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id="toc-Reappropriation_of_"paganism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reappropriation_of_"paganism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Reappropriation of "paganism" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reappropriation_of_"paganism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Varieties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Varieties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eclectic_and_reconstructive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eclectic_and_reconstructive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Eclectic and reconstructive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eclectic_and_reconstructive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecologic_and_secular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecologic_and_secular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ecologic and secular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecologic_and_secular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ethnic and regional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polytheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polytheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Polytheism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polytheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animism_and_pantheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animism_and_pantheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Animism and pantheism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animism_and_pantheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nature veneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ritual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Festival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Magic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_early_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 19th and early 20th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Late 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_paths_and_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_paths_and_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religious paths and movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_paths_and_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious paths and movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_paths_and_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstructionist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstructionist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Reconstructionist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstructionist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Germanic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Celtic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Slavic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Uralic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.5 Baltic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.6 Greek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.7 Roman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.8 Kemetic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.9 Semitic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.10 Armenian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chuvash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chuvash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.11 Chuvash </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chuvash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eclectic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eclectic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Eclectic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eclectic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Wicca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goddess_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goddess_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Goddess movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goddess_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druidry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druidry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Druidry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druidry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eco-paganism_and_Unitarian_Universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eco-paganism_and_Unitarian_Universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Eco-paganism and Unitarian Universalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eco-paganism_and_Unitarian_Universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occultism_and_ethnic_mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occultism_and_ethnic_mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 Occultism and ethnic mysticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occultism_and_ethnic_mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caucasus_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Caucasus region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volga_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volga_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Volga region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volga_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Western Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paganism_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paganism_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Paganism in society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paganism_in_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Paganism in society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Paganism_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Propagation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class,_gender_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class,_gender_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Class, gender and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class,_gender_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism_and_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_and_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Racism and nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism_and_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 LGBT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_New_Age_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_New_Age_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Relationship with the New Age movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_New_Age_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Relationship with Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prejudice_and_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prejudice_and_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Prejudice and opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prejudice_and_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pagan_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagan_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Pagan studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagan_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Web sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Modern paganism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganisme" title="Neopaganisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neopaganisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismus" title="Neopaganismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neopaganismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="وثنية جديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وثنية جديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismo" title="Neopaganismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Neopaganismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismu" title="Neopaganismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neopaganismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaqanizm" title="Neopaqanizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neopaqanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="আধুনিক পৌত্তলিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আধুনিক পৌত্তলিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Неопаганизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неопаганизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganisme" title="Neopaganisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neopaganisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novopohanstv%C3%AD" title="Novopohanství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Novopohanství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-baganiaeth" title="Neo-baganiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neo-baganiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyhedenskab" title="Nyhedenskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nyhedenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismus" title="Neopaganismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neopaganismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuspaganlus" title="Uuspaganlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uuspaganlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νεοπαγανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεοπαγανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismo" title="Neopaganismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neopaganismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novpaganismo" title="Novpaganismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novpaganismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismo" title="Neopaganismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neopaganismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نئوپاگانیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نئوپاگانیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9opaganisme" title="Néopaganisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néopaganisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_heidendom" title="Modern heidendom – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Modern heidendom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismo" title="Neopaganismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neopaganismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%9D%B4%EA%B5%90" title="현대 이교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현대 이교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նեոհեթանոսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեոհեթանոսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopoganstvo" title="Neopoganstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neopoganstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_Modern" title="Paganisme Modern – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paganisme Modern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismo" title="Neopaganismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Neopaganismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganesimo" title="Neopaganesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neopaganesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95-%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="נאו-פגניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאו-פגניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upagani_mamboleo" title="Upagani mamboleo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upagani mamboleo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismus" title="Neopaganismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neopaganismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopagonyb%C4%97" title="Neopagonybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neopagonybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_heided%C3%B3m" title="Modern heidedóm – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Modern heidedóm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajpog%C3%A1nys%C3%A1g" title="Újpogányság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újpogányság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Неопаганство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неопаганство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%B4paganisma" title="Neôpaganisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Neôpaganisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87" title="وثنيه جديده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وثنيه جديده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_moden" title="Paganisme moden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paganisme moden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganisme" title="Neopaganisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neopaganisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_Heidendom" title="Ny Heidendom – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ny Heidendom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ネオペイガニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネオペイガニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyhedendom" title="Nyhedendom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nyhedendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganisme" title="Neopaganisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neopaganisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamonaviy_butparastlik" title="Zamonaviy butparastlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zamonaviy butparastlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopoga%C5%84stwo" title="Neopogaństwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neopogaństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganismo" title="Neopaganismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neopaganismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neop%C4%83g%C3%A2nism" title="Neopăgânism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neopăgânism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Неоязычество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неоязычество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizmi_modern" title="Paganizmi modern – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paganizmi modern" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novopohanstvo" title="Novopohanstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Novopohanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Неопаганизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неопаганизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganizam" title="Neopaganizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neopaganizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuspakanuus" title="Uuspakanuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uuspakanuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyhedendom" title="Nyhedendom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nyhedendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%97%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Неомәҗүсилек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Неомәҗүсилек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganizm" title="Neopaganizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neopaganizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Неоязичництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неоязичництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_gi%C3%A1o_hi%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Pagan giáo hiện đại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pagan giáo hiện đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religions shaped by historical paganism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Neopagan" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Rustichelli#Partial_discography" title="Paolo Rustichelli">Paolo Rustichelli § Partial discography</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sveriges_Asatrosamfunds_h%C3%B6stblot_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sveriges_Asatrosamfunds_h%C3%B6stblot_2009.jpg/200px-Sveriges_Asatrosamfunds_h%C3%B6stblot_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sveriges_Asatrosamfunds_h%C3%B6stblot_2009.jpg/300px-Sveriges_Asatrosamfunds_h%C3%B6stblot_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sveriges_Asatrosamfunds_h%C3%B6stblot_2009.jpg/400px-Sveriges_Asatrosamfunds_h%C3%B6stblot_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathen</a> altar for <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Haustblot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6,_%C3%96cker%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Björkö, Öckerö">Björkö</a>, Sweden. The larger wooden <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idol</a> represents the god <a href="/wiki/Frey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frey">Frey</a>.</figcaption></figure> Modern paganism, also known as contemporary paganism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166-1">[1]</a> and neopaganism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006xiii-2">[2]</a> spans a range of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> variously influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">beliefs of pre-modern peoples</a> across Europe, North Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. Despite some common similarities, contemporary pagan movements are diverse, sharing no single set of beliefs, practices, or <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious texts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199640-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars of religion</a> may study the phenomenon as a movement divided into different religions, while others study neopaganism as a decentralized religion with an array of <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a>. Adherents rely on <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">pre-Christian</a>, folkloric, and ethnographic sources to a variety of degrees; many of them follow a spirituality that they accept as entirely modern, while others claim to adhere to <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">prehistoric beliefs</a>, or else, they attempt to revive indigenous religions as accurately as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Adler_2006_3-4-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan movements</a> are frequently described on a spectrum ranging from <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">reconstructive</a>, which seeks to revive historical pagan religions; to <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">eclectic movements</a>, which blend elements from various religions and philosophies with historical paganism. <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> are common features across pagan theology. Modern pagans can also include <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheists</a>, upholding virtues and principles associated with paganism while maintaining a secular worldview. <a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Humanistic, naturalistic, or secular pagans</a> may recognize deities as <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> or useful metaphors for different cycles of life, or reframe <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a> as a purely psychological practice. Contemporary paganism has <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">been associated with</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement, with scholars highlighting their similarities as well as their differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork1999-5">[5]</a> The academic field of <a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">pagan studies</a> began to coalesce in the 1990s, emerging from disparate scholarship in the preceding two decades. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> There is "considerable disagreement as to the precise definition and the proper usage" of the term modern paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200513-6">[6]</a> Even within the academic field of <a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">pagan studies</a>, there is no consensus about how contemporary paganism can best be defined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201215-7">[7]</a> Most scholars describe modern paganism as a broad array of different religions, not a single one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201216–17-8">[8]</a> The category of modern paganism could be compared to the categories of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> in its structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217-9">[9]</a> A second, less common definition found within pagan studies – promoted by the religious studies scholars Michael F. Strmiska and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Harvey_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)">Graham Harvey</a> – characterises modern paganism as a single religion, of which groups like <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a> are <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201216-10">[10]</a> This perspective has been critiqued, given the lack of core commonalities in issues such as theology, cosmology, ethics, afterlife, holy days, or ritual practices within the pagan movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201216-10">[10]</a> Contemporary paganism has been defined as "a collection of modern religious, spiritual, and magical traditions that are self-consciously inspired by the pre-<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaic</a>, pre-Christian, and pre-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> belief systems of Europe, North Africa, and the Near East."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166-1">[1]</a> Thus it has been said that although it is "a highly diverse phenomenon", "an identifiable common element" nevertheless runs through the pagan movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166-1">[1]</a> Strmiska described paganism as a movement "dedicated to reviving the polytheistic, nature-worshipping pagan religions of pre-Christian Europe and adapting them for the use of people in modern societies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20051-11">[11]</a> The religious studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Wouter Hanegraaff</a> characterised paganism as encompassing "all those modern movements which are, first, based on the conviction that what Christianity has traditionally denounced as <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> actually represents/represented a profound and meaningful religious worldview and, secondly, that a religious practice based on this worldview can and should be revitalized in our modern world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199677-12">[12]</a> Discussing the relationship between the different pagan religions, <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> scholars Kaarina Aitamurto and Scott Simpson wrote that they were "like siblings who have taken different paths in life but still retain many visible similarities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20133-13">[13]</a> But there has been much "cross-fertilization" between these different faiths: many groups have influenced, and been influenced by, other pagan religions, making clear-cut distinctions among them more difficult for scholars to make.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20167-14">[14]</a> The various pagan religions have been academically classified as <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20132-15">[15]</a> with the anthropologist Kathryn Rountree describing paganism as a whole as a "new religious phenomenon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree20151-16">[16]</a> A number of academics, particularly in North America, consider modern paganism a form of <a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">nature religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200515–16Harvey200584–85-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A5rblot_2010_offerg%C3%A5vor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/V%C3%A5rblot_2010_offerg%C3%A5vor.jpg/220px-V%C3%A5rblot_2010_offerg%C3%A5vor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/V%C3%A5rblot_2010_offerg%C3%A5vor.jpg/330px-V%C3%A5rblot_2010_offerg%C3%A5vor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/V%C3%A5rblot_2010_offerg%C3%A5vor.jpg/440px-V%C3%A5rblot_2010_offerg%C3%A5vor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3314" data-file-height="2301" /></a><figcaption>A Heathen shrine to the god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>, Sweden, 2010</figcaption></figure> Some practitioners completely eschew the use of the term pagan, preferring to use more specific names for their religion, such as "Heathen" or "Wiccan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059-18">[18]</a> This is because the term pagan originates in Christian terminology, which individuals who object to the term wish to avoid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree20158-19">[19]</a> Some favor the term "ethnic religion"; the World Pagan Congress, founded in 1998, soon renamed itself the <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a> (ECER), enjoying that term's association with the Greek <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnos</a> and the academic field of <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200514SimpsonFilip201334–35-20">[20]</a> Within <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">linguistically Slavic</a> areas of Europe, the term "Native Faith" is often favored as a synonym for paganism, rendered as Ridnovirstvo in Ukrainian, Rodnoverie in Russian, and Rodzimowierstwo in Polish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201327-21">[21]</a> Alternately, many practitioners in these regions view "Native Faith" as a category within modern paganism that does not encompass all pagan religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201338-22">[22]</a> Other terms some pagans favor include "traditional religion", "indigenous religion", "nativist religion", and "reconstructionism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree20158-19">[19]</a> Various pagans who are active in pagan studies, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">Michael York</a> and Prudence Jones, have argued that, due to the similarities of their <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldviews</a>, the modern pagan movement can be treated as part of the same global phenomenon as <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">pre-Christian Ancient religions</a>, living <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religions">Indigenous religions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="World religion">world religions</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religions">Afro-American religions</a>. They have also suggested that these could all be included under the rubric of "paganism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200511Doyle_White201212–13-23">[23]</a> This approach has been received critically by many specialists in religious studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201213-24">[24]</a> Critics have pointed out that such claims would cause problems for analytic scholarship by lumping together belief systems with very significant differences, and that the term would serve modern pagan interests by making the movement appear far larger on the world stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201214-25">[25]</a> Doyle White writes that modern religions that draw upon the pre-Christian belief systems of other parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> or the Americas, cannot be seen as part of the contemporary pagan movement, which is "fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentric</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166-1">[1]</a> Similarly, Strmiska stresses that modern paganism should not be conflated with the belief systems of the world's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> because the latter lived under <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">its legacy</a>, and that while some pagan worldviews bear similarities to those of indigenous communities, they stem from "different cultural, linguistic, and historical backgrounds".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200511–12-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reappropriation_of_"paganism"">Reappropriation of "paganism"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reappropriation of "paganism"">edit</a>]</div> Many scholars have favored the use of "neopaganism" to describe this phenomenon, with the prefix "neo-" serving to distinguish the modern religions from their ancient, pre-Christian forerunners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201332-27">[27]</a> Some pagan practitioners also prefer "neopaganism", believing that the prefix conveys the reformed nature of the religion, such as its rejection of practices such as <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201332-27">[27]</a> Conversely, most pagans do not use the word neopagan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree20158-19">[19]</a> with some expressing disapproval of it, arguing that the term "neo" offensively disconnects them from what they perceive as their pre-Christian forebears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059-18">[18]</a> To avoid causing offense, many scholars in the English-speaking world have begun using the prefixes "modern" or "contemporary" rather than "neo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201332Rountree20158-28">[28]</a> Several pagan studies scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Sabina Magliocco</a>, have emphasized the use of the upper-case "Paganism" to distinguish the modern movement from the lower-case "paganism", a term commonly used for pre-Christian belief systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2003xivMagliocco200419Doyle_White20168-29">[29]</a> In 2015, Rountree opined that this lower case/upper case division was "now [the] convention" in pagan studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree20158-19">[19]</a> Among the critics of the upper-case P are York and Andras Corban-Arthen, president of the ECER. Capitalizing the word, they argue, makes "Paganism" appear as the name of a cohesive religion rather than a generic religious category, and comes off as naive, dishonest or as an unwelcome attempt to disrupt the spontaneity and vernacular quality of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork20167-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/250px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/375px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/500px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, an ancient pre-Christian temple in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> dedicated to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>. Strmiska believed that modern pagans in part reappropriate the term "pagan" to honor the cultural achievements of Europe's pre-Christian societies.</figcaption></figure> The term "neo-pagan" was coined in the 19th century in reference to <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanticist">Romanticist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenophile">Hellenophile</a> classical <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revivalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[a]</a> By the mid-1930s "neopagan" was being applied to new religious movements like <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Jakob Wilhelm Hauer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stachniuk" title="Jan Stachniuk">Jan Stachniuk</a>'s Polish <a href="/wiki/Zadruga_(movement)" title="Zadruga (movement)">Zadruga</a>, usually by outsiders and often pejoratively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201331-32">[31]</a> Pagan as a self-designation appeared in 1964 and 1965, in the publications of the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Research_Association" title="Witchcraft Research Association">Witchcraft Research Association</a>; at that time, the term was in use by Wiccans in the United States and the United Kingdom, but unconnected to the broader, <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> pagan movement. The modern popularisation of the terms pagan and neopagan as they are currently understood is largely traced to <a href="/wiki/Oberon_Zell-Ravenheart" title="Oberon Zell-Ravenheart">Oberon Zell-Ravenheart</a>, co-founder of the 1st Neo-Pagan <a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a> who, beginning in 1967 with the early issues of <a href="/wiki/Green_Egg" title="Green Egg">Green Egg</a>, used both terms for the growing movement. This usage has been common since the pagan revival in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006-33">[32]</a> According to Strmiska, the <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">reappropriation</a> of the term "pagan" by modern pagans served as "a deliberate act of defiance" against "traditional, Christian-dominated society", allowing them to use it as a source of "pride and power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059-18">[18]</a> In this, he compared it to the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movement's reappropriation of the term "<a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>", which had formerly been used only as a term of <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobic</a> abuse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059-18">[18]</a> He suggests that part of the term's appeal lay in the fact that a large proportion of pagan converts were raised in Christian families, and that by embracing the term "pagan", a word long used for what was "rejected and reviled by Christian authorities", a convert summarizes "in a single word his or her definitive break" from Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20057-34">[33]</a> He further suggests that the term gained appeal through its depiction in <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticist</a> and 19th-century European <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> literature, where it had been imbued with "a certain mystery and allure",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20057–8-35">[34]</a> and that by embracing the word "pagan" modern pagans defy past religious intolerance to honor the pre-Christian peoples of Europe and emphasize those societies' cultural and artistic achievements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20058-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eclectic_and_reconstructive">Eclectic and reconstructive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eclectic and reconstructive">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "We might say that Reconstructionist Pagans romanticize the past, while eclectic pagans idealize the future. In the first case, there is a deeply felt need to connect with the past as a source of spiritual strength and wisdom; in the second case, there is the idealistic hope that a spirituality of nature can be gleaned from ancient sources and shared with all humanity." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200522-37">[36]</a></cite></div> </div> Modern pagan attitudes differ regarding the source material surrounding pre-Christian belief systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200518-38">[37]</a> Strmiska notes that pagan groups can be "divided along a continuum: at one end are those that aim to reconstruct the ancient religious traditions of a particular ethnic group or a linguistic or geographic area to the highest degree possible; at the other end are those that freely blend traditions of different areas, peoples, and time periods."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519-39">[38]</a> Strmiska argues that these two poles could be termed reconstructionism and eclecticism, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519Doyle_White20166-40">[39]</a> Reconstructionists do not altogether reject innovation in their interpretation and adaptation of the source material, however they do believe that the source material conveys greater authenticity and thus should be emphasized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519-39">[38]</a> They often follow scholarly debates about the nature of such pre-Christian religions, and some reconstructionists are themselves scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_pagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclectic pagans">Eclectic pagans</a>, conversely, seek general inspiration from the pre-Christian past, and do not attempt to recreate past rites or traditions with specific attention to detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519–20-41">[40]</a> On the reconstructionist side can be placed those movements which often favour the designation "Native Faith", including <a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman Traditionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenismos">Hellenism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20167-14">[14]</a> On the eclectic side has been placed <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druidry" class="mw-redirect" title="Druidry">Druidry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goddess_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddess Movement">Goddess Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Faeries" title="Radical Faeries">Radical Faeries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20167-14">[14]</a> Strmiska also suggests that this division could be seen as being based on "discourses of identity", with reconstructionists emphasizing a deep-rooted sense of place and people, and eclectics embracing a universality and openness toward humanity and the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521–22-42">[41]</a> Strmiska nevertheless notes that this reconstructionist-eclectic division is "neither as absolute nor as straightforward as it might appear".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521-43">[42]</a> He cites the example of <a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a>, a form of reconstructionist paganism that seeks to revive the pre-Christian religion of the Latvian people, by noting that it exhibits eclectic tendencies by adopting a monotheistic focus and ceremonial structure from <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521-43">[42]</a> Similarly, while examining neo-shamanism among the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> of Northern Scandinavia, Siv Ellen Kraft highlights that despite the religion being reconstructionist in intent, it is highly eclectic in the manner in which it has adopted elements from <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a> traditions in other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraft201528-44">[43]</a> In discussing Asatro – a form of Heathenry based in Denmark – Matthew Amster notes that it did not fit clearly within such a framework, because while seeking a reconstructionist form of historical accuracy, Asatro strongly eschewed the emphasis on ethnicity that is common to other reconstructionist groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmster201544,_59-45">[44]</a> While Wicca is identified as an eclectic form of paganism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521Doyle_White20167-46">[45]</a> Strmiska also notes that some Wiccans have moved in a more reconstructionist direction by focusing on a particular ethnic and cultural link, thus developing such variants as Norse Wicca and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521-43">[42]</a> Concern has also been expressed regarding the utility of the term "reconstructionism" when dealing with paganisms in Central and Eastern Europe, because in many of the languages of these regions, equivalents of the term "reconstructionism" – such as the Czech Historická rekonstrukce and Lithuanian Istorinė rekonstrukcija – are already used to define the secular hobby of <a href="/wiki/Historical_re-enactment" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical re-enactment">historical re-enactment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201339-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecologic_and_secular">Ecologic and secular</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecologic and secular">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_pantheism" title="Naturalistic pantheism">Naturalistic pantheism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></div> The spectrum of modern paganism includes a range of <a href="/wiki/Ecologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologic">ecologic</a> and explicitly <a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">ecocentric</a> practices, which may overlap with <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_pantheism" title="Naturalistic pantheism">scientific pantheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Pagans may distinguish their beliefs and practices as a form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">religious naturalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalist philosophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> with some engaged as <a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">humanistic or atheopagans</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_and_regional">Ethnic and regional</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnic and regional">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols_-_4_rows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_4_rows.png/220px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_4_rows.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_4_rows.png/330px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_4_rows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_4_rows.png/440px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_4_rows.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Collection of various symbols used for or by modern pagan religions or groups. The symbols are identified by the uploader as (from left to right): 1st Row <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Rodnovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Rodnovery">Slavic Rodnovery</a> ("Slavic Cross") <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Neopaganism">Celtic Neopaganism</a> (or general triskele / triple spiral) <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heathenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Heathenism">Germanic Heathenism</a> ("Thor's Hammer") <a href="/wiki/Dievturi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dievturi">Latvian Dievturi</a> ("Cross of crosses or Cross of Māra") 2nd Row <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Hetanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Hetanism">Armenian Hetanism</a> ("Arevakhach") <a href="/wiki/Italo-Roman_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Roman Neopaganism">Italo-Roman Neopaganism</a> <a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a> ("ankh", key of life, handled cross) 3rd Row <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> (pentagram or pentacle) <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Neopaganism">Finnish Neopaganism</a> ("Tursaansydän") <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Neopaganism">Hungarian Neopaganism</a> (double cross or "világfa", world tree) <a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Lithuanian Romuva</a> (sun symbol composed of <a href="/wiki/Grass_snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass snakes">grass snakes</a>) 4th Row <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Neopaganism">Estonian Neopaganism</a> ("Jumiõis", cornflower) <a href="/wiki/Circassian_Habzism" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian Habzism">Circassian Habzism</a> ("hammer cross") <a href="/wiki/Semitic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic Neopaganism">Semitic Neopaganism</a> ("hamsa") <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a> and Wicca (raised-arms female figure)</figcaption></figure> For some pagan groups, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> is central to their religion, and some restrict membership to a single ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200517-50">[49]</a> Some critics have described this approach as a form of racism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200517-50">[49]</a> Other pagan groups allow people of any ethnicity, on the view that the gods and goddesses of a particular region can call anyone to their form of worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200517–18-51">[50]</a> Some such groups feel a particular affinity for the pre-Christian belief systems of a particular region with which they have no ethnic link because they see themselves as <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnations</a> of people from that society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200518-38">[37]</a> There is greater focus on ethnicity within the pagan movements in continental Europe than within the pagan movements in North America and the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200516–17-52">[51]</a> Such ethnic paganisms have variously been seen as responses to concerns about foreign ideologies, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>, and anxieties about cultural erosion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree20155-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200547-54">[53]</a> Although they acknowledged that it was "a highly simplified model", Aitamurto and Simpson wrote that there was "some truth" to the claim that <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a>-oriented forms of paganism were prevalent in North America and the British Isles while <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">rightist</a>-oriented forms of paganism were prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20132-15">[15]</a> They noted that in these latter regions, pagan groups placed an emphasis on "the centrality of the nation, the ethnic group, or the tribe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20133-13">[13]</a> Rountree wrote that it was wrong to assume that "expressions of Paganism can be categorized straight-forwardly according to region", but acknowledged that some regional trends were visible, such as the impact of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> on paganism in Southern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree201510-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Modern Pagans are reviving, reconstructing, and reimagining religious traditions of the past that were suppressed for a very long time, even to the point of being almost totally obliterated... Thus, with only a few possible exceptions, today's Pagans cannot claim to be continuing religious traditions handed down in an unbroken line from ancient times to the present. They are modern people with a great reverence for the spirituality of the past, making a new religion – a modern Paganism – from the remnants of the past, which they interpret, adapt, and modify according to modern ways of thinking." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200510-56">[55]</a></cite></div> </div> Although inspired by the pre-Christian belief systems of the past, modern paganism is not the same phenomenon as these lost traditions and in many respects differs from them considerably.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200510-56">[55]</a> Strmiska stresses that modern paganism is a "new", "modern" religious movement, even if some of its content derives from ancient sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200510-56">[55]</a> Contemporary paganism as practiced in the United States in the 1990s has been described as "a synthesis of historical inspiration and present-day creativity".<a href="#cite_note-57">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">Eclectic paganism</a> takes an undogmatic religious stance<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200623-58">[56]</a> and therefore potentially sees no one as having authority to deem a source apocryphal. Contemporary paganism has therefore been prone to <a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">fakelore</a>, especially in recent years as information and misinformation alike have been spread on the Internet and in print media. A number of <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a>, pagan and even some Traditionalist or Tribalist groups have a history of Grandmother Stories – typically involving initiation by a Grandmother, Grandfather, or other elderly relative who is said to have instructed them in the secret, millennia-old traditions of their ancestors. As this secret wisdom can almost always be traced to recent sources, tellers of these stories have often later admitted they made them up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200694–5_(Sanders),_78_(Anderson),_83_(Gardner),_87_(Fitch),_90_(Pendderwen)-59">[57]</a> Strmiska asserts that contemporary paganism could be viewed as a part of the "much larger phenomenon" of efforts to revive "traditional, indigenous, or native religions" that were occurring across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20052-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romuvan_ceremony_(1).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Romuvan_ceremony_%281%29.PNG/220px-Romuvan_ceremony_%281%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Romuvan_ceremony_%281%29.PNG/330px-Romuvan_ceremony_%281%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Romuvan_ceremony_%281%29.PNG/440px-Romuvan_ceremony_%281%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuvan</a> priestess <a href="/wiki/Inija_Trink%C5%ABnien%C4%97" title="Inija Trinkūnienė">Inija Trinkūnienė</a> leading a ritual</figcaption></figure> Beliefs and practices vary widely among different pagan groups; however, there are a series of core principles common to most, if not all, forms of modern paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200622-61">[59]</a> The English academic Graham Harvey noted that pagans "rarely indulge in theology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey20071-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polytheism">Polytheism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Polytheism">edit</a>]</div> One principle of the pagan movement is <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, the belief in and veneration of multiple gods or goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200622-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey20071-62">[60]</a> Within the pagan movement, there can be found many deities, both male and female, who have various associations and embody forces of nature, aspects of culture, and facets of human psychology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200535-63">[61]</a> These deities are typically depicted in human form, and are viewed as having human faults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200535-63">[61]</a> They are therefore not seen as perfect, but rather are venerated as being wise and powerful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200536-64">[62]</a> Pagans feel that this understanding of the gods reflected the dynamics of life on Earth, allowing for the expression of humour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200536-64">[62]</a> One view in the pagan community is that these polytheistic deities are not viewed as literal entities, but as <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Jungian archetypes</a> or other psychological constructs that exist in the human psyche.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200536Adler200629-65">[63]</a> Others adopt the belief that the deities have both a psychological and external existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200537-66">[64]</a> Many pagans believe adoption of a polytheistic world-view would be beneficial for western society – replacing the dominant <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> they see as innately repressive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200626–28-67">[65]</a> In fact, many <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">American modern pagans</a> first came to their adopted faiths because it allowed a greater freedom, diversity, and tolerance of worship among the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200631–32-68">[66]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">pluralistic</a> perspective has helped the varied factions of modern paganism exist in relative harmony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200623-58">[56]</a> Most pagans adopt an ethos of "<a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">unity in diversity</a>" regarding their religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199661-69">[67]</a> The inclusion of female deities is one facet that distinguishes pagan religions from most of their Abrahamic counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200537-66">[64]</a> In Wicca, male and female deities are typically balanced out in a form of <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">duotheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200537-66">[64]</a> Among many pagans, there is a strong desire to incorporate the female aspects of the divine in their worship and within their lives, which can partially explain the attitude which sometimes manifests as the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred feminine">veneration of women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> There are exceptions to polytheism in paganism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree201520-71">[69]</a> as seen for instance in the form of Ukrainian paganism promoted by <a href="/wiki/Lev_Sylenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Sylenko">Lev Sylenko</a>, which is devoted to a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> veneration of the god <a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree201520-71">[69]</a> As noted above, pagans with naturalistic worldviews may not believe in or work with deities at all. Pagan religions commonly exhibit a metaphysical concept of an underlying order that pervades the universe, such as the concept of <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonia (philosophy)">harmonia</a> embraced by Hellenists and that of <a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a> found in Heathenry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200538-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animism_and_pantheism">Animism and pantheism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Animism and pantheism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zemaiciu_Alka_(Samogitian_Alka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zemaiciu_Alka_%28Samogitian_Alka%29.jpg/220px-Zemaiciu_Alka_%28Samogitian_Alka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zemaiciu_Alka_%28Samogitian_Alka%29.jpg/330px-Zemaiciu_Alka_%28Samogitian_Alka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zemaiciu_Alka_%28Samogitian_Alka%29.jpg/440px-Zemaiciu_Alka_%28Samogitian_Alka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_Sanctuary" title="Samogitian Sanctuary">Samogitian Sanctuary</a>, a reconstruction of a medieval pagan observatory in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ventoji,_Lithuania" title="Šventoji, Lithuania">Šventoji, Lithuania</a>, used by the modern <a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuvans</a></figcaption></figure> A key part of most pagan worldviews is the <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a> concept of a universe that is interconnected. This is connected with a belief in either <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>. In both beliefs, divinity and the material or spiritual universe are one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199650-73">[71]</a> For pagans, pantheism means that "divinity is inseparable from nature and that deity is immanent in nature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200623-58">[56]</a> Dennis D. Carpenter noted that the belief in a pantheistic or panentheistic deity has led to the idea of interconnectedness playing a key part in pagans' worldviews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199650-73">[71]</a> The prominent Reclaiming priestess <a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a> related that a core part of goddess-centred pagan witchcraft was "the understanding that all being is interrelated, that we are all linked with the cosmos as parts of one living organism. What affects one of us affects us all."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarhawk198910-74">[72]</a> Another pivotal belief in the contemporary pagan movement is that of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey20071-62">[60]</a> This has been interpreted in two distinct ways among the pagan community. First, it can refer to a belief that everything in the universe is imbued with a life force or <a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">spiritual energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200622-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwood200023-75">[73]</a> In contrast, some contemporary pagans believe that there are specific spirits that inhabit various features in the natural world, and that these can be actively communicated with. Some pagans have reported experiencing communication with spirits dwelling in rocks, plants, trees and animals, as well as <a href="/wiki/Power_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Power animals">power animals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animal spirits</a> who can act as spiritual helpers or guides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199654-76">[74]</a> Animism was also a concept common to many pre-Christian European religions, and in adopting it, contemporary pagans are attempting to "reenter the primeval worldview" and participate in a view of cosmology "that is not possible for most Westerners after childhood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200622–23-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_veneration">Nature veneration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nature veneration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth_religion" title="Earth religion">Earth religion</a></div> All pagan movements place great emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Earth_religion" title="Earth religion">divinity of nature</a> as a primary source of <a href="/wiki/Divine_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine will">divine will</a>, and on humanity's membership of the natural world, bound in kinship to all life and the <a href="/wiki/Planet_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet Earth">Earth</a> itself. The animistic aspects of pagan theology assert that all things have a soul – not just humans or <a href="/wiki/Organic_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic life">organic life</a> – so this bond is held with mountains and rivers as well as trees and wild animals. As a result, pagans believe the essence of their spirituality is both ancient and timeless, regardless of the age of specific religious movements. Places of natural beauty are therefore treated as sacred and ideal for ritual, like the <a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">nemetons</a> of the ancient Celts.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Many pagans hold that different lands and/or cultures have their own natural religion, with many legitimate interpretations of divinity, and therefore reject <a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">religious exclusivism</a>. While the pagan community has tremendous variety in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political views</a> spanning the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, environmentalism is often a common feature.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horned_God_and_Mother_Goddess_(Doreen_Valiente%27s_Altar).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horned_God_and_Mother_Goddess_%28Doreen_Valiente%27s_Altar%29.jpg/220px-Horned_God_and_Mother_Goddess_%28Doreen_Valiente%27s_Altar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horned_God_and_Mother_Goddess_%28Doreen_Valiente%27s_Altar%29.jpg/330px-Horned_God_and_Mother_Goddess_%28Doreen_Valiente%27s_Altar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horned_God_and_Mother_Goddess_%28Doreen_Valiente%27s_Altar%29.jpg/440px-Horned_God_and_Mother_Goddess_%28Doreen_Valiente%27s_Altar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wiccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiccan">Wiccan</a> altar belonging to <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a>, displaying the Wiccan view of sexual duality in divinity</figcaption></figure> Such views have also led many pagans to revere the planet Earth as <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother Earth</a>, who is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> after the ancient Greek goddess of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199655-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Practices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigurbl%C3%B3t_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sigurbl%C3%B3t_2009.JPG/220px-Sigurbl%C3%B3t_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sigurbl%C3%B3t_2009.JPG/330px-Sigurbl%C3%B3t_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sigurbl%C3%B3t_2009.JPG/440px-Sigurbl%C3%B3t_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hilmar_%C3%96rn_Hilmarsson" title="Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson">Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson</a> and other members of the Icelandic <a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Ásatrúarfélagið</a> conduct a <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blót</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_Day_of_Summer" class="mw-redirect" title="First Day of Summer">First Day of Summer</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual">Ritual</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ritual">edit</a>]</div> Pagan ritual can take place in both a public and private setting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200538-72">[70]</a> Contemporary pagan ritual is typically geared towards "facilitating altered states of awareness or shifting mind-sets".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199666-81">[79]</a> To induce such altered states of consciousness, pagans use such elements as drumming, visualization, chanting, singing, dancing, and meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199666-81">[79]</a> American folklorist <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Sabina Magliocco</a> came to the conclusion, based upon her ethnographic fieldwork in California that certain pagan beliefs "arise from what they experience during religious ecstasy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliocco20049-82">[80]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a> highlighted how several pagan groups, like the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Druids_of_North_America" title="Reformed Druids of North America">Reformed Druids of North America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Erisian movement</a> incorporate a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a> in their rituals rather than having them be completely serious and somber. She noted that there are those who would argue that "the Pagan community is one of the only spiritual communities that is exploring humor, joy, abandonment, even silliness and outrageousness as valid parts of spiritual experience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006335–354-83">[81]</a> Domestic worship typically takes place in the home and is carried out by either an individual or family group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200540-84">[82]</a> It typically involves offerings – including bread, cake, flowers, fruit, milk, beer, or wine – being given to images of deities, often accompanied with prayers and songs and the lighting of candles and incense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200540-84">[82]</a> Common pagan devotional practices have thus been compared to similar practices in Hinduism, Buddhism, Shinto, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity, but contrasted with that in Protestantism, Judaism, and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200541-85">[83]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> was a common part of pre-Christian ritual in Europe, it is rarely practiced in contemporary paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200540-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festival">Festival</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Festival">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-pagan_festivals_and_events" title="List of neo-pagan festivals and events">List of neo-pagan festivals and events</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheel_of_the_Year.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wheel_of_the_Year.JPG/170px-Wheel_of_the_Year.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wheel_of_the_Year.JPG/255px-Wheel_of_the_Year.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wheel_of_the_Year.JPG/340px-Wheel_of_the_Year.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>A painted Wheel of the Year at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Witchcraft">Museum of Witchcraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boscastle" title="Boscastle">Boscastle</a>, Cornwall, England, displaying all eight of the Sabbats</figcaption></figure> Paganism's public rituals are generally calendrical,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200538-72">[70]</a> although the pre-Christian festivals that pagans use as a basis varied across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200539-86">[84]</a> Nevertheless, common to almost all pagan religions is an emphasis on an agricultural cycle and respect for the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200540-84">[82]</a> Common pagan festivals include those marking the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> as well as the start of spring and the harvest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200538-72">[70]</a> In Wicca and Druidry, a <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a> has been developed which typically involves eight seasonal festivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200540-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magic">Magic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Magic">edit</a>]</div> The belief in <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magical</a> rituals and <a href="/wiki/Spell_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spell (paranormal)">spells</a> is held by a "significant number" of contemporary pagans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200784–85-87">[85]</a> Among those who believe in it, there are a variety of different views about what magic is. Many modern pagans adhere to the definition of magic provided by <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>: "the Science and Art of causing change to occur in conformity with Will". Also accepted by many is the related definition purportedly provided by the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magician</a> <a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a>: "magic is the art and science of changing consciousness according to the Will".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200784–85-87">[85]</a> Among those who practice magic are <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a>, those who identify as <a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">neopagan witches</a>, and practitioners of some forms of <a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">revivalist neo-Druidism</a>, the rituals of which are at least partially based upon those of <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasonry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> Discussions about prevailing, returning or new forms of paganism have existed throughout the modern period. Before the 20th century, Christian institutions regularly used paganism as a term for everything outside of Christianity, Judaism and – from the 18th century – Islam. They frequently associated paganism with idolatry, magic and a general concept of "false religion", which for example has made Catholics and Protestants accuse each other of being pagans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckrad2007296-89">[87]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">folk beliefs</a> have periodically been labeled as pagan and churches have demanded that they should be purged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckrad2007296–297-90">[88]</a> The Western attitude to paganism gradually changed during the early modern period. One reason was increased contacts with areas outside of Europe, which happened through trade, <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian mission</a> and colonization. Increased knowledge of other cultures led to questions of whether their practices even fit into the definitions of religion, and paganism was incorporated in the idea of <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>, where it was ranked as a low, undeveloped form of religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckrad2007297-91">[89]</a> Another reason for change was the circulation of ancient writings such as those attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a>; this made paganism an intellectual position some Europeans began to self-identify with, starting at the latest in the 15th century with people like <a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Gemistus Pletho</a>, who wanted to establish a new form of Greco-Roman polytheism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckrad2007297-91">[89]</a> Gemistus Pletho influenced <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo de Medici">Cosimo de Medici</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Florentine Neoplatonic Academy</a> and consequentially <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pomponius_Laetus" title="Julius Pomponius Laetus">Julius Pomponius Laetus</a> (student of Pletho) also advocated for a revival<a href="#cite_note-marre-92">[90]</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_academies" title="Roman academies">Roman academy</a> which secretly celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Natale_di_Roma" title="Natale di Roma">Natale di Roma</a> and the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The Academy was dissolved in 1468 when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a> ordered the arrest and execution of some of the members, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> allowed Laetus to open the academy again until the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Sack of Rome</a> of the 1527. Positive identification with paganism became more common in the 18th and 19th centuries, when it tied in with criticism of Christianity and organized religion, rooted in the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>. The approach to paganism varied during this period; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>'s 1788 poem "<a href="/wiki/Die_G%C3%B6tter_Griechenlandes" title="Die Götter Griechenlandes">Die Götter Griechenlandes</a>" presents <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a> as a powerful alternative to Christianity, whereas others took interest in paganism through the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">noble savage</a>, often associated with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckrad2007297-91">[89]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a>, some public figures incorporated pagan themes in their worldviews. An explicit example was <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Andr%C3%A9_Aucler" title="Gabriel André Aucler">Gabriel André Aucler</a>, who responded to both Christianity and Enlightenment <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> by performing pagan rites and arguing for renewed pagan religiosity in his book La Thréicie (1799).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkin2014257,_270-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_early_20th_centuries">19th and early 20th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 19th and early 20th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Great God! I'd rather be A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn; So might I, standing on this pleasant lea, Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; Have sight of <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a> rising from the sea; Or hear old <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> blow his wreathèd horn. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Too_Much_with_Us" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Is Too Much with Us">The World Is Too Much with Us</a>", lines 9–14</cite></div> </div> One of the origins of modern pagan movements lies in the romanticist and national liberation movements that developed in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200542-96">[94]</a> The publications of studies into European folk customs and culture by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> resulted in a wider interest in these subjects and a growth in cultural self-consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200542-96">[94]</a> At the time, it was commonly believed that almost all such folk customs were survivals from the pre-Christian period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200543-97">[95]</a> These attitudes would also be exported to North America by European immigrants in these centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200543-97">[95]</a> The Romantic movement of the 18th century led to the re-discovery of <a href="/wiki/Old_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gaelic">Old Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Old Norse literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic poetry">poetry</a>. The 19th century saw a surge of interest in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Victorian Britain</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> in Germany. These currents coincided with Romanticist interest in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>, the widespread emergence of pagan themes in popular literature, and the rise of nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199922-99">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_for_Dievturi_(Latvian_pagan)_victims_of_Soviet_rule_1942-1952,_Forest_Cemetery,_Riga,_Latvia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memorial_for_Dievturi_%28Latvian_pagan%29_victims_of_Soviet_rule_1942-1952%2C_Forest_Cemetery%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia.jpg/170px-Memorial_for_Dievturi_%28Latvian_pagan%29_victims_of_Soviet_rule_1942-1952%2C_Forest_Cemetery%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memorial_for_Dievturi_%28Latvian_pagan%29_victims_of_Soviet_rule_1942-1952%2C_Forest_Cemetery%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia.jpg/255px-Memorial_for_Dievturi_%28Latvian_pagan%29_victims_of_Soviet_rule_1942-1952%2C_Forest_Cemetery%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memorial_for_Dievturi_%28Latvian_pagan%29_victims_of_Soviet_rule_1942-1952%2C_Forest_Cemetery%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia.jpg/340px-Memorial_for_Dievturi_%28Latvian_pagan%29_victims_of_Soviet_rule_1942-1952%2C_Forest_Cemetery%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="5152" /></a><figcaption>Memorial stone at the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Cemetery,_Riga" title="Forest Cemetery, Riga">Forest Cemetery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> to Latvian <a href="/wiki/Dievturi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dievturi">Dievturi</a> killed by the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communists</a> 1942–1952</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The rise of modern Paganism is both a result and a measure of increased religious liberty and rising tolerance for religious diversity in modern societies, a liberty and tolerance made possible by the curbing of the sometimes oppressive power wielded by Christian authorities to compel obedience and participation in centuries past. To say it another way, modern Paganism is one of the happy stepchildren of modern <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">social pluralism</a>." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200544–45-100">[98]</a></cite></div> </div> The rise of modern paganism was aided by the decline in Christianity throughout many parts of Europe and North America,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200543-97">[95]</a> as well as by the concomitant decline in enforced religious conformity and greater <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> that developed, allowing people to explore a wider range of spiritual options and form religious organisations that could operate free from legal persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200544-101">[99]</a> Historian Ronald Hutton has argued that many of the motifs of 20th century neo-paganism may be traced back to the utopian, mystical <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counter-cultures</a> of the late-Victorian and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian</a> periods (also extending in some instances into the 1920s), via the works of amateur folklorists, popular authors, poets, political radicals and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">alternative lifestylers</a>. Prior to the spread of the 20th-century modern pagan movements, a notable instance of self-identified paganism was in Sioux writer Zitkala-sa's essay "Why I Am A Pagan". Published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1902, the Native American activist and writer outlined her rejection of Christianity (referred to as "the new superstition") in favor of a harmony with nature embodied by the Great Spirit. She further recounted her mother's abandonment of Sioux religion and the unsuccessful attempts of a "native preacher" to get her to attend the village church.<a href="#cite_note-Glynis_Carr-102">[100]</a> In the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a> theorized that a <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">secret pagan religion had survived the witchcraft persecutions</a> enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical</a> and secular courts. Historians now reject Murray's theory, as she based it partially upon the similarities of the accounts given by <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">those accused of witchcraft</a>; such similarity is now thought to actually derive from there having been a standard set of questions laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunting</a> manuals used by interrogators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999194–201-103">[101]</a> In the transition between the 1800s and 1900s, efforts to incorporate pagan-Roman rituals into the Italian national identity were made by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Giacomo Boni</a> and esoteric circles in Rome. In 1927, philosopher and esotericist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_di_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo di Ur">Gruppo di Ur</a> in Rome, along with its journal Ur (1927–1928), involving figures like <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Arturo Reghini</a>. In 1928, Evola published <a href="/wiki/Imperialismo_Pagano" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialismo Pagano">Imperialismo Pagano</a>, advocating Italian political paganism to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Pacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Pacts">Lateran Pacts</a>. The journal resumed in 1929 as Krur. A mysterious document published in Krur in 1929, attributed to orientalist <a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Leone Caetani</a>, suggested that Italy's <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> victory and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> were influenced by Etruscan-Roman rites.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Late 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The 1960s and 1970s saw a resurgence in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">neo-Druidism</a> as well as the rise of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Germanic paganism">modern Germanic paganism</a> in the United States and in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> was notably influenced by feminism, leading to the creation of an eclectic, <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a>-worshipping movement known as <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006178–239-105">[103]</a> The 1979 publication of <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance</a> opened a new chapter in public awareness of paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006ix-106">[104]</a> With the growth and spread of large, pagan gatherings and festivals in the 1980s, public varieties of <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> continued to further diversify into additional, eclectic sub-denominations, often heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counter-culture</a> movements. These open, unstructured or loosely structured traditions contrast with <a href="/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional Wicca</a>, which emphasizes secrecy and initiatory lineage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456-107">[105]</a> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">ECER</a> (European Congress of Ethnic Religions) was founded with the aim of safeguarding pre-Christian or reconstructionist religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska2005Ch._"Religion_in_Contemporary_Cultures"-108">[106]</a> Some of the organizations affiliated with this entity have contributed to the revival of paganism by building temples and organizing rituals and events in collaboration with various organizations. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, the public focus on pre-Christian Roman spirituality was mainly promoted by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>. In the 1970s, interest in pagan Romanity and the Gruppo di Ur resurfaced among youth linked to Evola. He also introduced non-Roman religious concepts like <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual magic">sexual magic</a>. The Gruppo dei Dioscuri was formed in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, publishing four pamphlets before disappearing from public view, though it continued activities from 1969 and remained active in various Italian regions after its founder's death in 2000. The Evolian journal Arthos, founded in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> in 1972 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renato_del_Ponte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renato del Ponte (page does not exist)">Renato del Ponte</a>, expressed significant interest in Roman religion. In 1984, the Gruppo Arx revived Messina's Dioscuri activities, and the Pythagorean Association briefly resurfaced in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> from 1984 to 1988, publishing Yghìeia. Other publications include the Genoese Il Basilisco (1979–1989), which released several works on pagan studies, and Politica Romana (1994–2004), seen as a high-level Romano-pagan journal. One prominent figure was actor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Corbiletto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Corbiletto (page does not exist)">Roberto Corbiletto</a>, who died in a mysterious fire in 1999. The 1980s and 1990s also saw an increasing interest in serious academic research and <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">reconstructionist pagan</a> traditions. The establishment and growth of the Internet in the 1990s brought rapid growth to these, and other pagan movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456-107">[105]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> was legally established across Russia and a number of other newly independent states, allowing for the growth in both Christian and non-Christian religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200545-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_paths_and_movements">Religious paths and movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religious paths and movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neopagan_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of neopagan movements">List of neopagan movements</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstructionist">Reconstructionist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reconstructionist">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svetoary_community_celebrating_Mokosh_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Svetoary_community_celebrating_Mokosh_2016.jpg/240px-Svetoary_community_celebrating_Mokosh_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Svetoary_community_celebrating_Mokosh_2016.jpg/360px-Svetoary_community_celebrating_Mokosh_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Svetoary_community_celebrating_Mokosh_2016.jpg/480px-Svetoary_community_celebrating_Mokosh_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>The community of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Slavic_Native_Belief_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities">Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities</a> celebrating <a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></div> In contrast to the eclectic traditions, <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Polytheistic Reconstructionists</a> practice culturally specific ethnic traditions based on folklore, songs and prayers, as well as reconstructions from the historical record. <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Hellenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_polytheistic_reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman polytheistic reconstructionism">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Neopaganism">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic neopaganism">Slavic</a> reconstructionists aim to preserve and revive the practices and beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Paganism">Germanic peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> people, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Balts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavs</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germanic">Germanic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Germanic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordiska_gudabilder_vid_julgille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nordiska_gudabilder_vid_julgille.jpg/220px-Nordiska_gudabilder_vid_julgille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nordiska_gudabilder_vid_julgille.jpg/330px-Nordiska_gudabilder_vid_julgille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nordiska_gudabilder_vid_julgille.jpg/440px-Nordiska_gudabilder_vid_julgille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A Heathen altar for household worship in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure> Heathenism, also known as Germanic neopaganism, refers to a series of contemporary pagan traditions based on the historical religions, culture and literature of Germanic-speaking Europe. Heathenry is spread out across northwestern Europe, North America and Australasia, where the descendants of historic Germanic-speaking people now live.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200753-113">[111]</a> Many Heathen groups adopt variants of <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> as a basis for their beliefs, conceiving of the Earth as on the great world tree <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>. Heathens believe in multiple polytheistic deities adopted from historical Germanic mythologies. Most are polytheistic realists, believing that the deities are real entities, while others view them as <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Jungian archetypes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200754-58-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celtic">Celtic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Celtic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic reconstructionism">Celtic reconstructionism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavic">Slavic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Slavic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a> neo-paganism, or Slavic nativism, is a reconstruction of the pre-Christian pagan beliefs of the ancient Slavs, a return to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a>, Makosh, etc. based on some historical information and one's own ideas, with borrowings from the teachings and rituals of polytheistic beliefs of other peoples and the occult. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uralic">Uralic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Uralic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic neopaganism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baltic">Baltic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Baltic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic neopaganism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek">Greek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Greek">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman">Roman</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Roman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Reconstructionist Roman religion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kemetic">Kemetic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kemetic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semitic">Semitic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Semitic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic neopaganism</a></div> Beit Asherah (the house of the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>) was one of the first modern pagan synagogues, founded in the early 1990s by Stephanie Fox, Steven Posch, and Magenta Griffiths (Lady Magenta). Magenta Griffiths is High Priestess of the Beit Asherah coven, and a former board member of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_Goddess" title="Covenant of the Goddess">Covenant of the Goddess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000162-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian">Armenian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Armenian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Hetanism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chuvash">Chuvash</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chuvash">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash people</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> ethnic group native to an area stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Region">Volga Region</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, have experienced a pagan revival since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chuvash_culture-116">[114]</a> While potentially considered a peculiar form of <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>, a related revivalist movement of Central Asian traditional religion, <a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>: Ваттисен йӑли, Tradition of the Old) differs significantly: the Chuvash being a heavily <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Fennicised</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavified</a> ethnicity and having had exchanges also with other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> ethnicities,<a href="#cite_note-Stetsyuk-117">[115]</a> their religion shows many similarities with Finnic and Slavic paganisms; moreover, the revival of Vattisen Yaly in recent decades has occurred following modern pagan patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Filatov-118">[116]</a> Today the followers of the Chuvash Traditional Religion are called "the true Chuvash".<a href="#cite_note-Chuvash_culture-116">[114]</a> Their main god is Tura, a deity comparable to the Estonian <a href="/wiki/Tharapita" title="Tharapita">Taara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thunraz</a> and the pan-Turkic <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stetsyuk-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eclectic">Eclectic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Eclectic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wicca">Wicca</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Wicca">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mabon-Fall_Equinox_2015_Altar_by_the_Salt_Lake_Pagan_Society,_Salt_Lake_City,_UT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mabon-Fall_Equinox_2015_Altar_by_the_Salt_Lake_Pagan_Society%2C_Salt_Lake_City%2C_UT.jpg/220px-Mabon-Fall_Equinox_2015_Altar_by_the_Salt_Lake_Pagan_Society%2C_Salt_Lake_City%2C_UT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mabon-Fall_Equinox_2015_Altar_by_the_Salt_Lake_Pagan_Society%2C_Salt_Lake_City%2C_UT.jpg/330px-Mabon-Fall_Equinox_2015_Altar_by_the_Salt_Lake_Pagan_Society%2C_Salt_Lake_City%2C_UT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mabon-Fall_Equinox_2015_Altar_by_the_Salt_Lake_Pagan_Society%2C_Salt_Lake_City%2C_UT.jpg/440px-Mabon-Fall_Equinox_2015_Altar_by_the_Salt_Lake_Pagan_Society%2C_Salt_Lake_City%2C_UT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Mabon–fall equinox 2015 altar by the Salt Lake Pagan Society of Salt Lake City, Utah. Displayed are seasonal decorations, altar tools, elemental candles, flowers, deity statues, cookies and juice offerings, and a nude Gods painting of Thor, the Green Man, and Cernunnos dancing around a Mabon Fire.</figcaption></figure> Wicca is the largest form of modern paganism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200547-54">[53]</a> as well as the best-known<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20052Rountree20154-119">[117]</a> and most extensively studied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20052-60">[58]</a> Religious studies scholar Graham Harvey noted that the poem "<a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a>" remains central to the liturgy of most Wiccan groups. Originally written by Wiccan High Priestess <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a> in the mid-1950s, the poem allows Wiccans to gain wisdom and experience deity in "the ordinary things in life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200736–37-120">[118]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> identified a wide variety of different sources that influenced Wicca's development, including <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, folk magic, Romanticist literature, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">witch-cult theory</a> of English archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999-88">[86]</a> English esotericist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner_(Wiccan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Gardner (Wiccan)">Gerald Gardner</a> was at the forefront of the burgeoning Wiccan movement. He claimed to have been initiated by the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest_coven" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a> in 1939, and that the religion he discovered was a survival of the pagan witch-cult described in Murray's theory. Various forms of Wicca have since evolved or been adapted from Gardner's British Traditional Wicca or <a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a>. Other forms loosely based on Gardner's teachings are <a href="/wiki/Faery_Wicca" title="Faery Wicca">Faery Wicca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemetic Wicca">Kemetic Wicca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-paganism">Judeo-paganism</a> or jewitchery, and <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a> or feminist Wicca, which emphasizes the divine feminine, often creating women-only or lesbian-only groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelesco2005114-121">[119]</a> In the academic community Wicca has also been interpreted as having close affinities with <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In the 1990s, Wiccan beliefs and practices were used as a partial basis for a number of US films and television series, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Craft_(film)" title="The Craft (film)">The Craft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charmed" title="Charmed">Charmed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a>, leading to a surge in teenagers' and young adults' interest and involvement in the religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergerEzzy2007-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonAloi2007-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goddess_movement">Goddess movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Goddess movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></div> Goddess spirituality, which is also known as the <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a>, is a pagan religion in which a singular, monotheistic Goddess is given predominance. Goddess Spirituality revolves around the sacredness of the female form, and of aspects of women's lives that adherents say have been traditionally neglected in Western society, such as menstruation, sexuality, and maternity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200770-125">[123]</a> The Goddess movement draws some of its inspiration from the work of archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> whose interpretation of artifacts excavated from "<a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe</a>" points to societies of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a> that were matristic or goddess-centered worshipping a female deity of three primary aspects,<a href="#cite_note-Hayden_1987-130">[128]</a> which has inspired some modern pagan worshippers of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a>. Adherents of the Goddess Spirituality movement typically envision a history of the world that is different from traditional narratives about the past, emphasising the role of women rather than that of men. According to this view, <a href="/wiki/Human_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Human society">human society</a> was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchy</a>, with communities being egalitarian, pacifistic, and focused on the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hayden_1987-130">[128]</a> which was subsequently overthrown by violent and warlike <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> hordes – usually <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoralists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoralists">pastoralists</a> who worshipped male <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">sky-gods</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hayden_1987-130">[128]</a> and continued to rule through the form of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, specifically Christianity in the West. Adherents look for elements of this human history in "theological, anthropological, archaeological, historical, folkloric and hagiographic writings."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200773-75-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Druidry">Druidry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Druidry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry (modern)</a></div> Druidry shows similar heterogeneity as Wicca. It draws inspirations from historical <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">Druids</a>, the priest caste of the ancient pagan <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>. Druidry dates to the earliest forms of modern paganism: the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Druids" title="Ancient Order of Druids">Ancient Order of Druids</a> founded in 1781 had many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasonry</a>, and has practiced rituals at <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> since 1905. <a href="/wiki/George_Watson_MacGregor_Reid" class="mw-redirect" title="George Watson MacGregor Reid">George Watson MacGregor Reid</a> founded <a href="/wiki/The_Druid_Order" title="The Druid Order">the Druid Order</a> in its current form in 1909. In 1964 <a href="/wiki/Ross_Nichols" title="Ross Nichols">Ross Nichols</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Bards,_Ovates_and_Druids" title="Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids">Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids</a>. In the United States, the Ancient Order of Druids in America (AODA) was established in 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Druids_of_North_America" title="Reformed Druids of North America">Reformed Druids of North America</a> (RDNA) in 1963, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81r_nDra%C3%ADocht_F%C3%A9in" title="Ár nDraíocht Féin">Ár nDraíocht Féin</a> (ADF) in 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bonewits" title="Isaac Bonewits">Isaac Bonewits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonewits200677-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eco-paganism_and_Unitarian_Universalism">Eco-paganism and Unitarian Universalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Eco-paganism and Unitarian Universalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></div> Eco-paganism and Eco-magic, which are offshoots of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> environmental groups, strongly emphasize <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a> imagery and a belief in the possibility of intercession by the fae (fairies, <a href="/wiki/Pixie_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixie (folklore)">pixies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elves</a>, and other spirits of nature and the <a href="/wiki/Other_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Other World">Otherworlds</a>).<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalists</a> are eclectic pagans. Unitarian Universalists look for spiritual inspiration in a wide variety of religious beliefs. The <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans</a>, or CUUPs, encourages its chapters to "use practices familiar to members who attend for worship services but not to follow only one tradition of paganism."<a href="#cite_note-CUUPS-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occultism_and_ethnic_mysticism">Occultism and ethnic mysticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Occultism and ethnic mysticism">edit</a>]</div> In 1925, the Czech esotericist Franz Sättler founded the pagan religion <a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a>, devoted to the ancient Greek god <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, whom Sättler equated with the Christian Satan, and which purported that the end of the world would come in 2000. Adonism largely died out in the 1930s, but remained an influence on the German occult scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakl2010-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> Establishing precise figures on paganism is difficult. Due to the secrecy and fear of <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">persecution</a> still prevalent among pagans, limited numbers are willing to openly be counted. The decentralised nature of paganism and sheer number of <a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">solitary practitioners</a> further complicates matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger19999-136">[134]</a> Nevertheless, there is a slow growing body of data on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003-137">[135]</a> In the US, there are estimated to be between 1 and 1.5 million practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" title="Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe">Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Neopaganism in Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_Scandinavia" title="Modern paganism in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic neopaganism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paganavebury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paganavebury.jpg/220px-Paganavebury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paganavebury.jpg/330px-Paganavebury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paganavebury.jpg/440px-Paganavebury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Wiccans gather for a <a href="/wiki/Handfasting_(Neopaganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Handfasting (Neopaganism)">handfasting</a> ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a> in England.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caucasus_region">Caucasus region</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Caucasus region">edit</a>]</div> Among Circassians, the <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a> faith has been revived after the fall of the Soviet Union, and followers of modern pagan faiths were found to constitute 12% in <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> and 3% in <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> (both republics are multiethnic and also have many non-Circassians, especially Russians and Turkic peoples)<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas-139">[137]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, the Abkhaz native faith has also been revived, and in the 2003 census, 8% of residents identified with it (note again that there are many non-Abkhaz in the state including Georgians, Russians and Armenians);<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> on 3 August 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Priests_of_Abkhazia" title="Council of Priests of Abkhazia">Council of Priests of Abkhazia</a> was formally constituted in <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> In North Ossetia, the <a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a> faith was revived, and in 2012, 29% of the population identified with it (North Ossetia is about 2/3 Ossetian and 1/3 Russian).<a href="#cite_note-142">[c]</a> Modern pagan movements are also present to a lesser degree elsewhere; in Dagestan 2% of the population identified with folk religious movements, while data on modern pagans is unavailable for Chechnya and Ingushetia.<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volga_region">Volga region</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Volga region">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Mari_native_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari native religion">Mari native religion</a> in fact has a continuous existence, but it has co-existed with Orthodox Christianity for centuries and experienced a renewal after the fall of the Soviet Union. A sociological survey conducted in 2004 found that about 15 percent of the population of Mari El consider themselves adherents of the Mari native religion. Since Mari make up just 45 percent of the republic's population of 700,000, this figure means that probably more than a third claim to follow the old religion.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> The percentage of pagans among the Mari of Bashkortostan and the eastern part of Tatarstan is even higher (up to 69% among women). Mari fled here from forced Christianization in the 17th to 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> A similar number was claimed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Victor Schnirelmann</a>, for whom between a quarter and a half of the Mari either worship the pagan gods or are members of modern pagan groups.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> A modern pagan movement drawing from various syncretic practices that had survived among the Christianised Mari people was initiated in 1990<a href="#cite_note-Schnirelmann206-146">[143]</a> that was estimated in 2004 to have won the adherence of 2% of the Mordvin people.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Western Europe">edit</a>]</div> A study by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> compared a number of different sources (including membership lists of major UK organizations, attendance at major events, subscriptions to magazines, etc.) and used standard models for extrapolating likely numbers. This estimate accounted for multiple membership overlaps, as well as the number of adherents represented by each attendee of a pagan gathering. Hutton estimated that there are 250,000 modern pagans in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a>, roughly equivalent to the national <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999-88">[86]</a> A smaller number is suggested by the results of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">2001 Census</a>, in which a question about religious affiliation was asked for the first time. Respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions, and a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be pagans by this method. These figures were not released as a matter of course by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> but were released after an application by the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a> of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> This is more than many well known traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> groups but fewer than the big six of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, Judaism and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. It is also fewer than the adherents of <a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Jedi_census_phenomenon" title="Jedi census phenomenon">campaign</a> made their faith the fourth largest religion after Christianity, Islam and Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellen_ritual_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hellen_ritual_%282%29.jpg/220px-Hellen_ritual_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hellen_ritual_%282%29.jpg/330px-Hellen_ritual_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hellen_ritual_%282%29.jpg/440px-Hellen_ritual_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Modern Hellen ritual in Greece</figcaption></figure> The 2001 UK Census figures did not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the pagan heading, as a campaign by the Pagan Federation before the census encouraged Wiccans, Heathens, Druids and others all to use the same write-in term 'pagan' to maximise the numbers reported. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a> made it possible to describe oneself as pagan-Wiccan, pagan-Druid and so on. The figures for England and Wales showed 80,153 describing themselves as pagan (or some subgroup thereof). The largest subgroup was Wicca, with 11,766 adherents.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> The overall numbers of people self-reporting as pagan rose between 2001 and 2011. In 2001, about seven people per 10,000 UK respondents were pagan; in 2011, the number (based on the England and Wales population) was 14.3 people per 10,000 respondents. Census figures in Ireland do not provide a breakdown of religions outside of the major Christian denominations and other major world religions. A total of 22,497 people stated Other Religion in the 2006 census; and a rough estimate is that there were 2,000–3,000 practicing pagans in Ireland in 2009. Numerous pagan groups – primarily Wiccan and Druidic – exist in Ireland though none is officially recognised by the Government. Irish paganism is often strongly concerned with issues of place and language.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">Modern paganism in the United States</a></div> <table style="float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Socio-economic breakdown of U.S. pagans in 1999 </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Education</th> <th>Percentage<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger19998,_9-152">[149]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Claimed to have at least a <a href="/wiki/College_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="College degree">College degree</a></td> <td>65.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Claimed to have <a href="/wiki/Post-graduate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-graduate education">Post-graduate degrees</a></td> <td>16.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Claimed to have completed some college or less</td> <td>7.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Location</a></th> <th>Percentage<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger19998,_9-152">[149]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Urban areas</td> <td>27.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suburban areas</td> <td>22.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Large towns</td> <td>14.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Small towns</td> <td>14.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rural areas</td> <td>15.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Didn't respond</td> <td>5.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></th> <th>Percentage<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger19998,_9-152">[149]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a></td> <td>90.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native American</td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic Americans">Hispanic</a></td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Other"</td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Didn't respond</td> <td>5% </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Canada does not provide extremely detailed records of religious adherence. Its <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">statistics service</a> only collects limited religious information each decade. At the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001 census</a>, there were a recorded 21,080 pagans in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The United States government does not directly collect religious information. As a result such information is provided by religious institutions and other third-party statistical organisations.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Based on the most recent survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, there are approximately one million pagans in the United States. 0.3% of respondents answered "Pagan" or "Wiccan" when <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">polled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Helen A. Berger</a>'s 1995 survey "The Pagan Census", most American pagans are middle-class, <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">educated</a>, and live in urban/suburban areas on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a> coasts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger19998,_9-152">[149]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism in Australia">Paganism in Australia</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Breakdown of Australians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPAN_results2012-157">[154]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Classifications</th> <th>Adherents </th></tr> <tr> <td>Animism</td> <td>780 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Druidism</td> <td>1,049 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paganism</td> <td>16,851 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pantheism</td> <td>1,391 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nature Religions</td> <td>3,599 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wicca/Witchcraft</td> <td>8,413 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>32,083 </th></tr></tbody></table> In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Australian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Australian Census">2011 Australian Census</a>, 32,083 respondents identified as <a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pagan">pagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPAN_results2012-157">[154]</a> Out of 21,507,717 recorded <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> they compose approximately 0.15% of the population. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> classifies paganism as an affiliation under which several sub-classifications may optionally be specified. This includes <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">nature religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodruidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodruidism">Druidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, and Wicca/Witchcraft. As a result, fairly detailed breakdowns of pagan respondents are available.<a href="#cite_note-159">[d]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable floatleft"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">New Zealander affiliations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatsNZ_affiliation2006-160">[156]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Groups</th> <th>Adherents </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodruidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodruidism">Druidism</a></td> <td>192 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></td> <td>4,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></td> <td>2,082 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>6,804 </th></tr></tbody></table> In 2006, there were at least 6,804 (0.164%) pagans among New Zealand's population of approximately 4 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatsNZ_population2006-161">[157]</a> Respondents were given the option to select one or more religious affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatsNZ_affiliation2006-160">[156]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paganism_in_society">Paganism in society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Paganism in society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation">Propagation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Propagation">edit</a>]</div> Based upon her study of the pagan community in the United States, the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a> noted that it is rare for pagan groups to <a href="/wiki/Proselytize" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytize">proselytize</a> to gain new converts to their faiths. Instead, she argued that "in most cases," converts first become interested in the movement through "word of mouth, a discussion between friends, a lecture, a book, an article or a Web site." She went on to put forward the idea that this typically confirmed "some original, private experience, so that the most common experience of those who have named themselves pagan is something like 'I finally found a group that has the same religious perceptions I always had.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200613-162">[158]</a> A practicing Wiccan herself, Adler used her own conversion to paganism as a case study, remarking that as a child she had taken a great interest in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">gods and goddesses of ancient Greece</a>, and had performed her own devised rituals in dedication to them. When she eventually came across the Wiccan religion many years later, she then found that it confirmed her earlier childhood experiences, and that "I never converted in the accepted sense. I simply accepted, reaffirmed, and extended a very old experience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200615–19-163">[159]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heathen_altar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Heathen_altar.png/220px-Heathen_altar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Heathen_altar.png/330px-Heathen_altar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Heathen_altar.png/440px-Heathen_altar.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A simple pagan altar</figcaption></figure> Folklorist <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Sabina Magliocco</a> supported this idea, noting that a great many of those Californian pagans whom she interviewed claimed that they had been greatly interested in <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> as children, imagining a world of "enchanted nature and magical transformations, filled with lords and ladies, witches and wizards, and humble but often wise peasants". Magliocco noted that it was this world that pagans "strive to re-create in some measure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliocco200440,_55-164">[160]</a> Further support for Adler's ideas came from American Wiccan priestess <a href="/wiki/Judy_Harrow" title="Judy Harrow">Judy Harrow</a>, who noted that among her comrades, there was a feeling that "you don't become pagan, you discover that you always were".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrow199612-165">[161]</a> They have also been supported by Pagan studies scholar Graham Harvey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey20071-2-166">[162]</a> Many pagans in North America encounter the movement through their involvement in other hobbies; particularly popular with US pagans are "golden age-type" pastimes such as the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Creative_Anachronism" title="Society for Creative Anachronism">Society for Creative Anachronism</a> (SCA), <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> fandom, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> fandom and comic book fandom. Other ways in which many North American pagans have gotten involved with the movement are through political or ecological activism, such as vegetarian groups, health food stores, or feminist university courses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovitch199676-77-167">[163]</a> Adler went on to note that from those she interviewed and surveyed in the US she could identify a number of common factors that led to people getting involved in paganism: the beauty, vision and imagination that was found within their beliefs and rituals, a sense of intellectual satisfaction and personal growth that they imparted, their support for environmentalism or feminism, and a sense of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200620–21-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class,_gender_and_ethnicity">Class, gender and ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Class, gender and ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Based upon her work in the United States, Adler found that the pagan movement was "very diverse" in its class and ethnic backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200619-169">[165]</a> She went on to remark that she had encountered pagans in jobs that ranged from "fireman to PhD chemist" but that the one thing she thought made them into an "elite" was being avid readers, something that she found to be very common within the pagan community despite the fact that avid readers constituted less than 20% of the general population of the United States at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200634-170">[166]</a> Magliocco came to a somewhat different conclusion based upon her ethnographic research of pagans in California, remarking that the majority were "white, middle-class, well-educated urbanites" but that they were united in finding "artistic inspiration" within "folk and indigenous [American] spiritual traditions,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliocco20047-171">[167]</a> The sociologist Regina Oboler examined the role of gender in the American pagan community, arguing that although the movement had been constant in its support for the equality of men and women ever since its foundation, there was still an <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialist</a> view of gender ingrained within it, with female deities being accorded traditional western feminine traits and male deities being similarly accorded what western society saw as masculine traits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOboler2010182–183-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism_and_nationalism">Racism and nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Racism and nationalism">edit</a>]</div> Generally, modern pagan currents in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a> do not advocate <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> or far-right <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>. Instead, they advocate <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">individual self-improvement</a> and liberal values of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">personal freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>. The nationalist sentiments expressed by modern pagans in Western countries are marginal, so the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a> are prevalent. Faith and dogmas give way to active practices, including psychotechnics, which was extensively influenced by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">neo-Hinduism</a>. In contrast, many areas of post-Soviet modern paganism, including Russian, are occupied not so much with individual self-improvement as they are occupied with social problems, and they also create nationalist ideologies based on the "invented past".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann20127-8-173">[169]</a> Modern paganism is one of the directions in the development of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> with its components such as the idealization of a particular people's historical or mythological past, dissatisfaction with modernity, and the ease of transition to a radical stage with the postulation of national superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann2015-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGajda201346-48-175">[171]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">volksgeist</a>", which is given great attention within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>, is often identified with religion, so there is a desire to create or revive one's religion or nationalize one of the world's religions. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> linked nationalism with paganism. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a>, who shared Heine's opinion, noted the regularity of the tendency of the transition of German antisemitism into anti-Christianity. At the beginning of the 20th century, the spiritual crisis in Russia led to a fascination with paganism, at first ancient and then Slavic "native gods," which was especially true for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">symbolists</a>. The publicist Daniil Pasmanik (1923) wrote that consistent antisemitism should reject Judaism and Christianity. He noted that this trend had already led Germany to worship <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> and, in the future, in his opinion, would inevitably lead Russia to worship <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann2015-174">[170]</a> German occultism and modern paganism arose in the early 20th century, and they became influential through teachings such as <a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a>, gaining adherents within the far-right <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a>, which eventually culminated in <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. The development of such ideas after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotanism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalist</a> modern pagan movement at the end of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-SPLCOdinist-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlet200611—48-177">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Fahrenkrog_1867-1952_DAS_DEUTSCHE_BUCH_Germanische_Glaubens-Gemeinschaft_Berlin_1921_Neuheidnische_Religion_Germanic_heathenism_neopaganism_Voelkisch_ethno-nationalist_Swastika_Thors_hammer_No_copyright_theologie.geschichte_Beih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ludwig_Fahrenkrog_1867-1952_DAS_DEUTSCHE_BUCH_Germanische_Glaubens-Gemeinschaft_Berlin_1921_Neuheidnische_Religion_Germanic_heathenism_neopaganism_Voelkisch_ethno-nationalist_Swastika_Thors_hammer_No_copyright_theologie.geschichte_Beih.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ludwig_Fahrenkrog_1867-1952_DAS_DEUTSCHE_BUCH_Germanische_Glaubens-Gemeinschaft_Berlin_1921_Neuheidnische_Religion_Germanic_heathenism_neopaganism_Voelkisch_ethno-nationalist_Swastika_Thors_hammer_No_copyright_theologie.geschichte_Beih.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ludwig_Fahrenkrog_1867-1952_DAS_DEUTSCHE_BUCH_Germanische_Glaubens-Gemeinschaft_Berlin_1921_Neuheidnische_Religion_Germanic_heathenism_neopaganism_Voelkisch_ethno-nationalist_Swastika_Thors_hammer_No_copyright_theologie.geschichte_Beih.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathen</a> organization "Germanic Faith Community" (Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft, GGG), founded by the artist and poet <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fahrenkrog" title="Ludwig Fahrenkrog">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</a>, a representative of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a>. Brochure, circa 1920.</figcaption></figure> In Germany in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Völkisch movement, characterized by a racist <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> ideology of radical ethnic nationalism of the dominant population, spread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann2009206-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200241-54-179">[175]</a> The central elements of the worldview were racism and <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke1995-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhryakov201595-181">[177]</a> The movement included a religious modern pagan component.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoeweHexham2009676-696-182">[178]</a> The ideology developed out of German nationalist romanticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke1995-180">[176]</a> Nazism is considered one of the movements within the völkisch<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> or as strongly influenced by the völkisch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke1995-180">[176]</a> Völkisch consisted of many religiopolitical groups whose leaders and followers were closely associated with each other and the developing <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoeweHexham2009676-696-182">[178]</a> This ideology significantly impacted various aspects of German culture at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhryakov201595-181">[177]</a> Liberalism and rationalism, which demystified the time-honored order that accepted authorities and prejudices, also caused an adverse reaction from supporters of the völkisch movement. A negative attitude towards modernity characterizes the writings of German nationalist "prophets" such as Paul Delagardie, Julius Lang, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Arthur Moeller van den Bruck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke1995-180">[176]</a> The movement combined a sentimental patriotic interest in <a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">local history</a> with anti-urban, back-to-the-earth populism.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> To overcome what they considered the ailment of scientific and rationalistic modernity, the authors of völkisch found a spiritual solution in the essence of the "people," perceived as genuine, intuitive, even "primitive," in the sense of the location of the "people" on the level with the original (primordial) cosmic order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohe201636-185">[181]</a> Völkisch thinkers tended to idealize the myth of the "original nation", which they believed could still be found in rural Germany, a form of "primitive democracy freely subject to its natural elite".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois2009-186">[182]</a> The idea of the "people" (German: Volk) was subsequently transformed into the idea of "racial essence", and Völkisch thinkers understood this term as a life-giving and quasi-eternal essence and not as a sociological category, in the same way as they considered "Nature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupeux1992115-125-187">[183]</a> Modern pagan ideas were present in <a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> teaching created by the Austrian occultists <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels</a> in Austria between 1890 and 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2004-188">[184]</a> The term "ariosophy" can also be used generically to describe the "Aryan"/esoteric teachings of the völkisch subset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke1985227note_1_to_the_Introduction-189">[185]</a> The doctrine of Ariosophy was based on pseudoscientific ideas about "Aryan" purity and the mystical unity of spirit and body.<a href="#cite_note-SPLCVolkisch-190">[186]</a> It was influenced by the German nationalist völkisch movement, the <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">theosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Pan-German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-German">pan-German</a> movement, and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a> and its racist conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke1995-180">[176]</a> Ariosophy influenced the ideology of Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2004-188">[184]</a> The works of the Ariosophists describe the prehistoric "Aryan" golden age when the wise keepers of knowledge learned and taught occult racial teachings and ruled over a "racially pure" society. It is alleged that there is an evil conspiracy of anti-German forces, including all "non-Aryan" races, Jews, and the Christian church, seeking to destroy the ideal "Aryan" German world by freeing the "non-Aryan" mob to establish a false equality of the illegitimate (representatives of "non-Aryan" races). History, including wars, economic crises, political uncertainty, and the weakening of the power of the German principle, is seen as the result of racial mixing. The doctrine had followers in Austria and Germany. Occultism in the doctrines of the Ariosophists was of great importance as a sacral justification for an extreme political position and a fundamental rejection of reality, including socio-economic progress. The Ariosophists sought to predict and justify the "coming era" of the German world order. To counter the modern world, "corrupted" by racial mixing, the Ariosophists created many small circles and secret religious societies to revive the "lost" esoteric knowledge and racial virtues of the ancient Germans to create a new pan-German empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke1995-180">[176]</a> To recreate the religion of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">ancient Germans</a>, List used the Scandinavian epic and the work of contemporary theosophists, in particular Max Ferdinand Sebaldt von Werth, who described the <a href="/wiki/Eugenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenic">eugenic</a> practices of the "Aryans", as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a> by Helena Blavatsky and The Lost Lemuria by <a href="/wiki/William_Scott-Elliot" title="William Scott-Elliot">William Scott-Elliot</a>. Influenced by these works, List used the terms "Ario-Germans" and "race" instead of "Germans" and "people", perhaps to emphasize the overlap with the fifth <a href="/wiki/Root_race" title="Root race">root race</a> in Blavatsky's scheme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2004-188">[184]</a> List and Lanz developed ideas about the struggle between the "Aryan <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">race of masters</a>" and the "race of slaves" and about the ancestral home of the "Aryans" on the sunken polar island of <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Arctogea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke199565-66-191">[187]</a> In Nazi Germany, Germanic pagan folklore, as a source of primordial moral standards, was revered higher than Christianity associated with Judaism. Many Nazis saw anti-Christianity as a deeper form of antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoewe20067,_148–149-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> spoke of the need to create a "neo-Germanic religion" capable of replacing Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCann199075-79-193">[189]</a> The Old Testament was especially repugnant to the Nazis. Adolf Hitler called it "Satan's Bible". Rosenberg demanded that it be banned as a "vehicle of Jewish influence" and replaced by the Nordic <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann201583vol._1-194">[190]</a> The Nazi ideology combined the veneration of the "pagan heritage of the ancestors" with puritanical, Christian sexual morality, which the "Nordic" <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> was supposed to personify.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGugenbergerSchweidlenka199397-98,_142–143-195">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">White supremacist</a> ideologies and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a>, including ideas of racism, antisemitism, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">anti-LGBTQ</a>, have infiltrated or assimilated many Germanic modern pagan movements such as <a href="/wiki/Odinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinism">Odinism</a> and some Ásatrú groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Asatru_Folk_Assembly" title="Asatru Folk Assembly">Asatru Folk Assembly</a>. These groups believe that the Germanic beliefs they hold constitute the true Caucasoid ethnic religion.<a href="#cite_note-SPLCOdinist-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlet200611-48-196">[192]</a> The issue of race is a major source of contention among modern pagans, especially in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan1996202-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003153-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaSigurvinsson2005134-199">[195]</a> In the modern pagan community, one view is that race is entirely a matter of biological <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>, while the opposite position is that race is a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social construct</a> rooted in cultural heritage. In US modern pagan discourse, these views are described as völkische and universalist positions, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaSigurvinsson2005134-135-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200629-294-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2016128-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnookHorrellHorton201743-64-203">[199]</a> The two factions, which <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kaplan_(academic)" title="Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)">Jeffrey Kaplan</a> has called the "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racist</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">non-racist</a>" camps, often clash, with Kaplan claiming that there is a "virtual civil war" between them within the American modern pagan community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199778-204">[200]</a> The division into universalists and völkisch also spread to other countries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2016128-202">[198]</a> but had less impact on the more ethnically homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaSigurvinsson2005165-205">[201]</a> A 2015 survey showed that more modern pagans adhere to universalist ideas than völkisch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECragle201789-90-206">[202]</a> Going beyond this binary classification, religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Mattias_Gardell" title="Mattias Gardell">Mattias Gardell</a> divides modern paganism in the United States into three factions according to their racial stance: <ul><li>the "anti-racist" faction, which denounces any connection between religion and racial identity</li> <li>the "radical-racist" faction, which believes that members of other racial groups should not follow their religion because racial identity is the natural religion of the "Aryan race"</li> <li>an "ethnic" faction seeking to forge a middle path by recognizing their religion's roots in Northern Europe and its connection to people of Northern European origin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003153-198">[194]</a></li></ul> Religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_von_Schnurbein" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephanie von Schnurbein">Stephanie von Schnurbein</a> accepted Gardell's tripartite division, and referred to these groups as the "aracist", "racial-religious", and "ethnic" factions, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein20166-7-207">[203]</a> Supporters of the universalist and anti-racist approach believe that the deities of Germanic Europe can call anyone to worship them, regardless of ethnic origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaSigurvinsson2005134-135-200">[196]</a> This group rejects the völkisch focus on race, believing that even unintentionally, such an approach can lead to racist attitudes towards people of non-Northern European origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200767-208">[204]</a> Practicing universalists such as <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Grundy" title="Stephan Grundy">Stephan Grundy</a> emphasize that ancient northern Europeans married and had children with members of other ethnic groups, and in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a> did the same with the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jötnar">jötnar</a>, and humans, so these modern pagans criticize racist views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199777-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003163-210">[206]</a> Universalists favorably accept practitioners of modern paganism who are not of Northern European origin; for example, <a href="/wiki/The_Troth" title="The Troth">The Troth</a>, based in the United States, has <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish</a> and African American members, and many of its white members have spouses who belong to different racial groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan1996224-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003164-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaSigurvinsson2005128-213">[209]</a> While some pagans continue to believe that Germanic paganism is an innate religion, universalists have sometimes argued that this paganism is an innate religion for the lands of Northern Europe and not for a particular race. Universalists often complain that some journalists portray modern paganism as an inherently racist movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECragle201789-90-206">[202]</a> so they use the Internet to highlight their opposition to <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2017257-214">[210]</a> In Heathenry, the terms "völkisch", "neo-völkisch", or the Anglicised "folkish" are used both as endonyms and exonyms for groups who believe that the religion is closely related to the claimed biological race.<a href="#cite_note-SPLCVolkisch-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2017259-261-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell200317-216">[212]</a> Völkisch practitioners consider paganism to be an indigenous religion of a biologically distinct race<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200766-217">[213]</a> that is conceptualized as "<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a>", "Aryan", "Northern European", or "English". Völkisch modern pagans generally regard these classifications as self-evident, despite the academic consensus that race is a cultural construct. Völkisch groups often use ethnonationalist language and claim that only members of these racial groups are entitled to practice a given religion, taking the pseudoscientific view that "gods and goddesses are encoded in the DNA" of the members of a race.<a href="#cite_note-SPLCVolkisch-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2017259-261-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell200317-216">[212]</a> Some practitioners explain the idea of linking their race and religion by saying that religion is inextricably linked to the <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective unconscious</a> of that race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199781-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200766-67-219">[215]</a> The American modern pagan <a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNallen" title="Stephen McNallen">Stephen McNallen</a> developed these ideas into a concept he called "metagenetics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199780-82-220">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003269-273-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2016130-222">[218]</a> McNallen and many other members of the modern pagan "ethnic" faction explicitly state that they are not racist, although Gardell has noted that their views may be considered racist under specific definitions of the term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003271-223">[219]</a> Gardell considered many "ethnic" modern pagans to be <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic nationalist">ethnic nationalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003278-224">[220]</a> Many völkisch practitioners disapprove of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">racial mixing</a> in modern Europe, advocating <a href="/wiki/White_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="White separatism">racial separatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200766-217">[213]</a> In online media, modern pagan völkische often express a belief in the threat of racial miscegenation, which they blame on the social and political establishment, sometimes claiming that their ideas of racial exclusivity are the result of the threat that other ethnic groups pose to "white" people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2017261-262-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPLCVolkisch-190">[186]</a> While these groups generally claim to be aiming to revive <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>, their race-centric views have their origins in 19th-century culture, not antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-SPLCVolkisch-190">[186]</a> This group's discourse contains the concepts of "ancestors" and "homeland", which are understood very vaguely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaSigurvinsson2005137-226">[222]</a> Researcher Ethan Doyle White characterizes the position of the <a href="/wiki/Odinic_Rite" title="Odinic Rite">Odinic Rite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odin_Brotherhood" title="Odin Brotherhood">Odin Brotherhood</a> as "far right".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2017242-227">[223]</a> Ethnocentric modern pagans are highly critical of their universalist counterparts, often claiming that the latter have been misled by <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> literature and <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003165-228">[224]</a> Members of the universalist and ethnocentric factions criticize those who adopt an "ethnic" stance. The former view "ethnic" modern paganism as a cover for racism, while the latter view its adherents as <a href="/wiki/Race_traitor" title="Race traitor">race traitors</a> for their refusal to fully accept the superiority of the "white race".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003273-274-229">[225]</a> Some modern pagans of the völkisch movement are white supremacists and outright racists<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaSigurvinsson2005136-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2016129-231">[227]</a> representing a "radical racist" faction that uses the names Odinism, Wotanism, and Wodenism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003165-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2017254-232">[228]</a> According to Kaplan, these adepts occupy the "most remote corners" of modern paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199769-70-233">[229]</a> The lines between this form of modern paganism and Nazism are "extremely thin"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199785-234">[230]</a> because its adherents praise <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199785-234">[230]</a> claim that the "white race" is <a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">threatened with extinction</a> by the efforts of a <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Jewish world conspiracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199786-235">[231]</a> and dismiss Christianity as a work of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2003257-236">[232]</a> Many in the inner circle of the terrorist organization <a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a>, a white supremacist militia operating in the US in the 1980s, called themselves Odinists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003196-197-237">[233]</a> Various racist modern pagans supported the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a> slogan, which was developed by The Order member <a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199794-238">[234]</a> Some racist organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Order_(Satanist_group)" title="Black Order (Satanist group)">Black Order</a>, combine elements of modern paganism with <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292-293-239">[235]</a> while other racist modern pagans, such as Wotanist Ron McVan, reject the syncretism of the two religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003320-321-240">[236]</a> American neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a>, whose ideas stimulated <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">neo-Nazi terrorism</a>, also created the Cosmotheistic Community Church in 1978. He considered the teaching he created within the framework of this church to be <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> and leaned towards the "Panaryan" Nordic cults. These cults emphasized the idea of a unique closeness of "white people" with nature and the natural "spiritual essence", which was influenced by the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Savitri Devi</a>. According to the doctrine, each race has its predestined role: "whites" are predisposed to strive for God, blacks strive for laziness, and Jews strive for corruption. In 1985, Pierce purchased a large piece of land at Mill Point in West Virginia, fenced it in with barbed wire, and began selling books on Western culture and Western "pagan traditions" there. He aimed to save the "white race" away from the federal government. In part, he also drew on <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a> and the racist religion of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Identity Christianity</a>. The "National Alliance" met regularly to discuss the ideas of "cosmotheism". Pierce dismissed Christianity as "one of the chief mental illnesses of our people" through which "Jewish influence" spreads. Pierce saw the proposed government after the "racial revolution" as religious, which would be "more like a holy order." He considered the future religion of the "white race" the "Aryan religion" – the "cosmotheism" that he created.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann2010273-285Chapter_9._"The_Turner_Diaries"-241">[237]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Marl%C3%A8ne_Laruelle" title="Marlène Laruelle">Marlène Laruelle</a> notes the activation of "Aryan" modern paganism in the West and Russia. For example, social movements are thus developing that appeal to the Celtic past and call for a return to the "<a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">druidic</a> religions" of pre-Christian Europe. For the most part, the French and German Nouvelle Droite share the common idea of a pan-European unity based on an "Aryan" identity and the desire to part with Christianity, the period of domination of which is seen as two thousand years of "wandering in darkness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaruelle2010-242">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic neopaganism (Rodnoverie)</a> has a close connection with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, reproducing its main ideas: the "Aryan" idea, including the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">northern ancestral home</a> (in Rodnoverie, it is in the Russian North, the Northern Urals, or beyond the Arctic Circle); the connection of their people with the "Aryans" or complete identification with them (in Rodnovery, "Slavic-Aryans"); the antiquity of one's people and its racial or cultural superiority over others; their people (or the ancient "Aryans" identified with them) are regarded as cultural tregers, distributors of high culture, founders of great civilizations of antiquity, (in Rodnoverie, Slavic or "Slavic-Aryan" "Vedic" technological pracivilization, "taught" all other peoples), and creators of ancient writing (in Rodnoverie, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic runes">Slavic runes</a>); "Aryan" proto-language (in Rodnoverie, "Slavic-Aryan" or Old Slavic), from which all or many other languages of the world originated; reliance on <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esotericism</a>; orientation to the faith of ancestors (hence paganism); anti-Christianity (the idea that Christians seek to enslave the people) and antisemitism (Jews as "racial enemies"); "Aryan" socialism (an integral part of the ideology of Nazism) as the most natural for its people (in Rodnoverie, the "original tribal system" of the Slavs, which is thought of as a kind of "Aryan" socialism); symbols and gestures close to or derived from Nazism, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann2015-174">[170]</a> One of the main starting points for the formation of Slavic neopaganism was the search for a rationale for the national idea. Hence follows an increased interest in the origins of national self-consciousness and the national type of religiosity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkofievFilatovKoskello2006179-243">[239]</a> In the post-Soviet period, in the conditions of the loss of the great "empire" (USSR), land, and influence and in search of internal and external enemies, neopaganism became widespread among nationalist ideologues, just like in Germany in the 1930s. In Rodnoverie, the unity of the Russian people was undergoing a new re-mythologization with an appeal for support to the ideas of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a>", the primordial untainted tradition, and the native land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaidukov2016-244">[240]</a> Historian Dmitry Shlapentokh wrote that, as in Europe, neopaganism in Russia pushes some of its adherents to antisemitism. This antisemitism is closely related to negative attitudes towards Asians, and this emphasis on racial factors can lead neopagans to neo-Nazism. The tendency of neopagans to antisemitism is a logical development of the ideas of neopaganism and imitation of the Nazis and is also a consequence of some specific conditions of modern Russian politics. Unlike previous regimes, the current Russian political regime and the ideology of the middle class combine support for Orthodoxy with <a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">philosemitism</a> and a positive attitude towards Muslims. These features of the regime contributed to the formation of specific views of neo-Nazi neopagans, which are represented to a large extent among the socially unprotected and marginalized Russian youth. In their opinion, power in Russia was usurped by a cabal of conspirators, including hierarchs of the Orthodox Church, Jews, and Muslims. Contrary to external differences, these forces are believed to have united in their desire to maintain power over the Russian "Aryans".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlapentokh201477-78-245">[241]</a> Some associations of neopaganism, in particular Slavic, are evaluated by researchers as extremist, radical nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerkhovskyPribylovskyMikhailovskaya199839-41-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoroz2005196-225-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYashin201437-40-248">[244]</a> In Russia, individual neopagan organizations and essays were included in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_banned_in_Russia" title="List of organisations banned in Russia">list of extremist organizations of the Ministry of Justice of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_List_of_Extremist_Materials" title="Federal List of Extremist Materials">Federal List of Extremist Materials</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> The historian and ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Victor Schnirelmann</a> considers Russian neopaganism as a direction of <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a> that denies <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a> as an enduring national value and distinguishes two cardinal tasks that Russian neopaganism sets for itself: the salvation of Russian national culture from the leveling influence of modernization and the protection of the natural environment from the impact of modern civilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann1998-250">[246]</a> According to Schnirelmann, "Russian neopaganism is a radical variety of conservative ideology, which is distinguished by frank <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann2015-174">[170]</a> Religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Gaidukov" title="Alexei Gaidukov">Alexei Gaidukov</a> considers it wrong to reduce the diversity of native faith groups to nationalism only – he views the ecological direction of Rodnovery as no less significant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaidukov2000-251">[247]</a> Historian and religious scholar Roman Shizhensky believes Rodnovery poses little danger and law enforcement agencies should deal with radical groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2021-252">[248]</a> The Austrian occultist <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a>, who created the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a>, argued that an ancient developed "Ario-Germanic" culture reached its dawn several millennia before Roman colonization and Christianity. According to him, before <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s forced introduction of Christianity, Wotanism was practiced in what is now the Danubian territory of Germany. List considered Charlemagne the killer of the Saxons in memory of the bloody baptism of the pagans of Northern Germany by him. List considered the entire Christian period as an era of cultural decline, oblivion of the true faith, and unnatural racial mixing, when the "Aryan" ruling caste of priest-kings was forced to hide, secretly saving their sacred knowledge, which now became available to List as a full-fledged aristocratic descendant of this caste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke1995-180">[176]</a> In Slavic neopaganism, there is the idea of an ancient multi-thousand-year-old and developed civilization of the "Slavs-Aryans", while the entire Christian period seems to be an era of regression and decline,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkofievFilatovKoskello2006187-188-253">[249]</a> the enslavement of the "Aryans" by foreign missionaries who imposed on them a "slave" (Christian) ideology. Rodnovers often regard these missionaries as Jews, "<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masons</a>", or their accomplices. At the same time, the Slavic "Aryan" <a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv">volkhvs</a> or priests had to hide in secret places, preserving the knowledge that was now passed onto their direct descendants, Rodnovers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnirelmann2015-174">[170]</a> The idea of the Jewish-Khazar origin of Prince <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> is popular, explaining why he <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%CA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Kievan Rusʹ">introduced Christianity</a>, an instrument for the enslavement of the "Aryans" by Jews, and staged the genocide of the pagan Slavs. Roman Shizhensky singles out the neopagan myth about Vladimir and characterizes it as one of the most "odious" neopagan <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">historical myths</a> and one of the leading Russian neopagan myths in terms of worldview significance. The author of this myth is <a href="/wiki/Valery_Yemelyanov" title="Valery Yemelyanov">Valery Yemelyanov</a>, one of the founders of Russian neopaganism, who expounded it in his book Dezionization (1970s). Shizhensky notes that the neopagan myth about Vladimir contradicts scientific work on the issue and the totality of historical sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2009250-256-254">[250]</a> Concerning the trend of convergence of neopagan associations from different countries, Andrey Beskov notes that neopagan nationalism is not an obstacle to "neopagan <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalism</a>, one of the manifestations of which was the popularity of ethnic religions, itself acquires a global character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeskov201419-255">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT">LGBT</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: LGBT">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">Modern pagan views on LGBT people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radical_Faeries_2010_London_Pride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Radical_Faeries_2010_London_Pride.jpg/220px-Radical_Faeries_2010_London_Pride.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Radical_Faeries_2010_London_Pride.jpg/330px-Radical_Faeries_2010_London_Pride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Radical_Faeries_2010_London_Pride.jpg/440px-Radical_Faeries_2010_London_Pride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Radical Faeries with banner at 2010 London Gay Pride</figcaption></figure> The western <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community, often <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">marginalized</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBT people">outright rejected</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a>-predominant mainstream religious establishments, has often sought spiritual acceptance and association in neopagan religious/spiritual practice. Pagan-specializing religious scholar Christine Hoff Kraemer wrote, "Pagans tend to be relatively accepting of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">same-sex relationships</a>, <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and sexuality">other expressions of gender and sexuality</a> that are marginalized by mainstream society." Conflict naturally arises, however, as some neopagan belief systems and sect ideologies stem from fundamental beliefs in the <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">male–female gender binary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual pairing</a>, resulting <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">heterosexual reproduction</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">gender essentialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> In response, groups and sects inclusive of or specific to LGBT people have developed. Theologian Jone Salomonsen noted in the 1980s and 1990s that the <a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">reclaiming</a> movement of San Francisco featured an unusually high number of LGBT people, particularly <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomonsen200244-258">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a> noted groups whose practices focused on <a href="/wiki/Male_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Male homosexuality">male homosexuality</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Buczynski" title="Eddie Buczynski">Eddie Buczynski</a>'s Minoan Brotherhood, a Wiccan sect that combines the iconography from ancient <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a> with a Wiccan theology and an emphasis on men who love men, and the <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclectic pagan">eclectic pagan</a> group known as the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Faeries" title="Radical Faeries">Radical Faeries</a>. When Adler asked one gay male pagan what the pagan community offered members of the LGBT community, he replied, "A place to belong. Community. Acceptance. And a way to connect with all kinds of people – gay, bi, straight, celibate, transgender – in a way that is hard to do in the greater society."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006355–371-259">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> existence and acceptability is especially controversial in many neopagan sects. One of the most notable of these is <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Gender_segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender segregation">female-only</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical feminist</a> variant of Wicca allows <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> lesbians but not <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">transgender women</a>. This is due to Dianic belief in <a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">gender essentialism</a>; according to founder <a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a>, "you have to have sometimes [sic] in your life a womb, and ovaries and [menstruate] and not die". This belief and the way it is expressed is often denounced as <a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/TERF" class="mw-redirect" title="TERF">trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> Trans exclusion can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a>, whose founder views trans individuals as <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a> people who should seek other beliefs due to the Alexandrian focus on heterosexual reproduction and duality.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_New_Age_movement">Relationship with the New Age movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Relationship with the New Age movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">Modern paganism and New Age</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Neopagan practices highlight the centrality of the relationship between humans and nature and reinvent religions of the past, while New Agers are more interested in transforming individual consciousness and shaping the future." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Religious studies scholar Sarah Pike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200418-264">[260]</a></cite></div> </div> Since the 1960s and 1970s, contemporary paganism, or neo-paganism, and the then emergent <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> movements experienced a degree of <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">cross-pollination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2003147–148-265">[261]</a> An issue of academic debate has been regarding the connection between these movements. Religious studies scholar Sarah Pike asserted that in the United States, there was a "significant overlap" between <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">modern paganism and New Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2004vii-266">[262]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Aidan_A._Kelly" title="Aidan A. Kelly">Aidan A. Kelly</a> stated that paganism "parallels the New Age movement in some ways, differs sharply from it in others, and overlaps it in some minor ways".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1992136-267">[263]</a> Ethan Doyle White stated that while the pagan and New Age movements "do share commonalities and overlap", they were nevertheless "largely distinct phenomena."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20169-268">[264]</a> Hanegraaff suggested that whereas various forms of contemporary paganism were not part of the New Age movement – particularly those who pre-dated the movement – other pagan religions and practices could be identified as New Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199678-269">[265]</a> Various differences between the two movements have been highlighted; the New Age movement focuses on an improved future, whereas the focus of Paganism is on the pre-Christian past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1992138-270">[266]</a> Similarly, the New Age movement typically propounds a universalist message which sees all religions as fundamentally the same, whereas paganism stresses the difference between monotheistic religions and those embracing a polytheistic or animistic theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1992138-270">[266]</a> Further, the New Age movement shows little interest in <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, which are conversely core interests of pagan religions such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1992138-270">[266]</a> Many pagans have sought to distance themselves from the New Age movement, even using "New Age" as an insult within their community, while conversely many involved in the New Age have expressed criticism of paganism for emphasizing the material world over the spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20169-268">[264]</a> Many pagans have expressed criticism of the high fees charged by New Age teachers, something not typically present in the pagan movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1992139-271">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Hinduism">Relationship with Hinduism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Relationship with Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> Because of their common links to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-European</a> culture, many adherents of modern paganism have come to regard <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> as a spiritual relative. Some modern pagan literature prominently features <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> involving European and Indian traditions. The ECER has made efforts to establish mutual support with Hindu groups, as has the Lithuanian Romuva movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200527–29-272">[268]</a> In India, a prominent figure who made similar efforts was the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a>, who pointed out parallels between Hinduism and European and Arabic paganism. Swarup reached out to modern pagans in the West and also had an influence on Western converts to Hinduism or pro-Hindu activists, notably <a href="/wiki/David_Frawley" title="David Frawley">David Frawley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a>, who both have described Hinduism as a form of paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann-Pfandt2009240–242-273">[269]</a> The modern pagan writer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_G%C3%A9rard" title="Christopher Gérard">Christopher Gérard</a> has drawn much inspiration from Hinduism and visited Swarup in India. Reviewing Gérard's book Parcours païen in 2001, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">historian of religion</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mayer" title="Jean-François Mayer">Jean-François Mayer</a> described Gérard's activities as part of the development of a "Western-Hindu 'pagan axis'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer2001100–101-274">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prejudice_and_opposition">Prejudice and opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Prejudice and opposition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against neopagans">Religious discrimination against neopagans</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic World">Islamic World</a>, pagans are not considered <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_book" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the book">people of the book</a>, so they do not have the same status as Abrahamic religions in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic religious law</a> for example, Muslim men cannot marry pagan women while they are allowed to marry among people of the book; and Muslims can eat meat of halal animals that are slaughtered by people of the book, but not that slaughtered by methods of other religions. Regarding European paganism, In Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives Michael F. Strmiska writes that "in pagan magazines, websites, and Internet discussion venues, Christianity is frequently denounced as an antinatural, antifemale, sexually and culturally repressive, guilt-ridden, and authoritarian religion that has fostered intolerance, hypocrisy, and persecution throughout the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200529-275">[271]</a> Further, there is a common belief in the pagan community that Christianity and paganism are opposing belief systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200529-275">[271]</a> This animosity is flamed by historical conflicts between Christian and pre-Christian religions, as well as the perceived ongoing Christian disdain from Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200529-275">[271]</a> Some pagans have claimed that Christian authorities have never apologized for the religious displacement of Europe's pre-Christian belief systems, particularly following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>'s apology for past <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in its <a href="/wiki/We_Remember:_A_Reflection_on_the_Shoah" title="We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah">A Reflection on the Shoah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200530-276">[272]</a> They also express disapproval of Christianity's continued missionary efforts around the globe at the expense of indigenous and other polytheistic faiths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200531-277">[273]</a> Some Christian authors have published books criticizing modern paganism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20058-36">[35]</a> while other Christian critics have equated paganism with <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, which is often portrayed as such in mainstream entertainment industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200534-278">[274]</a> In areas such as the US <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, where conservative Christian dominance is strong, pagans have faced continued religious persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200531-277">[273]</a> For instance, Strmiska highlighted instances in both the US and UK in which school teachers were fired when their employers discovered that they were pagan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200531-277">[273]</a> Thus, many pagans keep their religion private to avoid <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">discrimination</a> and ostracism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200532-279">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pagan_studies">Pagan studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Pagan studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></div> The earliest academic studies of contemporary paganism were published in the late 1970s and 1980s by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Truzzi" title="Marcello Truzzi">Marcello Truzzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Luhrmann" title="Tanya Luhrmann">Tanya Luhrmann</a>, although it was not until the 1990s that the actual academic field of pagan studies properly developed, pioneered by academics such as Graham Harvey and <a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Chas S. Clifton</a>. Increasing academic interest in paganism has been attributed to the new religious movement's increasing public visibility, as it began interacting with the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith movement</a> and holding large public celebrations at sites like <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECliftonHarvey20047-280">[276]</a> The first international academic conference on the subject of pagan studies was held at the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">University of Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, North-East England in 1993. It was organised by two British religious studies scholars, Graham Harvey and Charlotte Hardman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECliftonHarvey20048-281">[277]</a> In April 1996 a larger conference dealing with contemporary paganism took place at <a href="/wiki/Ambleside" title="Ambleside">Ambleside</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>. Organised by the Department of Religious Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">University of Lancaster</a>, North-West England, it was entitled "Nature Religion Today: Western Paganism, Shamanism and Esotericism in the 1990s", and led to the publication of an academic anthology, entitled <a href="/wiki/Nature_Religion_Today" title="Nature Religion Today">Nature Religion Today</a>: Paganism in the Modern World.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECliftonHarvey20048-281">[277]</a> In 2004, the first <a href="/wiki/Peer-review" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> devoted to pagan studies began publication. <a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pomegranate (journal)">The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</a> was edited by Clifton, while the academic publishers AltaMira Press began release of the Pagan Studies Series.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> From 2008 onward, conferences have been held bringing together scholars specialising in the study of paganism in Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20134-283">[279]</a> The relationship between pagan studies scholars and some practising pagans has at times been strained. The Australian academic and practising pagan Caroline Jane Tully argues that many pagans can react negatively to new scholarship regarding historical pre-Christian societies, believing that it is a threat to the structure of their beliefs and to their "sense of identity". She furthermore argues that some of those dissatisfied pagans lashed out against academics as a result, particularly on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETully201198–99-284">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Criticism of modern paganism</a></div> Neopaganism has been criticized on a variety of fronts, ranging from pseudohistory to racial issues to institutional issues. As neopaganism is not a unified religion, it means that the criticisms of certain groups often do not apply to other groups. Criticisms of specific neopagan groups range from criticisms of their belief in <a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">gender essentialism</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-285">[281]</a> to criticisms of some belief in <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habzism" class="mw-redirect" title="Habzism">Habzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neopagan_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of neopagan movements">List of neopagan movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">Modern paganism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">Modern paganism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf#Neo-pagans" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf and the neo-pagans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a>. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>. (March 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The very persons who would most writhe and wail at their surroundings if transported back into early Greece, would, I think, be the neo-pagans and Hellas worshipers of today." (<a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">W. James</a>, letter of 5 April 1868, cited after OED); "The neopagan impulse of the classical revival". (<a href="/wiki/John_Addington_Symonds" title="John Addington Symonds">J. A. Symonds</a>, Renaissance in Italy, 1877, iv. 193); "Pre-Raphaelitism [...] has got mixed up with æstheticism, neo-paganism, and other such fantasies." (<a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(1830%E2%80%931912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin McCarthy (1830–1912)">J. McCarthy</a>, A History of Our Own Times, 1880 iv. 542). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#Car96">Carpenter 1996</a>. p. 47. Paganism, as I use the term, refers broadly to an emerging spiritual movement comprised of overlapping forms of spirituality referred to by many names (e.g. 'neo-paganism,' 'paganism,' 'neo-pagan witchcraft,' 'witchcraft,' 'the craft,' 'Wiccan spirituality,' 'Wicca,' 'Wicce,' 'Wiccan religion,' 'the old religion,' 'Goddess spirituality,' 'nature spirituality,' 'nature religion,' 'earth-based spirituality,' 'earth religion,' 'ecofeminist spirituality,' and 'Euro-American shamanism' </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena">Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143249/http://sreda.org/arena">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sreda.org; 29% "adhere to a traditional religion of their ancestors, worship gods and the forces of nature". (исповедую традиционную религию своих предковпоклоняюсь богам и силам природы). This figure compares to 1.2% adherents of ethnic religions in all of the Russian Federation. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPagan_Awareness_Network_Inc._Australia2011" class="citation web cs1">Pagan Awareness Network Inc. Australia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/events/204754496209181/">"Australian Census Pagan Dash"</a>. Facebook Public Event. Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429032143/https://www.facebook.com/events/204754496209181/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <q>The aim is to get Pagans of all persuasions (Wiccan, Druid, Asatru, Hellenic, Egyptian, Heathen etc.) to put themselves on the census form as 'Pagan' or 'Pagan, *your path*'.... Paganism is included in the Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups (ASCRG), as a separate output category.... The classification structure of this group is: 613 Nature Religions 6130 Nature Religions, nfd (not further defined) 6131 Animism 6132 Druidism 6133 Paganism 6134 Pantheism 6135 Wiccan/Witchcraft 6139 Nature Religions, nec (not elsewhere classified) If a response of Pagan is qualified with additional information such as Druid or Wiccan, this additional information will be used in classifying the response. For example, Pagan Wiccan would be classified as 6135 and Pagan Celtic would be 6133. Pagan alone would be classified as 6133.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook+Public+Event&rft.atitle=Australian+Census+Pagan+Dash.&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Pagan+Awareness+Network+Inc.+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fevents%2F204754496209181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20166_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2016">Doyle White 2016</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006xiii-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006xiii_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199640-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter199640_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1996">Carpenter 1996</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler_2006_3-4-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Adler_2006_3-4_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork1999-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYork1999_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYork1999">York 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200513-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200513_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201215-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201215_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201216–17-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201216–17_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201216-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201216_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201216_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20051-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20051_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199677-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199677_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff1996">Hanegraaff 1996</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20133-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20133_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20133_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAitamurtoSimpson2013">Aitamurto & Simpson 2013</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20167-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20167_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20167_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20167_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2016">Doyle White 2016</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20132-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20132_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20132_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAitamurtoSimpson2013">Aitamurto & Simpson 2013</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree20151-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERountree20151_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRountree2015">Rountree 2015</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200515–16Harvey200584–85-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200515–16Harvey200584–85_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2005">Harvey 2005</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20059_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree20158-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERountree20158_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERountree20158_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERountree20158_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERountree20158_19-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRountree2015">Rountree 2015</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200514SimpsonFilip201334–35-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200514SimpsonFilip201334–35_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFSimpsonFilip2013">Simpson & Filip 2013</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201327-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201327_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpsonFilip2013">Simpson & Filip 2013</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201338-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201338_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpsonFilip2013">Simpson & Filip 2013</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200511Doyle_White201212–13-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200511Doyle_White201212–13_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201213-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201213_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201214-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201214_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200511–12-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200511–12_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201332-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201332_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201332_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpsonFilip2013">Simpson & Filip 2013</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201332Rountree20158-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201332Rountree20158_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpsonFilip2013">Simpson & Filip 2013</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFRountree2015">Rountree 2015</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2003xivMagliocco200419Doyle_White20168-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2003xivMagliocco200419Doyle_White20168_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutton2003">Hutton 2003</a>, p. xiv; <a href="#CITEREFMagliocco2004">Magliocco 2004</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2016">Doyle White 2016</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork20167-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYork20167_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYork2016">York 2016</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201331-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonFilip201331_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpsonFilip2013">Simpson & Filip 2013</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20057-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20057_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20057–8-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20057–8_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20058-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20058_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20058_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200522-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200522_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200518-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200518_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200518_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519Doyle_White20166-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519Doyle_White20166_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2016">Doyle White 2016</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519–20-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200519–20_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521–22-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521–22_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraft201528-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraft201528_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraft2015">Kraft 2015</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmster201544,_59-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmster201544,_59_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmster2015">Amster 2015</a>, pp. 44, 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521Doyle_White20167-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200521Doyle_White20167_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 21; 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Bucknell.edu. The Online Archive of Nineteenth-Century U.S. Women's Writings. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cUSWW/ZS/WIAP.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bucknell.edu&rft.atitle=Why+I+Am+A+Pagan&rft.aulast=Bonnin&rft.aufirst=Gertrude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facstaff.bucknell.edu%2Fgcarr%2F19cUSWW%2FZS%2FWIAP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999194–201-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1999194–201_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutton1999">Hutton 1999</a>, pp. 194–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandro_Consolato2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sandro Consolato (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tempi.it/la-grande-guerra-degli-esoteristi/">"La Grande Guerra degli esoteristi"</a>. Tempi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+Grande+Guerra+degli+esoteristi&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.au=Sandro+Consolato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tempi.it%2Fla-grande-guerra-degli-esoteristi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006178–239-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006178–239_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, pp. 178–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006ix-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006ix_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, pp. 429–456. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska2005Ch._"Religion_in_Contemporary_Cultures"-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska2005Ch._"Religion_in_Contemporary_Cultures"_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, Ch. "Religion in Contemporary Cultures". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200545-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200545_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Davy, Barbara Jane (2007) "Introduction to pagan studies". Rowman Altamira <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0818-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0818-8">0-7591-0818-8</a>. p.97: "Some pagans embrace the idea of a pan-European Celtic culture, but some practice regionally specific reconstructionist traditions." </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> McColman, Carl (2003) Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom. 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Religion, State & Society, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1995. pp. 239–243 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20052Rountree20154-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska20052Rountree20154_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFRountree2015">Rountree 2015</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200736–37-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200736–37_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2007">Harvey 2007</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETelesco2005114-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelesco2005114_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTelesco2005">Telesco 2005</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise2008" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Constance (2008). Hidden Circles in the Web: Feminist Wicca, Occult Knowledge, and Process Thought. Rowman Altamira.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Circles+in+the+Web%3A+Feminist+Wicca%2C+Occult+Knowledge%2C+and+Process+Thought&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergerEzzy2007-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergerEzzy2007_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergerEzzy2007">Berger & Ezzy 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonAloi2007-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonAloi2007_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnstonAloi2007">Johnston & Aloi 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200770-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200770_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2007">Harvey 2007</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas, Marija</a> (1982) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC">The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe, 6500-3500 B.C.: Myths and Cult Images</a>. 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Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Old+Europe%2C+6500-3500+B.C.%3A+Myths+and+Cult+Images&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-5202-5398-8&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKFFOoPlyjIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas2001" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (2001) [1989]. The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-8249-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-8249-6"><bdi>978-0-5002-8249-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Goddess%3A+Unearthing+the+Hidden+Symbols+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-5002-8249-6&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1993" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1993) [1991]. The Civilisation of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. Harper San Francisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062508041" title="Special:BookSources/9780062508041"><bdi>9780062508041</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/924859108">924859108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilisation+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+World+of+Old+Europe&rft.pub=Harper+San+Francisco&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F924859108&rft.isbn=9780062508041&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellaart1967" class="citation book cs1">Mellaart, James (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Catal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia">Catal-huyuk. A Neolithic Town In Anatolia</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411154925/https://archive.org/details/Catal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catal-huyuk.+A+Neolithic+Town+In+Anatolia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mellaart&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCatal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayden_1987-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayden_1987_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayden_1987_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayden_1987_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1987" class="citation book cs1">Hayden, Brian (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qY973Ah43qoC&pg=PA17">"Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition?"</a>. In Bonanno, Anthony (ed.). Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, the University of Malta, 2–5 September 1985. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">B. R. Grüner</a>. pp. 17–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789060322888" title="Special:BookSources/9789060322888"><bdi>9789060322888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Europe%3A+Sacred+Matriarchy+or+Complementary+Opposition%3F&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Fertility+Cult+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+First+International+Conference+on+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean%2C+the+University+of+Malta%2C+2%E2%80%935+September+1985&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=B.+R.+Gr%C3%BCner&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789060322888&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqY973Ah43qoC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200773-75-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200773-75_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2007">Harvey 2007</a>, p. 73-75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonewits200677-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonewits200677_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonewits2006">Bonewits 2006</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetcher2001" class="citation journal cs1">Letcher, Andy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260829">"The Scouring of the Shire: Fairies, Trolls and Pixies in Eco-Protest Culture"</a>. Folklore. 112 (2): 147–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00155870120082209">10.1080/00155870120082209</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260829">1260829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143498299">143498299</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607004215/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260829">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Scouring+of+the+Shire%3A+Fairies%2C+Trolls+and+Pixies+in+Eco-Protest+Culture&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143498299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1260829%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00155870120082209&rft.aulast=Letcher&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1260829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUUPS-134"><a href="#cite_ref-CUUPS_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060617042431/http://cuups.org/content/chapters/chapter.html#how">"Official Website of CUUPS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuups.org/content/chapters/chapter.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+CUUPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuups.org%2Fcontent%2Fchapters%2Fchapter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakl2010-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakl2010_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakl2010">Hakl 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger19999-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger19999_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger1999">Berger 1999</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2019" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Iqbal (23 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/604084/pagans/">"The Many Faces of the Occult"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404065020/https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/604084/pagans/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. <q>about 1 million to 1.5 million people, identify as Wicca or Pagan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Many+Faces+of+the+Occult&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Iqbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fvideo%2Findex%2F604084%2Fpagans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArenaAtlas-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas_139-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena">Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143249/http://sreda.org/arena">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> • sreda.org </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКрылов_[Krylov]2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Крылов [Krylov], Александр [Alexande] (17 March 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/print.php?act=fresh&id=188"><bdi lang="ru">Единая Вера Абхазских "Христиан" и "Мусульман". Особенности религиозного сознания в современной Абхазии</bdi></a> [Of United Vera Abhazskyh "Christians" & "Muslims." Features of religious consciousness in Modern Abkhazia] (in Russian), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">RU</a>: Portal-credo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827182302/http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/print.php?act=fresh&id=188">archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017, retrieved 30 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%22%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%22+%D0%B8+%22%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%22.+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=RU&rft.pub=Portal-credo&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%5BKrylov%5D&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%5BAlexande%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portal-credo.ru%2Fsite%2Fprint.php%3Fact%3Dfresh%26id%3D188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125151156/http://apsnypress.info/news/6898.html">В Абхазии создана религиозная организация "Совет жрецов Абхазии"</a> [In Abkhazia creatures Religious Organization "Tip zhretsov Abkhazia"], <a href="/wiki/Apsnypress" title="Apsnypress">Apsnypress</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apsnypress.info/news/6898.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8%22&rft.pub=Apsnypress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapsnypress.info%2Fnews%2F6898.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Nikolaus von Twickel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.ru/story/29399">Europe's Last Pagans Worship in Mari-El Grove</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617063334/http://www.sptimes.ru/story/29399">Archived</a> 17 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Saint Petersburg Times, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШнирельман2001" class="citation book cs1">Шнирельман, Виктор (2001). Неоязычество на просторах Евразии. Москва. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89647-050-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-89647-050-9"><bdi>5-89647-050-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5-89647-050-9&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Victor Schnirelmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">Christians Go Home!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140922163017/http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">Archived</a> 22 September 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>. Journal of Contemporary Religion 17.2. 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnirelmann206-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Schnirelmann206_146-0">^</a> Schnirelmann, Victor: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140922163017/http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">"Christians! Go home": A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia</a>. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2002. p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Schnirelmann, Victor: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140922163017/http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">"Christians! Go home": A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia</a>. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2002. p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishpf.org/census.html">Pagans and the Scottish Census of 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113182416/http://www.scottishpf.org/census.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-summary-theme-figures-and-rankings/390-000-jedis-there-are/jedi.html">National Statistics Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221104906/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-summary-theme-figures-and-rankings/390-000-jedis-there-are/jedi.html">Archived</a> 21 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2001): '390,000 Jedi There Are'. 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Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lady+Geek+Girl+and+Friends&rft.atitle=Oh%2C+My+Pop+Culture+Goddess%3A+Transgender+Issues+in+Wicca+and+Paganism&rft.date=2014-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fladygeekgirl.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F02%2F16%2Foh-my-pop-culture-goddess-transgender-issues-in-wicca-and-paganism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200418-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike200418_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPike2004">Pike 2004</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2003147–148-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2003147–148_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunt2003">Hunt 2003</a>, pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2004vii-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2004vii_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPike2004">Pike 2004</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1992136-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1992136_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1992">Kelly 1992</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20169-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20169_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20169_268-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2016">Doyle White 2016</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199678-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199678_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff1996">Hanegraaff 1996</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1992138-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1992138_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1992138_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1992138_270-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1992">Kelly 1992</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1992139-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1992139_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1992">Kelly 1992</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200527–29-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200527–29_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, pp. 27–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann-Pfandt2009240–242-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann-Pfandt2009240–242_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerrmann-Pfandt2009">Herrmann-Pfandt 2009</a>, pp. 240–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer2001100–101-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer2001100–101_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayer2001">Mayer 2001</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200529-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200529_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200529_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200529_275-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200530-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200530_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200531-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200531_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200531_277-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200531_277-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200534-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200534_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200532-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200532_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECliftonHarvey20047-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliftonHarvey20047_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCliftonHarvey2004">Clifton & Harvey 2004</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECliftonHarvey20048-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliftonHarvey20048_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliftonHarvey20048_281-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCliftonHarvey2004">Clifton & Harvey 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csulb.edu/~wgriffin/paganstudies/">"Pagan Studies / AltaMira Press"</a>. csulb.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213132417/http://www.csulb.edu/~wgriffin/paganstudies/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pagan+Studies+%2F+AltaMira+Press&rft.pub=csulb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csulb.edu%2F~wgriffin%2Fpaganstudies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20134-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitamurtoSimpson20134_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAitamurtoSimpson2013">Aitamurto & Simpson 2013</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETully201198–99-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully201198–99_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTully2011">Tully 2011</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-285"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_285-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lois_Bourne" title="Lois Bourne">Bourne, Lois</a> Dancing with Witches. (2006) London: Robert Hale. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-8074-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-8074-3">0-7090-8074-3</a>. p.38. (Hardback edition first published 1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Shnirelman 1998 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.iea.ras.ru/neotlozhka/114-Shnirelman.pdf">Neo-paganism and nationalism. Eastern European area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407072104/http://static.iea.ras.ru/neotlozhka/114-Shnirelman.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2006" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Margot (2006) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawingdownmoonw00adle_2">Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers and Other Pagans in America</a> (Revised ed.). London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303819-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303819-1"><bdi>978-0-14-303819-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-Worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303819-1&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrawingdownmoonw00adle_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitamurtoSimpson2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (2013). "Introduction: Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe". In Scott Simpson; Kaarina Aitamurto (eds.). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-662-2"><bdi>978-1-84465-662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.btitle=Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-662-2&rft.aulast=Aitamurto&rft.aufirst=Kaarina&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmster2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amster, Matthew H. (2015). "It's Not Easy Being Apolitical: Reconstructionism and Eclecticism in Danish Asatro". In Kathryn Rountree (ed.). Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses. New York and Oxford: Berghahn. pp. 43–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-646-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-646-9"><bdi>978-1-78238-646-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=It%27s+Not+Easy+Being+Apolitical%3A+Reconstructionism+and+Eclecticism+in+Danish+Asatro&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Europe%3A+Colonialist+and+Nationalist+Impulses&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-646-9&rft.aulast=Amster&rft.aufirst=Matthew+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1999" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Helen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communityofwitch00berg">A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States</a>. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-246-2"><bdi>978-1-57003-246-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Community+of+Witches%3A+Contemporary+Neo-Paganism+and+Witchcraft+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-246-2&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunityofwitch00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerEzzy2007" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Helen; Ezzy, Douglas (2007). Teenage Witches: Magical Youth and the Search for the Self. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers International Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540207" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540207"><bdi>978-0813540207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teenage+Witches%3A+Magical+Youth+and+the+Search+for+the+Self&rft.place=New+Brunswick+and+London&rft.pub=Rutgers+International+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0813540207&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Ezzy%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlet2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chip_Berlet" title="Chip Berlet">Berlet, Chip</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/206662818">"Overview of U.S. White Supremacist Groups"</a>. Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 34 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Indiana">University of Indiana</a> – Department of Sociology: 11–48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2697">0047-2697</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/206662818">206662818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+and+Military+Sociology&rft.atitle=Overview+of+U.S.+White+Supremacist+Groups&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0047-2697&rft.aulast=Berlet&rft.aufirst=Chip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F206662818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeskov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beskov, Andrey (2014). Research laboratory "New religious movements in modern Russia and European countries". Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/paradoksy-russkogo-neoyazychestva">"Paradoxes of Russian neo-paganism"</a>. Colloquium Heptaplomeres (1. Paganism in the 20th–21st centuries: Russian and European context). Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin: 11–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquium+Heptaplomeres&rft.atitle=Paradoxes+of+Russian+neo-paganism&rft.issue=1.+Paganism+in+the+20th%E2%80%9321st+centuries%3A+Russian+and+European+context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Beskov&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fparadoksy-russkogo-neoyazychestva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonewits2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bonewits" title="Isaac Bonewits">Bonewits, Isaac</a> (2006). Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Publishing_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Kensington Publishing Corp.">Kensington Publishing Corp.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2710-9"><bdi>978-0-8065-2710-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonewits%27s+Essential+Guide+to+Druidism&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing+Corp.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2710-9&rft.aulast=Bonewits&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carpenter, Dennis D. (1996). "Emergent Nature Spirituality: An Examination of the Major Spiritual Contours of the Contemporary Pagan Worldview". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2890-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-2890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergent+Nature+Spirituality%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Major+Spiritual+Contours+of+the+Contemporary+Pagan+Worldview&rft.btitle=Magical+Religion+and+Modern+Witchcraft&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2890-0&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Dennis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliftonHarvey2004" class="citation book cs1">Clifton, Chas; Harvey, Graham (2004). The Paganism Reader. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30352-1"><bdi>978-0-415-30352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paganism+Reader&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30352-1&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=Chas&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCragle2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cragle, Joshua Marcus (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.equinoxpub.com/POM/article/view/30714">"Contemporary Germanic/Norse Paganism and Recent Survey Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate" title="The Pomegranate">The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</a>. 19 (1). Equinox Publishing: 77–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.30714">10.1558/pome.30714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Germanic%2FNorse+Paganism+and+Recent+Survey+Data&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.30714&rft.aulast=Cragle&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.equinoxpub.com%2FPOM%2Farticle%2Fview%2F30714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohe2016" class="citation book cs1">Dohe, Carrie B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkqTDAAAQBAJ">Jung's Wandering Archetype: Race and religion in analytical psychology</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49807-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49807-0"><bdi>978-1-317-49807-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung%27s+Wandering+Archetype%3A+Race+and+religion+in+analytical+psychology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49807-0&rft.aulast=Dohe&rft.aufirst=Carrie+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkqTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle_White2012" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle White, Ethan (2012). "In Defense of Pagan Studies: A Response to Davidsen's Critique". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 14 (1): 5–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.v14i1.5">10.1558/pome.v14i1.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Pagan+Studies%3A+A+Response+to+Davidsen%27s+Critique&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v14i1.5&rft.aulast=Doyle+White&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle_White2016" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2016). Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton, Chicago, and Toronto: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-754-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-754-4"><bdi>978-1-84519-754-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca%3A+History%2C+Belief%2C+and+Community+in+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.place=Brighton%2C+Chicago%2C+and+Toronto&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-754-4&rft.aulast=Doyle+White&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle_White2017" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jre/10/3/article-p241_241.xml?">"Northern Gods for Northern Folk: Racial Identity and Right-wing Ideology among Britain's Folkish Heathens"</a>. Journal of Religion in Europe. 10 (3): 241–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18748929-01003001">10.1163/18748929-01003001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-8929">1874-8929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Northern+Gods+for+Northern+Folk%3A+Racial+Identity+and+Right-wing+Ideology+among+Britain%27s+Folkish+Heathens&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18748929-01003001&rft.issn=1874-8929&rft.aulast=Doyle+White&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjre%2F10%2F3%2Farticle-p241_241.xml%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupeux1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Dupeux" title="Louis Dupeux">Dupeux, Louis</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeIkAQAAMAAJ">The German Conservative Revolution under the Weimar Republic</a> (in French). Kimé. pp. 115–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2908212181" title="Special:BookSources/978-2908212181"><bdi>978-2908212181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Conservative+Revolution+under+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Kim%C3%A9&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2908212181&rft.aulast=Dupeux&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeIkAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2002" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Conan (2002). The rise of the Nazis. Manchester, New York: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+the+Nazis&rft.place=Manchester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Conan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Stéphane François">François, Stéphane</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tempspresents.com/2009/08/24/stephane-francoisqu%e2%80%99est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice/">"What is the Conservative Revolution?"</a>. Fragments on Present Times (in French). Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fragments+on+Present+Times&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Conservative+Revolution%3F&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftempspresents.com%2F2009%2F08%2F24%2Fstephane-francoisqu%25e2%2580%2599est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaidukov2000" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Gaidukov" title="Alexei Gaidukov">Gaidukov, Alexei</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissercat.com/content/ideologiya-i-praktika-slavyanskogo-neoyazychestva">Ideology and practice of Slavic neo-paganism</a> (Thesis) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: <a href="/wiki/Herzen_University" title="Herzen University">Herzen University</a>. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ideology+and+practice+of+Slavic+neo-paganism&rft.inst=Herzen+University&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gaidukov&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissercat.com%2Fcontent%2Fideologiya-i-praktika-slavyanskogo-neoyazychestva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaidukov2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> ———  (2016). "New paganism, neo-paganism, Rodnovery: the problem of terminology". In Shizhensky, Roman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethna.su/biblioteka/gajdukov-2016-2020-publikatsii/gaydukov-a-v-novoe-yazyichestvo-neoyazyichestvo-rodnoverie-problema-terminologii/">Paganism in modern Russia: the experience of interdisciplinary research</a> (in Russian). Nizhyn Novgorod: Minin University, Typography Volga region. pp. 24–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+paganism%2C+neo-paganism%2C+Rodnovery%3A+the+problem+of+terminology&rft.btitle=Paganism+in+modern+Russia%3A+the+experience+of+interdisciplinary+research&rft.place=Nizhyn+Novgorod&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Minin+University%2C+Typography+Volga+region&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gaidukov&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethna.su%2Fbiblioteka%2Fgajdukov-2016-2020-publikatsii%2Fgaydukov-a-v-novoe-yazyichestvo-neoyazyichestvo-rodnoverie-problema-terminologii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajda2013" class="citation book cs1">Gajda, A. (2013). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. pp. 44–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-662-2"><bdi>978-1-84465-662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-662-2&rft.aulast=Gajda&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardell2003" class="citation book cs1">Gardell, Mattias (2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822330714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822330714"><bdi>978-0822330714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Blood%3A+The+Pagan+Revival+and+White+Separatism&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0822330714&rft.aulast=Gardell&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas</a> (1985). <a href="/wiki/The_Occult_Roots_of_Nazism" title="The Occult Roots of Nazism">The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology</a> (1992 ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3060-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Occult+Roots+of+Nazism%3A+Secret+Aryan+Cults+and+Their+Influence+on+Nazi+Ideology&rft.edition=1992&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3060-7&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> ———  (1995). <a href="/wiki/The_Occult_Roots_of_Nazism" title="The Occult Roots of Nazism">The Occult Roots of Nazism: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935</a> (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Eurasia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Occult+Roots+of+Nazism%3A+The+Ariosophists+of+Austria+and+Germany%2C+1890%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.pub=Eurasia&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2003" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3155-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-3155-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sun%3A+Aryan+Cults%2C+Esoteric+Nazism%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> ———  (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Occult_Roots_of_Nazism" title="The Occult Roots of Nazism">The occult roots of Nazism. Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935</a> (in Russian). Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Eksmo" title="Eksmo">Eksmo</a>. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87849-161-3" title="Special:BookSources/5-87849-161-3"><bdi>5-87849-161-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+occult+roots+of+Nazism.+Secret+Aryan+Cults+and+Their+Influence+on+Nazi+Ideology%3A+The+Ariosophists+of+Austria+and+Germany%2C+1890%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Eksmo&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-87849-161-3&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Susan (2000). <a href="/wiki/Magic,_Witchcraft_and_the_Otherworld" title="Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld">Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld: An Anthropology</a>. Oxford and New York City: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-445-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-445-2"><bdi>978-1-85973-445-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic%2C+Witchcraft+and+the+Otherworld%3A+An+Anthropology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York+City&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-445-2&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGugenbergerSchweidlenka1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gugenberger, Eduard; Schweidlenka, Roman (1993). On the power of myths in political movements. The Threads of the Norns (in German). Vienna: Social Criticism Publisher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+power+of+myths+in+political+movements.+The+Threads+of+the+Norns&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Social+Criticism+Publisher&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Gugenberger&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft.au=Schweidlenka%2C+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakl2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hakl, Hans Thomas (2010). "Franz Sättler (Dr. Musallam) and the Twentieth-Century Cult of Adonism". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 12 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Franz+S%C3%A4ttler+%28Dr.+Musallam%29+and+the+Twentieth-Century+Cult+of+Adonism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hakl&rft.aufirst=Hans+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff1996" class="citation book cs1">Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996). New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10696-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age+Religion+and+Western+Culture%3A+Esotericism+in+the+Mirror+of+Secular+Thought&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10696-3&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrow1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Harrow" title="Judy Harrow">Harrow, Judy</a> (1996). "The Contemporary Neo-Pagan Revival". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2890-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-2890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Contemporary+Neo-Pagan+Revival&rft.btitle=Magical+Religion+and+Modern+Witchcraft&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2890-0&rft.aulast=Harrow&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2003" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Stephen (2003). Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3409-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3409-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-3409-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Religions%3A+A+Sociological+Introduction&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3409-6&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (2003). Witches, Druids and King Arthur. Hambledon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witches%2C+Druids+and+King+Arthur&rft.pub=Hambledon&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Graham (2005). Animism: Respecting the Living World. London: Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231137010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231137010"><bdi>978-0231137010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animism%3A+Respecting+the+Living+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0231137010&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2007" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2007). Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism (second ed.). London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-272-4"><bdi>978-1-85065-272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+People%2C+Speaking+Earth%3A+Contemporary+Paganism&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-272-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann-Pfandt2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid (2009). "Hindutva zwischen, Dekolonisierung' und Nationalismus. Zur westlichen Mitwerkung an der Entwicklung neuen hinduistischen Selbstbewusstseins in Indien". In Manfred Hutter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6triNt0elK4C&pg=240">Religionswissenschaft im Kontext der Asienwissenschaften. 99 Jahre religionswissenschaftliche Lehre und Forschung in Bonn</a> (in German). Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 240–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10332-1"><bdi>978-3-643-10332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindutva+zwischen%2C+Dekolonisierung%27+und+Nationalismus.+Zur+westlichen+Mitwerkung+an+der+Entwicklung+neuen+hinduistischen+Selbstbewusstseins+in+Indien&rft.btitle=Religionswissenschaft+im+Kontext+der+Asienwissenschaften.+99+Jahre+religionswissenschaftliche+Lehre+und+Forschung+in+Bonn&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-643-10332-1&rft.aulast=Herrmann-Pfandt&rft.aufirst=Adelheid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6triNt0elK4C%26pg%3D240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1999" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt">The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</a>. New York City: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3"><bdi>978-0-19-820744-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820744-3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphofmoonhis00hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonAloi2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Hannah E.; Aloi, Peg (2007). The New Generation Witches: Teen Witchcraft in Contemporary Culture. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5784-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-5784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Generation+Witches%3A+Teen+Witchcraft+in+Contemporary+Culture&rft.place=Aldershot+and+Burlington&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5784-2&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Hannah+E.&rft.au=Aloi%2C+Peg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kaplan_(academic)" title="Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)">Kaplan, Jeffrey</a> (1996). "The Reconstruction of the Ásatrú and Odinist Traditions". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft. New York City: State University of New York. pp. 193–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2890-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-2890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reconstruction+of+the+%C3%81satr%C3%BA+and+Odinist+Traditions&rft.btitle=Magical+Religion+and+Modern+Witchcraft&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2890-0&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1997" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780815603962">Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah</a>. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0396-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0396-2"><bdi>978-0-8156-0396-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Religion+in+America%3A+Millenarian+Movements+from+the+Far+Right+to+the+Children+of+Noah&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pub=Syracuse+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0396-2&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780815603962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kelly, Aidan A. (1992). "An Update on Neopagan Witchcraft in America". In James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (ed.). Perspectives on the New Age. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 136–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1213-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1213-X"><bdi>0-7914-1213-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Update+on+Neopagan+Witchcraft+in+America&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+New+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7914-1213-X&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Aidan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhryakov2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khryakov, Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoriya-germanskogo-kontinuiteta-o-heflera-v-nemetskom-nauchno-politicheskom-prostranstve-tretiego-reyha">"The Theory of German Continuity by O. Hoefler in the German Scientific and Political Space of the Third Reich"</a>. Bulletin of the Kemerovo State University (in Russian) (3–2 (63)): 95–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Kemerovo+State+University&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+German+Continuity+by+O.+Hoefler+in+the+German+Scientific+and+Political+Space+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.issue=3%E2%80%932+%2863%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Khryakov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fteoriya-germanskogo-kontinuiteta-o-heflera-v-nemetskom-nauchno-politicheskom-prostranstve-tretiego-reyha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kraft, Siv Ellen (2015). "Sami Neo-shamanism in Norway: Colonial Grounds, Ethnic Revival and Pagan Pathways". In Kathryn Rountree (ed.). Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses. New York and Oxford: Berghahn. pp. 25–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-646-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-646-9"><bdi>978-1-78238-646-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sami+Neo-shamanism+in+Norway%3A+Colonial+Grounds%2C+Ethnic+Revival+and+Pagan+Pathways&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Europe%3A+Colonialist+and+Nationalist+Impulses&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-646-9&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Siv+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaruelle2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marl%C3%A8ne_Laruelle" title="Marlène Laruelle">Laruelle, Marlène</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/telegraph/theory/1125/">"Aryan myth - Russian view / Translation from French by Dmitry Bayuk. 03/25/2010"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vokrug_sveta" title="Vokrug sveta">Vokrug sveta</a> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vokrug+sveta&rft.atitle=Aryan+myth+-+Russian+view+%2F+Translation+from+French+by+Dmitry+Bayuk.+03%2F25%2F2010&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Laruelle&rft.aufirst=Marl%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vokrugsveta.ru%2Ftelegraph%2Ftheory%2F1125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. 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Enchanted Feminism: The Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22393-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22393-5"><bdi>978-0-415-22393-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enchanted+Feminism%3A+The+Reclaiming+Witches+of+San+Francisco&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22393-5&rft.aulast=Salomonsen&rft.aufirst=Jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Schnirelmann, Victor</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.iea.ras.ru/neotlozhka/114-Shnirelman.pdf">Neopaganism and nationalism. East European area</a> (PDF). Studies on applied and emergency ethnology. No. 114. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Anthropology_and_Ethnography" title="Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography">Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography</a>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neopaganism+and+nationalism.+East+European+area&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=Studies+on+applied+and+emergency+ethnology.+No.+114&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Institute+of+Anthropology+and+Ethnography&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.iea.ras.ru%2Fneotlozhka%2F114-Shnirelman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> ———  (2009). "Lev Gumilyov: from "passionate tension" to "incompatibility of cultures"". Forum of Recent Eastern European History and Culture – Russian Edition (in Russian) (1): 201–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+of+Recent+Eastern+European+History+and+Culture+%E2%80%93+Russian+Edition&rft.atitle=Lev+Gumilyov%3A+from+%22passionate+tension%22+to+%22incompatibility+of+cultures%22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> ———  (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravorf.org/doc/Shnirelman_2005.pdf">Faces of hate (Anti-Semites and racists on the march)</a> (PDF) (in Russian) (Second edition, revised and expanded ed.). Мoscow: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Bureau_for_Human_Rights" title="Moscow Bureau for Human Rights">Moscow Bureau for Human Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academia_(Soviet_publishing_house)" title="Academia (Soviet publishing house)">Academia</a>. p. 336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faces+of+hate+%28Anti-Semites+and+racists+on+the+march%29&rft.place=%D0%9Coscow&rft.pages=336&rft.edition=Second+edition%2C+revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Moscow+Bureau+for+Human+Rights%2C+Academia&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravorf.org%2Fdoc%2FShnirelman_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> ———  (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bdgBwAAQBAJ">Russian Rodnoverie: Neopaganism and Nationalism in Modern Russia</a> (in Russian). Biblical Theological Institute of St. Andrew the Apostle. p. xiv + 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89647-291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89647-291-9"><bdi>978-5-89647-291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Rodnoverie%3A+Neopaganism+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Russia&rft.pages=xiv+%2B+302&rft.pub=Biblical+Theological+Institute+of+St.+Andrew+the+Apostle&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-5-89647-291-9&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bdgBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> ———  (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa8qCwAAQBAJ">Aryan myth in the modern world</a> (in Russian). New Literary Review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785444804223" title="Special:BookSources/9785444804223"><bdi>9785444804223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryan+myth+in+the+modern+world&rft.pub=New+Literary+Review&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9785444804223&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAa8qCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnurbein2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefanie_von_Schnurbein" title="Stefanie von Schnurbein">Schnurbein, Stefanie von</a> (2016). Norse Revival: Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-737-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-737-2"><bdi>978-1-60846-737-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Revival%3A+Transformations+of+Germanic+Neopaganism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-737-2&rft.aulast=Schnurbein&rft.aufirst=Stefanie+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizhensky2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shizhensky, Roman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/neoyazycheskiy-mif-o-knyaze-vladimire">"Neo-pagan myth about Prince Vladimir"</a>. Bulletin of the Buryat State University. Philosophy, Sociology, Political Science, Cultural Studies (in Russian) (6): 250–256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Buryat+State+University.+Philosophy%2C+Sociology%2C+Political+Science%2C+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Neo-pagan+myth+about+Prince+Vladimir&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Shizhensky&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fneoyazycheskiy-mif-o-knyaze-vladimire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizhensky2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> ———  (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=AO0ZxGNkYXE">"Neopaganism and the middle class"</a> (in Russian). Lecture hall "Krapivensky 4". 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neopaganism+and+the+middle+class&rft.pub=Lecture+hall+%22Krapivensky+4%22.+3+February+2021&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Shizhensky&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fapp%3Ddesktop%26v%3DAO0ZxGNkYXE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlapentokh2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shlapentokh, Dmitry (2014). Research laboratory "New religious movements in modern Russia and European countries". Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/antisemitizm-istorii-variant-russkih-neoyazychnikov">"Antisemitism of history: a variant of Russian neopagans"</a>. Colloquium Heptaplomeres (in Russian) (1). Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin: 76–85. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2312-1696">2312-1696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquium+Heptaplomeres&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+of+history%3A+a+variant+of+Russian+neopagans&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2312-1696&rft.aulast=Shlapentokh&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fantisemitizm-istorii-variant-russkih-neoyazychnikov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonFilip2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Simpson, Scott; Filip, Mariusz (2013). "Selected Words for Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe". In Scott Simpson; Kaarina Aitamurto (eds.). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. pp. 27–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-662-2"><bdi>978-1-84465-662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selected+Words+for+Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.btitle=Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-662-2&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Filip%2C+Mariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnookHorrellHorton2017" class="citation book cs1">Snook, Jennifer; Horrell, Thad; Horton, Kristen (2017). "Heathens in the United States: The Return to 'Tribes' in the Construction of a Peoplehood". In Rountree, Kathryn (ed.). Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Modern Paganism. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 43–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-57040-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-57040-6"><bdi>978-1-137-57040-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heathens+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Return+to+%27Tribes%27+in+the+Construction+of+a+Peoplehood&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitanism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Modern+Paganism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-57040-6&rft.aulast=Snook&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Horrell%2C+Thad&rft.au=Horton%2C+Kristen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarhawk1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a> (1989). The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess (revised ed.). San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Row">Harper and Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97467-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97467-6"><bdi>978-0-676-97467-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiral+Dance%3A+A+Rebirth+of+the+Ancient+Religion+of+the+Great+Goddess&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-676-97467-6&rft.au=Starhawk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrmiska2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Strmiska, Michael F. (2005). "Modern Paganism in World Cultures". Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara, Dencer, and Oxford: ABC-Clio. pp. 1–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851096084" title="Special:BookSources/9781851096084"><bdi>9781851096084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Paganism+in+World+Cultures&rft.btitle=Modern+Paganism+in+World+Cultures%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Dencer%2C+and+Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781851096084&rft.aulast=Strmiska&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrmiskaSigurvinsson2005" class="citation book cs1">Strmiska, Michael F.; Sigurvinsson, Baldur A. (2005). "Asatru: Nordic Paganism in Iceland and America". In Strmiska, Michael F. (ed.). Modern Paganism in World Cultures. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asatru%3A+Nordic+Paganism+in+Iceland+and+America&rft.btitle=Modern+Paganism+in+World+Cultures&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-608-4&rft.aulast=Strmiska&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Sigurvinsson%2C+Baldur+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuckrad2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kocku_von_Stuckrad" title="Kocku von Stuckrad">Stuckrad, Kocku von</a> (2007). "Heidentum" [Paganism]. In Jaeger, Friedrich (ed.). Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit [Encyclopedia of the modern period] (in German). Vol. 5. Stuttgart and Weimar: Verlag J.B. Metzler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-476-01995-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-476-01995-0"><bdi>978-3-476-01995-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heidentum&rft.btitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+der+Neuzeit&rft.place=Stuttgart+and+Weimar&rft.pub=Verlag+J.B.+Metzler&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-476-01995-0&rft.aulast=Stuckrad&rft.aufirst=Kocku+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelesco2005" class="citation book cs1">Telesco, Patricia (2005). Which Witch Is Which? A Concise Guide to Wiccan and Neo-Pagan Paths and Traditions. Red Wheel/Weiser.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Which+Witch+Is+Which%3F+A+Concise+Guide+to+Wiccan+and+Neo-Pagan+Paths+and+Traditions&rft.pub=Red+Wheel%2FWeiser&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Telesco&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTully2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tully, Caroline Jane (2011). "Researching the Past is a Foreign Country: Cognitive Dissonance as a Response by Practitioner Pagans to Academic Research on the History of Pagan Religions". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 13 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Researching+the+Past+is+a+Foreign+Country%3A+Cognitive+Dissonance+as+a+Response+by+Practitioner+Pagans+to+Academic+Research+on+the+History+of+Pagan+Religions&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerkhovskyPribylovskyMikhailovskaya1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verkhovsky, Alexander; <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pribylovsky" title="Vladimir Pribylovsky">Pribylovsky, Vladimir</a>; Mikhailovskaya, Ye. (1998). "Neopagans". Nationalism and xenophobia in Russian society (in Russian). Moscow: Panorama. pp. 39–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neopagans&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+xenophobia+in+Russian+society&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Panorama&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Verkhovsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Pribylovsky%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Mikhailovskaya%2C+Ye.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYashin2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yashin, Vladimir (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=2127888">"Russian neopaganism in the context of the problem of religious and political extremism"</a>. Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (in Russian). 1 (52): 37–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Bulletin+of+the+Omsk+Academy+of+the+Ministry+of+Internal+Affairs+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Russian+neopaganism+in+the+context+of+the+problem+of+religious+and+political+extremism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Yashin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felibrary.ru%2Fitem.asp%3Fid%3D2127888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">York, Michael</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135">"Invented Culture/Invented Religion: The Fictional Origins of Contemporary Paganism"</a>. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 3 (1): 135–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1999.3.1.135">10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135">10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220162435/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio%3A+The+Journal+of+Alternative+and+Emergent+Religions&rft.atitle=Invented+Culture%2FInvented+Religion%3A+The+Fictional+Origins+of+Contemporary+Paganism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1999.3.1.135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1999.3.1.135%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1999.3.1.135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork2016" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2016). Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion. Cham: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-18923-9">10.1007/978-3-319-18923-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-18923-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-18923-9"><bdi>978-3-319-18923-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Ethics%3A+Paganism+as+a+World+Religion&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-18923-9&rft.isbn=978-3-319-18923-9&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Web sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPAN_results2012" class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315001843/http://www.pagandash.org.au/content/">Results of the 2011 Census</a>. PAGANdash.com (Technical report). Australia: Pagan Awareness Network Inc. Australia. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagandash.org.au/content/">the original</a> on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+2011+Census&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Pagan+Awareness+Network+Inc.+Australia&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagandash.org.au%2Fcontent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPew2008" class="citation techreport cs1">"Chapter 1: The Religious Composition of the United States". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150125190643/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">The U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation</a> (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life (Technical report). Washington D.C.: Pew Forum Web Publishing and Communications; <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Religious+Landscape+Survey%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+Web+Publishing+and+Communications%3B+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligions.pewforum.org%2Fpdf%2Freport-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatsNZ_affiliation2006" class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115113848/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/classification-counts-tables/about-people/~/media/Statistics/Census/2006-reports/Classification-Count-Tables/People/religious-affiliation.xls">Religious affiliation</a>. Census of Population and Dwellings (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/classification-counts-tables/about-people/~/media/Statistics/Census/2006-reports/Classification-Count-Tables/People/religious-affiliation.xls">the original</a> on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Religious+affiliation&rft.pub=Statistics+New+Zealand&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2FCensus%2F2006CensusHomePage%2Fclassification-counts-tables%2Fabout-people%2F~%2Fmedia%2FStatistics%2FCensus%2F2006-reports%2FClassification-Count-Tables%2FPeople%2Freligious-affiliation.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatsNZ_population2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101120914/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/nzs-population-and-dwellings/population-counts.aspx">"QuickStats About New Zealand's Population and Dwellings"</a>. Census of Population and Dwellings. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/nzs-population-and-dwellings/population-counts.aspx">the original</a> on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+Population+and+Dwellings&rft.atitle=QuickStats+About+New+Zealand%27s+Population+and+Dwellings&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.govt.nz%2FCensus%2F2006CensusHomePage%2FQuickStats%2Fquickstats-about-a-subject%2Fnzs-population-and-dwellings%2Fpopulation-counts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Blain, Jenny; Ezzy, Douglas; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Harvey_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)">Harvey, Graham</a> (2004). Researching Paganisms. Oxford and Lanham: AltaMira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0522-5"><bdi>978-0-7591-0522-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researching+Paganisms&rft.place=Oxford+and+Lanham&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0522-5&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft.au=Ezzy%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Davidsen, Markus Altena (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/what-is-wrong-with-pagan-studies(28b49e50-938f-4cb9-ad46-ce62f9e1f27d).html">"What is Wrong with Pagan Studies?"</a>. Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. 24 (2): 183–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006812X634881">10.1163/157006812X634881</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3160767">1887/3160767</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170576609">170576609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Method+and+Theory+in+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=What+is+Wrong+with+Pagan+Studies%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3160767&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170576609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006812X634881&rft.aulast=Davidsen&rft.aufirst=Markus+Altena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fportal%2Fda%2Fpublications%2Fwhat-is-wrong-with-pagan-studies%2828b49e50-938f-4cb9-ad46-ce62f9e1f27d%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Doyle White, Ethan (2010). "The Meaning of 'Wicca': A Study in Etymology, History and Pagan Politics". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 12 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+%27Wicca%27%3A+A+Study+in+Etymology%2C+History+and+Pagan+Politics&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Doyle+White&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R. (2004). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. London and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514986-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514986-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514986-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514986-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">York, Michael</a> (2010). "Idolatry, Ecology, and the Sacred as Tangible". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 12 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Idolatry%2C+Ecology%2C+and+the+Sacred+as+Tangible&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+paganism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_paganism&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagan_studies" title="Template:Pagan studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pagan_studies" title="Template talk:Pagan studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pagan_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pagan studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pagan_studies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_(contemporary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism (contemporary)">Contemporary paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Anthropological and folkloristic approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Luhrmann" title="Tanya Luhrmann">Luhrmann's</a> <a href="/wiki/Persuasions_of_the_Witch%27s_Craft" title="Persuasions of the Witch's Craft">Persuasions of the Witch's Craft</a> (1989)</li> <li>Orion's <a href="/wiki/Never_Again_the_Burning_Times" title="Never Again the Burning Times">Never Again the Burning Times</a> (1995)</li> <li>Hume's <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_Paganism_in_Australia" title="Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia">Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia</a> (1997)</li> <li>Greenwood's <a href="/wiki/Magic,_Witchcraft_and_the_Otherworld" title="Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld">Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Magliocco's</a> <a href="/wiki/Witching_Culture" title="Witching Culture">Witching Culture</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Historical approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pagan_Religions_of_the_Ancient_British_Isles" title="The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles">The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Moon" title="The Triumph of the Moon">The Triumph of the Moon</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Clifton's</a> <a href="/wiki/Her_Hidden_Children" title="Her Hidden Children">Her Hidden Children</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Religious studies and theological approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Salomonsen's <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattias_Gardell" title="Mattias Gardell">Gardell's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gods_of_the_Blood" title="Gods of the Blood">Gods of the Blood</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">York's</a> <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Theology" title="Pagan Theology">Pagan Theology</a> (2003)</li> <li>Davy's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Pagan_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introduction to Pagan Studies (page does not exist)">Introduction to Pagan Studies</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Sociological approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Adler's</a> <a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon</a> (1979, 1986, 1996, 2006)</li> <li>Scarboro, Campbell and Stave's <a href="/wiki/Living_Witchcraft" title="Living Witchcraft">Living Witchcraft</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Berger's</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Community_of_Witches" title="A Community of Witches">A Community of Witches</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Interdisciplinary edited volumes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pearson, Roberts and Samuel's <a href="/wiki/Nature_Religion_Today" title="Nature Religion Today">Nature Religion Today</a> (1998)</li> <li>Strmiska's <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism_in_World_Cultures" title="Modern Paganism in World Cultures">Modern Paganism in World Cultures</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Academic, peer-reviewed journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aries_(journal)" title="Aries (journal)">Aries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pomegranate (journal)">The Pomegranate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic,_Ritual,_and_Witchcraft" title="Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft">Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Pagan_studies_books" title="Category:Pagan studies books">Pagan studies books</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_paganism147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#c1c1c1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopaganism" title="Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopaganism" title="Template talk:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_paganism147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">Eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">New Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/50px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/75px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/100px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="608" /></a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Arts and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-pagan_festivals_and_events" title="List of neo-pagan festivals and events">Festivals and events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_music" title="Modern pagan music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_temples" title="List of modern pagan temples">Temples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">By country or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" title="Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe">German-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Hungary" title="Neopaganism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_Scandinavia" title="Modern paganism in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_South_Africa" title="Neopaganism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Minnesota" title="Neopaganism in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Movements (<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian (Berber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian-Scythian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Daco-Thracian (Romanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_Native_Faith_organisations" title="List of Slavic Native Faith organisations">Rodnovery (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">RUNVira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turko-Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Interfaith: <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a> · <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Traditional_Religions" title="Foundation for Traditional Religions">Foundation for Traditional Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christo-Paganism" title="Christo-Paganism">Christo-Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Priapus" title="Temple of Priapus">Temple of Priapus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochranianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">LGBTQ+ and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_modern_paganism" title="List of writers on modern paganism">Writers on modern paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_religions" title="List of ethnic religions">list</a>) (existing and extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox0" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern paganism</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">movements</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox0" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azalism" title="Azalism">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template talk:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_religious_movements155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">CoG7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">SDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement">Lahore Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMORC" title="AMORC">AMORC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Cross_and_Star" title="Brotherhood of the Cross and Star">Brotherhood of the Cross and Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Church of Divine Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">The Family International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fung_Loy_Kok_Institute_of_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism">Fung Loy Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahikari_movement" title="Mahikari movement">Mahikari movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Divine_Light" title="World Divine Light">World Divine Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Arès">Pilgrims of Arès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Church_of_the_Final_Judgment" title="Process Church of the Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism#United_Submitters_International" title="Quranism">United Submitters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Aquino" title="Michael Angelo Aquino">Michael Angelo Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81ngel_Livraga_Rizzi" title="Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi">Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykayil_Yohannan" title="Poykayil Yohannan">Poykayil Yohannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religions_and_Spirituality_Project" title="World Religions and Spirituality Project">World Religions and Spirituality Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution of Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Religious discrimination against modern pagans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li></ul> 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