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<li id="toc-Plans_for_colonization_(1697–1769)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans_for_colonization_(1697–1769)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Plans for colonization (1697–1769)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans_for_colonization_(1697–1769)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonization_(1769–1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonization_(1769–1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Spanish colonization (1769–1821)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonization_(1769–1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_ranchos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_ranchos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Establishment of ranchos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_ranchos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Province_of_Alta_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Province_of_Alta_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Province of Alta California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Province_of_Alta_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Mexico_(1821–1846)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Mexico_(1821–1846)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Independent Mexico (1821–1846)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Mexico_(1821–1846)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secularization_of_the_missions_(1833)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularization_of_the_missions_(1833)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Secularization of the missions (1833)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularization_of_the_missions_(1833)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mexican–American War (1846–1848)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags_that_have_flown_over_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags_that_have_flown_over_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flags that have flown over California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags_that_have_flown_over_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_population_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_population_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historic population figures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historic_population_figures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historic population figures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historic_population_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_statistics_of_Alta_California_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_statistics_of_Alta_California_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population statistics of Alta California Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_statistics_of_Alta_California_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions_(1850_census)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_(1850_census)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Regions (1850 census)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions_(1850_census)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alta California</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كاليفورنيا العليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاليفورنيا العليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Alta Califòrnia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alta Califòrnia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%C3%AD_Kalifornie" title="Horní Kalifornie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horní Kalifornie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkalifornien" title="Oberkalifornien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberkalifornien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Californie" title="Haute-Californie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haute-Californie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%83%80%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC" title="알타칼리포르니아주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알타칼리포르니아주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babo_California" title="Babo California – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Babo California" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അൾട്ട കാലിഫോർണിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൾട്ട കാലിഫോർണിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="अल्ता कॅलिफोर्निया प्रदेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्ता कॅलिफोर्निया प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="アルタ・カリフォルニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルタ・カリフォルニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauta_Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Nauta Califòrnia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nauta Califòrnia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Верхняя Калифорния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верхняя Калифорния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alta California" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆல்ட்டா கலிபோர்னியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்ட்டா கலிபோர்னியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Верхня Каліфорнія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верхня Каліфорнія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="التا کیلیفورنیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="التا کیلیفورنیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alta_California_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alta California (disambiguation)">Alta California (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> or its region <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv 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.infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Alta California</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a><br />(1804–1821)<br /><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a><br />(1821–1824)<br /><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Federal Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><br />(1824–1836)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1804–1836</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alta_California_in_Mexico_(1824).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alta_California_in_Mexico_%281824%29.svg/220px-Alta_California_in_Mexico_%281824%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alta_California_in_Mexico_%281824%29.svg/330px-Alta_California_in_Mexico_%281824%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alta_California_in_Mexico_%281824%29.svg/440px-Alta_California_in_Mexico_%281824%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1804–1836)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_California_before_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of California before 1850">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1804–1814 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Arrillaga" title="José Joaquín de Arrillaga">José Joaquín de Arrillaga</a><br />(First Spanish governor)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815–1822 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Vicente_de_Sol%C3%A1" title="Pablo Vicente de Solá">Pablo Vicente de Solá</a><br />(Last Spanish governor)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1822–1825 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Arg%C3%BCello" title="Luis Antonio Argüello">Luis Antonio Argüello</a><br />(First Mexican governor)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1836 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Nicolás Gutiérrez">Nicolás Gutiérrez</a><br />(Last Alta California governor)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonial era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of the Californias">Las Californias</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1769</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1804</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 24, 1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1836</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of the Californias">Province of the Californias</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Californias">Department of the Californias</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alta California</b> ('Upper California'), also known as <b>Nueva California</b> ('New California') among other names,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a province of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> formally established in 1804. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California peninsula</a>, it had previously comprised the province of <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a></span></span>, but was made a separate province in 1804 (named <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Nueva California</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, it became a territory of <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">Mexico</a> in April 1822<sup id="cite_ref-mfwilliams_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfwilliams-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was renamed <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Alta California</i></span> in 1824. </p><p>The territory included all of the present-day U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. The territory was <span class="nowrap">re-combined</span> with <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Territory" title="Baja California Territory">Baja California</a> (as a single <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Departamento" title="Departamento">departamento</a></i></span>) in Mexico's 1836 <i><a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Siete Leyes</a></i> (Seven Laws) constitutional reform, granting it more autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson79_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson79-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That change was undone in 1846, but rendered moot by the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1848, when most of the areas formerly comprising Alta California <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">were ceded</a> to the U.S. in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">the treaty which ended the war</a>. In 1850, California joined the union as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_U.S._statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of U.S. statehood">31st state</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)" title="El Camino Real (California)">El Camino Real</a> trail established by the Spanish extended from <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> west to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, and California, as well as east to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. To the southeast, beyond the deserts and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>, lay the <a href="/wiki/Arizona#History" title="Arizona">Spanish settlements in Arizona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bandini_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandini-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish soldiers, settlers, and missionaries invaded the homelands of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin" title="Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin">people of the Great Basin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo peoples">Pueblo peoples</a> in the establishment of Alta California.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of Alta California remains in the numerous Spanish place names of American cities such as <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans_for_colonization_(1697–1769)"><span id="Plans_for_colonization_.281697.E2.80.931769.29"></span>Plans for colonization (1697–1769)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plans for colonization (1697–1769)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portol%C3%A1_expedition" title="Portolá expedition">Portolá expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg/220px-Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg/330px-Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg/440px-Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3" title="Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó">Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó</a> was the first mission established in the Californias (present-day <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto, Mexico">Loreto, Mexico</a>) in 1697.</figcaption></figure> <p>Father <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a> missionized the <a href="/wiki/Pimer%C3%ADa_Alta" title="Pimería Alta">Pimería Alta</a> from 1687 until his death in 1711. In 1697, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> expansion into California was funded and the <a href="/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3" title="Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó">Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó</a> was established that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans in 1715 by Juan Manuel de Oliván Rebolledo resulted in a 1716 decree for extension of the conquest (of Baja California) which came to nothing. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza_I" title="Juan Bautista de Anza I">Juan Bautista de Anssa</a> proposed an expedition from <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> in 1737 and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> planned settlements in 1744, although these plans did not take action.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Don Fernando Sánchez Salvador researched the earlier proposals and suggested the area of the <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado Rivers</a> as the locale for forts or presidios preventing the French or the English from "occupying <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a> and invading the neighboring coasts of California which are at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Carmel_River_(California)" title="Carmel River (California)">Carmel River</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alta California was not easily accessible from New Spain: land routes were cut off by deserts and Indigenous peoples who were hostile to invasion. Sea routes ran counter to the southerly currents of the distant northwestern Pacific. Ultimately, New Spain did not have the economic resources nor population to settle such a far northern outpost.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish interest in colonizing Alta California was revived under the <i>visita</i> of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Gálvez">José de Gálvez</a> as part of his plans to completely reorganize the governance of the <a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Interior Provinces</a> and push Spanish settlement further north.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent decades, news of <a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian colonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">maritime fur trading</a> in Alaska, and the 1768 naval expedition of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krenitsyn" title="Pyotr Krenitsyn">Pyotr Krenitsyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Levashov_(sailor)" title="Mikhail Levashov (sailor)">Mikhail Levashov</a> alarmed the Spanish government and served to justify Gálvez's vision.<sup id="cite_ref-haycox_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haycox-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonization_(1769–1821)"><span id="Spanish_colonization_.281769.E2.80.931821.29"></span>Spanish colonization (1769–1821)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spanish colonization (1769–1821)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranchos_of_California" title="Ranchos of California">Ranchos of California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpanishMissionsinCA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SpanishMissionsinCA.png/220px-SpanishMissionsinCA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SpanishMissionsinCA.png/330px-SpanishMissionsinCA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SpanishMissionsinCA.png/440px-SpanishMissionsinCA.png 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="5400" /></a><figcaption>The 21 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Alta_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Alta California">Spanish missions in Alta California</a> (outline of the present state of California).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Portol%C3%A1_expedition" title="Portolá expedition">Portolá expedition</a> was the first European land-entry expedition into the area that is now California. The missionaries and soldiers encountered numerous <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of the area</a>, who became the primary subjects of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missions that were already established in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson79_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson79-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RyanBreschini10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanBreschini10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition first established the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego" title="Presidio of San Diego">Presidio of San Diego</a> at the site of the <a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Kosa%27aay" title="Kosa'aay">Kosa'aay</a>, which became the first European settlement in the present state of California. At first contact, the villagers provided food and water for the expedition, who were suffering from <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_deprivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water deprivation">water deprivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Alta California mission was founded that same year adjacent to the village <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Mission San Diego de Alcalá">Mission San Diego de Alcalá</a>, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the site of this mission, subsequent missions and presidios were often founded at the site of Indigenous villages. <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Gabriel_Arc%C3%A1ngel" title="Mission San Gabriel Arcángel">Mission San Gabriel Arcángel</a> was founded at the <a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> village <a href="/wiki/Toviscanga" title="Toviscanga">Toviscanga</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">Pueblo de Los Ángeles</a> at the village of <a href="/wiki/Yaanga" title="Yaanga">Yaanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first settlers of Los Angeles were African and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> Catholics, including at least ten of the recently re-discovered <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Pobladores" title="Los Angeles Pobladores">Los Pobladores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano" title="Mission San Juan Capistrano">Mission San Juan Capistrano</a> was founded at the <a href="/wiki/Acjachemen" title="Acjachemen">Acjachemen</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Acjacheme" title="Acjacheme">Acjacheme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Mission San Fernando Rey de España">Mission San Fernando</a> was founded at <a href="/wiki/Achooykomenga" title="Achooykomenga">Achooykomenga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Spanish and civilian settlers further intruded into Indigenous lands and imposed their practices, ideas of property, and religion onto them backed by the force of soldiers and settlers, Indigenous peoples formed rebellions on Spanish missions and settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major rebellion at Mission San Gabriel in 1785 was led by the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Woman" title="Medicine Woman">medicine woman</a> <a href="/wiki/Toypurina" title="Toypurina">Toypurina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runaways from the missions were common, where abuse, malnourishment, and overworking were common features of daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runaways would sometimes find shelter at more distant villages, such as a group of runaways who found refuge at the <a href="/wiki/Vanyume" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a> village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%A1%27peat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wá'peat (page does not exist)">Wá'peat</a>, the chief of which refused to give them up.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many children died young at the missions. One missionary reported that 3 of every 4 children born at Mission San Gabriel died before reaching the age of two.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precolonial Indigenous population of California is estimated to have numbered around 340,000 people, who were diverse culturally and linguistically.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1769–1832, at least 87,787 baptisms and 63,789 deaths of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples</a> occurred, demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California#Death_rate_at_the_missions" title="Spanish missions in California">the immense death rate</a> at the missions in Alta California.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion to Christianity</a> at the colonial missions was often resisted by Indigenous peoples in Alta California.<sup id="cite_ref-:73_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:73-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many missionaries in the province wrote of their frustrations with teaching Indigenous people to internalize Catholic scripture and practice. Many Indigenous people learned to navigate religious expectations at the missions with complex social behaviors in order to maintain their cultural and religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:73_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:73-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_ranchos">Establishment of ranchos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishment of ranchos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1784, the Spanish established the first rancho, <a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Pedro" title="Rancho San Pedro">Rancho San Pedro</a>, as a 48,000 acre site for <a href="/wiki/Cattle_grazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle grazing">cattle grazing</a>. Nine ranchos were subsequently established before 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish, and later Mexican, governments rewarded retired <i><a href="/wiki/Soldado_de_cuera" title="Soldado de cuera">soldados de cuera</a></i> with large land grants, known as <i>ranchos</i>, for the raising of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>. Hides and <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> from the livestock were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century. Similar to the missions, the construction, ranching and domestic work on these vast estates was primarily done by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples</a>, who learned to speak Spanish and ride horses. Under Spanish and Mexican rule, the ranchos prospered and grew. <i>Rancheros</i> (cattle ranchers) and <i>pobladores</i> (townspeople) evolved into the unique <a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californio</a> culture.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo_(Oriana_Day,_c.1877%E2%80%9384).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo_%28Oriana_Day%2C_c.1877%E2%80%9384%29.jpg/220px-Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo_%28Oriana_Day%2C_c.1877%E2%80%9384%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo_%28Oriana_Day%2C_c.1877%E2%80%9384%29.jpg/330px-Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo_%28Oriana_Day%2C_c.1877%E2%80%9384%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo_%28Oriana_Day%2C_c.1877%E2%80%9384%29.jpg/440px-Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo_%28Oriana_Day%2C_c.1877%E2%80%9384%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo" title="Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo">Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo</a>, established in 1770, was the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Californian mission system</a> from 1797 until 1833.</figcaption></figure> <p>By law, mission land and property were to pass to the Indigenous population after a period of about ten years, when the Indigenous people would become Spanish subjects. In the interim period, the Franciscans were to act as mission administrators who held the land in trust for the Indigenous residents. The Franciscans, however, prolonged their control over the missions even after control of Alta California passed from Spain to independent Mexico, and continued to run the missions until they were secularized, beginning in 1833. The transfer of property never occurred under the Franciscans.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the number of Spanish settlers grew in Alta California, the boundaries and natural resources of the mission properties became disputed. Conflicts between the Crown and the Church arose over land. State and ecclesiastical bureaucrats debated over authority of the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Franciscan priests of <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission Santa Clara de Asís">Mission Santa Clara de Asís</a> sent a petition to the governor in 1782 which stated that the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> owned both the land and cattle and represented the <a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> against the Spanish settlers in nearby San José.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The priests reported that Indians' crops were being damaged by the pueblo settlers' livestock and that the settlers' livestock was also "getting mixed up with the livestock belonging to the Indians from the mission" causing losses. They advocated that the Indigenous people be allowed to own property and have the right to defend it.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Province_of_Alta_California">Province of Alta California</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Province of Alta California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1804, due to the growth of the Spanish population in new northern settlements, the province of Las Californias was divided just south of San Diego, following mission president Francisco Palóu's division between the Dominican and Franciscan jurisdictions. Governor <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Borica" title="Diego de Borica">Diego de Borica</a> is credited with defining the border between Alta (upper) and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California#History" title="Baja California">Baja (lower) California</a>'s as <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%B3u_Line" title="Palóu Line">Palóu's division</a>, while the division became the political reality under <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Arrillaga" title="José Joaquín de Arrillaga">José Joaquín de Arrillaga</a>, who would become the first governor of Alta California.<sup id="cite_ref-booksDdb_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksDdb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>cortes</i> (legislature) of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> issued a decree in 1813 for at least partial secularization that affected all missions in America and was to apply to all outposts that had operated for ten years or more; however, the decree was never enforced in California. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819, between the United States and Spain, established the northern limit of Alta California at latitude 42°N, which remains the boundary between the states of California, Nevada and Utah (to the south) and Oregon and Idaho (to the north) to this day. Mexico won independence in 1821, and Alta California became a territory of Mexico the next year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Mexico_(1821–1846)"><span id="Independent_Mexico_.281821.E2.80.931846.29"></span>Independent Mexico (1821–1846)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independent Mexico (1821–1846)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico1838.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mexico1838.jpeg/220px-Mexico1838.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mexico1838.jpeg/330px-Mexico1838.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mexico1838.jpeg/440px-Mexico1838.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="2488" /></a><figcaption>Mexico in 1838. From <i>Britannica</i> 7th edition.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> gained independence from Spain on August 24, 1821, upon conclusion of the decade-long <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a> to the Viceroyalty of New Spain, Mexico automatically included the provinces of Alta California and Baja California as territories. Alta California declared allegiance to the new Mexican nation and elected a representative to be sent to Mexico City. On November 9, 1822, the first legislature of California was created.<sup id="cite_ref-mfwilliams_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfwilliams-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">republican government</a> in 1824, Alta California, like many northern territories, was not recognized as one of the constituent <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">States of Mexico</a> because of its small population. The <a href="/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico" title="1824 Constitution of Mexico">1824 Constitution of Mexico</a> refers to Alta California as a "territory". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secularization_of_the_missions_(1833)"><span id="Secularization_of_the_missions_.281833.29"></span>Secularization of the missions (1833)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secularization of the missions (1833)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_divisions_of_Mexico_1836-1845_(location_map_scheme).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Political_divisions_of_Mexico_1836-1845_%28location_map_scheme%29.svg/390px-Political_divisions_of_Mexico_1836-1845_%28location_map_scheme%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Political_divisions_of_Mexico_1836-1845_%28location_map_scheme%29.svg/585px-Political_divisions_of_Mexico_1836-1845_%28location_map_scheme%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Political_divisions_of_Mexico_1836-1845_%28location_map_scheme%29.svg/780px-Political_divisions_of_Mexico_1836-1845_%28location_map_scheme%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Mexican departments created in 1836 (shown after 1845 Texas independence). <a href="/wiki/Las_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Californias">Las Californias</a> at far left in gray.</figcaption></figure> <p>Resentment was increasing toward appointed territorial governors sent from Mexico City, who came with little knowledge of local conditions and concerns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Laws were imposed by the central government without much consideration of local conditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican secularization act of 1833">Mexican secularization act of 1833</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RyanBreschini10_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanBreschini10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing friction between governors and the people. </p><p>In 1836, Mexico repealed the 1824 federalist constitution and adopted a more centralist political organization (under the "<a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Seven Laws</a>") that reunited Alta and Baja California in a single California Department (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Departamento de las Californias</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change, however, had little practical effect in far-off Alta California. The capital of Alta California remained Monterey, as it had been since the 1769 <a href="/wiki/Portola_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Portola expedition">Portola expedition</a> first established a military/civil government, and the local political structures were unchanged. </p><p>The friction came to a head in 1836, when Monterey-born <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado" title="Juan Bautista Alvarado">Juan Bautista Alvarado</a> led a revolt against the 1836 constitution, seizing control of Monterey from <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Nicolás Gutiérrez">Nicolás Gutiérrez</a>. Alvarado's actions nearly led to a civil war with loyalist forces based in Los Angeles, but a ceasefire was arranged. After an unsettled period, Alvarado agreed to support the 1839 constitution, and Mexico City appointed him to serve as governor from 1837 to 1842. Other <i>Californio</i> governors followed, including <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_Carrillo" title="Carlos Antonio Carrillo">Carlos Antonio Carrillo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Pío Pico</a>. The last non-Californian governor, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Micheltorena" title="Manuel Micheltorena">Manuel Micheltorena</a>, was driven out after another rebellion in 1845. Micheltorena was replaced by Pío Pico, last <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-statehood_governors_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pre-statehood governors of California">Mexican governor of California</a>, who served until 1846 when the U.S. military occupation began. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)"><span id="Mexican.E2.80.93American_War_.281846.E2.80.931848.29"></span>Mexican–American War (1846–1848)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War (1846–1848)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></div> <p>In the final decades of Mexican rule, American and European immigrants arrived and settled in the former Alta California. Those in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> mainly settled in and around the established coastal settlements and tended to intermarry with the Californios. In Northern California, they mainly formed new settlements further inland, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a>, and these immigrants focused on fur-trapping and farming and kept apart from the Californios. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Mexico_including_Yucatan_and_Upper_California_1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_Mexico_including_Yucatan_and_Upper_California_1847.jpg/330px-Map_of_Mexico_including_Yucatan_and_Upper_California_1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_Mexico_including_Yucatan_and_Upper_California_1847.jpg/495px-Map_of_Mexico_including_Yucatan_and_Upper_California_1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Map_of_Mexico_including_Yucatan_and_Upper_California_1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><i>Map of Mexico</i>. S. Augustus Mitchell, Philadelphia, 1847. New California is depicted with a northeastern border at the meridian leading north of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> <a href="/wiki/Source_(river_or_stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source (river or stream)">headwaters</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1846, following reports of the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> to the United States, American settlers in inland Northern California took up arms, captured the Mexican garrison town of Sonoma, and declared independence there as the <a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a>. At the same time, the United States and Mexico had gone to war, and forces of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> entered into Alta California and took possession of the northern port cities of Monterey and San Francisco. The forces of the California Republic, upon encountering the United States Navy and, from them, learning of the state of war between Mexico and the United States, abandoned their independence and proceeded to assist the United States forces in securing the remainder of Alta California. The California Republic was never recognized by any nation and existed for less than one month, but its flag (the "Bear Flag") survives as the flag of the State of California. </p><p>After the United States Navy's seizure of the cities of southern California, the Californios formed irregular units, which were victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Los_Angeles" title="Siege of Los Angeles">Siege of Los Angeles</a>, and after the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pasqual" title="Battle of San Pasqual">Battle of San Pasqual</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dominguez_Rancho" title="Battle of Dominguez Rancho">Battle of Domínguez Rancho</a>. But the Californios were defeated in subsequent encounters, the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_San_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rio San Gabriel">Río San Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Mesa" title="Battle of La Mesa">La Mesa</a>. The southern Californios formally surrendered with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a> on January 13, 1847. After twenty-seven years as part of independent Mexico, California was ceded to the United States in 1848 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>. The United States paid Mexico <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar#History" title="United States dollar">$15 million</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">lands ceded</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governors">Governors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1804 – 25 July 1814 <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Arrillaga" title="José Joaquín de Arrillaga">José Joaquín de Arrillaga</a></li> <li>25 July 1814 – 15 August 1815 <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dar%C3%ADo_Arg%C3%BCello" title="José Darío Argüello">José Darío Argüello</a> (acting)</li> <li>15 August 1815 – 11 April 1822 <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Vicente_de_Sol%C3%A1" title="Pablo Vicente de Solá">Pablo Vicente de Solá</a></li></ul> <p>For Mexican governors see <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California_before_1850" title="List of governors of California before 1850">List of governors of California before 1850</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags_that_have_flown_over_California">Flags that have flown over California</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flags that have flown over California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cross of Burgundy flag of New Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/80px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/160px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, may have been flown by the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a> in 1542, upon entering the bay of San Diego, and by the Portolá expedition that founded the colony of Alta California in 1769. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St George's Cross flag of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/80px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/120px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/160px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St. George Cross of England</a>, June 1579, voyage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Golden Hind</a></i> under Captain <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay" title="Bodega Bay">Bodega Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomales_Bay" title="Tomales Bay">Tomales Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drakes_Bay" title="Drakes Bay">Drakes Bay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bolinas_Bay" title="Bolinas Bay">Bolinas Bay</a> (exact location disputed).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of Spain (1785–1873)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td>October 1775, the Sonora at <a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay" title="Bodega Bay">Bodega Bay</a>, under Lt. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a> until 1821, when New Spain gained independence from the Spanish Empire. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Variant flag of Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/80px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/120px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/160px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Alexandrovich_Kuskov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov">Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross</a> and, from 1812 to 1821, its colonial administrator. The Russian-American Company only controlled a small portion of the northern coast of California, while the entire territory was diplomatically recognized as territory of Mexico; this situation was terminated when the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russians</a> sold Fort Ross in 1841 to <a href="/wiki/John_Sutter" title="John Sutter">John Sutter</a>, and subsequently left the area in 1842. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Argentina_(1818).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Argentina_%281818%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Argentina_%281818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Argentina_%281818%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Argentina_%281818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Argentina_%281818%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Argentina_%281818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">On a ship from Argentina</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a>, a French-born pirate who attacked Monterey Bay from November 24 to November 29, 1818, in order to annoy Spain, who ruled Argentina. Bouchard claimed California on behalf of Argentina, but this claim was never recognized, even by the Argentine government. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mexico_(1821-1823).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the First Mexican Empire (1821–23)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Mexico_%281821-1823%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281821-1823%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Mexico_%281821-1823%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281821-1823%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Mexico_%281821-1823%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281821-1823%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>, August 24, 1821, Mexico under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a> (October 1822, probable time new flag raised in California) until 1823. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mexico_(1823-1864,_1867-1893).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the United Mexican States (1823–64)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Mexican_States_(1824%E2%80%931864)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mexican States (1824–1864)">United Mexican States military</a>, 1823, until January 13, 1847, at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Californian_Lone_Star_Flag_(1836).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1836 California Lone Star Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Californian_Lone_Star_Flag_%281836%29.svg/80px-Californian_Lone_Star_Flag_%281836%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Californian_Lone_Star_Flag_%281836%29.svg/120px-Californian_Lone_Star_Flag_%281836%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Californian_Lone_Star_Flag_%281836%29.svg/160px-Californian_Lone_Star_Flag_%281836%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_California" title="Flag of California">Flag of California</a>, for a few months in 1836, when Alvarado's coup declared independence from Mexico (the Declaration of Independence is available on Wikisource). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Bear_Flag_of_California_(1846).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bear Flag of the California Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg/80px-First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg/120px-First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg/160px-First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="321" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_California" title="Flag of California">Bear Flag</a> of the California Republic, June 14, 1846, at Sonoma until July 9, 1846. The California Republic was declared by American citizens who had settled inland (in the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers), and it is thought that the inclusion of one star and one stripe was meant to highlight their American origins. The Republic's existence was never officially recognized by any other government. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1846%E2%80%931847).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="28-star flag of the United States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> </td> <td>United States, July 9, 1846; <i>see <a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History of California</a>.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For even more Californian flags see: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarymuseum.org/Flags_Over_Ca.pdf"><i>Flags over California, A History and Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sacramento: State of California, Military Department. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flags+over+California%2C+A+History+and+Guide&rft.place=Sacramento&rft.pub=State+of+California%2C+Military+Department&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarymuseum.org%2FFlags_Over_Ca.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_population_figures">Historic population figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historic population figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_statistics_of_Alta_California_Province">Population statistics of Alta California Province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population statistics of Alta California Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The data in this table includes California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Pop Spaniards/Mexican/<a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Mestizo, Castizo and other castes</th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Amerindians</th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Total Population</th> <th>Inhabitants per Sq.League </th></tr> <tr> <td>1769 </td> <th>+ 300 <br /> (first foundation in Spanish California)<sup id="cite_ref-Coulson,_Joyce_2003_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulson,_Joyce_2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1779 </td> <th>500<sup id="cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casado_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1783 </td> <th>1,000<sup id="cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casado_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1790<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_de_G%C3%BCemes,_2nd_Count_of_Revillagigedo" title="Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo">Revillagigedo</a> census)<sup id="cite_ref-Revillagigedo_Census_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revillagigedo_Census-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/N/A" title="N/A">N/A</a><br /> (by the late 1780s there were 1,137 Spaniards in Alta California<sup id="cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casado_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th> <th>- </th> <th>18,780 </th> <th>09,8% (1793)<sup id="cite_ref-Colegio_de_Mexico_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colegio_de_Mexico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2,052–300,000<sup id="cite_ref-California_museum_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-California_museum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>89.9% (1793)<sup id="cite_ref-Colegio_de_Mexico_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colegio_de_Mexico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>20,871 </th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1800 </td> <th>1,800<sup id="cite_ref-Thompshon_2006_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompshon_2006-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1810 </td> <th>2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casado_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>250,000<br />(19,000 of whom were baptised)<sup id="cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casado_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1820 </td> <th>3,270<sup id="cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casado_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1838 </td> <th>4,000 whites<br />(mostly being of Spanish origin and another 500 being foreigners; Faxon D. Atherton estimations (1982:206)<sup id="cite_ref-National_Historic_Trail_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Historic_Trail-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A<br /> (in 1836, 29,000 people lived in Alta California according to <i>El Diario Oficial</i> of Mexico City (1836:180)<sup id="cite_ref-National_Historic_Trail_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Historic_Trail-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1845 </td> <th>7,300 <br /> (Weber estimations (1982:206),<sup id="cite_ref-National_Historic_Trail_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Historic_Trail-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other sources indicated that in 1846 11,500 Californians were of Spaniard or Mexican descent<sup id="cite_ref-Other_Californians_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other_Californians-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>150,000<sup id="cite_ref-California_museum_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-California_museum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_(1850_census)"><span id="Regions_.281850_census.29"></span>Regions (1850 census)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regions (1850 census)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Pop Mexican/<a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Mestizo, Castizo and other castes</th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Amerindians</th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Total Population</th> <th>Inhabitants per Sq.League </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> </td> <th>3,480 </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monterey" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey">Monterey</a> </td> <th>1,853 </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a> </td> <th>1,147 </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego</a> </td> <th>757 </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San José, California">San José</a> </td> <th>500 </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Napa,_California" title="Napa, California">Napa</a> </td> <th>405 </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California" title="San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo</a> </td> <th>335 </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a> </td> <th>186 </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <th>8,663 </th> <th> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the second half of the 19th century, there was a <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Alta_California" title="The Daily Alta California">The Daily Alta California</a></i> (or <i>The Alta Californian</i>). <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s first widely successful book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Innocents_Abroad" title="The Innocents Abroad">The Innocents Abroad</a></i>, was an edited collection of letters written for this publication.</li> <li>In the 1998 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro" title="The Mask of Zorro">The Mask of Zorro</a></i>, fictional former Governor Don Rafael Montero plans to purchase the area from Mexico to set up an independent republic, roughly corresponding to historical Alta California.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carl_Barks" title="Carl Barks">Carl Barks</a> <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck_in_Old_California!" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Duck in Old California!">Donald Duck in Old California!</a></i> provided a glimpse into the lives of the <a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_through_1899" class="mw-redirect" title="History of California through 1899">History of California through 1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_California" title="Territorial evolution of California">Territorial evolution of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_of_the_first_Filipinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing of the first Filipinos">Landing of the first Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_California_history" title="Bibliography of California history">Bibliography of California history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Almost the entire Spanish and mixed-race population lived in present-day California.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">California Septentrional</i></span> ('Northern California'), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">California del Norte</i></span> ('North California') or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">California Superior</i></span> ('Upper California') were unofficial names.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bandini-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bandini_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Bandini, in a note to <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Echeand%C3%ADa" title="José María de Echeandía">Governor Echeandía</a> or to his son, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bandini" title="Juan Bandini">Juan Bandini</a>, a member of the Territorial Deputation (legislature), noted that Alta California was bounded "on the east, where the Government has not yet established the [exact] borderline, by either the Colorado River or the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">great Sierra</a> (<i>Sierra Nevada</i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman points out that the term "Arizona" was not used in this period. Arizona south of the <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a> was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pimer%C3%ADa_Alta" title="Pimería Alta">Pimería Alta</a>. North of the Gila River were the "<a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Moqui</a>", whose territory was considered separate from New Mexico. The term "the Californias", therefore, refers specifically to the Spanish-held coastal region from <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Province">Baja California</a> to an undefined north.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bancroft-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1884" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historycaliforn08bancgoog#page/n166/mode/1up"><i>History of California</i></a>. The History company. p. 68. <q>without any uniformity of usage, the upper country began to be known as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">California Septentrional</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">California del Norte</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Nueva California</i></span>, or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">California Superior</i></span>. But gradually <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Alta California</i></span> became more common than the others, both in private and official communications, though from the date of the separation of the provinces in 1804, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Nueva California</i></span> became the legal name, as did <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Alta California</i></span> after 1824.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+California&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=The+History+company&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistorycaliforn08bancgoog%23page%2Fn166%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfwilliams-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mfwilliams_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfwilliams_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1922" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Mary Floyd (July 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/californiahisto1219cali_0#page/n34/mode/1up">"Mission, presidio and pueblo: Notes on California local institutions under Spain and Mexico"</a>. <i>California Historical Society Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25613566">10.2307/25613566</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25613566">25613566</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mission%2C+presidio+and+pueblo%3A+Notes+on+California+local+institutions+under+Spain+and+Mexico&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-35&rft.date=1922-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25613566&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25613566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mary+Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcaliforniahisto1219cali_0%23page%2Fn34%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson79-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson79_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson79_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_William_Wilcox1979" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, William Wilcox (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landincalifornia00robi"><i>Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Scrip, Homesteads</i></a></span>. Chronicles of California, Volume 419: Management of public lands in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landincalifornia00robi/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520038754" title="Special:BookSources/0520038754"><bdi>0520038754</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+in+California%3A+The+Story+of+Mission+Lands%2C+Ranchos%2C+Squatters%2C+Mining+Claims%2C+Railroad+Grants%2C+Land+Scrip%2C+Homesteads&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Chronicles+of+California%2C+Volume+419%3A+Management+of+public+lands+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0520038754&rft.au=Robinson%2C+William+Wilcox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandincalifornia00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenne,_Bill2004" class="citation book cs1">Yenne, Bill (2004). <i>The Missions of California</i>. San Diego: Thunder Bay Press. p. 18f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1592233198" title="Special:BookSources/1592233198"><bdi>1592233198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missions+of+California&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=18f&rft.pub=Thunder+Bay+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1592233198&rft.au=Yenne%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Description of California in 1828 by José Bandini</i> (Berkeley, Friends of the Bancroft Library, 1951), 3. Reprinted in <i>Mexican California</i> (New York, Arno Press, 1976). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-09538-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-09538-4">0-405-09538-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1973" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Charles Edward (1973) [1916]. <i>The Founding of Spanish California: The Northwestward Expansion of New Spain, 1687–1783</i>. New York: Octagon Books. p. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+Spanish+California%3A+The+Northwestward+Expansion+of+New+Spain%2C+1687%E2%80%931783&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Octagon+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Charles+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1048786636"><i>Forging communities in colonial Alta California</i></a>. Kathleen L. Hull, John G. Douglass. Tucson, AZ. 2018. pp. 12–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3892-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3892-8"><bdi>978-0-8165-3892-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048786636">1048786636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+communities+in+colonial+Alta+California&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.pages=12-18&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048786636&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-3892-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1048786636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Bonialian, op. cit, p. 277; or in English book review by Duggan, op. cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kino, E. F., & In Bolton, H. E. (1919). <i>Kino's historical memoir of Pimería Alta: A contemporary account of the beginnings of California, Sonora, and Arizona</i>. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Starr" title="Kevin Starr">Starr, Kevin</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star"><i>California: A History</i></a></span>. New York: Modern Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star/page/28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08129-7753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-08129-7753-0"><bdi>978-08129-7753-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-08129-7753-0&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaliforniahistor00star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlsWalton_Bean2008" class="citation book cs1">Rawls, James J.; Walton Bean (2008). <i>California: An Interpretive History</i> (9th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-353464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-353464-0"><bdi>978-0-07-353464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California%3A+An+Interpretive+History&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-353464-0&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.au=Walton+Bean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/78winter/plans.htm">Plans for the Occupation of Upper California: A New Look at the "Dark Age" from 1602 to 1769</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406165803/https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/78winter/plans.htm">Archived</a> 2016-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Journal of San Diego History</i>, San Diego Historical Society Quarterly, Winter 1978, Volume 24, Number 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbrx4Um1_hcC&pg=PA345"><i>The elusive West and the contest for empire, 1713–1763</i></a>, Paul W. Mapp, Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, <i>California: A History</i>, 31–32. Rawls and Bean, <i>California: An Interpretive History</i>, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haycox-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haycox_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaycox2002" class="citation book cs1">Haycox, Stephen W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yu3pYpzLdUC&pg=PA59"><i>Alaska: An American Colony</i></a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98249-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98249-6"><bdi>978-0-295-98249-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska%3A+An+American+Colony&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98249-6&rft.aulast=Haycox&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yu3pYpzLdUC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RyanBreschini10-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RyanBreschini10_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RyanBreschini10_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan,_Mary_EllenBreschini,_Gary_S.2010" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Mary Ellen & Breschini, Gary S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mchsmuseum.com/secularization.html">"Secularization and the Ranchos, 1826–1846"</a>. Salinas, CA: Monterey County Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secularization+and+the+Ranchos%2C+1826%E2%80%931846&rft.place=Salinas%2C+CA&rft.pub=Monterey+County+Historical+Society&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Breschini%2C+Gary+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmchsmuseum.com%2Fsecularization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosoy.org/History.html">"Kosa'aay (Cosoy) History"</a>. <i>www.cosoy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cosoy.org&rft.atitle=Kosa%27aay+%28Cosoy%29+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosoy.org%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, <i>California: A History</i>, 35–36. Rawls and Bean, <i>California: An Interpretive History</i>, 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeet1881–82" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Peet, Stephen Denison (1881–82). Gatschet, Alb. S. 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Jameson & Morse. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Antiquarian+and+Oriental+Journal&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Jameson+%26+Morse&rft.date=1881%2F1882&rft.aulast=Peet&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Denison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dar0RAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2012" class="citation web cs1">Masters, Nathan (June 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/el-aliso-ancient-sycamore-was-silent-witness-to-four-centuries-of-la-history">"El Aliso: Ancient Sycamore Was Silent Witness to Four Centuries of L.A. History"</a>. <i>KCET</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCET&rft.atitle=El+Aliso%3A+Ancient+Sycamore+Was+Silent+Witness+to+Four+Centuries+of+L.A.+History&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcet.org%2Fshows%2Flost-la%2Fel-aliso-ancient-sycamore-was-silent-witness-to-four-centuries-of-la-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011204846/https://lacounty.gov/government/about-la-county/history/">"History"</a>. <i>County of Los Angeles</i>. 2016-12-02. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=County+of+Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2016-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flacounty.gov%2Fgovernment%2Fabout-la-county%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2007" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Lisa Louise (2007). <i>The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The History, Language and Politics of an Indigenous California Community</i>. University of California, Davis. pp. 3, 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acjachemen+of+San+Juan+Capistrano%3A+The+History%2C+Language+and+Politics+of+an+Indigenous+California+Community&rft.pages=3%2C+8&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Davis&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, John R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172612">"The Indians of Mission San Fernando"</a>. <i>Southern California Quarterly</i>. <b>79</b> (3): 249–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41172612">10.2307/41172612</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-3929">0038-3929</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172612">41172612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+California+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Indians+of+Mission+San+Fernando&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-290&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0038-3929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41172612%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41172612&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41172612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKling2020" class="citation book cs1">Kling, David W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1143823194"><i>A history of Christian conversion</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 344–345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006262-0"><bdi>978-0-19-006262-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1143823194">1143823194</a>. <q>Apart from a tiny minority who gave the clearest evidence of meaningful conversion... Overall, outright rejection and chronic resistance characterized the Indian response. [...] The Franciscans admitted as much, recording repeatedly the difficulty of convincing adult Indians to accept any aspect of Catholicism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Christian+conversion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=344-345&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1143823194&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006262-0&rft.aulast=Kling&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1143823194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hackel, S. W. (2003-10-01). "Sources of Rebellion: Indian Testimony and the Mission San Gabriel Uprising of 1785". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>50</b> (4): 643–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00141801-50-4-643">10.1215/00141801-50-4-643</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1801">0014-1801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161256567">161256567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Sources+of+Rebellion%3A+Indian+Testimony+and+the+Mission+San+Gabriel+Uprising+of+1785&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=643-669&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161256567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0014-1801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00141801-50-4-643&rft.aulast=Hackel&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritzker2000" class="citation book cs1">Pritzker, Barry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42683042"><i>A Native American encyclopedia : history, culture, and peoples</i></a>. Barry Pritzker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5"><bdi>0-19-513877-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42683042">42683042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Native+American+encyclopedia+%3A+history%2C+culture%2C+and+peoples&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42683042&rft.isbn=0-19-513877-5&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42683042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:04_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttonEarle2017" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Mark Q.; Earle, David D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcas.org/documents/5323DesertSerrano.pdf"><i>The Desert Serrano of the Mojave River</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desert+Serrano+of+the+Mojave+River&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Pacific+Coast+Archaeological+Society+Quarterly&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Mark+Q.&rft.au=Earle%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcas.org%2Fdocuments%2F5323DesertSerrano.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRErAQAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Volumes 25–26</i></a>. Malki Museum. 2005. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+California+and+Great+Basin+Anthropology%2C+Volumes+25%E2%80%9326&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Malki+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRErAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:17_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Singleton, Heather Valdez (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409498">"Surviving Urbanization: The Gabrieleno, 1850–1928"</a>. <i>Wíčazo Ša Review</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwic.2004.0026">10.1353/wic.2004.0026</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409498">1409498</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161847670">161847670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.atitle=Surviving+Urbanization%3A+The+Gabrieleno%2C+1850%E2%80%931928&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161847670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1409498%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwic.2004.0026&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Heather+Valdez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1409498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesCodding2019" class="citation cs2">Jones, Terry L.; Codding, Brian F. (June 22, 2019), Lozny, Ludomir R.; McGovern, Thomas H. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15800-2_12">"The Native California Commons: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on Land Control, Resource Use, and Management"</a>, <i>Global Perspectives on Long Term Community Resource Management</i>, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, vol. 11, Springer, Cham, pp. 255–280, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-15800-2_12">10.1007/978-3-030-15800-2_12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-15800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-15800-2"><bdi>978-3-030-15800-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197573059">197573059</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Perspectives+on+Long+Term+Community+Resource+Management&rft.atitle=The+Native+California+Commons%3A+Ethnographic+and+Archaeological+Perspectives+on+Land+Control%2C+Resource+Use%2C+and+Management&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=255-280&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197573059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-15800-2_12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-15800-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Terry+L.&rft.au=Codding%2C+Brian+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-15800-2_12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:18_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37418391"><i>Encomium musicae : essays in memory of Robert J. Snow</i></a>. Robert J. Snow, David Crawford, George Grayson Wagstaff. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. 2002. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945193-83-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-945193-83-1"><bdi>0-945193-83-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37418391">37418391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encomium+musicae+%3A+essays+in+memory+of+Robert+J.+Snow&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NY&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37418391&rft.isbn=0-945193-83-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F37418391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:73-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:73_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:73_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKling2020" class="citation book cs1">Kling, David W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1143823194"><i>A history of Christian conversion</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 344–345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006262-0"><bdi>978-0-19-006262-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1143823194">1143823194</a>. <q>Apart from a tiny minority who gave the clearest evidence of meaningful conversion... Overall, outright rejection and chronic resistance characterized the Indian response. [...] The Franciscans admitted as much, recording repeatedly the difficulty of convincing adult Indians to accept any aspect of Catholicism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Christian+conversion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=344-345&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1143823194&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006262-0&rft.aulast=Kling&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1143823194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1979" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, William Wilcox (1979). <i>Land in California</i>. Ayer Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-11352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-11352-9"><bdi>978-0-405-11352-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+in+California&rft.pub=Ayer+Co.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-405-11352-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=William+Wilcox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beebe, 2001, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fink, 1972, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milliken, 1995, p. 2 footnote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milliken, 1995, pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milliken, 1995, p. 73, quoting Murguia and Pena [1782] 1955:400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-booksDdb-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-booksDdb_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1914" class="citation book cs1">Field, Maria Antonia (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.books-about-california.com/Pages/Chimes_of_Mission_Bells/Chimes_of_Mission_Chap_04.html">"California under Spanish Rule"</a>. <i>Chimes of Mission Bells</i>. San Francisco: Philopolis Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=California+under+Spanish+Rule&rft.btitle=Chimes+of+Mission+Bells&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Philopolis+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Maria+Antonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.books-about-california.com%2FPages%2FChimes_of_Mission_Bells%2FChimes_of_Mission_Chap_04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, H. H. (1970). History of California: Vol. II, 1801–1824, pp. 20–21. Santa Barbara Calif.: Wallace Hebberd. (Note: Bancroft translated the names of the two new provinces as "Antigua" and "Nueva", but Richman uses Baja and Alta – as on the 1847 map of Mexico.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Centralista_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:República Centralista de México">See "República Centralista (México)" in the Spanish version of Wikipedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inn-california.com/Articles/biographic/drakebio.html">"Biographical Notes: Sir Francis Drake"</a> Wandering Lizard. Consulted on 2008-08-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sterling, Richard and Tom Downs. <i>San Francisco: City Guide</i>. (Lonely Planet, 2004), 233–234. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-154-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-154-5">978-1-74104-154-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin. <i>California: A History</i>. (New York: Modern Library, 2005), 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-64240-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-64240-4">0-679-64240-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulson,_Joyce_2003-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coulson,_Joyce_2003_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulsonJoyce2003" class="citation web cs1">Coulson, David P.; Joyce, Linda (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bivir.uacj.mx/Reserva/Documentos/rva2005128.pdf">"United States state-level population estimates: Colonization to 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USDA. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+state-level+population+estimates%3A+Colonization+to+1999&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=USDA&rft.date=2003-08&rft.aulast=Coulson&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Joyce%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbivir.uacj.mx%2FReserva%2FDocumentos%2Frva2005128.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casado_2007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casado_2007_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_A._Casado2017" class="citation book cs1">Matt A. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsalgs.org/stnemgenealogy/nwspstat.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Spain+%28Mexico%29%2C+1790+Statistics+Charts&rft.date=2013-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvsalgs.org%2Fstnemgenealogy%2Fnwspstat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colegio_de_Mexico-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colegio_de_Mexico_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colegio_de_Mexico_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.org.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29809/1/17-067-1968-0327.pdf">"Consideraciones sobre la población de la Nueva España (1793-1810)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731104825/http://aleph.org.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29809/1/17-067-1968-0327.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>El Colegio de Mexico</i>, Mexico, Retrieved on 24 July 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-California_museum-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-California_museum_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-California_museum_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explore.museumca.org/goldrush/curriculum/1stcalifornians/resourcesix.htm">"Resource 6-1a: California Population by Ethnic Groups, 1790–1880"</a>. Museum of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resource+6-1a%3A+California+Population+by+Ethnic+Groups%2C+1790%E2%80%931880&rft.pub=Museum+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplore.museumca.org%2Fgoldrush%2Fcurriculum%2F1stcalifornians%2Fresourcesix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompshon_2006-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompshon_2006_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Thompson2006" class="citation book cs1">Linda Thompson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U21xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>Los españoles en América: Spanish In America</i></a>. Rourke Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606941836" title="Special:BookSources/9781606941836"><bdi>9781606941836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+espa%C3%B1oles+en+Am%C3%A9rica%3A+Spanish+In+America&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Rourke+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781606941836&rft.au=Linda+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU21xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Historic_Trail-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Historic_Trail_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Historic_Trail_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Historic_Trail_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DNdqD66fugC&pg=PA40">"National Historic Trail Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment: Old Spanish Trail"</a>. University of Minnesota. Government Publications Library. July 2001. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Historic+Trail+Feasibility+Study+and+Environmental+Assessment%3A+Old+Spanish+Trail&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota.+Government+Publications+Library&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DNdqD66fugC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Other_Californians-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Other_Californians_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/california-first-person-narratives/articles-and-essays/early-california-history/other-californians/">"California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849 to 1900. Other Californians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=California+as+I+Saw+It%3A+First-Person+Narratives+of+California%27s+Early+Years%2C+1849+to+1900.+Other+Californians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcalifornia-first-person-narratives%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fearly-california-history%2Fother-californians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_California_history" title="Bibliography of California history">Bibliography of California history</a></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/structures/pdf/album_of-views_of_the_missions_of_california_early_1890s.pdf"><i>Album of Views of the Missions of California</i></a>, Souvenir Publishing Company, San Francisco, Los Angeles, 1890s.</li> <li>Beebe, Rose Marie (2001). <i>Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535–1846</i>. Berkeley: Heyday Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890771-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-890771-48-1">1-890771-48-1</a></li> <li>Blomquist, L.R., A Regional Study of the Changes in Life and Institutions in the San Luis Obispo District, 1830–1850 (M.A. thesis, History Department, University of California, Berkeley, 1943). Source consulted by Ryan & Breschini (2010).</li> <li>Breschini, G.S., T. Haversat, and R.P. Hampson, A Cultural Resources Overview of the Coast and Coast-Valley Study Areas [California] (Coyote Press, Salinas, CA, 1983). Source consulted by Ryan & Breschini (2010).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3p3006vt/?query=California%2520Missions">California Mission Sketches by Henry Miller, 1856</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2k4002vx/?query=California%2520Missions">Finding Aid to the Documents relating to Missions of the Californias : typescript, 1768–1802</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">Bancroft Library</a></li> <li>Fink, Augusta (1972). <i>Monterey, The Presence of the Past.</i> San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8770107204" title="Special:BookSources/978-8770107204">978-8770107204</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowser2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Huell_Howser" title="Huell Howser">Howser, Huell</a> (December 8, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2000/12/08/california-missions-california-missions-110/">"Art of the Missions (110)"</a>. <i>California Missions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapman_University" title="Chapman University">Chapman University</a> Huell Howser Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Missions&rft.atitle=Art+of+the+Missions+%28110%29&rft.date=2000-12-08&rft.aulast=Howser&rft.aufirst=Huell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.chapman.edu%2Fhuell-howser-archives%2F2000%2F12%2F08%2Fcalifornia-missions-california-missions-110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlta+California" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Milliken, Randall (1995). <i>A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910.</i> Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87919-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87919-132-5">0-87919-132-5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/pdf_files/missions_of_california_e_l_smyth_1899.pdf"><i>The Missions of California</i></a>, by Eugene Leslie Smyth, Chicago: Alexander Belford & Co., 1899.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_California&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mexico_spanish_provinces.html">Worldstatesmen.org: Provinces of New Spain</a></li> <li>Alta California <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/search?facet=type-tab&relation=calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu&style=cui&newKeyword=land+case+maps&x=0&y=0land">grants in</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">UC Library System <i>Calisphere</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.berkeley.edu/EART/ranchos">Mexican Land Grants of Santa Clara County</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.berkeley.edu/EART/">University of California, Berkeley, Earth Sciences & Map Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522014616/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/">Archived</a> 2016-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/123817/McGovernCarolyn1978.pdf?sequence=1">Population in Alta California:1790–1830</a>. California State University, Northridge</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Spain" title="Template:New Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Spain" title="Template talk:New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (1521–1821)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Seven Years' War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts with indigenous<br />peoples during colonial rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee_Rebellion" title="Acaxee Rebellion">Acaxee Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoma Massacre">Acoma Massacre</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_Rebellion_of_1712" title="Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712">Tzeltal Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima Revolt">Pima Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central<br />government<br />and<br /> administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philp III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbon Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after Louis I</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viceroys of New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">List of viceroys of New Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General">Captancies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indendancies_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indendancies of New Spain">Intendancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida, Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Gobernaciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor (position)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />cities,<br />provinces,<br />and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Veracruz_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango_(city)" title="Durango (city)">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_(city)" title="San Luis Potosí (city)">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California#First_Spanish_pueblo_in_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego" title="Presidio of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alta California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Province">Baja California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Extremadura" title="Nueva Extremadura">Nueva Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers,<br />adventurers and<br />conquistadors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-New Spain<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and<br /><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quimper" title="Manuel Quimper">Manuel Quimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Dionisio Alcalá Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá Galiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gil_Y%27Barbo" title="Antonio Gil Y'Barbo">Antonio Gil Y'Barbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(priest)" title="Thomas Gage (priest)">Thomas Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br />in New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions<br />in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Spanish missions in Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Spanish missions in Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">Spanish missions in the Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Spanish missions in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Spanish missions in Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Spanish missions in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Spanish missions in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions in Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friars, fathers,<br />priests, and bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Gante" title="Pedro de Gante">Pedro de Gante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Aguilar" title="Gerónimo de Aguilar">Gerónimo de Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Zum%C3%A1rraga" title="Juan de Zumárraga">Juan de Zumárraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Mont%C3%BAfar" title="Alonso de Montúfar">Alonso de Montúfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga" title="Vasco de Quiroga">Vasco de Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Molina" title="Alonso de Molina">Alonso de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Mendieta" title="Gerónimo de Mendieta">Gerónimo de Mendieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_de_Torquemada" title="Fray Juan de Torquemada">Juan de Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Sig%C3%BCenza_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora">Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_T%C3%A1pis" title="Esteban Tápis">Esteban Tápis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Paula_Se%C3%B1an" title="José Francisco de Paula Señan">José Francisco de Paula Señan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A0_Paieres_i_Borr%C3%A0s" title="Marià Paieres i Borràs">Mariano Payeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Montero" title="Sebastián Montero">Sebastián Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ayeta" title="Francisco de Ayeta">Francisco de Ayeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Margil" title="Antonio Margil">Antonio Margil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Abad_y_Queipo" title="Manuel Abad y Queipo">Manuel Abad y Queipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José María Morelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mission_clash_of_cultures" title="California mission clash of cultures">California mission clash of cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">Indian Reductions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoamerican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">P'urhépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowoj" title="Kowoj">Kowoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica (Southwest US)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_people" title="Solano people">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee" title="Acaxee">Acaxee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta_Indians" title="La Junta Indians">La Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">Indigenous people during De Soto's travels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jororo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jororo">Jororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yustaga" title="Yustaga">Yustaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Peoples of Palawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Colonial_architecture_by_country" title="Category:Spanish Colonial architecture by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Baroque architecture in the Spanish Empire">Colonial Baroque style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonial_fortifications" title="Category:Spanish colonial fortifications">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish missions in the Americas">Missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Pardos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:California history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:California history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History of California </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900" title="History of California before 1900">Before 1900</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Native Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#Pre_European_settlement" title="History of California before 1900">Precontact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#European_exploration_(1530–1765)" title="History of California before 1900">First explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#European_exploration_(1765–1821)" title="History of California before 1900">Later explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">Genocide of indigenous population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#Spanish_colonization_and_governance_(1697–1821)" title="History of California before 1900">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#California_under_Mexican_rule_(1821–1846)" title="History of California before 1900">Mexican rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War#California_Campaign" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">Conquest of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_government_of_California" title="Interim government of California">Interim government of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#California_under_American_rule_(beginning_1846)" title="History of California before 1900">United States rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of California (1900–present)">Since 1900</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Organized_labor" title="History of California (1900–present)">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Examples_of_engineering" title="History of California (1900–present)">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_water_wars" title="California water wars">Water wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Oil,_movies,_and_the_military" title="History of California (1900–present)">Industrial growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Baby_boomers_and_free_spirits" title="History of California (1900–present)">Postwar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Economic_power_house" title="History of California (1900–present)">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#The_California_legal_revolution" title="History of California (1900–present)">Legal revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#High-tech_expansion" title="History of California (1900–present)">Tech boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#2000.E2.80.93present" title="History of California (1900–present)">Present day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_California" title="Category:History of California">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_California" title="Etymology of California">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California%27s_state_highway_system" title="History of California's state highway system">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_California" title="Maritime history of California">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_California" title="History of rail transportation in California">Railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchos_of_California" title="Ranchos of California">Ranchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_California" title="History of slavery in California">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_California" title="Territorial evolution of California">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area">Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_San_Fernando_Valley" title="History of the San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Catalina_Island" title="History of Santa Catalina Island">Santa Catalina Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yosemite_area" title="History of the Yosemite area">Yosemite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_San_Fernando_Valley" title="History of the San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">By county</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alameda_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alpine_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amador_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Amador County, California">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Butte_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Butte County, California">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Calaveras_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colusa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Colusa County, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Contra_Costa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Del_Norte_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Dorado_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fresno_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Glenn_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Glenn County, California">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humboldt_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Imperial_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Imperial County, California">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Inyo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Inyo County, California">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kern_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kings_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lake_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lake County, California">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lassen_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lassen County, California">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="History of Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madera_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marin_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Marin County, California">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mariposa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mendocino_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merced_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modoc_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modoc County, California">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mono_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mono County, California">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monterey_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Monterey County, California">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Napa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Napa County, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nevada County, California">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orange_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Orange County, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Placer_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Placer County, California">Placer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plumas_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Plumas County, California">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Riverside_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Riverside County, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sacramento_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Benito_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Benito County, California">San Benito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Bernardino_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Diego_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Francisco" title="History of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Joaquin_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Mateo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Barbara_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="History of Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Cruz_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shasta_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shasta County, California">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sierra County, California">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Siskiyou_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solano_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Solano County, California">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sonoma_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Stanislaus_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sutter_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sutter County, California">Sutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tehama_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tehama County, California">Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinity_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Trinity County, California">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tulare_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuolumne_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ventura_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yolo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yolo County, California">Yolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuba_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yuba County, California">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_California" title="List of municipalities in California">By city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles" title="History of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Diego" title="History of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Francisco" title="History of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fresno,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sacramento,_California" title="History of Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Long_Beach,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oakland,_California" title="History of Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bakersfield,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anaheim,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Ana,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Riverside,_California" title="History of Riverside, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Stockton,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Stockton, California">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chula_Vista,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fremont,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fremont, California">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Irvine,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Irvine, California">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Bernardino,_California" title="History of San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modesto,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modesto, California">Modesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxnard,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oxnard, California">Oxnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fontana,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fontana, California">Fontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moreno_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moreno Valley, California">Moreno Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Glendale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Glendale, California">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Huntington_Beach,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Huntington Beach, California">Huntington Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clarita,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Clarita, California">Santa Clarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Garden_Grove,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Garden Grove, California">Garden Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Rosa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceanside,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rancho_Cucamonga,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rancho Cucamonga, California">Rancho Cucamonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ontario, California">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancaster,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lancaster, California">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Elk_Grove,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Elk Grove, California">Elk Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmdale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmdale, California">Palmdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Corona,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Corona, California">Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Salinas,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Salinas, California">Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomona,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Pomona, California">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Torrance,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Torrance, California">Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hayward,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hayward, California">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Escondido,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Escondido, California">Escondido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sunnyvale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pasadena,_California" title="History of Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fullerton,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fullerton, California">Fullerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orange,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Orange, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thousand_Oaks,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thousand Oaks, California">Thousand Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Visalia,_California" title="History of Visalia, California">Visalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Simi_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Concord,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Concord, California">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roseville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roseville, California">Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clara,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vallejo,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vallejo, California">Vallejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Victorville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Victorville, California">Victorville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Monte,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Monte, California">El Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkeley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Downey,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Downey, California">Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Mesa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Inglewood,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Inglewood, California">Inglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ventura,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ventura, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fairfield,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fairfield, California">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Maria,_California" title="History of Santa Maria, California">Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Redding,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Redding, California">Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Monica,_California" title="History of Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Barbara,_California" title="History of Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chico,_California" title="History of Chico, California">Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merced,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merced, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Napa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Napa, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Redwood_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuba_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yuba City, California">Yuba City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madera,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Madera, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Cruz,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Rafael,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Rafael, California">San Rafael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woodland,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Woodland, California">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanford,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hanford, California">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Luis_Obispo,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Centro,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Centro, California">El Centro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lompoc,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lompoc, California">Lompoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinez,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Martinez, California">Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hollister,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hollister, California">Hollister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eureka,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eureka, California">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Susanville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Susanville, California">Susanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukiah,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukiah, California">Ukiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oroville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oroville, California">Oroville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Red_Bluff,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Red Bluff, California">Red Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Auburn,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Auburn, California">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marysville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Marysville, California">Marysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Piedmont,_California" title="History of Piedmont, California">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Placerville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Placerville, California">Placerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yreka,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yreka, California">Yreka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crescent_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Crescent City, California">Crescent City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Willows,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Willows, California">Willows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colusa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Colusa, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sonora,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sonora, California">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lakeport,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lakeport, California">Lakeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jackson,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jackson, California">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nevada City, California">Nevada City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alturas,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alturas, California">Alturas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thirteen_Colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template talk:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirteen_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1664–1673; 1702–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a> (1691–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> (1732–1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Other British colonial entities in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham</a> (1607–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> (1607–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> (1620–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a> (1622–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> (1625–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolana" title="Carolana">Carolana</a> (1629–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1629–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> (1635–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> (1638–1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> (1643–1654; 1675–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> (1663–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> (1670–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (1670–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a> (1779–1783; 1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> (1810–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (1811–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen Territories</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> (1871–1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <ul><li>1521–1821; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, 1565–1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, 1565–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>, 1580–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, 1607–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Spanish Saint Croix</a>, 1650–1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1767–1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Spanish East Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <ul><li>1534–1763; <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>, 1562–1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller Saint Croix</a>, 1651–1665</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands" title="French West Indies">French Saint Croix</a>, 1665–1733</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (1614–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (1638–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (1672–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Brandenburger Saint Thomas</a> (1685–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Krabbeninsel</a> (1689–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Scottish Darien Company</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> (1799–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Related Documents</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting" title="Discourse Concerning Western Planting">Discourse Concerning Western Planting</a> <small>(1584)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> <small>(1620)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> <small>(1622)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> <small>(1630–1651)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut" title="Fundamental Orders of Connecticut">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> <small>(1638)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed" title="Quintipartite Deed">Quintipartite Deed</a> <small>(1676)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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