[65]</a> The daily capacity of the crematoria (how many bodies could be burned in a 24-hour period) was 340 corpses in crematorium I; 1,440 each in crematoria II and III; and 768 each in IV and V.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b159-72">[66]</a> By June 1943 all four crematoria were operational, but crematorium I was not used after July 1943. This made the total daily capacity 4,416, although by loading three to five corpses at a time, the Sonderkommando were able to burn some 8,000 bodies a day. This maximum capacity was rarely needed; the average between 1942 and 1944 was 1,000 bodies burned every day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b164-73">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auschwitz_III–Monowitz">Auschwitz III–Monowitz</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monowitz_concentration_camp" title="Monowitz concentration camp">Monowitz concentration camp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FARBEN_DWORY.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/FARBEN_DWORY.png/220px-FARBEN_DWORY.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/FARBEN_DWORY.png/330px-FARBEN_DWORY.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/FARBEN_DWORY.png/440px-FARBEN_DWORY.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of <a href="/wiki/Monowitz_Buna_Werke" class="mw-redirect" title="Monowitz Buna Werke">Buna Werke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Monowitz">Monowitz</a>, and nearby subcamps</figcaption></figure> After examining several sites for a new plant to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Buna-N</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> essential to the war effort, the German chemical conglomerate <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> chose a site near the towns of <a href="/wiki/Dwory_II" title="Dwory II">Dwory</a> and Monowice (Monowitz in German), about 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Auschwitz I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200545-74">[68]</a> Tax exemptions were available to corporations prepared to develop industries in the frontier regions under the Eastern Fiscal Assistance Law, passed in December 1940. In addition to its proximity to the concentration camp, a source of cheap labour, the site had good railway connections and access to raw materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg199881–82-75">[69]</a> In February 1941, Himmler ordered that the Jewish population of <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a> be expelled to make way for skilled laborers; that all Poles able to work remain in the town and work on building the factory; and that Auschwitz prisoners be used in the construction work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200549-76">[70]</a> Auschwitz inmates began working at the plant, known as Buna Werke and IG-Auschwitz, in April 1941, demolishing houses in Monowitz to make way for it.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> By May, because of a shortage of trucks, several hundred of them were rising at 3 am to walk there twice a day from Auschwitz I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000108-78">[72]</a> Because a long line of exhausted inmates walking through the town of Oświęcim might harm German-Polish relations, the inmates were told to shave daily, make sure they were clean, and sing as they walked. From late July they were taken to the factory by train on freight wagons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000109–110-79">[73]</a> Given the difficulty of moving them, including during the winter, IG Farben decided to build a camp at the plant. The first inmates moved there on 30 October 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000111–112-80">[74]</a> Known as KL Auschwitz III–Aussenlager (Auschwitz III subcamp), and later as the Monowitz concentration camp,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a151–152-81">[75]</a> it was the first concentration camp to be financed and built by private industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200553-82">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Himmler,_IG_Farben_Auschwitz_plant,_July_1942.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Heinrich_Himmler%2C_IG_Farben_Auschwitz_plant%2C_July_1942.jpeg/220px-Heinrich_Himmler%2C_IG_Farben_Auschwitz_plant%2C_July_1942.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Heinrich_Himmler%2C_IG_Farben_Auschwitz_plant%2C_July_1942.jpeg/330px-Heinrich_Himmler%2C_IG_Farben_Auschwitz_plant%2C_July_1942.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Heinrich_Himmler%2C_IG_Farben_Auschwitz_plant%2C_July_1942.jpeg/440px-Heinrich_Himmler%2C_IG_Farben_Auschwitz_plant%2C_July_1942.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> (second left) visits the <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> plant in Auschwitz III, July 1942.</figcaption></figure> Measuring 270 m × 490 m (890 ft × 1,610 ft), the camp was larger than Auschwitz I. By the end of 1944, it housed 60 barracks measuring 17.5 m × 8 m (57 ft × 26 ft), each with a day room and a sleeping room containing 56 three-tiered wooden bunks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000112-83">[77]</a> IG Farben paid the SS three or four <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> for nine- to eleven-hour shifts from each worker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001353-84">[78]</a> In 1943–1944, about 35,000 inmates worked at the plant; 23,000 (32 a day on average) were killed through malnutrition, disease, and the workload. Within three to four months at the camp, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_(historian)" title="Peter Hayes (historian)">Peter Hayes</a> writes, the inmates were "reduced to walking skeletons".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001359-85">[79]</a> Deaths and transfers to the gas chambers at Auschwitz II reduced the population by nearly a fifth each month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrakowski199857-86">[80]</a> Site managers constantly threatened inmates with the gas chambers, and the smell from the crematoria at Auschwitz I and II hung heavy over the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001364-87">[81]</a> Although the factory had been expected to begin production in 1943, shortages of labour and raw materials meant start-up was postponed repeatedly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200552,_56-88">[82]</a> The Allies bombed the plant in 1944 on 20 August, 13 September, 18 December, and 26 December. On 19 January 1945, the SS ordered that the site be evacuated, sending 9,000 inmates, most of them Jews, on a death march to another Auschwitz subcamp at <a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> From Gliwice, prisoners were taken by rail in open freight wagons to the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex">Mauthausen</a> concentration camps. The 800 inmates who had been left behind in the Monowitz hospital were liberated along with the rest of the camp on 27 January 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front" title="1st Ukrainian Front">1st Ukrainian Front</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000115-90">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcamps">Subcamps</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">List of subcamps of Auschwitz</a></div> Several other German industrial enterprises, such as <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert" title="Siemens-Schuckert">Siemens-Schuckert</a>, built factories with their own subcamps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200557-91">[85]</a> There were around 28 camps near industrial plants, each camp holding hundreds or thousands of prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000103–104-92">[86]</a> Designated as Aussenlager (external camp), Nebenlager (extension camp), Arbeitslager (labor camp), or Aussenkommando (external work detail),<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> camps were built at <a href="/wiki/Blechhammer" title="Blechhammer">Blechhammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawiszowice" title="Jawiszowice">Jawiszowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Labour_Camp_Jaworzno" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Labour Camp Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Lagisze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trzebinia" title="Trzebinia">Trzebinia</a>, and as far afield as the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> in Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> Industries with satellite camps included coal mines, foundries and other metal works, and chemical plants. Prisoners were also made to work in forestry and farming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199817–18-95">[89]</a> For example, Wirtschaftshof Budy, in the Polish village of Budy near <a href="/wiki/Brzeszcze" title="Brzeszcze">Brzeszcze</a>, was a farming subcamp where prisoners worked 12-hour days in the fields, tending animals, and making compost by mixing human ashes from the crematoria with sod and manure.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> Incidents of sabotage to decrease production took place in several subcamps, including Charlottengrube, <a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gleiwitz II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajsko,_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_County" title="Rajsko, Oświęcim County">Rajsko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunin-Wasowicz1984139-97">[91]</a> Living conditions in some of the camps were so poor that they were regarded as punishment subcamps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000104-98">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_the_camps">Life in the camps</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SS_garrison">SS garrison</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/SS_command_of_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="SS command of Auschwitz concentration camp">SS command of Auschwitz concentration camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Baer,_Josef_Mengele,_Rudolf_Hoess,_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Richard_Baer%2C_Josef_Mengele%2C_Rudolf_Hoess%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker.jpg/220px-Richard_Baer%2C_Josef_Mengele%2C_Rudolf_Hoess%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Richard_Baer%2C_Josef_Mengele%2C_Rudolf_Hoess%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker.jpg/330px-Richard_Baer%2C_Josef_Mengele%2C_Rudolf_Hoess%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Richard_Baer%2C_Josef_Mengele%2C_Rudolf_Hoess%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker.jpg/440px-Richard_Baer%2C_Josef_Mengele%2C_Rudolf_Hoess%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3804" data-file-height="2584" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">From the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a> (left to right): <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a> (Auschwitz commandant from May 1944), <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a> (camp physician), and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> (first commandant) in <a href="/wiki/Solah%C3%BCtte" title="Solahütte">Solahütte</a>, an SS resort near Auschwitz, summer 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson17March2008-99">[93]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:784648_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim,_ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_%22Auschwitz%22_-dom_komendanta_obozu_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/784648_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_%22Auschwitz%22_-dom_komendanta_obozu_05.JPG/220px-784648_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_%22Auschwitz%22_-dom_komendanta_obozu_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/784648_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_%22Auschwitz%22_-dom_komendanta_obozu_05.JPG/330px-784648_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_%22Auschwitz%22_-dom_komendanta_obozu_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/784648_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_%22Auschwitz%22_-dom_komendanta_obozu_05.JPG/440px-784648_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%2C_ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_%22Auschwitz%22_-dom_komendanta_obozu_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The commandant's and administration building, Auschwitz I</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a> in 1900,<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> was named the first commandant of Auschwitz when <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> ordered on 27 April 1940 that the camp be established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154-101">[95]</a> Living with his wife and children in a two-story <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> house near the commandant's and administration building,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2013100-102">[96]</a> he served as commandant until 11 November 1943,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154-101">[95]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a> as his deputy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199816-27">[26]</a> Succeeded as commandant by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154-101">[95]</a> Höss joined the SS <a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">Business and Administration Head Office</a> in Oranienburg as director of Amt DI,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154-101">[95]</a> a post that made him deputy of the camps inspectorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998b294–295-103">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a> became commandant of Auschwitz I on 11 May 1944 and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a> of Auschwitz II from 22 November 1943, followed by Josef Kramer from 15 May 1944 until the camp's liquidation in January 1945. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a> was commandant of Auschwitz III from the point at which it became an autonomous camp in November 1943 until its liquidation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a153–157-104">[98]</a> Höss returned to Auschwitz between 8 May and 29 July 1944 as the local SS garrison commander (Standortältester) to oversee the arrival of Hungary's Jews, which made him the superior officer of all the commandants of the Auschwitz camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154-101">[95]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Lasik" title="Aleksander Lasik">Aleksander Lasik</a>, about 6,335 people (6,161 of them men) worked for the SS at Auschwitz over the course of the camp's existence;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b314-105">[99]</a> 4.2 percent were officers, 26.1 percent non-commissioned officers, and 69.7 percent rank and file.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a282-106">[100]</a> In March 1941, there were 700 SS guards; in June 1942, 2,000; and in August 1944, 3,342. At its peak in January 1945, 4,480 SS men and 71 SS women worked in Auschwitz; the higher number is probably attributable to the logistics of evacuating the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b299-107">[101]</a> Female guards were known as SS supervisors (SS-Aufseherinnen).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a274-108">[102]</a> Most of the staff were from Germany or Austria, but as the war progressed, increasing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a> from other countries, including Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Baltic states, joined the SS at Auschwitz. Not all were ethnically German. Guards were also recruited from Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b323–324-109">[103]</a> Camp guards, around three quarters of the SS personnel, were members of the <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> (<a href="/wiki/Totenkopf" title="Totenkopf">death's head</a> units).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a273-110">[104]</a> Other SS staff worked in the medical or political departments, or in the economic administration, which was responsible for clothing and other supplies, including the property of dead prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a272–273-111">[105]</a> The SS viewed Auschwitz as a comfortable posting; being there meant they had avoided the front and had access to the victims' property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a285-112">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functionaries_and_Sonderkommando">Functionaries and Sonderkommando</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloki_Auschwitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bloki_Auschwitz.jpg/220px-Bloki_Auschwitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bloki_Auschwitz.jpg/330px-Bloki_Auschwitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bloki_Auschwitz.jpg/440px-Bloki_Auschwitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Auschwitz I, 2009</figcaption></figure> Certain prisoners, at first non-Jewish Germans but later Jews and non-Jewish Poles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000a49-113">[107]</a> were assigned positions of authority as Funktionshäftlinge (functionaries), which gave them access to better housing and food. The Lagerprominenz (camp elite) included Blockschreiber (barracks clerk), <a href="/wiki/Kapo_(concentration_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapo (concentration camp)">Kapo</a> (overseer), Stubendienst (barracks orderly), and Kommandierte (trusties).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200535–36-114">[108]</a> Wielding tremendous power over other prisoners, the functionaries developed a reputation as sadists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000a49-113">[107]</a> Very few were prosecuted after the war, because of the difficulty of determining which atrocities had been performed by order of the SS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2003519–520-115">[109]</a> Although the SS oversaw the murders at each gas chamber, the forced labor portion of the work was done by prisoners known from 1942 as the <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a> (special squad).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180-116">[110]</a> These were mostly Jews but they included groups such as Soviet POWs. In 1940–1941 when there was one gas chamber, there were 20 such prisoners, in late 1943 there were 400, and by 1944 during the Holocaust in Hungary the number had risen to 874.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180–181,_184-117">[111]</a> The Sonderkommando removed goods and corpses from the incoming trains, guided victims to the dressing rooms and gas chambers, removed their bodies afterwards, and took their jewelry, hair, dental work, and any precious metals from their teeth, all of which was sent to Germany. Once the bodies were stripped of anything valuable, the Sonderkommando burned them in the crematoria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b170–171-118">[112]</a> Because they were witnesses to the mass murder, the Sonderkommando lived separately from the other prisoners, although this rule was not applied to the non-Jews among them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b189-119">[113]</a> Their quality of life was further improved by their access to the property of new arrivals, which they traded within the camp, including with the SS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b190–191-120">[114]</a> Nevertheless, their life expectancy was short; they were regularly murdered and replaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180–181-121">[115]</a> About 100 survived to the camp's liquidation. They were forced on a death march and by train to the camp at <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex">Mauthausen</a>, where three days later they were asked to step forward during roll call. No one did, and because the SS did not have their records, several of them survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b188–189-122">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tattoos_and_triangles">Tattoos and triangles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Nazi concentration camp badge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_outerwear_distinguish_yellow_Star_of_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Auschwitz_outerwear_distinguish_yellow_Star_of_David.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_outerwear_distinguish_yellow_Star_of_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Auschwitz_outerwear_distinguish_yellow_Star_of_David.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_outerwear_distinguish_yellow_Star_of_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Auschwitz_outerwear_distinguish_yellow_Star_of_David.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_outerwear_distinguish_yellow_Star_of_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Auschwitz clothing</figcaption></figure> Uniquely at Auschwitz, prisoners were tattooed with a serial number, on their left breast for Soviet prisoners of war<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200590–91-123">[117]</a> and on the left arm for civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199820-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-serialUSHHM-125">[119]</a> Categories of prisoner were distinguishable by triangular pieces of cloth (German: Winkel) sewn onto on their jackets below their prisoner number. Political prisoners (Schutzhäftlinge or Sch), mostly Poles, had a red triangle, while criminals (Berufsverbrecher or BV) were mostly German and wore green. Asocial prisoners (Asoziale or Aso), which included vagrants, prostitutes and the Roma, wore black. Purple was for Jehovah's Witnesses (Internationale Bibelforscher-Vereinigung or IBV)'s and pink for gay men, who were mostly German.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> An estimated 5,000–15,000 gay men prosecuted under German Penal Code Section 175 (proscribing sexual acts between men) were detained in concentration camps, of whom an unknown number were sent to Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Jews wore a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow badge</a>, the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>, overlaid by a second triangle if they also belonged to a second category. The nationality of the inmate was indicated by a letter stitched onto the cloth. A racial hierarchy existed, with German prisoners at the top. Next were non-Jewish prisoners from other countries. Jewish prisoners were at the bottom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200531–32-128">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transports">Transports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freight_car,_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Freight_car%2C_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Freight_car%2C_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Freight_car%2C_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Freight_car%2C_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Freight_car%2C_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Freight_car%2C_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goods_wagon" title="Goods wagon">Freight car</a> inside Auschwitz II-Birkenau, near the gatehouse, used to transport deportees, 2014<a href="#cite_note-traincar-129">[123]</a></figcaption></figure> Deportees were brought to Auschwitz crammed in wretched conditions into goods or cattle wagons, arriving near a railway station or at one of several dedicated trackside ramps, including one next to Auschwitz I. The Altejudenrampe (old Jewish ramp), part of the Oświęcim freight railway station, was used from 1942 to 1944 for Jewish transports.<a href="#cite_note-traincar-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000a17-130">[124]</a> Located between Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II, arriving at this ramp meant a 2.5 km journey to Auschwitz II and the gas chambers. Most deportees were forced to walk, accompanied by SS men and a car with a Red Cross symbol that carried the Zyklon B, as well as an SS doctor in case officers were poisoned by mistake. Inmates arriving at night, or who were too weak to walk, were taken by truck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c162-131">[125]</a> Work on a new railway line and ramp (right) between sectors BI and BII in Auschwitz II, was completed in May 1944 for the arrival of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungarian Jews</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000a17-130">[124]</a> between May and early July 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-132">[126]</a> The rails led directly to the area around the gas chambers.<a href="#cite_note-traincar-129">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_for_the_inmates">Life for the inmates</h3></div> The day began at 4:30 am for the men (an hour later in winter), and earlier for the women, when the block supervisor sounded a gong and started beating inmates with sticks to make them wash and use the latrines quickly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b65–66-133">[127]</a> There were few latrines and there was a lack of clean water. Each washhouse had to service thousands of prisoners. In sectors BIa and BIb in Auschwitz II, two buildings containing latrines and washrooms were installed in 1943. These contained troughs for washing and 90 faucets; the toilet facilities were "sewage channels" covered by concrete with 58 holes for seating. There were three barracks with washing facilities or toilets to serve 16 residential barracks in BIIa, and six washrooms/latrines for 32 barracks in BIIb, BIIc, BIId, and BIIe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b56-134">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a> described a 1944 <a href="#Auschwitz_III-Monowitz">Auschwitz III</a> washroom: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toaletter_p%C3%A5_auschwitz_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Toaletter_p%C3%A5_auschwitz_2.jpg/220px-Toaletter_p%C3%A5_auschwitz_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Toaletter_p%C3%A5_auschwitz_2.jpg/330px-Toaletter_p%C3%A5_auschwitz_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Toaletter_p%C3%A5_auschwitz_2.jpg/440px-Toaletter_p%C3%A5_auschwitz_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">Latrine</a> in the men's quarantine camp, sector BIIa, Auschwitz II, 2003</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is badly lighted, full of draughts, with the brick floor covered by a layer of mud. The water is not drinkable; it has a revolting smell and often fails for many hours. The walls are covered by curious didactic <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>: for example, there is the good Häftling [prisoner], portrayed stripped to the waist, about to diligently soap his sheared and rosy cranium, and the bad Häftling, with a strong Semitic nose and a greenish colour, bundled up in his ostentatiously stained clothes with a beret on his head, who cautiously dips a finger into the water of the washbasin. Under the first is written: "So bist du rein" (like this you are clean), and under the second, "So gehst du ein" (like this you come to a bad end); and lower down, in doubtful French but in Gothic script: "La propreté, c'est la santé" [cleanliness is health].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi200145-135">[129]</a></blockquote> Prisoners received half a litre of coffee substitute or a herbal tea in the morning, but no food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b60-136">[130]</a> A second gong heralded roll call, when inmates lined up outside in rows of ten to be counted. No matter the weather, they had to wait for the SS to arrive for the count; how long they stood there depended on the officers' mood, and whether there had been escapes or other events attracting punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b66-137">[131]</a> Guards might force the prisoners to squat for an hour with their hands above their heads or hand out beatings or detention for infractions such as having a missing button or an improperly cleaned food bowl. The inmates were counted and re-counted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200533-138">[132]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_1_concentration_camp_bunks_6006_4162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Auschwitz_1_concentration_camp_bunks_6006_4162.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_1_concentration_camp_bunks_6006_4162.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Auschwitz_1_concentration_camp_bunks_6006_4162.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_1_concentration_camp_bunks_6006_4162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Auschwitz_1_concentration_camp_bunks_6006_4162.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_1_concentration_camp_bunks_6006_4162.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Auschwitz II brick barracks, sector BI, 2006; four prisoners slept in each partition, known as a buk.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz.Birkenau.QuarantaineBarrack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Auschwitz.Birkenau.QuarantaineBarrack.jpg/220px-Auschwitz.Birkenau.QuarantaineBarrack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Auschwitz.Birkenau.QuarantaineBarrack.jpg/330px-Auschwitz.Birkenau.QuarantaineBarrack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Auschwitz.Birkenau.QuarantaineBarrack.jpg/440px-Auschwitz.Birkenau.QuarantaineBarrack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Auschwitz II wooden barracks, 2008</div></div></div></div></div> After roll call, to the sound of "Arbeitskommandos formieren" ("form work details"), prisoners walked to their place of work, five abreast, to begin a working day that was normally 11 hours long—longer in summer and shorter in winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b67-140">[134]</a> A prison orchestra, such as the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Orchestra_of_Auschwitz" title="Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz">Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz</a>, was forced to play cheerful music as the workers left the camp. Kapos were responsible for the prisoners' behaviour while they worked, as was an SS escort. Much of the work took place outdoors at construction sites, gravel pits, and lumber yards. No rest periods were allowed. One prisoner was assigned to the latrines to measure the time the workers took to empty their bladders and bowels.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> Lunch was three-quarters of a litre of watery soup at midday, reportedly foul-tasting, with meat in the soup four times a week and vegetables (mostly potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">rutabaga</a>) three times. The evening meal was 300 grams of bread, often moldy, part of which the inmates were expected to keep for breakfast the next day, with a tablespoon of cheese or marmalade, or 25 grams of margarine or sausage. Prisoners engaged in hard labour were given extra rations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b60–61-142">[136]</a> A second roll call took place at seven in the evening, in the course of which prisoners might be hanged or flogged. If a prisoner was missing, the others had to remain standing until the absentee was found or the reason for the absence discovered, even if it took hours. On 6 July 1940, roll call lasted 19 hours because a Polish prisoner, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Wiejowski" title="Tadeusz Wiejowski">Tadeusz Wiejowski</a>, had escaped; following an escape in 1941, a group of prisoners was picked out from the escapee's barracks and sent to block 11 to be starved to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b68–69-143">[137]</a> After roll call, prisoners retired to their blocks for the night and received their bread rations. Then they had some free time to use the washrooms and receive their mail, unless they were Jews: Jews were not allowed to receive mail. Curfew ("nighttime quiet") was marked by a gong at nine o'clock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b69-144">[138]</a> Inmates slept in long rows of brick or wooden bunks, or on the floor, lying in and on their clothes and shoes to prevent them from being stolen.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> The wooden bunks had blankets and paper mattresses filled with wood shavings; in the brick barracks, inmates lay on straw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b55-146">[140]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Nyiszli" title="Miklós Nyiszli">Miklós Nyiszli</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Eight hundred to a thousand people were crammed into the superimposed compartments of each barracks. Unable to stretch out completely, they slept there both lengthwise and crosswise, with one man's feet on another's head, neck, or chest. Stripped of all human dignity, they pushed and shoved and bit and kicked each other in an effort to get a few more inches' space on which to sleep a little more comfortably. For they did not have long to sleep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyiszli201125-147">[141]</a></blockquote> Sunday was not a workday, but prisoners had to clean the barracks and take their weekly shower,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199821-148">[142]</a> and were allowed to write (in German) to their families, although the SS censored the mail. Inmates who did not speak German would trade bread for help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200534-149">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">Observant Jews</a> tried to keep track of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">weekly Torah portion</a>. No watches, calendars, or clocks were permitted in the camp. Only two Jewish calendars made in Auschwitz survived to the end of the war. Prisoners kept track of the days in other ways, such as obtaining information from newcomers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201418-150">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_camp">Women's camp</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Orchestra_of_Auschwitz" title="Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz">Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_prisoners_at_Birkenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Female_prisoners_at_Birkenau.jpg/220px-Female_prisoners_at_Birkenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Female_prisoners_at_Birkenau.jpg/330px-Female_prisoners_at_Birkenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Female_prisoners_at_Birkenau.jpg/440px-Female_prisoners_at_Birkenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="866" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Women in Auschwitz II, May 1944</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roll_call_at_Birkenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roll_call_at_Birkenau.jpg/220px-Roll_call_at_Birkenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roll_call_at_Birkenau.jpg/330px-Roll_call_at_Birkenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roll_call_at_Birkenau.jpg/440px-Roll_call_at_Birkenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="905" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Roll call in front of the kitchen building, Auschwitz II</div></div></div></div></div> About 30 percent of the registered inmates were female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c171-151">[145]</a> The first mass transport of women, 999 non-Jewish German women from the <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a>, arrived on 26 March 1942. Classified as criminal, asocial and political, they were brought to Auschwitz as founder functionaries of the women's camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000143–144-152">[146]</a> Rudolf Höss wrote of them: "It was easy to predict that these beasts would mistreat the women over whom they exercised power ... Spiritual suffering was completely alien to them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c177-153">[147]</a> They were given serial numbers 1–999.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000144-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[g]</a> The women's guard from Ravensbrück, <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a>, became the first Auschwitz women's camp Lagerführerin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000143–144-152">[146]</a> A second mass transport of women, 999 Jews from <a href="/wiki/Poprad" title="Poprad">Poprad</a>, Slovakia, arrived on the same day. According to <a href="/wiki/Danuta_Czech" title="Danuta Czech">Danuta Czech</a>, this was the first registered transport sent to Auschwitz by the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Security Head Office">Reich Security Head Office</a> (RSHA) office IV B4, known as the Jewish Office, led by SS Obersturmbannführer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000144-53">[48]</a> (Office IV was the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStangneth201422-155">[148]</a> A third transport of 798 Jewish women from <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia, followed on 28 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000144-53">[48]</a> Women were at first held in blocks 1–10 of Auschwitz I,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c172-156">[149]</a> but from 6 August 1942,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000155-157">[150]</a> 13,000 inmates were transferred to a new women's camp (Frauenkonzentrationslager or FKL) in Auschwitz II. This consisted at first of 15 brick and 15 wooden barracks in sector (Bauabschnitt) BIa; it was later extended into BIb,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c172–173-158">[151]</a> and by October 1943 it held 32,066 women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200088-159">[152]</a> In 1943–1944, about 11,000 women were also housed in the <a href="#Gypsy_family_camp">Gypsy family camp</a>, as were several thousand in the <a href="#Theresienstadt_family_camp">Theresienstadt family camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c174-160">[153]</a> Conditions in the women's camp were so poor that when a group of male prisoners arrived to set up an infirmary in October 1942, their first task, according to researchers from the Auschwitz Museum, was to distinguish the corpses from the women who were still alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200088-159">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gisella_Perl" title="Gisella Perl">Gisella Perl</a>, a Romanian-Jewish gynecologist and inmate of the women's camp, wrote in 1948: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There was one latrine for thirty to thirty-two thousand women and we were permitted to use it only at certain hours of the day. We stood in line to get in to this tiny building, knee-deep in human excrement. As we all suffered from dysentry, we could barely wait until our turn came, and soiled our ragged clothes, which never came off our bodies, thus adding to the horror of our existence by the terrible smell that surrounded us like a cloud. The latrine consisted of a deep ditch with planks thrown across it at certain intervals. We squatted on those planks like birds perched on a telegraph wire, so close together that we could not help soiling one another.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a></blockquote> Langefeld was succeeded as Lagerführerin in October 1942 by SS Oberaufseherin <a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a>, who developed a reputation for cruelty. Höss hired men to oversee the female supervisors, first SS Obersturmführer Paul Müller, then SS Hauptsturmführer <a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c176-162">[155]</a> Mandl and Hössler were executed after the war. Sterilisation experiments were carried out in barracks 30 by a German gynecologist, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a>, and another German doctor, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200088-159">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_experiments,_block_10">Medical experiments, block 10</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Block_10" title="Block 10">Block 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_Mengele_Block_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Auschwitz_Mengele_Block_10.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_Mengele_Block_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Auschwitz_Mengele_Block_10.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_Mengele_Block_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Auschwitz_Mengele_Block_10.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_Mengele_Block_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Block_10" title="Block 10">Block 10</a>, Auschwitz I, where medical experiments were performed on women</figcaption></figure> German doctors performed a variety of experiments on prisoners at Auschwitz. SS doctors tested the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">sterilization</a> device by administering large doses to female prisoners. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a> injected chemicals into women's <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uteruses</a> in an effort to glue them shut. Prisoners were infected with spotted fever for vaccination research and exposed to toxic substances to study the effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005114–115-163">[156]</a> In one experiment, <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a>—then part of <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>—paid RM 150 each for 150 female inmates from Auschwitz (the camp had asked for RM 200 per woman), who were transferred to a Bayer facility to test an anesthetic. A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price." The Bayer research was led at Auschwitz by <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Vetter" title="Helmuth Vetter">Helmuth Vetter</a> of Bayer/IG Farben, who was also an Auschwitz physician and SS captain, and by Auschwitz physicians <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Entress" title="Friedrich Entress">Friedrich Entress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000d362-164">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doctors%27_trial,_Nuremberg,_1946%E2%80%931947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Doctors%27_trial%2C_Nuremberg%2C_1946%E2%80%931947.jpg/220px-Doctors%27_trial%2C_Nuremberg%2C_1946%E2%80%931947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Doctors%27_trial%2C_Nuremberg%2C_1946%E2%80%931947.jpg/330px-Doctors%27_trial%2C_Nuremberg%2C_1946%E2%80%931947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Doctors%27_trial%2C_Nuremberg%2C_1946%E2%80%931947.jpg/440px-Doctors%27_trial%2C_Nuremberg%2C_1946%E2%80%931947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Defendants during the <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors' trial">Doctors' trial</a>, Nuremberg, 1946–1947</figcaption></figure> The most infamous doctor at Auschwitz was <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a>, the "Angel of Death", who worked in Auschwitz II from 30 May 1943, at first in the <a href="#Gypsy_family_camp">gypsy family camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kubica_1998_319-165">[158]</a> Interested in performing research on <a href="/wiki/Identical_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Identical twins">identical twins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfs</a>, and those with hereditary disease, Mengele set up a kindergarten in barracks 29 and 31 for children he was experimenting on, and for all Romani children under six, where they were given better food rations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica1998320–323-166">[159]</a> From May 1944, he would select twins and dwarfs from among the new arrivals during "selection",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica1998325-167">[160]</a> reportedly calling for twins with "Zwillinge heraus!" ("twins step forward!").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007505-168">[161]</a> He and other doctors (the latter prisoners) would measure the twins' body parts, photograph them, and subject them to dental, sight and hearing tests, x-rays, blood tests, surgery, and blood transfusions between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica1998323–324-169">[162]</a> Then he would have them killed and dissected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica1998325-167">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Heissmeyer" title="Kurt Heissmeyer">Kurt Heissmeyer</a>, another German doctor and SS officer, took 20 Polish Jewish children from Auschwitz to use in <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> experiments at the <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme concentration camp</a> near Hamburg, where he injected them with the <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">bacilli</a> to test a cure for tuberculosis. In April 1945, the children were murdered by hanging to conceal the project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKater2000124–125-170">[163]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jewish_skeleton_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish skeleton collection">Jewish skeleton collection</a> was obtained from among a pool of 115 Jewish inmates, chosen for their perceived stereotypical racial characteristics. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brandt" title="Rudolf Brandt">Rudolf Brandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Sievers" title="Wolfram Sievers">Wolfram Sievers</a>, general manager of the <a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a> (a Nazi research institute), delivered the skeletons to the collection of the Anatomy Institute at the <a href="/wiki/Reichsuniversit%C3%A4t_Stra%C3%9Fburg" title="Reichsuniversität Straßburg">Reichsuniversität Straßburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>. The collection was sanctioned by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> and under the direction of <a href="/wiki/August_Hirt" title="August Hirt">August Hirt</a>. Ultimately 87 of the inmates were shipped to <a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof" class="mw-redirect" title="Natzweiler-Struthof">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> and murdered in August 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2005232–234-171">[164]</a> Brandt and Sievers were executed in 1948 after being convicted during the <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors' trial">Doctors' trial</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Subsequent Nuremberg trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehring2015161–163-172">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishment,_block_11">Punishment, block 11</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Block_11" title="Block 11">Block 11</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_-_Blok_Smierci_and_The_Execution_Wall_Sk06_C_P.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Auschwitz_-_Blok_Smierci_and_The_Execution_Wall_Sk06_C_P.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_-_Blok_Smierci_and_The_Execution_Wall_Sk06_C_P.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Auschwitz_-_Blok_Smierci_and_The_Execution_Wall_Sk06_C_P.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_-_Blok_Smierci_and_The_Execution_Wall_Sk06_C_P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Auschwitz_-_Blok_Smierci_and_The_Execution_Wall_Sk06_C_P.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_-_Blok_Smierci_and_The_Execution_Wall_Sk06_C_P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Block_11" title="Block 11">Block 11</a> and (left) the "death wall", Auschwitz I, 2000</figcaption></figure> Prisoners could be beaten and killed by guards and kapos for the slightest infraction of the rules. Polish historian Irena Strzelecka writes that kapos were given nicknames that reflected their sadism: "Bloody", "Iron", "The Strangler", "The Boxer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000d371–372-173">[166]</a> Based on the 275 extant reports of punishment in the Auschwitz archives, Strzelecka lists common infractions: returning a second time for food at mealtimes, removing one's gold teeth to buy bread, breaking into the pigsty to steal the pigs' food, putting one's hands into one's pockets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e373–376-174">[167]</a> Flogging during rollcall was common. A flogging table called "the goat" immobilised prisoners' feet in a box, while they stretched themselves across the table. Prisoners had to count out the lashes—"25 mit besten Dank habe ich erhalten" ("25 received with many thanks")— and if they got the figure wrong, the flogging resumed from the beginning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e373–376-174">[167]</a> Punishment by "the post" involved tying prisoners' hands behind their backs with chains attached to hooks, then raising the chains so the prisoners were left dangling by the wrists. If their shoulders were too damaged afterwards to work, they might be sent to the gas chamber. Prisoners were subjected to the post for helping a prisoner who had been beaten, and for picking up a cigarette butt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e384–385-175">[168]</a> To extract information from inmates, guards would force their heads onto the stove, and hold them there, burning their faces and eyes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e389-176">[169]</a> Known as block 13 until 1941, block 11 of Auschwitz I was the prison within the prison, reserved for inmates suspected of resistance activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e381-177">[170]</a> Cell 22 in block 11 was a windowless <a href="/wiki/Standing_cell" title="Standing cell">standing cell</a> (Stehbunker). Split into four sections, each section measured less than 1.0 m2 (11 sq ft) and held four prisoners, who entered it through a hatch near the floor. There was a 5 cm × 5 cm (2 in × 2 in) vent for air, covered by a perforated sheet. Strzelecka writes that prisoners might have to spend several nights in cell 22; Wiesław Kielar spent four weeks in it for breaking a pipe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e382,_384-178">[171]</a> Several rooms in block 11 were deemed the Polizei-Ersatz-Gefängnis Myslowitz in Auschwitz (Auschwitz branch of the police station at <a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b77-179">[172]</a> There were also Sonderbehandlung cases ("special treatment") for Poles and others regarded as dangerous to Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b79-180">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_wall">Death wall</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland-01334_-_Death_Wall_(31387372450).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Poland-01334_-_Death_Wall_%2831387372450%29.jpg/220px-Poland-01334_-_Death_Wall_%2831387372450%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Poland-01334_-_Death_Wall_%2831387372450%29.jpg/330px-Poland-01334_-_Death_Wall_%2831387372450%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Poland-01334_-_Death_Wall_%2831387372450%29.jpg/440px-Poland-01334_-_Death_Wall_%2831387372450%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The "death wall" showing the death-camp flag, the blue-and-white stripes with a red triangle signifying the Auschwitz uniform of political prisoners</figcaption></figure> The courtyard between blocks 10 and 11, known as the "death wall", served as an execution area, including for Poles in the General Government area who had been sentenced to death by a criminal court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b79-180">[173]</a> The first executions, by shooting inmates in the back of the head, took place at the death wall on 11 November 1941, Poland's <a href="/wiki/National_Independence_Day_(Poland)" title="National Independence Day (Poland)">National Independence Day</a>. The 151 accused were led to the wall one at a time, stripped naked and with their hands tied behind their backs. <a href="/wiki/Danuta_Czech" title="Danuta Czech">Danuta Czech</a> noted that a "clandestine <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Catholic mass</a>" was said the following Sunday on the second floor of Block 4 in Auschwitz I, in a narrow space between bunks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000139-181">[174]</a> An estimated 4,500 Polish political prisoners were executed at the death wall, including members of the camp resistance. An additional 10,000 Poles were brought to the camp to be executed without being registered. About 1,000 Soviet prisoners of war died by execution, although this is a rough estimate. A Polish government-in-exile report stated that 11,274 prisoners and 6,314 prisoners of war had been executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b102-182">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> wrote that "execution orders arrived in an unbroken stream".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b77-179">[172]</a> According to SS officer <a href="/wiki/Perry_Broad" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry Broad">Perry Broad</a>, "[s]ome of these walking skeletons had spent months in the stinking cells, where not even animals would be kept, and they could barely manage to stand straight. And yet, at that last moment, many of them shouted 'Long live Poland', or 'Long live freedom'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b87-183">[176]</a> The dead included Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karcz" title="Jan Karcz">Jan Karcz</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/Edward_G%C3%B6tt-Gety%C5%84ski" title="Edward Gött-Getyński">Edward Gött-Getyński</a>, executed on 25 January 1943 with 51 others suspected of resistance activities. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Noji" title="Józef Noji">Józef Noji</a>, the Polish long-distance runner, was executed on 15 February that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b89-184">[177]</a> In October 1944, 200 Sonderkommando were executed for their part in the <a href="#Sonderkommando_revolt">Sonderkommando revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b89–90-185">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_camps">Family camps</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gypsy_family_camp">Gypsy family camp</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_family_camp_(Auschwitz)" title="Gypsy family camp (Auschwitz)">Gypsy family camp (Auschwitz)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romani_Kids_ww2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Romani_Kids_ww2.jpg/200px-Romani_Kids_ww2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d8/Romani_Kids_ww2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> children, <a href="/wiki/Mulfingen" title="Mulfingen">Mulfingen</a>, Germany, 1943; the children were studied by <a href="/wiki/Eva_Justin" title="Eva Justin">Eva Justin</a> and later sent to Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a></figcaption></figure> A separate camp for the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, the Zigeunerfamilienlager ("Gypsy family camp"), was set up in the BIIe sector of Auschwitz II-Birkenau in February 1943. For unknown reasons, they were not subject to selection and families were allowed to stay together. The first transport of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">German Roma</a> arrived on 26 February that year. There had been a small number of Romani inmates before that; two Czech Romani prisoners, Ignatz and Frank Denhel, tried to escape in December 1942, the latter successfully, and a Polish Romani woman, Stefania Ciuron, arrived on 12 February 1943 and escaped in April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1998447–448-187">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>'s most infamous physician, worked in the gypsy family camp from 30 May 1943 when he began his work in Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-Kubica_1998_319-165">[158]</a> The Auschwitz registry (Hauptbücher) shows that 20,946 Roma were registered prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1998448-188">[181]</a> and another 3,000 are thought to have entered unregistered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b55,_note_145-189">[182]</a> On 22 March 1943, one transport of 1,700 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Polish Sinti and Roma</a> was gassed on arrival because of illness, as was a second group of 1,035 on 25 May 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1998448-188">[181]</a> The SS tried to liquidate the camp on 16 May 1944, but the Roma fought them, armed with knives and iron pipes, and the SS retreated. Shortly after this, the SS removed nearly 2,908 from the family camp to work, and on 2 August 1944 gassed the other 2,897. Ten thousand remain unaccounted for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1998449–450-190">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theresienstadt_family_camp">Theresienstadt family camp</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_family_camp" title="Theresienstadt family camp">Theresienstadt family camp</a></div> The SS deported around 18,000 Jews to Auschwitz from the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt ghetto">Theresienstadt ghetto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Terezin" class="mw-redirect" title="Terezin">Terezin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200096-191">[184]</a> beginning on 8 September 1943 with a transport of 2,293 male and 2,713 female prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000185-192">[185]</a> Placed in sector BIIb as a "family camp", they were allowed to keep their belongings, wear their own clothes, and write letters to family; they did not have their hair shaved and were not subjected to selection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200096-191">[184]</a> Correspondence between <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>'s office and the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> suggests that the Germans set up the camp to cast doubt on reports, in time for a planned Red Cross visit to Auschwitz, that mass murder was taking place there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren1998429-193">[186]</a> The women and girls were placed in odd-numbered barracks and the men and boys in even-numbered. An infirmary was set up in barracks 30 and 32, and barracks 31 became a school and kindergarten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200096-191">[184]</a> The somewhat better living conditions were nevertheless inadequate; 1,000 members of the family camp were dead within six months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren1998428-194">[187]</a> Two other groups of 2,491 and 2,473 Jews arrived from Theresienstadt in the family camp on 16 and 20 December 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000190–191-195">[188]</a> On 8 March 1944, 3,791 of the prisoners (men, women and children) were sent to the gas chambers; the men were taken to crematorium III and the women later to crematorium II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000194-196">[189]</a> Some of the groups were reported to have sung <a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Hatikvah</a> and the Czech national anthem on the way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren1998439-197">[190]</a> Before they were murdered, they had been asked to write postcards to relatives, postdated to 25–27 March. Several twins were held back for medical experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200097-198">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a> initiated diplomatic manoeuvers to save the remaining Czech Jews after its representative in Bern received the <a href="/wiki/Vrba-Wetzler_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrba-Wetzler report">Vrba-Wetzler report</a>, written by two escaped prisoners, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wetzler" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wetzler">Alfred Wetzler</a>, which warned that the remaining family-camp inmates would be gassed soon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014231–232-199">[192]</a> The BBC also became aware of the report; its German service broadcast news of the family-camp murders during its women's programme on 16 June 1944, warning: "All those responsible for such massacres from top downwards will be called to account."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014215-200">[193]</a> The Red Cross <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rossel#Rossel's_report" title="Maurice Rossel">visited Theresienstadt</a> in June 1944 and were persuaded by the SS that no one was being deported from there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren1998429-193">[186]</a> The following month, about 2,000 women from the family camp were selected to be moved to other camps and 80 boys were moved to the men's camp; the remaining 7,000 were gassed between 10 and 12 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000203-201">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection_and_extermination_process">Selection and extermination process</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_chambers">Gas chambers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/240px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/360px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/480px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3818" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of crematorium I, Auschwitz I, 2014<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002363-202">[195]</a></figcaption></figure> The first gassings at Auschwitz took place on September 3, 1941, when around 850 inmates—Soviet prisoners of war and sick Polish inmates—were killed with Zyklon B in the basement of <a href="/wiki/Block_11" title="Block 11">block 11</a> in Auschwitz I. The building proved unsuitable, so gassings were conducted instead in crematorium I, also in Auschwitz I, which operated until December 1942. There, more than 700 victims could be killed at once.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c157–159-203">[196]</a> Tens of thousands were killed in crematorium I.<a href="#cite_note-Müller_1999_31-57">[51]</a> To keep the victims calm, they were told they were to undergo disinfection and <a href="/wiki/Delousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Delousing">de-lousing</a>; they were ordered to undress outside, then were locked in the building and gassed. After its decommissioning as a gas chamber, the building was converted to a storage facility and later served as an SS air raid shelter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c159–160-204">[197]</a> The gas chamber and crematorium were reconstructed after the war. Dwork and van Pelt write that a chimney was recreated; four openings in the roof were installed to show where the Zyklon B had entered; and two of the three furnaces were rebuilt with the original components.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002364-35">[33]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau,_1944_(Auschwitz_Album)_3b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3b.jpg/220px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3b.jpg/330px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3b.jpg/440px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="887" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hungarian Jews arriving at Auschwitz II, May/June 1944</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrival_platform_at_Birkenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arrival_platform_at_Birkenau.jpg/220px-Arrival_platform_at_Birkenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arrival_platform_at_Birkenau.jpg/330px-Arrival_platform_at_Birkenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arrival_platform_at_Birkenau.jpg/440px-Arrival_platform_at_Birkenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="853" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crematoria II and III and their chimneys are visible in the background, left and right.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg/220px-Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg/330px-Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg/440px-Birkenau_a_group_of_Jews_walking_towards_the_gas_chambers_and_crematoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1126" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jewish women and children from Hungary walking toward the gas chamber, Auschwitz II, May/June 1944. The gate on the left leads to sector BI, the oldest part of the camp.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In early 1942, mass exterminations were moved to two provisional gas chambers (the "red house" and "white house", known as bunkers 1 and 2) in Auschwitz II, while the larger crematoria (II, III, IV, and V) were under construction. Bunker 2 was temporarily reactivated from May to November 1944, when large numbers of Hungarian Jews were gassed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c161–162-206">[199]</a> In summer 1944 the combined capacity of the crematoria and outdoor incineration pits was 20,000 bodies per day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c174-207">[200]</a> A planned sixth facility—crematorium VI—was never built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c175-208">[201]</a> From 1942, Jews were being transported to Auschwitz from all over German-occupied Europe by rail, arriving in daily convoys.<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> The gas chambers worked to their fullest capacity from May to July 1944, during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary#History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Holocaust in Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010407-210">[203]</a> A rail spur leading to crematoria II and III in Auschwitz II was completed that May, and a new ramp was built between sectors BI and BII to deliver the victims closer to the gas chambers (images top right). On 29 April the first 1,800 Jews from Hungary arrived at the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002338-211">[204]</a> From 14 May until early July 1944, 437,000 Hungarian Jews, half the pre-war population, were deported to Auschwitz, at a rate of 12,000 a day for a considerable part of that period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-132">[126]</a> The crematoria had to be overhauled. Crematoria II and III were given new elevators leading from the stoves to the gas chambers, new grates were fitted, and several of the dressing rooms and gas chambers were painted. Cremation pits were dug behind crematorium V.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002338-211">[204]</a> The incoming volume was so great that the Sonderkommando resorted to burning corpses in open-air pits as well as in the crematoria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002341–343-212">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3></div> According to Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Franciszek Piper</a>, of the 1,095,000 Jews deported to Auschwitz, around 205,000 were registered in the camp and given serial numbers; 25,000 were sent to other camps; and 865,000 were murdered soon after arrival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b227-213">[206]</a> Adding non-Jewish victims gives a figure of 900,000 who were murdered without being registered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b229-214">[207]</a> During "selection" on arrival, those deemed able to work were sent to the right and admitted into the camp (registered), and the rest were sent to the left to be gassed. The group selected to die included almost all children, women with small children, the elderly, and others who appeared on brief and superficial inspection by an SS doctor not to be fit for work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b103ff-215">[208]</a> Practically any fault—scars, bandages, boils and emaciation—might provide reason enough to be deemed unfit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b109–110-216">[209]</a> Children might be made to walk toward a stick held at a certain height; those who could walk under it were selected for the gas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b111-217">[210]</a> Inmates unable to walk or who arrived at night were taken to the crematoria on trucks; otherwise, the new arrivals were marched there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c162,_169-218">[211]</a> Their belongings were seized and sorted by inmates in the <a href="/wiki/Kanada_warehouses,_Auschwitz" title="Kanada warehouses, Auschwitz">"Kanada" warehouses</a>, an area of the camp in sector BIIg that housed 30 barracks used as storage facilities for plundered goods; it derived its name from the inmates' view of Canada as a land of plenty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200097–98-219">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inside_the_crematoria">Inside the crematoria</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Crematorium_III_in_Auschwitz_II_(Birkenau).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Entrance_to_Crematorium_III_in_Auschwitz_II_%28Birkenau%29.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Crematorium_III_in_Auschwitz_II_%28Birkenau%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Entrance_to_Crematorium_III_in_Auschwitz_II_%28Birkenau%29.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Crematorium_III_in_Auschwitz_II_%28Birkenau%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Entrance_to_Crematorium_III_in_Auschwitz_II_%28Birkenau%29.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Crematorium_III_in_Auschwitz_II_%28Birkenau%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to crematorium III, Auschwitz II, 2008<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter2017241-220">[213]</a></figcaption></figure> The crematoria consisted of a dressing room, gas chamber, and furnace room. In crematoria II and III, the dressing room and gas chamber were underground; in IV and V, they were on the ground floor. The dressing room had numbered hooks on the wall to hang clothes. In crematorium II, there was also a dissection room (Sezierraum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c166,_168-221">[214]</a> SS officers told the victims they had to take a shower and undergo delousing. The victims undressed in the dressing room and walked into the gas chamber; signs said "Bade" (bath) or "Desinfektionsraum" (disinfection room). A former prisoner testified that the language of the signs changed depending on who was being killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169,_n.&nbsp;489-222">[215]</a> Some inmates were given soap and a towel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169,_n.&nbsp;490-223">[216]</a> A gas chamber could hold up to 2,000; one former prisoner said it was around 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169-224">[217]</a> The Zyklon B was delivered to the crematoria by a special SS bureau known as the Hygiene Institute.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> After the doors were shut, SS men dumped in the Zyklon B pellets through vents in the roof or holes in the side of the chamber. The victims were usually dead within 10 minutes; Rudolf Höss testified that it took up to 20 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b170-226">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leib_Langfus" title="Leib Langfus">Leib Langfus</a>, a member of the Sonderkommando, buried his diary (written in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>) near crematorium III in Auschwitz II. It was found in 1952, signed "A.Y.R.A":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1998529,_531-227">[220]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It would be difficult to even imagine that so many people would fit in such a small [room]. Anyone who did not want to go inside was shot [...] or torn apart by the dogs. They would have suffocated from the lack of air within several hours. Then all the doors were sealed tight and the gas thrown in by way of a small hole in the ceiling. There was nothing more that the people inside could do. And so they only screamed in bitter, lamentable voices. Others complained in voices full of despair, and others still sobbed spasmodically and sent up a dire, heart-rending weeping. ... And in the meantime, their voices grew weaker and weaker ... Because of the great crowding, people fell one atop another as they died, until a heap arose consisting of five or six layers atop the other, reaching a height of one meter. Mothers froze in a seated position on the ground embracing their children in their arms, and husbands and wives died hugging each other. Some of the people made up a formless mass. Others stood in a leaning position, while the upper parts, from the stomach up, were in a lying position. Some of the people had turned completely blue under the influence of the gas, while others looks entirely fresh, as if they were asleep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangfus2000357-228">[221]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_corpses">Use of corpses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG/220px-Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG/330px-Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG/440px-Auschwitz_Resistance_282_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs">Sonderkommando photographs</a>: Women on their way to the gas chamber, Auschwitz II, August 1944</figcaption></figure> Sonderkommando wearing gas masks dragged the bodies from the chamber. They removed glasses and artificial limbs and shaved off the women's hair;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b170-226">[219]</a> women's hair was removed before they entered the gas chamber at <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, but at Auschwitz it was done after death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b408-229">[222]</a> By 6 February 1943, the Reich Economic Ministry had received 3,000 kg of women's hair from Auschwitz and <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b408-229">[222]</a> The hair was first cleaned in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Sal_ammoniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal ammoniac">sal ammoniac</a>, dried on the brick floor of the crematoria, combed, and placed in paper bags.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b409-230">[223]</a> The hair was shipped to various companies, including one manufacturing plant in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen-Bluementhal</a>, where workers found tiny coins with Greek letters on some of the braids, possibly from some of the 50,000 Greek Jews deported to Auschwitz in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b411-231">[224]</a> When they liberated the camp in January 1945, the Red Army found 7,000 kg of human hair in bags ready to ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b409-230">[223]</a> Just before cremation, jewelry was removed, along with dental work and teeth containing precious metals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b171-232">[225]</a> Gold was removed from the teeth of dead prisoners from 23 September 1940 onwards by order of Heinrich Himmler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b400-233">[226]</a> The work was carried out by members of the Sonderkommando who were dentists; anyone overlooking dental work might themselves be cremated alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b171-232">[225]</a> The gold was sent to the SS Health Service and used by dentists to treat the SS and their families; 50 kg had been collected by 8 October 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b400-233">[226]</a> By early 1944, 10–12 kg of gold was being extracted monthly from victims' teeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b406-234">[227]</a> The corpses were burned in the nearby incinerators, and the ashes were buried, thrown in the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river, or used as fertilizer. Any bits of bone that had not burned properly were ground down in wooden <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c171-235">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrivals_and_inmates_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_summer_1944_(Auschwitz_Album).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arrivals_and_inmates_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_summer_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29.jpg/220px-Arrivals_and_inmates_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_summer_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arrivals_and_inmates_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_summer_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29.jpg/330px-Arrivals_and_inmates_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_summer_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arrivals_and_inmates_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_summer_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29.jpg/440px-Arrivals_and_inmates_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_summer_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>New arrivals, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, May/June 1944</figcaption></figure> At least 1.3 million people were sent to Auschwitz between 1940 and 1945, and at least 1.1 million died.<a href="#cite_note-Piperfigures-7">[7]</a> Overall 400,207 prisoners were registered in the camp: 268,657 male and 131,560 female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c171-151">[145]</a> A study in the late 1980s by Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Franciszek Piper</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a> used timetables of train arrivals combined with deportation records to calculate that, of the 1.3 million sent to the camp, 1,082,000 had died there, a figure (rounded up to 1.1 million) that Piper regarded as a minimum.<a href="#cite_note-Piperfigures-7">[7]</a> That figure came to be widely accepted.<a href="#cite_note-240">[h]</a> The Germans tried to conceal how many they had murdered. In July 1942, according to <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a>'s post-war memoir, Höss received an order from <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>'s office and SS commander <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a>, that "[a]ll mass graves were to be opened and the corpses burned. In addition, the ashes were to be disposed of in such a way that it would be impossible at some future time to calculate the number of corpses burned."<a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a> Earlier estimates of the death toll were higher than Piper's. Following the camp's liberation, the Soviet government issued a statement, on 8 May 1945, that four million people had been murdered on the site, a figure based on the capacity of the crematoria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b210–213-242">[234]</a> Höss told prosecutors at Nuremberg that at least 2,500,000 people had been gassed there, and that another 500,000 had died of starvation and disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946415-243">[235]</a> He testified that the figure of over two million had come from Eichmann.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946397-244">[236]</a> In his memoirs, written in custody, Höss wrote that Eichmann had given the figure of 2.5 million to Höss's superior officer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a>, based on records that had been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss2003193-245">[237]</a> Höss regarded this figure as "far too high. Even Auschwitz had limits to its destructive possibilities," he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss2003194-246">[238]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%; text-align:left; float:center; margin-left:10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality/ethnicity (Source: <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Franciszek Piper</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b230-2">[2]</a></th> <th>Registered deaths (Auschwitz)</th> <th>Unregistered deaths (Auschwitz)</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a></td> <td>95,000</td> <td>865,000</td> <td>960,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Ethnic Poles</a></td> <td>64,000</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>74,000 (70,000–75,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a></td> <td>19,000</td> <td>2,000</td> <td>21,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a></td> <td>12,000</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a></td> <td>10,000–15,000</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>10,000–15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total deaths in Auschwitz, 1940–1945</td> <td>200,000–205,000</td> <td>880,000</td> <td>1,080,000–1,085,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> Around one in six Jews murdered in the Holocaust died in Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010383-247">[239]</a> By nation, the greatest number of Auschwitz's Jewish victims originated from Hungary, accounting for 430,000 deaths, followed by Poland (300,000), France (69,000), Netherlands (60,000), Greece (55,000), Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (46,000), Slovakia (27,000), Belgium (25,000), Germany and Austria (23,000), Yugoslavia (10,000), Italy (7,500), Norway (690), and others (34,000).<a href="#cite_note-Ethnicity-248">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> writes that fewer than one percent of the million Soviet Jews murdered in the Holocaust were murdered in Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010275-249">[241]</a> Of the at least 387 Jehovah's Witnesses who were imprisoned at Auschwitz, 132 died in the camp.<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance,_escapes,_and_liberation">Resistance, escapes, and liberation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camp_resistance,_flow_of_information">Camp resistance, flow of information</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement_in_Auschwitz" title="Resistance movement in Auschwitz">Resistance movement in Auschwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witold_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Witold Report">Witold Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust#Allied_knowledge_of_the_atrocities" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility for the Holocaust § Allied knowledge of the atrocities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust#Flow_of_information_about_the_mass_murder" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust § Flow of information about the mass murder</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Conspiratorial_reportage_about_Auschwitz_death_camp_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camp of Death pamphlet (1942) by Natalia Zarembina[243]"><img alt="Camp of Death pamphlet (1942) by Natalia Zarembina[243]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Conspiratorial_reportage_about_Auschwitz_death_camp_01.jpg/146px-Conspiratorial_reportage_about_Auschwitz_death_camp_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Conspiratorial_reportage_about_Auschwitz_death_camp_01.jpg/220px-Conspiratorial_reportage_about_Auschwitz_death_camp_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Conspiratorial_reportage_about_Auschwitz_death_camp_01.jpg/293px-Conspiratorial_reportage_about_Auschwitz_death_camp_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1134" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camp of Death pamphlet (1942) by <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Zarembina" title="Natalia Zarembina">Natalia Zarembina</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Krahelska_Pami%C4%99tnik_wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halina Krahelska report from Auschwitz Oświęcim, pamiętnik więźnia ("Auschwitz: Diary of a prisoner"), 1942[244]"><img alt="Halina Krahelska report from Auschwitz Oświęcim, pamiętnik więźnia ("Auschwitz: Diary of a prisoner"), 1942[244]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Krahelska_Pami%C4%99tnik_wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia.jpg/141px-Krahelska_Pami%C4%99tnik_wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Krahelska_Pami%C4%99tnik_wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia.jpg/212px-Krahelska_Pami%C4%99tnik_wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Krahelska_Pami%C4%99tnik_wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia.jpg/283px-Krahelska_Pami%C4%99tnik_wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="3275" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Halina_Krahelska" title="Halina Krahelska">Halina Krahelska</a> report from Auschwitz <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/pl:O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_-_pami%C4%99tnik_wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia" class="extiw" title="s:pl:Oświęcim - pamiętnik więźnia">Oświęcim, pamiętnik więźnia</a> ("Auschwitz: Diary of a prisoner"), 1942<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahelska1985-252">[244]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland", a paper issued by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the United Nations, 1942"><img alt=""The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland", a paper issued by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the United Nations, 1942" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-133px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-200px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-267px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1281" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied_Poland" title="The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland">The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland</a>", a paper issued by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">United Nations</a>, 1942</div> </li> </ul> Information about Auschwitz became available to the Allies as a result of reports by Captain <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131-253">[245]</a> who, as "Tomasz Serafiński" (serial number 4859),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000177-254">[246]</a> allowed himself to be arrested in Warsaw and taken to Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131-253">[245]</a> He was imprisoned there from 22 September 1940<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop2016210-255">[247]</a> until his escape on 27 April 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000177-254">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fleming_(historian)" title="Michael Fleming (historian)">Michael Fleming</a> writes that Pilecki was instructed to sustain morale, organize food, clothing and resistance, prepare to take over the camp if possible, and smuggle information out to the Polish military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131-253">[245]</a> Pilecki called his resistance movement <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a> (ZOW, "Union of Military Organization").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop2016210-255">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witold_Pilecki_in_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Witold_Pilecki_in_color.jpg/170px-Witold_Pilecki_in_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Witold_Pilecki_in_color.jpg/255px-Witold_Pilecki_in_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Witold_Pilecki_in_color.jpg/340px-Witold_Pilecki_in_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></figcaption></figure> The resistance sent out the first oral message about Auschwitz with Aleksander Wielkopolski, a Polish engineer who was released in October 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki200068–69,_n._115-256">[248]</a> The following month the Polish underground in Warsaw prepared a report on the basis of that information, The camp in Auschwitz, part of which was published in London in May 1941 in a booklet, The German Occupation of Poland, by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The report said of the Jews in the camp that "scarcely any of them came out alive". According to Fleming, the booklet was "widely circulated amongst British officials". The Polish Fortnightly Review based a story on it, writing that "three crematorium furnaces were insufficient to cope with the bodies being cremated", as did <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a> on 8 January 1942, the only British news organization to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131–132-257">[249]</a> On 24 December 1941, the resistance groups representing the various prisoner factions met in block 45 and agreed to cooperate. Fleming writes that it has not been possible to track Pilecki's early intelligence from the camp. Pilecki compiled two reports after he escaped in April 1943; the second, <a href="/wiki/Raport_W" class="mw-redirect" title="Raport W">Raport W</a>, detailed his life in Auschwitz I and estimated that 1.5 million people, mostly Jews, had been murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014132-258">[250]</a> On 1 July 1942, the Polish Fortnightly Review published a report describing Birkenau, writing that "prisoners call this supplementary camp 'Paradisal', presumably because there is only one road, leading to Paradise". Reporting that inmates were being killed "through excessive work, torture and medical means", it noted the gassing of the Soviet prisoners of war and Polish inmates in Auschwitz I in September 1941, the first gassing in the camp. It said: "It is estimated that the Oswiecim camp can accommodate fifteen thousand prisoners, but as they die on a mass scale there is always room for new arrivals."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014133-259">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P_Oboz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P_Oboz.jpg/170px-P_Oboz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P_Oboz.jpg/255px-P_Oboz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P_Oboz.jpg/340px-P_Oboz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>The camp badge for non-Jewish Polish political prisoners</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> in London first reported the gassing of prisoners in Auschwitz on 21 July 1942,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005116-260">[252]</a> and reported the gassing of Soviet POWs and Jews on 4 September 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014135-261">[253]</a> In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe_Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfgruppe Auschwitz">Kampfgruppe Auschwitz</a> (Combat Group Auschwitz) was organized within the camp with the aim of sending out information about what was happening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisEngelFogelman200773-262">[254]</a> The Sonderkommando buried notes in the ground, hoping they would be found by the camp's liberators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyiszli2011124-263">[255]</a> The group also smuggled out photographs; the <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs">Sonderkommando photographs</a>, of events around the gas chambers in Auschwitz II, were smuggled out of the camp in September 1944 in a toothpaste tube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDidi-Huberman200816-264">[256]</a> According to Fleming, the British press responded, in 1943 and the first half of 1944, either by not publishing reports about Auschwitz or by burying them on the inside pages. The exception was the Polish Jewish Observer, a <a href="/wiki/City_and_East_London_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="City and East London Observer">City and East London Observer</a> supplement edited by Joel Cang, a former Warsaw correspondent for the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a>. The British reticence stemmed from a Foreign Office concern that the public might pressure the government to respond or provide refuge for the Jews, and that British actions on behalf of the Jews might affect its relationships in the Middle East. There was similar reticence in the United States, and indeed within the Polish government-in-exile and the Polish resistance. According to Fleming, the scholarship suggests that the Polish resistance distributed information about the Holocaust in Auschwitz without challenging the Allies' reluctance to highlight it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming201663–65-265">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escapes,_Auschwitz_Protocols">Escapes, Auschwitz Protocols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vrba-Wetzler_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrba-Wetzler report">Vrba-Wetzler report</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Protocols" title="Auschwitz Protocols">Auschwitz Protocols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telegram,_Vrba_and_Wetzler_escape,_Auschwitz,_8_April_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Telegram%2C_Vrba_and_Wetzler_escape%2C_Auschwitz%2C_8_April_1944.jpg/170px-Telegram%2C_Vrba_and_Wetzler_escape%2C_Auschwitz%2C_8_April_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Telegram%2C_Vrba_and_Wetzler_escape%2C_Auschwitz%2C_8_April_1944.jpg/255px-Telegram%2C_Vrba_and_Wetzler_escape%2C_Auschwitz%2C_8_April_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Telegram%2C_Vrba_and_Wetzler_escape%2C_Auschwitz%2C_8_April_1944.jpg/340px-Telegram%2C_Vrba_and_Wetzler_escape%2C_Auschwitz%2C_8_April_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Telegram dated 8 April 1944 from KL Auschwitz reporting the escape of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Wetzler" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler</a></figcaption></figure> From the first escape on 6 July 1940 of <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Wiejowski" title="Tadeusz Wiejowski">Tadeusz Wiejowski</a>, at least 802 prisoners (757 men and 45 women) tried to escape from the camp, according to Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Henryk_%C5%9Awiebocki" title="Henryk Świebocki">Henryk Świebocki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[i]</a> He writes that most escapes were attempted from work sites outside the camp's perimeter fence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000192-269">[260]</a> Of the 802 escapes, 144 were successful, 327 were caught, and the fate of 331 is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000233-267">[259]</a> Four Polish prisoners—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugeniusz_Bendera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugeniusz Bendera (page does not exist)">Eugeniusz Bendera</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniusz_Bendera" class="extiw" title="pl:Eugeniusz Bendera">pl</a>] (serial number 8502), <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Piechowski" title="Kazimierz Piechowski">Kazimierz Piechowski</a> (no. 918), <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gustaw_Jaster" title="Stanisław Gustaw Jaster">Stanisław Gustaw Jaster</a> (no. 6438), and Józef Lempart (no. 3419)—escaped successfully on 20 June 1942. After breaking into a warehouse, three of them dressed as SS officers and stole rifles and an SS staff car, which they drove out of the camp with the fourth handcuffed as a prisoner. They wrote later to Rudolf Höss apologizing for the loss of the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> On 21 July 1944, Polish inmate <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Bielecki_(Auschwitz_survivor)" title="Jerzy Bielecki (Auschwitz survivor)">Jerzy Bielecki</a> dressed in an SS uniform and, using a faked pass, managed to cross the camp's gate with his Jewish girlfriend, Cyla Cybulska, pretending that she was wanted for questioning. Both survived the war. For having saved her, Bielecki was recognized by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> as <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000203–204-271">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Tabeau" title="Jerzy Tabeau">Jerzy Tabeau</a> (no. 27273, registered as Jerzy Wesołowski) and Roman Cieliczko (no. 27089), both Polish prisoners, escaped on 19 November 1943; Tabeau made contact with the Polish underground and, between December 1943 and early 1944, wrote what became known as the Polish Major's report about the situation in the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki200212–13,_23-272">[263]</a> On 27 April 1944, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a> (no. 44070) and <a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Wetzler" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler</a> (no. 29162) escaped to Slovakia, carrying detailed information to the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Jewish_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Jewish Council">Slovak Jewish Council</a> about the gas chambers. The distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Vrba-Wetzler_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrba-Wetzler report">Vrba-Wetzler report</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba#News_coverage" title="Rudolf Vrba">publication of parts of it</a> in June 1944, helped to halt the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Hungary">deportation of Hungarian Jews</a> to Auschwitz. On 27 May 1944, Arnost Rosin (no. 29858) and <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mordowicz" title="Czesław Mordowicz">Czesław Mordowicz</a> (no. 84216) also escaped to Slovakia; the Rosin-Mordowicz report was added to the Vrba-Wetzler and Tabeau reports to become what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Protocols" title="Auschwitz Protocols">Auschwitz Protocols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> The reports were first published in their entirety in November 1944 by the United States <a href="/wiki/War_Refugee_Board" title="War Refugee Board">War Refugee Board</a> as The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia.<a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombing_proposal">Bombing proposal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_aerial_view_RAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Auschwitz_aerial_view_RAF.jpg/180px-Auschwitz_aerial_view_RAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Auschwitz_aerial_view_RAF.jpg/270px-Auschwitz_aerial_view_RAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Auschwitz_aerial_view_RAF.jpg/360px-Auschwitz_aerial_view_RAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2619" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Auschwitz II-Birkenau taken by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> on 23 August 1944</figcaption></figure> In January 1941, the Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Army</a> and prime minister-in-exile, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>, arranged for a report to be forwarded to Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pierse" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pierse">Richard Pierse</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomber_Command" title="Bomber Command">Bomber Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddle200036-275">[266]</a> Written by Auschwitz prisoners in or around December 1940, the report described the camp's atrocious living conditions and asked the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> to bomb it: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The prisoners implore the Polish Government to have the camp bombed. The destruction of the electrified barbed wire, the ensuing panic and darkness prevailing, the chances of escape would be great. The local population will hide them and help them to leave the neighbourhood. The prisoners are confidently awaiting the day when Polish planes from Great Britain will enable their escape. This is the prisoners unanimous demand to the Polish Government in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2004197-276">[267]</a></blockquote> Pierse replied that it was not technically feasible to bomb the camp without harming the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddle200036-275">[266]</a> In May 1944 Slovak rabbi <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dov_Weissmandl" title="Michael Dov Weissmandl">Michael Dov Weissmandl</a> suggested that the Allies bomb the rails leading to the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchens200080–81-277">[268]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Wyman" title="David Wyman">David Wyman</a> published an essay in <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a> in 1978 entitled "Why Auschwitz Was Never Bombed", arguing that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> could and should have attacked Auschwitz. In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Abandonment_of_the_Jews" title="The Abandonment of the Jews">The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941–1945</a> (1984), Wyman argued that, since the IG Farben plant at Auschwitz III had been bombed three times between August and December 1944 by the US <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a> in Italy, it would have been feasible for the other camps or railway lines to be bombed too. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wasserstein" title="Bernard Wasserstein">Bernard Wasserstein</a>'s Britain and the Jews of Europe (1979) and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>'s Auschwitz and the Allies (1981) raised similar questions about British inaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld20001–2-278">[269]</a> Since the 1990s, other historians have argued that Allied bombing accuracy was not sufficient for Wyman's proposed attack, and that <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">counterfactual history</a> is an inherently problematic endeavor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld20004–5,_9–10-279">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonderkommando_revolt">Sonderkommando revolt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Revolt_in_Auschwitz" title="Sonderkommando Revolt in Auschwitz">Sonderkommando Revolt in Auschwitz</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando#Auschwitz" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando § Auschwitz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99.jpg/180px-%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99.jpg/270px-%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99.jpg/360px-%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a> member <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Gradowski" title="Zalman Gradowski">Zalmen Gradowski</a>, pictured with his wife, Sonia, buried his notebooks near crematorium III. Sonia Gradowski was gassed on 8 December 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGradowski1989548-280">[271]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a> who worked in the crematoria were witnesses to the mass murder and were therefore regularly murdered themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b181–187-281">[272]</a> On 7 October 1944, following an announcement that 300 of them were to be sent to a nearby town to clear away rubble—"transfers" were a common ruse for the murder of prisoners—the group, mostly Jews from Greece and Hungary, staged an uprising.<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> They attacked the SS with stones and hammers, killing three of them, and set crematorium IV on fire with rags soaked in oil that they had hidden.<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> Hearing the commotion, the Sonderkommando at crematorium II believed that a camp uprising had begun and threw their Oberkapo into a furnace. After escaping through a fence using wirecutters, they managed to reach <a href="/wiki/Rajsko,_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_County" title="Rajsko, Oświęcim County">Rajsko</a>, where they hid in the granary of an Auschwitz satellite camp, but the SS pursued and killed them by setting the granary on fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreif200544-284">[275]</a> By the time the rebellion at crematorium IV had been suppressed, 212 members of the Sonderkommando were still alive and 451 had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> The dead included <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Gradowski" title="Zalman Gradowski">Zalmen Gradowski</a>, who kept notes of his time in Auschwitz and buried them near crematorium III; after the war, another Sonderkommando member showed the prosecutors where to dig.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a54-286">[277]</a> The notes were published in several formats, including in 2017 as From the Heart of Hell.<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evacuation_and_death_marches">Evacuation and death marches</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches during the Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_Birkenau_Krematorium_IV_-_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Auschwitz_Birkenau_Krematorium_IV_-_05.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_Birkenau_Krematorium_IV_-_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Auschwitz_Birkenau_Krematorium_IV_-_05.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_Birkenau_Krematorium_IV_-_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Auschwitz_Birkenau_Krematorium_IV_-_05.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_Birkenau_Krematorium_IV_-_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of crematorium IV, Auschwitz II, blown up during the revolt</figcaption></figure> The last mass transports to arrive in Auschwitz were 60,000–70,000 Jews from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź Ghetto</a>, some 2,000 from Theresienstadt, and 8,000 from <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> The last selection took place on 30 October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c174-207">[200]</a> On 1 or 2 November 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered the SS to halt the mass murder by gas.<a href="#cite_note-289">[280]</a> On 25 November, he ordered Auschwitz's gas chambers and crematoria be destroyed. The Sonderkommando and other prisoners began the job of dismantling the buildings and cleaning up the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b173–174-290">[281]</a> On 18 January 1945, Engelbert Marketsch, a German criminal transferred from <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex">Mauthausen</a>, became the last prisoner to be assigned a serial number in Auschwitz, number 202499.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000227-291">[282]</a> According to Polish historian Andrzej Strzelecki, the evacuation of the camp was one of its "most tragic chapters".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a30-292">[283]</a> Himmler ordered the evacuation of all camps in January 1945, telling camp commanders: "The Führer holds you personally responsible for ... making sure that not a single prisoner from the concentration camps falls alive into the hands of the enemy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007648-293">[284]</a> The plundered goods from the "Kanada" barracks, together with building supplies, were transported to the German interior. Between 1 December 1944 and 15 January 1945, over one million items of clothing were packed to be shipped out of Auschwitz; 95,000 such parcels were sent to concentration camps in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a41–42-294">[285]</a> Beginning on 17 January, some 58,000 Auschwitz detainees (about two-thirds Jews)—over 20,000 from Auschwitz I and II and over 30,000 from the subcamps—were evacuated under guard, at first heading west on foot, then by open-topped freight trains, to concentration camps in Germany and Austria: <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex">Mauthausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Dora-Mittelbau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbruck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> Fewer than 9,000 remained in the camps, deemed too sick to move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a27,_29-296">[287]</a> During the marches, the SS shot or otherwise dispatched anyone unable to continue; "execution details" followed the marchers, killing prisoners who lagged behind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a30-292">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Peter Longerich</a> estimated that a quarter of the detainees were thus killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010415-297">[288]</a> By December 1944 some 15,000 Jewish prisoners had made it from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, where they were liberated by the British on 15 April 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015335,_597–598-298">[289]</a> On 20 January, crematoria II and III were blown up, and on 23 January the "Kanada" warehouses were set on fire; they apparently burned for five days. Crematorium IV had been partly demolished after the Sonderkommando revolt in October, and the rest of it was destroyed later. On 26 January, one day ahead of the Red Army's arrival, crematorium V was blown up.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation">Liberation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp">Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg/220px-Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg/330px-Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg/440px-Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1712" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Young survivors at the camp, liberated by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in January 1945</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69919,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Brillen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69919%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Brillen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69919%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Brillen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69919%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Brillen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69919%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Brillen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69919%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Brillen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69919%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Brillen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1792" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eyeglasses of victims, 1945</div></div></div></div></div> The first in the camp complex to be liberated was Auschwitz III, the IG Farben camp at Monowitz; a soldier from the 100th Infantry Division of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> entered the camp around 9 am on Saturday, 27 January 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000230-300">[291]</a> The <a href="/wiki/60th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="60th Army (Soviet Union)">60th Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front" title="1st Ukrainian Front">1st Ukrainian Front</a> (also part of the Red Army) arrived in Auschwitz I and II around 3 pm. They found 7,000 prisoners alive in the three main camps, 500 in the other subcamps, and over 600 corpses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a47–48-301">[292]</a> Items found included 837,000 women's garments, 370,000 men's suits, 44,000 pairs of shoes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201545-302">[293]</a> and 7,000 kg of human hair, estimated by the Soviet war crimes commission to have come from 140,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b409-230">[223]</a> Some of the hair was examined by the Forensic Science Institute in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, where it was found to contain traces of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, the main ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b410-303">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a> described seeing the first four soldiers on horseback approach Auschwitz III, where he had been in the sick bay. They threw "strangely embarrassed glances at the sprawling bodies, at the battered huts and at us few still alive ...":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi2001187-304">[295]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">They did not greet us, nor did they smile; they seemed oppressed not only by compassion but by a confused restraint, which sealed their lips and bound their eyes to the funereal scene. It was that shame we knew so well, the shame that drowned us after the selections, and every time we had to watch, or submit to, some outrage: the shame the Germans did not know, that the just man experiences at another man's crime; the feeling of guilt that such a crime should exist, that it should have been introduced irrevocably into the world of things that exist, and that his will for good should have proved too weak or null, and should not have availed in defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi2001188-305">[296]</a></blockquote> Georgii Elisavetskii, a Soviet soldier who entered one of the barracks, said in 1980 that he could hear other soldiers telling the inmates: "You are free, comrades!" But they did not respond, so he tried in Russian, Polish, German, Ukrainian. Then he used some <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>: "They think that I am provoking them. They begin to hide. And only when I said to them: 'Do not be afraid, I am a colonel of Soviet Army and a Jew. We have come to liberate you' ... Finally, as if the barrier collapsed ... they rushed toward us shouting, fell on their knees, kissed the flaps of our overcoats, and threw their arms around our legs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201545-302">[293]</a> The Soviet military medical service and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Red_Cross" title="Polish Red Cross">Polish Red Cross</a> (PCK) set up field hospitals that looked after 4,500 prisoners suffering from the effects of starvation (mostly <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Local volunteers helped until the Red Cross team arrived from Kraków in early February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a48-306">[297]</a> In Auschwitz II, the layers of excrement on the barracks floors had to be scraped off with shovels. Water was obtained from snow and from fire-fighting wells. Before more help arrived, 2,200 patients there were looked after by a few doctors and 12 PCK nurses. All the patients were later moved to the brick buildings in Auschwitz I, where several blocks became a hospital, with medical personnel working 18-hour shifts.<a href="#cite_note-307">[298]</a> The liberation of Auschwitz received little press attention at the time; the Red Army was focusing on its advance toward Germany and liberating the camp had not been one of its key aims. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Polevoy" title="Boris Polevoy">Boris Polevoi</a> reported on the liberation in <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> on 2 February 1945 but made no mention of Jews;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201546-308">[299]</a> inmates were described collectively as "victims of Fascism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2005262-309">[300]</a> It was when the Western Allies arrived in <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> in April 1945 that the liberation of the camps received extensive coverage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201510-310">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war">After the war</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials_of_war_criminals">Trials of war criminals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AuschwitzGallows2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AuschwitzGallows2006.JPG/220px-AuschwitzGallows2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AuschwitzGallows2006.JPG/330px-AuschwitzGallows2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AuschwitzGallows2006.JPG/440px-AuschwitzGallows2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Gallows in Auschwitz I where <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> was executed on 16 April 1947</figcaption></figure> Only 789 Auschwitz staff, up to 15 percent, ever stood trial;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b116,_n.&nbsp;19-8">[8]</a> most of the cases were pursued in Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b108,_113-311">[302]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Lasik" title="Aleksander Lasik">Aleksander Lasik</a>, female SS officers were treated more harshly than male; of the 17 women sentenced, four received the death penalty and the others longer prison terms than the men. He writes that this may have been because there were only 200 women overseers, and therefore they were more visible and memorable to the inmates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b110-312">[303]</a> Camp commandant <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> was arrested by the British on 11 March 1946 near <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a>, northern Germany, where he had been working as a farmer under the pseudonym Franz Lang. He was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Heide" title="Heide">Heide</a>, then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Minden" title="Minden">Minden</a> for interrogation, part of the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="British occupation zone">British occupation zone</a>. From there he was taken to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> to testify for the defense in the trial of SS-Obergruppenführer <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a>. Höss was straightforward about his own role in the mass murder and said he had followed the orders of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[j]</a> Extradited to Poland on 25 May 1946,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998b296-314">[305]</a> he wrote his memoirs in custody, first published in Polish in 1951 then in German in 1958 as Kommandant in Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss2003Publisher's_Note-316">[306]</a> His trial before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> opened on 11 March 1947; he was sentenced to death on 2 April and hanged in Auschwitz I on 16 April, near crematorium I.<a href="#cite_note-317">[307]</a> On 25 November 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial</a> began in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, when Poland's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> brought to court 40 former Auschwitz staff, including commandant <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a>, women's camp leader <a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandel" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Mandel">Maria Mandel</a>, and camp leader <a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a>. The trials ended on 22 December 1947, with 23 death sentences, seven life sentences, and nine prison sentences ranging from three to 15 years. <a href="/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BCnch" title="Hans Münch">Hans Münch</a>, an SS doctor who had several former prisoners testify on his behalf, was the only person to be acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005138–139-318">[308]</a> Other former staff were hanged for war crimes in the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau Trials">Dachau Trials</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Belsen_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Belsen Trial">Belsen Trial</a>, including camp leaders <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vinzenz_Sch%C3%B6ttl" title="Vinzenz Schöttl">Vinzenz Schöttl</a>; doctor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Entress" title="Friedrich Entress">Friedrich Entress</a>; and guards <a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005140-319">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Tesch" title="Bruno Tesch">Bruno Tesch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weinbacher" title="Karl Weinbacher">Karl Weinbacher</a>, the owner and chief executive officer of the firm <a href="/wiki/Tesch_%26_Stabenow" title="Tesch & Stabenow">Tesch & Stabenow</a>, one of the suppliers of Zyklon B, were arrested by the British after the war and executed for knowingly supplying the chemical for use on humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008744-320">[310]</a> The 180-day <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> from 20 December 1963 to 20 August 1965, tried 22 defendants, including two dentists, a doctor, two camp adjudants and the camp's pharmacist. The 700-page indictment, presenting the testimony of 254 witnesses, was accompanied by a 300-page report about the camp, Nationalsozialistische Konzentrationslager, written by historians from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_History_(Munich)" title="Institute of Contemporary History (Munich)">Institut für Zeitgeschichte</a> in Germany, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Krausnick" title="Helmut Krausnick">Helmut Krausnick</a>. The report became the basis of their book, Anatomy of the SS State (1968), the first comprehensive study of the camp and the SS. The court convicted 19 of the defendants, giving six of them life sentences and the others between three and ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann20053-321">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> also held trials against several former staff members of Auschwitz. One of the defendants they tried was <a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a>. Fischer, one of the highest-ranking SS physicians in the camp, had personally selected at least 75,000 men, women, and children to be gassed. He was arrested in 1965. The following year, he was convicted of crimes against humanity, sentenced to death, and executed by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a>. Fischer was the highest-ranking SS physician from Auschwitz to ever be tried by a German court.<a href="#cite_note-322">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Birkenau_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2_Birkenau_3.JPG/220px-2_Birkenau_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2_Birkenau_3.JPG/330px-2_Birkenau_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2_Birkenau_3.JPG/440px-2_Birkenau_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Barracks at Auschwitz II</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1992-101-026A,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Einfahrt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1992-101-026A%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Einfahrt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1992-101-026A%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Einfahrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1992-101-026A%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Einfahrt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1992-101-026A%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Einfahrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1992-101-026A%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Einfahrt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1992-101-026A%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Einfahrt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Auschwitz II gate in 1959</div></div></div></div></div> In the decades since its liberation, Auschwitz has become a primary symbol of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Seweryna_Szmaglewska" title="Seweryna Szmaglewska">Seweryna Szmaglewska</a>'s 1945 autobiography <a href="/wiki/Dymy_nad_Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Dymy nad Birkenau">Dymy nad Birkenau</a> (Smoke over Birkenau) has been credited with spreading knowledge about the camp to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-Huener2007-323">[313]</a>: 167 <a href="#cite_note-:1-324">[314]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a> attributes this to the camp's high death toll and "unusual combination of an industrial camp complex and a killing facility", which left behind far more witnesses than single-purpose killing facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a> or <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010382–383-325">[315]</a> In 2005 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> designated 27 January, the date of the camp's liberation, as <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Day">International Holocaust Remembrance Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> visited the site in November 1977, the first <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)">chancellor</a> to do so, followed by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, in November 1989.<a href="#cite_note-327">[317]</a> In a statement on the 50th anniversary of the liberation, Kohl said that "[t]he darkest and most awful chapter in German history was written at Auschwitz."<a href="#cite_note-328">[318]</a> In January 2020, world leaders gathered at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> in Jerusalem to commemorate the 75th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-329">[319]</a> It was the city's largest-ever political gathering, with over 45 heads of state and world leaders, including royalty.<a href="#cite_note-330">[320]</a> At Auschwitz itself, <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin" title="Reuven Rivlin">Reuven Rivlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a>, the presidents of Israel and Poland, laid <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreaths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[321]</a> Notable memoirists of the camp include <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Borowski" title="Tadeusz Borowski">Tadeusz Borowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010383-247">[239]</a> Levi's <a href="/wiki/If_This_is_a_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="If This is a Man">If This is a Man</a>, first published in Italy in 1947 as Se questo è un uomo, became a classic of Holocaust literature, an "imperishable masterpiece".<a href="#cite_note-332">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[k]</a> Wiesel wrote about his imprisonment at Auschwitz in <a href="/wiki/Night_(memoir)" title="Night (memoir)">Night</a> (1960) and other works, and became a prominent spokesman against ethnic violence; in 1986, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwegian_Nobel_Committee1986-335">[324]</a> Camp survivor <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a> was elected President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, serving from 1979 to 1982.<a href="#cite_note-336">[325]</a> Two Auschwitz victims—<a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a>, a priest who volunteered to die by starvation in place of a stranger, and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a>, a Jewish convert to Catholicism—were named saints of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[326]</a> In 2017, a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rber_Foundation" title="Körber Foundation">Körber Foundation</a> survey found that 40 percent of 14-year-olds in Germany did not know what Auschwitz was.<a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[328]</a> The following year a survey organized by the <a href="/wiki/Claims_Conference" title="Claims Conference">Claims Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> and others found that 41 percent of 1,350 American adults surveyed, and 66 percent of <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a>, did not know what Auschwitz was, while 22 percent said they had never heard of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a> A <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>-<a href="/wiki/ComRes" class="mw-redirect" title="ComRes">ComRes</a> poll in 2018 found a similar situation in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/220px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/330px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/440px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="665" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82awa_Kwoka" title="Czesława Kwoka">Czesława Kwoka</a>, photographed in Auschwitz by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Brasse" title="Wilhelm Brasse">Wilhelm Brasse</a> of the camp's <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Erkennungsdienst" title="Auschwitz Erkennungsdienst">Erkennungsdienst</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Air_Force_jets_Fly-over_Auschwitz_concentration_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israeli_Air_Force_jets_Fly-over_Auschwitz_concentration_camp.jpg/220px-Israeli_Air_Force_jets_Fly-over_Auschwitz_concentration_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israeli_Air_Force_jets_Fly-over_Auschwitz_concentration_camp.jpg/330px-Israeli_Air_Force_jets_Fly-over_Auschwitz_concentration_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israeli_Air_Force_jets_Fly-over_Auschwitz_concentration_camp.jpg/440px-Israeli_Air_Force_jets_Fly-over_Auschwitz_concentration_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1361" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagles</a> fly over Auschwitz II-Birkenau, 2003</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:End_of_the_railway_line,_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_2012_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/End_of_the_railway_line%2C_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg/220px-End_of_the_railway_line%2C_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/End_of_the_railway_line%2C_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg/330px-End_of_the_railway_line%2C_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/End_of_the_railway_line%2C_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg/440px-End_of_the_railway_line%2C_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_2012_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="2003" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">End of the rail track inside Auschwitz II</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mattarella_Auschwitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mattarella_Auschwitz.jpg/220px-Mattarella_Auschwitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mattarella_Auschwitz.jpg/330px-Mattarella_Auschwitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mattarella_Auschwitz.jpg/440px-Mattarella_Auschwitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="1598" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Italian president <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a> standing in front of the "Death Wall"</div></div></div></div></div> On 2 July 1947, the Polish government passed a law establishing a state memorial to remember "the martyrdom of the Polish nation and other nations in Oswiecim".<a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a> The museum established its exhibits at Auschwitz I; after the war, the barracks in Auschwitz II-Birkenau had been mostly dismantled and moved to Warsaw to be used on building sites. Dwork and van Pelt write that, in addition, Auschwitz I played a more central role in the persecution of the Polish people, in opposition to the importance of Auschwitz II to the Jews, including Polish Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002364ff-344">[333]</a> An exhibition opened in Auschwitz I in 1955, displaying prisoner <a href="/wiki/Mug_shot" title="Mug shot">mug shots</a>; hair, suitcases, and shoes taken from murdered prisoners; canisters of Zyklon B pellets; and other objects related to the killings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPermanent_exhibition_–_Auschwitz_I-345">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> added the camp to its list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO,_''World_Heritage_List''-346">[335]</a> All the museum's directors were, until 1990, former Auschwitz prisoners. Visitors to the site have increased from 492,500 in 2001, to over one million in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-347">[336]</a> to two million in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-348">[337]</a> There have been protracted disputes over the perceived Christianization of the site. Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> celebrated <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Roman_Rite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass (Roman Rite)">mass</a> over the train tracks leading to Auschwitz II-Birkenau on 7 June 1979<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2002-349">[338]</a> and called the camp "the <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Golgotha</a> of our age", referring to the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2017165-350">[339]</a> More controversy followed when <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> nuns founded a convent in 1984 in a former theater outside the camp's perimeter, near block 11 of Auschwitz I,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002369–370-351">[340]</a> after which a local priest and some survivors <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_cross" title="Auschwitz cross">erected a large cross</a>—one that had been used during the pope's mass—behind block 11 to commemorate 152 Polish inmates shot by the Germans in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-352">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[342]</a> After a long dispute, Pope John Paul II intervened and the nuns moved the convent elsewhere in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2017166-354">[343]</a> The cross remained, triggering the "War of the Crosses", as more crosses were erected to commemorate Christian victims, despite international objections. The Polish government and Catholic Church eventually agreed to remove all but the original.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2017167-355">[344]</a> On 4 September 2003, despite a protest from the museum, three <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagles</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force_flight_over_Auschwitz" title="Israeli Air Force flight over Auschwitz">performed a fly-over</a> of Auschwitz II-Birkenau during a ceremony at the camp below. All three pilots were descendants of Holocaust survivors, including the man who led the flight, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Amir_Eshel" title="Amir Eshel">Amir Eshel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[345]</a> On 27 January 2015, some 300 Auschwitz survivors gathered with world leaders under a giant tent at the entrance to Auschwitz II to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the camp's liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2015a-357">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[l]</a> Museum curators consider visitors who pick up items from the ground to be thieves, and local police will charge them as such; the maximum penalty is a 10-year prison sentence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2016-360">[348]</a> In 2017 two British youths from the <a href="/wiki/The_Perse_School" title="The Perse School">Perse School</a> were fined in Poland after picking up buttons and shards of decorative glass in 2015 from the "Kanada" area of Auschwitz II, where camp victims' personal effects were stored.<a href="#cite_note-361">[349]</a> The 16 ft (4.9 m) Arbeit Macht Frei sign over the main camp's gate was stolen in December 2009 by a Swedish former neo-Nazi and two Polish men. The sign was later recovered.<a href="#cite_note-362">[350]</a> In 2018 the Polish government passed an amendment to its <a href="/wiki/Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Act on the Institute of National Remembrance">Act on the Institute of National Remembrance</a>, making it a criminal offence to violate the "good name" of Poland by accusing it of crimes committed by Germany in the Holocaust, which would include referring to Auschwitz and other camps as <a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camps"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[351]</a> Staff at the museum were accused by nationalist media in Poland of focusing too much on the fate of the Jews in Auschwitz at the expense of ethnic Poles. The brother of the museum's director, <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Cywi%C5%84ski" title="Piotr Cywiński">Piotr Cywiński</a>, wrote that Cywiński had experienced "50 days of incessant hatred".<a href="#cite_note-364">[352]</a> After discussions with Israel's prime minister, amid international concern that the new law would stifle research, the Polish government adjusted the amendment so that anyone accusing Poland of complicity would be guilty only of a civil offence.<a href="#cite_note-365">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_Foundation" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation">Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Auschwitz" title="Censorship in Auschwitz">Censorship in Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="List of Nazi concentration camps">List of Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_and_survivors_of_Auschwitz" title="List of victims and survivors of Auschwitz">List of victims and survivors of Auschwitz</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a>, passed on 7 April 1933, excluded most Jews from the legal profession and civil service. Similar legislation deprived Jewish members of other professions of the right to practise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201038–39-14">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Danuta_Czech" title="Danuta Czech">Danuta Czech</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz 1940–1945</a>, Volume V, <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a>, 2000): "June 14 [1940]: The first transport of Polish political prisoners arrived from the Tarnów prison: 728 men sent to Auschwitz by the commander of the Sipo u. SD (Security Police and Security Service) in Cracow. These prisoners were given camp serial numbers 31 to 758. The transport included many healthy young men fit for military service, who had been caught trying to cross the Polish southern border in order to make their way to the Polish Armed Forces being formed in France. The organizers of this illegal emigration operation were also in this transport, along with resistance organizers, political and community activists, members of the Polish intelligentsia, Catholic priests, and Jews, arrested in the 'AB' (Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion) operation organized by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a> in the spring of 1940. At the same time, a further 100 SS men—officers and SS enlisted men—were sent to reinforce the camp garrison."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000121–122-31">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Franciszek Piper</a> writes that, according to post-war testimony from several inmates, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> (Auschwitz commandant from May 1940), the gas chamber at Auschwitz I could hold 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128-38">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Danuta_Czech" title="Danuta Czech">Danuta Czech</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz 1940–1945</a>, Volume V, <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a>, 2000): "February 15, 1942: "The first transport of Jews arrested by the Stapo (State Police) in Katowice and fated to die at Auschwitz arrived from Beuthen. They were unloaded at the ramp on the camp railroad siding and ordered to leave their baggage there. The camp SS flying squad received the Jews from the Stapo and led the victims to the gas chamber in the camp crematorium. There, they were killed with the use of Zyklon B gas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000142-44">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Mary Fulbrook</a> (A Small Town Near Auschwitz: Ordinary Nazis and the Holocaust, Oxford University Press, 2012): "Gunter Faerber, for example, recalled the moment in February 1942 when the Jews of Beuthen (Bytom in Polish), where his grandmother lived, were brought through Bedzin on their way to Auschwitz. ... Two large army trucks of Jewish women from Beuthen were brought 'straight to the station, they were queuing at the station ... I was still given a chance to say goodbye because we knew already ... that the women of Beuthen are arriving' ... I went down to the station, I saw the long queue of women.' Faerber asked permission of a Gestapo guard to go up to his grandmother, who was with her sister, 'and I said goodbye, and that was the last I saw of them and the whole transport was moved out by train ...'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook2012220–221,_396,_n._49-47">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Danuta_Czech" title="Danuta Czech">Danuta Czech</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz 1940–1945</a>, Volume V, 2000): "March 26, 1942: Nine hundred ninety-nine Jewish women from Poprad in Slovakia arrived, and were assigned numbers 1000–1998. This was the first registered transport sent to Auschwitz by RSHA IV B4 (the Jewish Office, directed by SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000144-53">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> This was the third set of serial numbers started in the camp.<a href="#cite_note-serialUSHHM-125">[119]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jan_van_Pelt" title="Robert Jan van Pelt">Robert Jan van Pelt</a> (The Case for Auschwitz, 2002): "This figure [1.1 million] has been endorsed by all serious, professional historians who have studied the complex history of Auschwitz in some detail, by the Holocaust research institute at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, and by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt2016109-237">[230]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Earlier estimates included <a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Raul Hilberg</a>'s 1961 work, <a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the European Jews</a>, which estimated that up to one million Jews had died in the camp.<a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> In 1983 French scholar George Wellers was one of the first to use German data on deportations to calculate the death toll; he arrived at a figure of 1,471,595 deaths, including 1.35 million Jews and 86,675 non-Jewish Poles.<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> The escapees included 396 Polish men and 10 Polish women; 164 men from the Soviet Union (including 50 prisoners of war), and 15 women; 112 Jewish men and three Jewish women; 36 Romani/Sinti men and two women; 22 German men and nine women; 19 Czech men and four women; two Austrian men; one Yugoslav woman and one man; and 15 other men and one woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000233-267">[259]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> In his testimony, according to Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Lasik" title="Aleksander Lasik">Aleksander Lasik</a>, "Höss neither protected anyone nor evaded his own responsibility. His stance came as a surprise to many, especially those who viewed him as a bloodthirsty beast. Instead, he viewed his crimes in terms of the technical obstacles and challenges with which he had to cope. Höss stated that he led the killings in Auschwitz on express orders of Reichsführer Himmler."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998b296-314">[305]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Drowned_and_the_Saved" title="The Drowned and the Saved">The Drowned and the Saved</a> (1986), Levi wrote that the concentration camps represented the epitome of the totalitarian system: "[N]ever has there existed a state that was really "totalitarian" ... Never has some form of reaction, a corrective of the total tyranny, been lacking, not even in the Third Reich or Stalin's Soviet Union: in both cases, public opinion, the magistrature, the foreign press, the churches, the feeling for justice and humanity that ten or twenty years of tyranny were not enough to eradicate, have to a greater or lesser extent acted as a brake. Only in the Lager [camp] was the restraint from below nonexistent, and the power of these small <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> absolute."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi201735–36-333">[323]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> Attendees included the president of the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lauder" title="Ronald Lauder">Ronald Lauder</a>, Polish president <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski" title="Bronisław Komorowski">Bronisław Komorowski</a>, French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>, German President <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a>, the film director <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, and King <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2015a-357">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[347]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-and-shoah/the-unloading-ramps-and-selections">"The unloading ramps and selections"</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190121220003/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-and-shoah/the-unloading-ramps-and-selections">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+unloading+ramps+and+selections&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauschwitz.org%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fauschwitz-and-shoah%2Fthe-unloading-ramps-and-selections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b230-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b230_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b230_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b230_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz">"Auschwitz"</a>. encyclopedia.ushmm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613200958/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2021. <q>Auschwitz is the German name for the Polish city Oświęcim. Oświęcim is located in Poland, approximately 40 miles (about 64 km) west of Kraków. Germany annexed this area of Poland in 1939.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Auschwitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fauschwitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=173&lang=en">"Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, Auschwitz III-Monowitz"</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190122190412/http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=173&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auschwitz+I%2C+Auschwitz+II-Birkenau%2C+Auschwitz+III-Monowitz&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F70.auschwitz.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D87%26Itemid%3D173%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002166-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002166_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuschwitz-Birkenau" class="citation web cs1">Auschwitz-Birkenau, Former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp - Memorial and Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/education/study-visits/lectures/">"Poles in Auschwitz"</a>. auschwitz.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812124017/http://auschwitz.org/en/education/study-visits/lectures/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2021. <q>The first transport of political prisoners to Auschwitz consisted almost exclusively of Poles. It was for them that the camp was founded, and the majority of prisoners were Polish for the first two years. They died of starvation, brutal mistreatment, beating, and sickness, and were executed and killed in the gas chambers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=auschwitz.org&rft.atitle=Poles+in+Auschwitz&rft.aulast=Auschwitz-Birkenau&rft.aufirst=Former+German+Nazi+Concentration+and+Extermination+Camp+-+Memorial+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauschwitz.org%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fstudy-visits%2Flectures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piperfigures-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piperfigures_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piperfigures_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piperfigures_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 230–231; also see <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998b">Piper 1998b</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b116,_n.&nbsp;19-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000b116,_n.&nbsp;19_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000b116,_n.&nbsp;19_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000b">Lasik 2000b</a>, p. 116, n. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnett2015" class="citation web cs1">Arnett, George (27 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/27/auschwitz-short-history-liberation-concentration-camp-holocaust">"Auschwitz: a short history of the largest mass murder site in human history"</a>. amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amp.theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Auschwitz%3A+a+short+history+of+the+largest+mass+murder+site+in+human+history&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F27%2Fauschwitz-short-history-liberation-concentration-camp-holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjhnyc.org/exhibitions/auschwitz/">"Auschwitz. Not long ago. Not far away"</a>. Museum of Jewish Heritage — A Living Memorial to the Holocaust. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Jewish+Heritage+%E2%80%94+A+Living+Memorial+to+the+Holocaust&rft.atitle=Auschwitz.+Not+long+ago.+Not+far+away.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjhnyc.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fauschwitz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20057-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20057_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004424-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004424_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201032–35,_41-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201032–35,_41_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 32–35, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201038–39-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201038–39_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201041,_67–69-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201041,_67–69_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 41, 67–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201060-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201060_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, pp. 24–26; <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaar200941–46-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaar200941–46_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaar2009">Haar 2009</a>, pp. 41–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016xxxiii-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2016xxxiii_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCesarani2016">Cesarani 2016</a>, p. xxxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b117-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b117_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthäus2004244-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthäus2004244_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthäus2004">Matthäus 2004</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201684–85-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201684–85_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-deathcamps-24"><a href="#cite_ref-deathcamps_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145">"Killing Centers: An Overview"</a>. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220116/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Killing+Centers%3A+An+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002362-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002362_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002362_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000a">Piper 2000a</a>, pp. 52–53; <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199816-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman199816_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman199816_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman199816_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1998">Gutman 1998</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000a">Piper 2000a</a>, pp. 52–53; also see <a href="#CITEREFIwaszko2000b">Iwaszko 2000b</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000a15-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000a15_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwaszko2000a">Iwaszko 2000a</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 121; for serial number 1, <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000121–122-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000121–122_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200071-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200071_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200072–73-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200072–73_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002364-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002364_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002364_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b121-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b121_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 121, 133; <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, pp. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b128_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, p. 292; <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, pp. 157–158; <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 142; <a href="#CITEREFŚwiebocki2002">Świebocki 2002</a>, pp. 126–127, n. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000a61-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000a61_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000a">Piper 2000a</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss2003148-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss2003148_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöss2003">Höss 2003</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000142-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000142_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000142_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Pelt1998">van Pelt 1998</a>, p. 145; <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000a">Piper 2000a</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 107; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/anniversary-of-the-first-transport-of-polish-jews-to-auschwitz,120.html">"Anniversary of the First Transport of Polish Jews to Auschwitz"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114203017/http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/anniversary-of-the-first-transport-of-polish-jews-to-auschwitz,120.html">Archived</a> 14 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 13 February 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook2012220–221,_396,_n._49-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook2012220–221,_396,_n._49_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook2012">Fulbrook 2012</a>, pp. 220–221, 396, n. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007359-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007359_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2007">Friedländer 2007</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004357-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004357_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015707-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015707_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 707. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000143-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000143_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000143_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000144-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000144_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000144_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000144_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000144_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000144_53-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000a62-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000a62_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000a">Piper 2000a</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b133,_n.&nbsp;419-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b133,_n.&nbsp;419_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b133,_n.&nbsp;419_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 133, n. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-Müller_1999_31-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Müller_1999_31_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Müller_1999_31_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller1999">Müller 1999</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 132, for more on the corpses, p. 140; for 400 prisoners and over 107,000 corpses, see <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b144-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b144_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b144_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2003335-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2003335_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2003">Hayes 2003</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b144,_155_for_''Kriegsgefangenenlager''-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b144,_155_for_''Kriegsgefangenenlager''_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 144, 155 for Kriegsgefangenenlager. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200080–83-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200080–83_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, pp. 80–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt1998118–119-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt1998118–119_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Pelt1998">van Pelt 1998</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt1998122–123-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt1998122–123_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Pelt1998">van Pelt 1998</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200087-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200087_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000138–139-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000138–139_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200594-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200594_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 134–136; also see <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPressacvan_Pelt1998">Pressac & van Pelt 1998</a>, pp. 214–215; also see <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b143-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b143_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b165–166-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b165–166_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b159-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b159_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b164-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b164_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200545-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200545_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg199881–82-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg199881–82_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilberg1998">Hilberg 1998</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200549-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200549_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 108; for "IG-Auschwitz", see <a href="#CITEREFHayes2001">Hayes 2001</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000108-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000108_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000109–110-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000109–110_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000111–112-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000111–112_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a151–152-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000a151–152_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000a">Lasik 2000a</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200553-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200553_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000112-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000112_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001353-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2001353_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2001">Hayes 2001</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001359-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2001359_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2001">Hayes 2001</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrakowski199857-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrakowski199857_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrakowski1998">Krakowski 1998</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001364-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2001364_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2001">Hayes 2001</a>, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200552,_56-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200552,_56_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, pp. 52, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2001">Hayes 2001</a>, p. 367; <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 115; that when the camp was evacuated, 9,054 of the 9,792 inmates were Jews, see <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000115-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000115_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200557-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200557_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000103–104-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000103–104_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, pp. 103–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, pp. 103, 119; <a href="#CITEREFGutman1998">Gutman 1998</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1998">Gutman 1998</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998a">Piper 1998a</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199817–18-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman199817–18_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1998">Gutman 1998</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFKubica2009">Kubica 2009</a>, pp. 233–234.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/the-budy-massacre-a-grim-anniversary,23.html">"The Budy Massacre—A grim anniversary"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226171939/http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/the-budy-massacre-a-grim-anniversary,23.html">Archived</a> 26 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 10 October 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunin-Wasowicz1984139-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunin-Wasowicz1984139_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunin-Wasowicz1984">Dunin-Wasowicz 1984</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000104-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000104_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson17March2008-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson17March2008_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Wilkinson" title="Alec Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Alec</a> (17 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/03/17/080317fa_fact_wilkinson">"Picturing Auschwitz"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208140847/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/03/17/080317fa_fact_wilkinson">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Picturing+Auschwitz&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2008%2F03%2F17%2F080317fa_fact_wilkinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998b">Lasik 1998b</a>, p. 288; <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000b">Lasik 2000b</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154_101-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000a154_101-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000a">Lasik 2000a</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2013100-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2013100_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding2013">Harding 2013</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998b294–295-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik1998b294–295_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998b">Lasik 1998b</a>, pp. 294–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000a153–157-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000a153–157_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000a">Lasik 2000a</a>, pp. 153–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b314-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000b314_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000b">Lasik 2000b</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a282-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik1998a282_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998a">Lasik 1998a</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b299-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000b299_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000b">Lasik 2000b</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a274-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik1998a274_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998a">Lasik 1998a</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b323–324-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000b323–324_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000b">Lasik 2000b</a>, pp. 323–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a273-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik1998a273_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998a">Lasik 1998a</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a272–273-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik1998a272–273_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998a">Lasik 1998a</a>, pp. 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998a285-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik1998a285_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998a">Lasik 1998a</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000a49-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000a49_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000a49_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000a">Strzelecka 2000a</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200535–36-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200535–36_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2003519–520-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittmann2003519–520_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittmann2003">Wittmann 2003</a>, pp. 519–520. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180–181,_184-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180–181,_184_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 180–181, 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b170–171-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b170–171_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b189-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b189_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b190–191-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b190–191_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180–181-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b180–181_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b188–189-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b188–189_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200590–91-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200590–91_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199820-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman199820_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1998">Gutman 1998</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-serialUSHHM-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-serialUSHHM_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-serialUSHHM_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/tattoos-and-numbers-the-system-of-identifying-prisoners-at-auschwitz">"Tattoos and Numbers: The System of Identifying Prisoners at Auschwitz"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613215609/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/tattoos-and-numbers-the-system-of-identifying-prisoners-at-auschwitz">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tattoos+and+Numbers%3A+The+System+of+Identifying+Prisoners+at+Auschwitz&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ftattoos-and-numbers-the-system-of-identifying-prisoners-at-auschwitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/history/prisoner-classification/system-of-triangles">"System of triangles"</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705195349/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/prisoner-classification/system-of-triangles">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=System+of+triangles&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauschwitz.org%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fprisoner-classification%2Fsystem-of-triangles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/persecution-of-homosexuals-in-the-third-reich">"Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911213037/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/persecution-of-homosexuals-in-the-third-reich">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persecution+of+Homosexuals+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpersecution-of-homosexuals-in-the-third-reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200531–32-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200531–32_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-traincar-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-traincar_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-traincar_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-traincar_129-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125215121/http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/an-original-german-train-car-at-the-birkenau-ramp,659.html">"An Original German Train Car at the Birkenau Ramp"</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. 14 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/an-original-german-train-car-at-the-birkenau-ramp,659.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Original+German+Train+Car+at+the+Birkenau+Ramp&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauschwitz.org%2Fen%2Fmuseum%2Fnews%2Fan-original-german-train-car-at-the-birkenau-ramp%2C659.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000a17-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000a17_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000a17_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwaszko2000a">Iwaszko 2000a</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c162-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c162_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b65–66-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b65–66_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000b">Strzelecka 2000b</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b56-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b56_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwaszko2000b">Iwaszko 2000b</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi200145-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevi200145_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevi2001">Levi 2001</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b60-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b60_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwaszko2000b">Iwaszko 2000b</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b66-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b66_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000b">Strzelecka 2000b</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200533-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200533_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/history/life-in-the-camp/">"Life in the camp: living conditions"</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160319121518/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/life-in-the-camp/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+in+the+camp%3A+living+conditions&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauschwitz.org%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Flife-in-the-camp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b67-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b67_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000b">Strzelecka 2000b</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFGutman1998">Gutman 1998</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b60–61-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b60–61_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwaszko2000b">Iwaszko 2000b</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b68–69-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b68–69_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000b">Strzelecka 2000b</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b69-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000b69_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000b">Strzelecka 2000b</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1998">Gutman 1998</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFIwaszko2000b">Iwaszko 2000b</a>, p. 55; for the floor, see <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000b">Strzelecka 2000b</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b55-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaszko2000b55_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwaszko2000b">Iwaszko 2000b</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyiszli201125-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyiszli201125_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyiszli2011">Nyiszli 2011</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199821-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman199821_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1998">Gutman 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200534-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher200534_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201418-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201418_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen2014">Rosen 2014</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c171-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c171_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c171_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000c">Strzelecka 2000c</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000143–144-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000143–144_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000143–144_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c177-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c177_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000c">Strzelecka 2000c</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStangneth201422-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStangneth201422_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStangneth2014">Stangneth 2014</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c172-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c172_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000c">Strzelecka 2000c</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000155-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000155_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c172–173-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c172–173_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000c">Strzelecka 2000c</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200088-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200088_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200088_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200088_159-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c174-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c174_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000c">Strzelecka 2000c</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerl1948">Perl 1948</a>, pp. 32–33; <a href="#CITEREFvan_Pelt1998">van Pelt 1998</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c176-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000c176_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000c">Strzelecka 2000c</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005114–115-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005114–115_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000d362-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000d362_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000d">Strzelecka 2000d</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubica_1998_319-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kubica_1998_319_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubica_1998_319_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKubica1998">Kubica 1998</a>, p. 319; <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica1998320–323-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubica1998320–323_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKubica1998">Kubica 1998</a>, pp. 320–323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica1998325-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubica1998325_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubica1998325_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKubica1998">Kubica 1998</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007505-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007505_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2007">Friedländer 2007</a>, p. 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica1998323–324-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubica1998323–324_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKubica1998">Kubica 1998</a>, pp. 323–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKater2000124–125-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKater2000124–125_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKater2000">Kater 2000</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2005232–234-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005232–234_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitz2005">Spitz 2005</a>, pp. 232–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehring2015161–163-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehring2015161–163_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehring2015">Mehring 2015</a>, pp. 161–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000d371–372-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000d371–372_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000d">Strzelecka 2000d</a>, pp. 371–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e373–376-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e373–376_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e373–376_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000e">Strzelecka 2000e</a>, pp. 373–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e384–385-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e384–385_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000e">Strzelecka 2000e</a>, pp. 384–385. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e389-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e389_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000e">Strzelecka 2000e</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e381-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e381_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000e">Strzelecka 2000e</a>, p. 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e382,_384-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecka2000e382,_384_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecka2000e">Strzelecka 2000e</a>, pp. 382, 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b77-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b77_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b77_179-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b79-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b79_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b79_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000139-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000139_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b102-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b102_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b87-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b87_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b89-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b89_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b89–90-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b89–90_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1000174">"Romani children in an orphanage in Germany"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201215416/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1000174">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romani+children+in+an+orphanage+in+Germany&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ushmm.org%2Fsearch%2Fcatalog%2Firn1000174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1998447–448-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer1998447–448_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauer1998">Bauer 1998</a>, pp. 447–448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1998448-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer1998448_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer1998448_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauer1998">Bauer 1998</a>, p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b55,_note_145-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b55,_note_145_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 55, note 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1998449–450-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer1998449–450_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauer1998">Bauer 1998</a>, pp. 449–450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200096-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200096_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200096_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200096_191-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000185-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000185_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren1998429-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeren1998429_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeren1998429_193-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeren1998">Keren 1998</a>, p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren1998428-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeren1998428_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeren1998">Keren 1998</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000190–191-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000190–191_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000194-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000194_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren1998439-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeren1998439_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeren1998">Keren 1998</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200097-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200097_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014231–232-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014231–232_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014215-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014215_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000203-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000203_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002363-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002363_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c157–159-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c157–159_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, pp. 157–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c159–160-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c159–160_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa8538">"Jewish women and children who have been selected for death, walk in a line towards the gas chambers"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302120045/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa8538">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+women+and+children+who+have+been+selected+for+death%2C+walk+in+a+line+towards+the+gas+chambers.&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ushmm.org%2Fsearch%2Fcatalog%2Fpa8538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c161–162-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c161–162_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c174-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c174_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c174_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c175-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c175_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010407-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010407_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002338-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002338_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002338_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002341–343-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDworkvan_Pelt2002341–343_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002">Dwork & van Pelt 2002</a>, pp. 341–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b227-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b227_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b229-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b229_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b103ff-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b103ff_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 103ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b109–110-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b109–110_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b111-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b111_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c162,_169-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c162,_169_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, pp. 162, 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200097–98-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzeleckaSetkiewicz200097–98_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000">Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter2017241-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter2017241_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter2017">Baxter 2017</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c166,_168-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c166,_168_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, pp. 166, 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169,_n.&nbsp;489-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169,_n.&nbsp;489_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 169, n. 489. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169,_n.&nbsp;490-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169,_n.&nbsp;490_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 169, n. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b169_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, p. 162; also see <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b170-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b170_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b170_226-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1998529,_531-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1998529,_531_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1998">Cohen 1998</a>, pp. 529, 531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangfus2000357-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangfus2000357_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangfus2000">Langfus 2000</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b408-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b408_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b408_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000b">Strzelecki 2000b</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b409-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b409_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b409_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b409_230-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000b">Strzelecki 2000b</a>, p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b411-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b411_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000b">Strzelecki 2000b</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b171-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b171_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b171_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b400-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b400_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b400_233-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000b">Strzelecki 2000b</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b406-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b406_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000b">Strzelecki 2000b</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c171-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper1998c171_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998c">Piper 1998c</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1991">Piper 1991</a>, pp. 49–103; <a href="#CITEREFvan_Pelt2016">van Pelt 2016</a>, p. 109; also see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStets1992" class="citation news cs1">Stets, Dan (7 May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-05-07-9202100662-story.html">"Fixing the numbers at Auschwitz"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030723/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-05-07-9202100662-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fixing+the+numbers+at+Auschwitz&rft.date=1992-05-07&rft.aulast=Stets&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1992-05-07-9202100662-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt2016109-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Pelt2016109_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Pelt2016">van Pelt 2016</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilberg1961">Hilberg 1961</a>, p. 958; also see <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper1998b">Piper 1998b</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöss2003">Höss 2003</a>, p. 188; also see <a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2007">Friedländer 2007</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b210–213-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b210–213_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 210–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946415-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946415_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946">The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 1946</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946397-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946397_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946">The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 1946</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss2003193-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss2003193_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöss2003">Höss 2003</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss2003194-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss2003194_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöss2003">Höss 2003</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010383-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010383_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010383_247-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder2010">Snyder 2010</a>, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnicity-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnicity_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202034044/http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89&lang=en">"Ethnic origins and number of victims of Auschwitz"</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89">the original</a> on 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+origins+and+number+of+victims+of+Auschwitz&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F70.auschwitz.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010275-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010275_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder2010">Snyder 2010</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/history/categories-of-prisoners/jehovahs-witnesses/">"Jehovah's Witnesses"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601173543/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/categories-of-prisoners/jehovahs-witnesses">Archived</a> 1 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, p. 194; <a href="#CITEREFZarembinaHarriman1944">Zarembina & Harriman 1944</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahelska1985-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahelska1985_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrahelska1985">Krahelska 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131_253-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000177-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000177_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000177_254-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop2016210-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartrop2016210_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartrop2016210_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartrop2016">Bartrop 2016</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki200068–69,_n._115-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki200068–69,_n._115_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŚwiebocki2000">Świebocki 2000</a>, pp. 68–69, n. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131–132-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014131–132_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, pp. 131–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014132-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014132_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014133-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014133_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005116-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005116_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2014135-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2014135_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisEngelFogelman200773-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisEngelFogelman200773_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisEngelFogelman2007">Mais, Engel & Fogelman 2007</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyiszli2011124-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyiszli2011124_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyiszli2011">Nyiszli 2011</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDidi-Huberman200816-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDidi-Huberman200816_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDidi-Huberman2008">Didi-Huberman 2008</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming201663–65-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming201663–65_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2016">Fleming 2016</a>, pp. 63–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> For Wiejowski, <a href="#CITEREFŚwiebocki2000">Świebocki 2000</a>, p. 194; for the rest, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000233-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000233_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000233_267-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFŚwiebocki2000">Świebocki 2000</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000192-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000192_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŚwiebocki2000">Świebocki 2000</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 150; also see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaleeli2011" class="citation news cs1">Khaleeli, Homa (11 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/i-escaped-from-auschwitz">"I escaped from Auschwitz"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414204937/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/i-escaped-from-auschwitz">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I+escaped+from+Auschwitz&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.aulast=Khaleeli&rft.aufirst=Homa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fapr%2F11%2Fi-escaped-from-auschwitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000203–204-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki2000203–204_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŚwiebocki2000">Świebocki 2000</a>, pp. 203–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki200212–13,_23-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŚwiebocki200212–13,_23_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŚwiebocki2002">Świebocki 2002</a>, p. 12–13, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzabó2011">Szabó 2011</a>, p. 94; <a href="#CITEREFFleming2014">Fleming 2014</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŚwiebocki2002">Świebocki 2002</a>, p. 58; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/USWRBGermanExterminationCampsAuschwitzAndBirkenau">The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia</a>. War Refugee Board. 26 November 1944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extermination+Camps+of+Auschwitz+%28O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim%29+and+Birkenau+in+Upper+Silesia&rft.pub=War+Refugee+Board&rft.date=1944-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FUSWRBGermanExterminationCampsAuschwitzAndBirkenau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddle200036-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiddle200036_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiddle200036_275-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiddle2000">Biddle 2000</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2004197-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermann2004197_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermann2004">Westermann 2004</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchens200080–81-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchens200080–81_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchens2000">Kitchens 2000</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld20001–2-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeufeld20001–2_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeufeld2000">Neufeld 2000</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld20004–5,_9–10-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeufeld20004–5,_9–10_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeufeld2000">Neufeld 2000</a>, pp. 4–5, 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGradowski1989548-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGradowski1989548_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGradowski1989">Gradowski 1989</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b181–187-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b181–187_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 181–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2007">Friedländer 2007</a>, p. 581; <a href="#CITEREFMüller1999">Müller 1999</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller1999">Müller 1999</a>, pp. 155–156; for three killed SS men, see <a href="#CITEREFGreif2005">Greif 2005</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreif200544-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreif200544_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreif2005">Greif 2005</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreif2005">Greif 2005</a>, p. 44; also see <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a54-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a54_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGradowski1989">Gradowski 1989</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGradowski2017">Gradowski 2017</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/from-the-heart-of-hell-publication-with-manuscripts-of-zalmen-gradowski-a-member-of-sonderkommando-at-auschwitz-,1298.html">"'From the Heart of Hell'. Publication with manuscripts of Załmen Gradowski, a member of Sonderkommando at Auschwitz"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229050312/http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/from-the-heart-of-hell-publication-with-manuscripts-of-zalmen-gradowski-a-member-of-sonderkommando-at-auschwitz-,1298.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 27 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 109; <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 655. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 173; <a href="#CITEREFCesarani2016">Cesarani 2016</a>, p. 747. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b173–174-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiper2000b173–174_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000227-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000227_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a30-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a30_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a30_292-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007648-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2007648_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedländer2007">Friedländer 2007</a>, p. 648. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a41–42-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a41–42_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, pp. 27, 36: for "an estimated two-thirds were Jews", see <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a27,_29-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a27,_29_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, pp. 27, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010415-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010415_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015335,_597–598-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015335,_597–598_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, pp. 335, 597–598. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFPiper2000b">Piper 2000b</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech2000230-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech2000230_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech2000">Czech 2000</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a47–48-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a47–48_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201545-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201545_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201545_302-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2015">Stone 2015</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b410-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000b410_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000b">Strzelecki 2000b</a>, p. 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi2001187-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevi2001187_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevi2001">Levi 2001</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi2001188-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevi2001188_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevi2001">Levi 2001</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a48-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzelecki2000a48_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzelecki2000a">Strzelecki 2000a</a>, pp. 49–50; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/history/liberation/first-help">"First help"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105114456/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/liberation/first-help">Archived</a> 5 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201546-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201546_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2015">Stone 2015</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2005262-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2005262_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees2005">Rees 2005</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201510-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201510_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b108,_113-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000b108,_113_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000b">Lasik 2000b</a>, pp. 108, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik2000b110-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik2000b110_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000b">Lasik 2000b</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998b">Lasik 1998b</a>, p. 296; for "Franz Lang" and Flensburg, see <a href="#CITEREFHöss2003">Höss 2003</a>, p. 173; for Höss's testimony, see <a href="#CITEREFThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946">The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 1946</a>, p. 396ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasik1998b296-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik1998b296_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasik1998b296_314-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998b">Lasik 1998b</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöss2003Publisher's_Note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöss2003Publisher's_Note_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöss2003">Höss 2003</a>, Publisher's Note. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLasik1998b">Lasik 1998b</a>, pp. 296–297; <a href="#CITEREFLasik2000a">Lasik 2000a</a>, pp. 296–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005138–139-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005138–139_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005140-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005140_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008744-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008744_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 744. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann20053-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittmann20053_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittmann2005">Wittmann 2005</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/prozess_gegen_horst_fischer_1966">"Wollheim Memorial"</a>. www.wollheim-memorial.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001171415/http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/prozess_gegen_horst_fischer_1966">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wollheim-memorial.de&rft.atitle=Wollheim+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wollheim-memorial.de%2Fen%2Fprozess_gegen_horst_fischer_1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huener2007-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Huener2007_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuener2007" class="citation book cs1">Huener, Jonathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnFvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167">"Auschwitz and the Politics of Martyrdom and Memory, 1945–1947"</a>. In Finder, Gabriel N.; Aleksiun, Natalia; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 20: Making Holocaust Memory. Liverpool University Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80034-534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80034-534-8"><bdi>978-1-80034-534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Auschwitz+and+the+Politics+of+Martyrdom+and+Memory%2C+1945%E2%80%931947&rft.btitle=Polin%3A+Studies+in+Polish+Jewry+Volume+20%3A+Making+Holocaust+Memory&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-80034-534-8&rft.aulast=Huener&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnFvEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-324"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorawiec2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morawiec, Arkadiusz (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=166368">"Realizm w służbie (nieosiągalnego) obiektywizmu. "Dymy nad Birkenau" Seweryny Szmaglewskiej"</a>. Pamiętnik Literacki. 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Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720064824/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-11-15-8901310354-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Kohl+visits+Auschwitz%2C+vows+no+repetition+of+%27unspeakable+harm%27&rft.date=1989-11-15&rft.aulast=Butturini&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1989-11-15-8901310354-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer1995" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Kinzer, Stephen</a> (28 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/28/world/germans-reflect-on-meaning-of-auschwitz.html">"Germans Reflect on Meaning of Auschwitz"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Court+fines+UK+teens+for+stealing+from+Auschwitz&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishnews.timesofisrael.com%2Fcourt-fines-uk-teens-for-stealing-from-auschwitz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2010" class="citation news cs1">Paterson, Tom (31 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/former-neo-nazi-jailed-for-auschwitz-sign-theft-2172533.html">"Former neo-Nazi jailed for Auschwitz sign theft"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001114017/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/former-neo-nazi-jailed-for-auschwitz-sign-theft-2172533.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Former+neo-Nazi+jailed+for+Auschwitz+sign+theft&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fformer-neo-nazi-jailed-for-auschwitz-sign-theft-2172533.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2018" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jen (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/01/poland-holocaust-speech-law-senate-israel-us">"Poland provokes Israeli anger with Holocaust speech law"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208103724/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/01/poland-holocaust-speech-law-senate-israel-us">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Poland+provokes+Israeli+anger+with+Holocaust+speech+law&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F01%2Fpoland-holocaust-speech-law-senate-israel-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2018" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Christian (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/07/polands-holocaust-law-triggers-tide-abuse-auschwitz-museum">"Poland's Holocaust law triggers tide of abuse against Auschwitz museum"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219064238/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/07/polands-holocaust-law-triggers-tide-abuse-auschwitz-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust+law+triggers+tide+of+abuse+against+Auschwitz+museum&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmay%2F07%2Fpolands-holocaust-law-triggers-tide-abuse-auschwitz-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2018" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Christian (27 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/27/poland-partial-u-turn-controversial-holocaust-law">"Poland makes partial U-turn on Holocaust law after Israel row"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203134837/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/27/poland-partial-u-turn-controversial-holocaust-law">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Poland+makes+partial+U-turn+on+Holocaust+law+after+Israel+row&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjun%2F27%2Fpoland-partial-u-turn-controversial-holocaust-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO,_World_Heritage_List" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191122100906/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/31/">"Auschwitz Birkenau: German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)"</a>. World Heritage List. UNESCO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/31">the original</a> on 22 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Auschwitz+Birkenau%3A+German+Nazi+Concentration+and+Extermination+Camp+%281940%E2%80%931945%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Bartrop, Paul R.</a> (2016). Resisting the Holocaust: Upstanders, Partisans, and Survivors. New York: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-878-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+the+Holocaust%3A+Upstanders%2C+Partisans%2C+and+Survivors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-878-8&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Bauer, Yehuda</a> (1998) [1994]. "Gypsies". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/441">441–455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gypsies&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=441-455&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2017" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, Ian (2017). Images of War: Auschwitz and Birkenau. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47385-687-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47385-687-5"><bdi>978-1-47385-687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+War%3A+Auschwitz+and+Birkenau&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-47385-687-5&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2017" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Ronald J. (2017) [2012]. The Holocaust, Religion, and the Politics of Collective Memory: Beyond Sociology. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-5255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-5255-5"><bdi>978-1-4128-5255-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Collective+Memory%3A+Beyond+Sociology&rft.place=New+Brunswick+and+London&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-5255-5&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2000" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Tami Davis (2000). "Allied Air Power: Objectives and Capabilities". In Neufeld, Michael J.; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/35">35–51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19838-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19838-8"><bdi>0-312-19838-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allied+Air+Power%3A+Objectives+and+Capabilities&rft.btitle=The+Bombing+of+Auschwitz%3A+Should+the+Allies+Have+Attempted+It%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35-51&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-19838-8&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Tami+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesarani2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cesarani" title="David Cesarani">Cesarani, David</a> (2016). Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–1949. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250000835" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250000835"><bdi>978-1250000835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solution%3A+The+Fate+of+the+Jews+1933%E2%80%931949&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1250000835&rft.aulast=Cesarani&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow">The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942</a>. Lincoln and Jerusalem: University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1327-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1327-1"><bdi>0-8032-1327-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+The+Evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+Policy%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1942&rft.place=Lincoln+and+Jerusalem&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press+and+Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8032-1327-1&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffinalso00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(author)" title="James Carroll (author)">Carroll, James</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Sword" title="Constantine's Sword">Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34888-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34888-9"><bdi>978-0-547-34888-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%27s+Sword%3A+The+Church+and+the+Jews+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-547-34888-9&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1998" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Nathan (1998) [1994]. "Diaries of the Sonderkommando". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/522">522–534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diaries+of+the+Sonderkommando&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=522-534&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzech2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Danuta_Czech" title="Danuta Czech">Czech, Danuta</a> (2000). "A Calendar of the Most Important Events in the History of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław; <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Piper, Franciszek</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. V: Epilogue. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 119–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929235229">929235229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Calendar+of+the+Most+Important+Events+in+the+History+of+the+Auschwitz+Concentration+Camp&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=119-231&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929235229&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Czech&rft.aufirst=Danuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDidi-Huberman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Didi-Huberman" title="Georges Didi-Huberman">Didi-Huberman, Georges</a> (2008) [2003]. Images in Spite of All: Four Photographs from Auschwitz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+in+Spite+of+All%3A+Four+Photographs+from+Auschwitz&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Didi-Huberman&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunin-Wasowicz1984" class="citation book cs1">Dunin-Wasowicz, Krzysztof (1984). "Forced Labor and Sabotage in the Nazi Concentration Camps". In <a href="/wiki/Israel_Gutman" title="Israel Gutman">Gutman, Yisrael</a>; Saf, Avital (eds.). The Nazi concentration Camps: Structure and Aims, the Image of the Prisoner, the Jews in the Camps. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. pp. 133–142. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11889621">11889621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forced+Labor+and+Sabotage+in+the+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+concentration+Camps%3A+Structure+and+Aims%2C+the+Image+of+the+Prisoner%2C+the+Jews+in+the+Camps&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=133-142&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11889621&rft.aulast=Dunin-Wasowicz&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deb%C3%B3rah_Dwork" title="Debórah Dwork">Dwork, Debórah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jan_van_Pelt" title="Robert Jan van Pelt">van Pelt, Robert Jan</a> (2002) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/auschwitz00dwor">Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present</a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32291-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32291-2"><bdi>0-393-32291-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%3A+1270+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-393-32291-2&rft.aulast=Dwork&rft.aufirst=Deb%C3%B3rah&rft.au=van+Pelt%2C+Robert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauschwitz00dwor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Fulbrook, Mary</a> (2012). A Small Town Near Auschwitz: Ordinary Nazis and the Holocaust. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967925-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967925-6"><bdi>978-0-19-967925-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Small+Town+Near+Auschwitz%3A+Ordinary+Nazis+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967925-6&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspín2008" class="citation journal cs1">Espín, Oliva M. (Spring 2008). "'The destiny of this people is my own': Edith Stein's paradoxical sainthood". CrossCurrents. 58 (1): 117–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-3881.2008.00008.x">10.1111/j.1939-3881.2008.00008.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1953">0011-1953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24461656">24461656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170628493">170628493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CrossCurrents&rft.atitle=%27The+destiny+of+this+people+is+my+own%27%3A+Edith+Stein%27s+paradoxical+sainthood&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-148&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0011-1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170628493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24461656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1939-3881.2008.00008.x&rft.aulast=Esp%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Oliva+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan">The Third Reich in Power</a>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-074-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-074-2"><bdi>1-59420-074-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59420-074-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichinpowe00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0">The Third Reich at War</a>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichatwar00evan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fleming_(historian)" title="Michael Fleming (historian)">Fleming, Michael</a> (2014). Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91727-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91727-8"><bdi>978-1-139-91727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+the+Allies+and+Censorship+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-91727-8&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming, Michael (30 August 2016). "Geographies of obligation and the dissemination of news of the Holocaust". Holocaust Studies. 23 (1–2): 59–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17504902.2016.1209834">10.1080/17504902.2016.1209834</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147829212">147829212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Studies&rft.atitle=Geographies+of+obligation+and+the+dissemination+of+news+of+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=59-75&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17504902.2016.1209834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147829212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988">]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Friedländer, Saul</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KaCGDUys50C">The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945</a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019043-9"><bdi>978-0-06-019043-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201215420/https://books.google.com/books?id=7KaCGDUys50C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+Extermination%3A+Nazi+Germany+and+the+Jews%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019043-9&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KaCGDUys50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Gerlach, Christian</a> (2016). The Extermination of the European Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88078-7"><bdi>978-0-521-88078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extermination+of+the+European+Jews&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88078-7&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradowski1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zalman_Gradowski" title="Zalman Gradowski">Gradowski, Zalmen</a> (1989). "The Czech Transport: A Chronicle of the Auschwitz Sonderkommando". In Roskies, David (ed.). The Literature of Destruction: Jewish Responses to Catastrophe. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 548–564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0827603141" title="Special:BookSources/978-0827603141"><bdi>978-0827603141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Czech+Transport%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Auschwitz+Sonderkommando&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Destruction%3A+Jewish+Responses+to+Catastrophe&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=548-564&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0827603141&rft.aulast=Gradowski&rft.aufirst=Zalmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradowski2017" class="citation book cs1">Gradowski, Zalmen (2017). From the Heart of Hell. Manuscripts of a Sonderkommando Prisoner, Found in Auschwitz. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8377042465" title="Special:BookSources/978-8377042465"><bdi>978-8377042465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Heart+of+Hell.+Manuscripts+of+a+Sonderkommando+Prisoner%2C+Found+in+Auschwitz&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-8377042465&rft.aulast=Gradowski&rft.aufirst=Zalmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreif2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Greif" title="Gideon Greif">Greif, Gideon</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/We_Wept_Without_Tears" title="We Wept Without Tears">We Wept Without Tears: Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13198-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13198-7"><bdi>978-0-300-13198-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Wept+Without+Tears%3A+Testimonies+of+the+Jewish+Sonderkommando+from+Auschwitz&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13198-7&rft.aulast=Greif&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Gutman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisrael Gutman">Gutman, Yisrael</a> (1998) [1994]. "Auschwitz—An Overview". In Gutman, Yisrael; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a> (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/5">5–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Auschwitz%E2%80%94An+Overview&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=5-33&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Yisrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaar2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haar, Ingo (2009). "Inklusion und Genozid: Raum- und Bevölkerungspolitik im besetzten Polen 1939 bis 1944". In Beer, Mathias; Beyrau, Dietrich; Rauh, Cornelia (eds.). Deutschsein als Grenzerfahrung: Minderheitenpolitik in Europa zwischen 1914 und 1950 (in German). Klartext. pp. 35–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3837500974" title="Special:BookSources/978-3837500974"><bdi>978-3837500974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inklusion+und+Genozid%3A+Raum-+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerungspolitik+im+besetzten+Polen+1939+bis+1944&rft.btitle=Deutschsein+als+Grenzerfahrung%3A+Minderheitenpolitik+in+Europa+zwischen+1914+und+1950&rft.pages=35-59&rft.pub=Klartext&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3837500974&rft.aulast=Haar&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harding_(writer)" title="Thomas Harding (writer)">Harding, Thomas</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/Hanns_and_Rudolf" title="Hanns and Rudolf">Hanns and Rudolf: The German Jew and the Hunt for the Kommandant of Auschwitz</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-1184-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-1184-3"><bdi>978-1-4767-1184-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanns+and+Rudolf%3A+The+German+Jew+and+the+Hunt+for+the+Kommandant+of+Auschwitz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-1184-3&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_(historian)" title="Peter Hayes (historian)">Hayes, Peter</a> (2001) [1987]. Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78110-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78110-8"><bdi>0-521-78110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industry+and+Ideology%3A+IG+Farben+in+the+Nazi+Era&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-78110-8&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Peter (2003). "Auschwitz, Capital of the Holocaust". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 17 (2): 330–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcg005">10.1093/hgs/dcg005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144058870">144058870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Auschwitz%2C+Capital+of+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=330-350&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcg005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144058870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilberg1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Hilberg, Raul</a> (1961). The Destruction of the European Jews. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09592-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09592-0"><bdi>978-0-300-09592-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+the+European+Jews&rft.place=New+Haven%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09592-0&rft.aulast=Hilberg&rft.aufirst=Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Hilberg, Raul (1998) [1994]. "Auschwitz and the 'Final Solution'". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/81">81–92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Auschwitz+and+the+%27Final+Solution%27&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=81-92&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Hilberg&rft.aufirst=Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöss2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Hoess, Rudolf</a> (2003) [1951]. Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess. Translated by Constantine FitzGibbon. London: Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-024-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-024-7"><bdi>1-84212-024-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commandant+of+Auschwitz%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Rudolf+Hoess&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84212-024-7&rft.aulast=Hoess&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Vol-XI.pdf">"One Hundredth and Eighth Day, Monday, 15 April 1946, Morning Session"</a> (PDF). Nuremberg: The International Military Tribunal. 15 April 1946. pp. 396–422. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Vol-XI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Hundredth+and+Eighth+Day%2C+Monday%2C+15+April+1946%2C+Morning+Session&rft.place=Nuremberg&rft.pages=396-422&rft.pub=The+International+Military+Tribunal&rft.date=1946-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_Vol-XI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwaszko2000a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Iwaszko, Tadeusz (2000a). "Reasons for confinement in the camp and categories of prisoners". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 11–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874340863">874340863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reasons+for+confinement+in+the+camp+and+categories+of+prisoners&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=11-43&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874340863&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Iwaszko&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwaszko2000b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Iwaszko, Tadeusz (2000b). "The Housing, Clothing and Feeding of the Prisoners". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 51–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874337926">874337926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Housing%2C+Clothing+and+Feeding+of+the+Prisoners&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=51-63&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874337926&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Iwaszko&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKater2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hans_Kater" title="Michael Hans Kater">Kater, Michael H.</a> (2000). Doctors Under Hitler. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4858-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4858-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-4858-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctors+Under+Hitler&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4858-6&rft.aulast=Kater&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeren1998" class="citation book cs1">Keren, Nili (1998) [1994]. "The Family Camp". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/428">428–440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Family+Camp&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=428-440&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Keren&rft.aufirst=Nili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchens2000" class="citation book cs1">Kitchens, James H. (2000). "The Bombing of Auschwitz Re-examined". In Neufeld, Michael J.; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/80">The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/80">80–100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19838-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19838-8"><bdi>0-312-19838-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bombing+of+Auschwitz+Re-examined&rft.btitle=The+Bombing+of+Auschwitz%3A+Should+the+Allies+Have+Attempted+It%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80-100&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-19838-8&rft.aulast=Kitchens&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312198381%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrahelska1985" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Halina_Krahelska" title="Halina Krahelska">Krahelska, Halina</a> (January 1985) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171624/http://www.wiez.pl/czasopismo/;s,czasopismo_szczegoly,id,215,art,6714">"Oświęcim. Pamiętnik więźnia"</a> [Auschwitz: Diary of a prisoner]. WIĘŹ (in Polish). 1–3 (315). Warsaw: Towarzystwo WIĘŹ: 5–47. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiez.pl/czasopismo/;s,czasopismo_szczegoly,id,215,art,6714">the original</a> on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WI%C4%98%C5%B9&rft.atitle=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.+Pami%C4%99tnik+wi%C4%99%C5%BAnia&rft.volume=1%E2%80%933&rft.issue=315&rft.pages=5-47&rft.date=1985-01&rft.aulast=Krahelska&rft.aufirst=Halina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiez.pl%2Fczasopismo%2F%3Bs%2Cczasopismo_szczegoly%2Cid%2C215%2Cart%2C6714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrakowski1998" class="citation book cs1">Krakowski, Shmuel (1998) [1994]. "The Satellite Camps". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/50">50–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Satellite+Camps&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=50-60&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Krakowski&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubica1998" class="citation book cs1">Kubica, Helena (1998) [1994]. "The Crimes of Josef Mengele". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/317">317–337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crimes+of+Josef+Mengele&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=317-337&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Kubica&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubica2009" class="citation book cs1">Kubica, Helena (2009). "Budy". In Megargee, Geoffrey P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Volume 1. Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 233–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3"><bdi>978-0-253-35328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Budy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945.+Volume+1&rft.pages=233-234&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+in+association+with+the+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35328-3&rft.aulast=Kubica&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988">}</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfus2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Leib_Langfus" title="Leib Langfus">Langfus, Leib</a> (2000). "Appendix 3. Notes by Members of the Sonderkommando [...] The Extermination Procedure in the Bunker". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. IV: The Resistance Movement. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874233579">874233579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+3.+Notes+by+Members+of+the+Sonderkommando+%5B...%5D+The+Extermination+Procedure+in+the+Bunker&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874233579&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Langfus&rft.aufirst=Leib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasik1998a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Lasik" title="Aleksander Lasik">Lasik, Aleksander</a> (1998a) [1994]. "Historical–Sociological Profile of the Auschwitz SS". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/271">271–287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical%E2%80%93Sociological+Profile+of+the+Auschwitz+SS&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=271-287&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Lasik&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasik1998b" class="citation book cs1">Lasik, Aleksander (1998b) [1994]. "Rudolf Höss: Manager of Crime". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/288">288–300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rudolf+H%C3%B6ss%3A+Manager+of+Crime&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=288-300&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Lasik&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasik2000a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lasik, Aleksander (2000a). "Organizational Structure of Auschwitz Concentration Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 145–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874340863">874340863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organizational+Structure+of+Auschwitz+Concentration+Camp&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=145-279&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874340863&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Lasik&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasik2000b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lasik, Aleksander (2000b). "The Apprehension and Punishment of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp Staff". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. V: Epilogue. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 99–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929235229">929235229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Apprehension+and+Punishment+of+the+Auschwitz+Concentration+Camp+Staff&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=99-117&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929235229&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Lasik&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Levi, Primo</a> (2001) [1947 and 1963]. <a href="/wiki/If_This_Is_a_Man" title="If This Is a Man">If This is a Man and The Truce</a>. London: Little, Brown (Abacus). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-10013-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-10013-6"><bdi>0-349-10013-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+This+is+a+Man+and+The+Truce&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%28Abacus%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-349-10013-6&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Primo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi2017" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Primo (2017) [1986]. <a href="/wiki/The_Drowned_and_the_Saved" title="The Drowned and the Saved">The Drowned and the Saved</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6763-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6763-8"><bdi>978-1-5011-6763-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drowned+and+the+Saved&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperbacks&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-6763-8&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Primo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaisEngelFogelman2007" class="citation book cs1">Mais, Yitzchak; Engel, David; Fogelman, Eva (2007). Daring to Resist: Jewish Defiance in the Holocaust. New York: Museum of Jewish Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9716859-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9716859-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9716859-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daring+to+Resist%3A+Jewish+Defiance+in+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Museum+of+Jewish+Heritage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9716859-2-5&rft.aulast=Mais&rft.aufirst=Yitzchak&rft.au=Engel%2C+David&rft.au=Fogelman%2C+Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthäus2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Matth%C3%A4us" title="Jürgen Matthäus">Matthäus, Jürgen</a> (2004). "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941". In <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher</a> (ed.). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Lincoln and Jerusalem: University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow/page/244">244–308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1327-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1327-1"><bdi>0-8032-1327-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Operation+Barbarossa+and+the+Onset+of+the+Holocaust%2C+June%E2%80%93December+1941&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+The+Evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+Policy%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1942&rft.place=Lincoln+and+Jerusalem&rft.pages=244-308&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press+and+Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8032-1327-1&rft.aulast=Matth%C3%A4us&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehring2015" class="citation book cs1">Mehring, Sigrid (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrmjBQAAQBAJ">First Do No Harm: Medical Ethics in International Humanitarian Law</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27916-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27916-2"><bdi>978-90-04-27916-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201215421/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrmjBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Do+No+Harm%3A+Medical+Ethics+in+International+Humanitarian+Law&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27916-2&rft.aulast=Mehring&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrmjBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Filip_M%C3%BCller" title="Filip Müller">Müller, Filip</a> (1999) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eyewitnessauschw00fili">Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers</a>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566632713" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566632713"><bdi>978-1566632713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+Auschwitz%3A+Three+Years+in+the+Gas+Chambers&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1566632713&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feyewitnessauschw00fili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2000" class="citation book cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (2000). "Introduction to the Controversy". In Neufeld, Michael J.; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/1">The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/1">1–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19838-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19838-8"><bdi>0-312-19838-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Controversy&rft.btitle=The+Bombing+of+Auschwitz%3A+Should+the+Allies+Have+Attempted+It%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-19838-8&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312198381%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwegian_Nobel_Committee1986" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1986/press.html">"The Nobel Peace Prize for 1986"</a>. Norwegian Nobel Committee. 14 October 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103105632/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1986/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+for+1986&rft.pub=Norwegian+Nobel+Committee&rft.date=1986-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1986%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyiszli2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Nyiszli" title="Miklós Nyiszli">Nyiszli, Miklós</a> (2011) [1960]. Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-011-8"><bdi>978-1-61145-011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%3A+A+Doctor%27s+Eyewitness+Account&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61145-011-8&rft.aulast=Nyiszli&rft.aufirst=Mikl%C3%B3s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerl1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gisella_Perl" title="Gisella Perl">Perl, Gisella</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IWasADoctorInAuschwitz">I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz</a>. New York: International Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937965417">937965417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Was+a+Doctor+in+Auschwitz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937965417&rft.aulast=Perl&rft.aufirst=Gisella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIWasADoctorInAuschwitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPermanent_exhibition_–_Auschwitz_I" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140501142530/http://en.auschwitz.org/z/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52&Itemid=99999999">"Permanent exhibition – grounds of former Auschwitz I Concentration Camp"</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.auschwitz.org/z/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52&Itemid=99999999">the original</a> on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Permanent+exhibition+%E2%80%93+grounds+of+former+Auschwitz+I+Concentration+Camp&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.auschwitz.org%2Fz%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D52%26Itemid%3D99999999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Piper, Franciszek</a> (1991). "Estimating the Number of Deportees to and Victims of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp". Yad Vashem Studies. XXI: 49–103. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-3296">0084-3296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+Number+of+Deportees+to+and+Victims+of+the+Auschwitz-Birkenau+Camp&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=49-103&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0084-3296&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1998a" class="citation book cs1">Piper, Franciszek (1998a) [1994]. "The System of Prisoner Exploitation". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/34">34–49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+System+of+Prisoner+Exploitation&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=34-49&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1998b" class="citation book cs1">Piper, Franciszek (1998b) [1994]. "The Number of Victims". In <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Gutman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisrael Gutman">Gutman, Yisrael</a>; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/61">61–76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Number+of+Victims&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=61-76&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1998c" class="citation book cs1">Piper, Franciszek (1998c) [1994]. "Gas Chambers and Crematoria". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/157">157–182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gas+Chambers+and+Crematoria&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=157-182&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper2000a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Piper, Franciszek (2000a). "The Origins of the Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 39–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929235229">929235229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Camp&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=39-62&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929235229&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper2000b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Piper, Franciszek (2000b). Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. III: Mass Murder. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929235229">929235229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929235229&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressacvan_Pelt1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Pressac" title="Jean-Claude Pressac">Pressac, Jean-Claude</a>; van Pelt, Robert-Jan (1998) [1994]. "The Machinery of Mass Murder at Auschwitz". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/183">183–245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Machinery+of+Mass+Murder+at+Auschwitz&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=183-245&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=Pressac&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.au=van+Pelt%2C+Robert-Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Rees, Laurence</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/auschwitznewhist00rees">Auschwitz: A New History</a>. New York: Public Affairs, member of Perseus Books Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-303-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-303-X"><bdi>1-58648-303-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Public+Affairs%2C+member+of+Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58648-303-X&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauschwitznewhist00rees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rosen, Alan (2014). "Tracking Jewish time in Auschwitz". Yad Vashem Studies. 42 (2). Yad Vashem: 11–46. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029349665">1029349665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies&rft.atitle=Tracking+Jewish+time+in+Auschwitz&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11-46&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029349665&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Bloodlands:_Europe_Between_Hitler_and_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9"><bdi>978-0-465-00239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00239-9&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Spitz, Vivien (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/doctorsfromhellh00spit">Doctors from Hell: the Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Sentient. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59181-032-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59181-032-2"><bdi>978-1-59181-032-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctors+from+Hell%3A+the+Horrific+Account+of+Nazi+Experiments+on+Humans&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Sentient&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59181-032-2&rft.aulast=Spitz&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdoctorsfromhellh00spit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News2015a" class="citation news cs1">Staff (27 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30996555">"Auschwitz 70th anniversary: Survivors warn of new crimes"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150127090458/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30996555">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Auschwitz+70th+anniversary%3A+Survivors+warn+of+new+crimes&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-30996555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2016" class="citation news cs1">Staff (9 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-37322599">"British school students 'stole Auschwitz artefacts'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910002722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-37322599">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=British+school+students+%27stole+Auschwitz+artefacts%27&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cambridgeshire-37322599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStangneth2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Stangneth" title="Bettina Stangneth">Stangneth, Bettina</a> (2014). Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-95967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-95967-6"><bdi>978-0-307-95967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eichmann+Before+Jerusalem%3A+The+Unexamined+Life+of+a+Mass+Murderer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-307-95967-6&rft.aulast=Stangneth&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbacher2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sybille_Steinbacher" title="Sybille Steinbacher">Steinbacher, Sybille</a> (2005) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/auschwitzhistory00stei">Auschwitz: A History</a>. New York: Ecco Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-082581-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-082581-2"><bdi>0-06-082581-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ecco+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-082581-2&rft.aulast=Steinbacher&rft.aufirst=Sybille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauschwitzhistory00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Stone_(historian)" title="Dan Stone (historian)">Stone, Dan</a> (2015). The Liberation of the Camps: The End of the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20457-5"><bdi>978-0-300-20457-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberation+of+the+Camps%3A+The+End+of+the+Holocaust+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20457-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Irena_Strzelecka" title="Irena Strzelecka">Strzelecka, Irena</a>; Setkiewicz, Piotr (2000). "The Construction, Expansion and Development of the Camp and its Branches". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_1940%E2%80%931945" title="Auschwitz 1940–1945">Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp</a>. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 63–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874340863">874340863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Construction%2C+Expansion+and+Development+of+the+Camp+and+its+Branches&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=63-138&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874340863&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Strzelecka&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft.au=Setkiewicz%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzelecka2000a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strzelecka, Irena (2000a). 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Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 45–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874337926">874337926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quarantine+on+Arrival&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=45-50&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874337926&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Strzelecka&rft.aufirst=Irena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzelecka2000b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strzelecka, Irena (2000b). 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Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 65–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874337926">874337926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Working+Day+for+Auschwitz+Prisoners&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=65-70&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874337926&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Strzelecka&rft.aufirst=Irena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzelecka2000c" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strzelecka, Irena (2000c). 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Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 171–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874337926">874337926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+Auschwitz+Concentration+Camp&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=171-200&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874337926&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Strzelecka&rft.aufirst=Irena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzelecka2000d" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strzelecka, Irena (2000d). 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Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 347–369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874337926">874337926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Experiments&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=347-369&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874337926&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Strzelecka&rft.aufirst=Irena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzelecka2000e" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strzelecka, Irena (2000e). 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Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 372–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385047872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385047872"><bdi>978-8385047872</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874337926">874337926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punishment+and+Torture&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+1940%E2%80%931945.+Central+Issues+in+the+History+of+the+Camp&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pages=372-398&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874337926&rft.isbn=978-8385047872&rft.aulast=Strzelecka&rft.aufirst=Irena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzelecki2000a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strzelecki, Andrzej (2000a). 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(2002). London Has Been Informed: Reports by Auschwitz Escapees. Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Has+Been+Informed%3A+Reports+by+Auschwitz+Escapees&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pub=The+Auschwitz-Birkenau+State+Museum&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabó2011" class="citation book cs1">Szabó, Zoltán Tibori (2011). "The Auschwitz Reports: Who Got Them, and When?". In Braham, Randolph L.; vanden Heuvel, William (eds.). The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Auschwitz+Reports%3A+Who+Got+Them%2C+and+When%3F&rft.btitle=The+Auschwitz+Reports+and+the+Holocaust+in+Hungary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Szab%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n+Tibori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Pelt1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert-Jan_van_Pelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert-Jan van Pelt">van Pelt, Robert-Jan</a> (1998) [1994]. "A Site in Search of a Mission". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/93">93–156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32684-2"><bdi>0-253-32684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Site+in+Search+of+a+Mission&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=93-156&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-32684-2&rft.aulast=van+Pelt&rft.aufirst=Robert-Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Pelt2016" class="citation book cs1">van Pelt, Robert Jan (2016) [2002]. The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02298-1"><bdi>978-0-253-02298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Auschwitz%3A+Evidence+from+the+Irving+Trial&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02298-1&rft.aulast=van+Pelt&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestermann2004" class="citation book cs1">Westermann, Edward B. (2004). "The Royal Air Force and the bombing of Auschwitz: first deliberations, January 1941". In <a href="/wiki/David_Cesarani" title="David Cesarani">Cesarani, David</a> (ed.). Holocaust. Volume 5: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews. London: Routledge. pp. 195–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415318716" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415318716"><bdi>978-0415318716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Air+Force+and+the+bombing+of+Auschwitz%3A+first+deliberations%2C+January+1941&rft.btitle=Holocaust.+Volume+5%3A+Responses+to+the+persecution+and+mass+murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=London&rft.pages=195-211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415318716&rft.aulast=Westermann&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Wachsmann" title="Nikolaus Wachsmann">Wachsmann, Nikolaus</a> (2015). KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11825-9"><bdi>978-0-374-11825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KL%3A+A+History+of+the+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-374-11825-9&rft.aulast=Wachsmann&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittmann2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Wittmann" title="Rebecca Wittmann">Wittmann, Rebecca Elizabeth</a> (October 2003). "Indicting Auschwitz? The Paradox of the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial". German History. 21 (4): 505–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0266355403gh294oa">10.1191/0266355403gh294oa</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=Indicting+Auschwitz%3F+The+Paradox+of+the+Frankfurt+Auschwitz+Trial&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=505-532&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0266355403gh294oa&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Wittmann, Rebecca (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondjusticeaus00witt_0">Beyond Justice: The Auschwitz Trial</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674016941" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674016941"><bdi>978-0674016941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Justice%3A+The+Auschwitz+Trial&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0674016941&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondjusticeaus00witt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarembinaHarriman1944" class="citation book cs1">Zarembina, Natalia; <a href="/wiki/Florence_Jaffray_Harriman" title="Florence Jaffray Harriman">Harriman, Florence Jaffray</a> (1944). Oswiecim, Camp of Death (Underground Report). New York: Poland Fights. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3899327">3899327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oswiecim%2C+Camp+of+Death+%28Underground+Report%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Poland+Fights&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3899327&rft.aulast=Zarembina&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft.au=Harriman%2C+Florence+Jaffray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borowski,_Tadeusz" class="mw-redirect" title="Borowski, Tadeusz">Borowski, Tadeusz</a> (1992) [1976]. <a href="/wiki/This_Way_for_the_Gas,_Ladies_and_Gentlemen" title="This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen">This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen</a>. Trans. from the Polish by Barbara Vedder. East Rutherford: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-018624-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-018624-7">0-14-018624-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2018" class="citation news cs1">Glenday, James (23 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-24/life-next-to-the-worlds-most-notorious-concentration-camp/9480916">"Life next to the world's most notorious concentration camp"</a>. ABC News (Australia). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215172042/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-24/life-next-to-the-worlds-most-notorious-concentration-camp/9480916">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Life+next+to+the+world%27s+most+notorious+concentration+camp&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-02-24%2Flife-next-to-the-worlds-most-notorious-concentration-camp%2F9480916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuener2003" class="citation book cs1">Huener, Jonathan (2003). Auschwitz, Poland, and the Politics of Commemoration, 1945–1979. Athens: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-1506-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-1506-9"><bdi>0-8214-1506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+Poland%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Commemoration%2C+1945%E2%80%931979&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8214-1506-9&rft.aulast=Huener&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Pilecki, Witold</a> (2012). The Auschwitz Volunteer: Beyond Bravery. Trans. from the Polish by Jarek Garlinski. Los Angeles: Aquila Polonica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60772-010-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60772-010-2">978-1-60772-010-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolish_Ministry_of_Information1942" class="citation book cs1">Polish Ministry of Information (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBlackBookOfPoland">The Black Book of Poland</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBlackBookOfPoland/page/n41">87</a>–88. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489805">489805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Poland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489805&rft.au=Polish+Ministry+of+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheBlackBookOfPoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaczyński1941" class="citation book cs1">Raczyński, Edward (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/GermanOccupationOfPoland/German%20Occupation%20of%20Poland#page/n1/mode/2up">German Occupation of Poland, Extract of note addressed to the allied and neutral powers</a>. London and New York: Republic of Poland Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greystone Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Occupation+of+Poland%2C+Extract+of+note+addressed+to+the+allied+and+neutral+powers&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Republic+of+Poland+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Greystone+Press&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Raczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGermanOccupationOfPoland%2FGerman%2520Occupation%2520of%2520Poland%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuschwitz+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/NT_major-war-criminals.html">Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202358/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/NT_major-war-criminals.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=449ZOWbUkf0">Drone footage, 2015</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/@50.0274015,19.200523,801m/data=!3m1!1e3">Google Earth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.org/en/">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/gallery/auschwitz">"Auschwitz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/index.asp">"The Auschwitz Album"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717041800/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/index.asp">Archived</a> 17 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auschwitz-birkenau.org/">Auschwitz-Birkenau photographs</a> by Bill Hunt.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Hall_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Centennial Hall (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall, Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Peace" title="Churches of Peace">Churches of Peace</a> in Jawor and Świdnica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Historic Centre of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park">Kalwaria Zebrzydowska</a>: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Krakow's Historic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzemionki" title="Krzemionki">Krzemionki</a> Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Town_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Medieval Town of Toruń">Medieval Town of Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskau_Park" title="Muskau Park">Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87)" title="Old City (Zamość)">Old City of Zamość</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Silver_Mine_in_Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry" title="Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry">Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_Salt_Mine" title="Wieliczka Salt Mine">Wieliczka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bochnia_Salt_Mine" title="Bochnia Salt Mine">Bochnia</a> Royal Salt Mines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_churches_of_Southern_Lesser_Poland" title="Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland">Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Tserkvas_of_the_Carpathian_Region_in_Poland_and_Ukraine" title="Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine">Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bieszczady_National_Park" title="Bieszczady National Park">Bieszczady National Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest / Belovezhskaya Pushcha</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 shared with Germany</li> <li>2 shared with Ukraine</li> <li>3 shared with 17 other countries</li> <li>4 shared with Belarus</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template talk:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust in German-occupied Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main article</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt>Related articles by country</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camps,_ghettos,_execution_sites_and_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Auschwitz_I">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danzig-Matzkau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danzig-Matzkau concentration camp (page does not exist)">Danzig-Matzkau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto" title="Nowy Sącz Ghetto">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Koch (SS man)">Hans Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Moll" title="Otto Moll">Otto Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Bormann" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">WVHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">AOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">ŻOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">ŻZW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto">Lviv (Lwów)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Izbica_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in Izbica Ghetto">Izbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs">Sonderkommando photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish Righteous">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>be</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France">fr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps">it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li>nl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li>sk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia (Action T4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7341#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7341#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122360451">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/168340274">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/723014/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003697-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96112360">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161355471">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161355471">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49287899">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=olak2003164504&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451335">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000094820&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68bfvd3s5cm4p">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810676859405606">Poland</a></li><li><a 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Template:Infobox_concentration_camp"," 13.67% 494.369 86 Template:Cite_book"," 5.30% 191.709 20 Template:Navbox"," 4.97% 179.742 21 Template:Cite_web"," 4.42% 159.769 341 Template:Main_other"," 4.22% 152.572 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.284","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21499650,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"\u0026quot;Arbeit_macht_frei\u0026quot;_sign_theft\"] = 1,\n [\"Auschwitz_I\"] = 1,\n [\"Auschwitz_II-Birkenau\"] = 1,\n [\"Auschwitz_III\"] = 1,\n [\"Birkenau\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnett2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuschwitz-Birkenau\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkat2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartrop2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaxter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiddle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButturini1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCesarani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzech2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDidi-Huberman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunin-Wasowicz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDworkvan_Pelt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspín2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedländer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlach2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenday2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGradowski1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGradowski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreif2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalbfinger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilberg1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuener2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuener2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHöss2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaszko2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaszko2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKater2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeren1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaleeli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinzer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchens2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrahelska1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrakowski1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubica1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubica2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangfus2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasik1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasik1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasik2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasik2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongerich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaisEngelFogelman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthäus2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehring2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorawiec2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorwegian_Nobel_Committee1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyiszli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaterson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerl1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPermanent_exhibition_–_Auschwitz_I\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper1998c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolish_Ministry_of_Information1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosener2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPressacvan_Pelt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaczyński1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpitz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStangneth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinbacher2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStets1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzelecka2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzelecka2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzelecka2000c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzelecka2000d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzelecka2000e\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzeleckaSetkiewicz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzelecki2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzelecki2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabó2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_International_Military_Tribunal,_Nuremberg1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO,_World_Heritage_List\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWachsmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestermann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittmann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittmann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarembinaHarriman1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Pelt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Pelt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŚwiebocki2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŚwiebocki2002\"] = 1,\n [\"Family_camp\"] = 1,\n [\"Gypsy_camp\"] = 1,\n [\"Gypsy_family_camp\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberation\"] = 1,\n [\"Monowitz\"] = 1,\n [\"Sonderkommando_revolt\"] = 1,\n [\"Theresienstadt_family_camp\"] = 1,\n [\"Triangles\"] = 1,\n [\"Women\u0026#039;s_camp\"] = 1,\n [\"block_11\"] = 1,\n [\"bombing_proposal\"] = 1,\n [\"escapes\"] = 1,\n [\"first_gassing\"] = 1,\n [\"functionaries\"] = 1,\n [\"numbers\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 18,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 86,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 12,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Auschwitz concentration camp\"] = 1,\n [\"Designation list\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 98,\n [\"Holocaust Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox concentration camp\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 11,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 3,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-sock\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 318,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"The Holocaust\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","660","25.6"],["?","420","16.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","200","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","6.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","5.4"],["recursiveClone 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