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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of Defense subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defense_budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Defense budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Streamlining_the_military_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streamlining_the_military_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Streamlining the military infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streamlining_the_military_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>NATO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Bosnian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haitian_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitian_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Haitian Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitian_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>The Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.8</span> <span>Somalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.9</span> <span>Rwanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accomplishments_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accomplishments_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Accomplishments and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accomplishments_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academia_and_corporate_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia_and_corporate_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Academia and corporate boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia_and_corporate_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_to_eliminate_nuclear_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_to_eliminate_nuclear_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Work to eliminate nuclear weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_to_eliminate_nuclear_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other political activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Perry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="وليام بيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليام بيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ویلیام پری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام پری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Уільям Джэймс Пэры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Джэймс Пэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ویلیام پری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام پری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%AC" title="윌리엄 페리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 페리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry_(politico)" title="William Perry (politico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Perry (politico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99" title="ויליאם פרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם פרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89_(%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="وليام بيرى (اكاديمى من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليام بيرى (اكاديمى من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BBJ%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ウィリアム・J・ペリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・J・ペリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Перри, Уильям Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перри, Уильям Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Perry" title="William James Perry – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William James Perry" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry" title="William Perry – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Perry" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="วิลเลียม เจ. เพอร์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม เจ. เพอร์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William J. 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/W._J._Perry" title="W. J. Perry">W. J. Perry</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Perry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Perry_official_DoD_photo_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Perry_official_DoD_photo_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-William_Perry_official_DoD_photo_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Perry_official_DoD_photo_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-William_Perry_official_DoD_photo_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Perry_official_DoD_photo_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-William_Perry_official_DoD_photo_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1994</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">19th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 3, 1994 – January 23, 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_P._White" title="John P. White">John P. White</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">United States Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 5, 1993 – February 3, 1994</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Atwood_Jr." title="Donald J. Atwood Jr.">Donald J. Atwood Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering">Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 11, 1977 – January 20, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_R._Currie" title="Malcolm R. Currie">Malcolm R. Currie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Richard D. DeLauer</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William James Perry</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1927-10-11</span>) </span>October 11, 1927<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 97)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vandergrift,_Pennsylvania" title="Vandergrift, Pennsylvania">Vandergrift, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Leonilla Green (d. 2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1945–1947 (Active)<br />1950–1955 (Reserve)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Lieutenant">2nd Lieutenant</a> (Reserves)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">United States Army Reserve</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William James Perry</b> (born October 11, 1927) is an American mathematician, engineer, businessman, and civil servant who was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> from February 3, 1994, to January 23, 1997, under President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> (1993–1994)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Defense_Research_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Defense Research and Engineering">Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</a> (1977–1981). </p><p>Perry is the Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor (emeritus) at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, with a joint appointment at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and the School of Engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also a senior fellow at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>. He is the co-founder of the Palo Alto Unitarian Church<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and serves as director of the Preventive Defense Project.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is an expert in U.S. foreign policy, national security and arms control. In 2013 he founded the William J. Perry Project, a non-profit effort to educate the public on the current dangers of nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-PerryProject_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerryProject-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry also has extensive business experience and serves on the boards of several high-tech companies. He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 1970 for contributions to communications theory, radio propagation theory, and computer technology in the design of advanced systems. He is also a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>. Among Perry's numerous awards are the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1997) and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cordon_of_the_Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun</a> (2002), awarded by <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Vandergrift,_Pennsylvania" title="Vandergrift, Pennsylvania">Vandergrift, Pennsylvania</a>, Perry attended, but did not graduate from <a href="/wiki/Culver_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Culver Military Academy">Culver Military Academy</a>. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Butler_Senior_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler Senior High School">Butler Senior High School</a> in 1945 and served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> as an enlisted man from 1946 to 1947, including service in the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry later received a commission in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">United States Army Reserve</a> through <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a>, serving from 1950 to 1955. </p><p>Perry received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">B.S.</a> (1949) and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">M.A.</a> (1950) degrees from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1954 to 1964 Perry was director of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Defense_Laboratories" title="Electronic Defense Laboratories">Electronic Defense Laboratories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sylvania_Electric_Products" title="Sylvania Electric Products">Sylvania</a>/<a href="/wiki/GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and from 1964 to 1977 president of <a href="/wiki/ESL_Incorporated" title="ESL Incorporated">Electromagnetic Systems Laboratory (ESL), Incorporated</a>, an electronics firm that he founded.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was instrumental in demonstrating the technical feasibility of extracting <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a> on the Soviet Union from the overall <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Rf</a> background with the then proposed <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite/Aquacade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyolite/Aquacade">Rhyolite/Aquacade</a> surveillance program.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967 he was hired as a technical consultant to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undersecretary_of_Defense_for_R&E"><span id="Undersecretary_of_Defense_for_R.26E"></span>Undersecretary of Defense for R&E</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Undersecretary of Defense for R&E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1977 to 1981, during the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> administration, Perry served as <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering">Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</a>, where he had responsibility for weapon systems procurement and <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other achievements, he had an influence on the development of the <a href="/wiki/AirLand_Battle" title="AirLand Battle">AirLand Battle</a> doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-csisrw_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csisrw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth aircraft technology</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mid-career">Mid-career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mid-career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On leaving <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> in 1981, Perry became managing director until 1985 of <a href="/wiki/Hambrecht_%26_Quist" title="Hambrecht & Quist">Hambrecht & Quist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a> firm "specializing in high-tech and defense companies."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1983 to serve on the President's Commission on Strategic Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Packard_Commission" title="Packard Commission">Packard Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the 1980s he held positions as founder and chairman of Technology Strategies Alliances, professor in the School of Engineering at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, and served as a co-director of the Preventive Defense Project at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Center_for_International_Security_and_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation">Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undersecretary_of_Defense">Undersecretary of Defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Undersecretary of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry returned to the Pentagon as <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Defense">Under Secretary of Defense</a> after being nominated by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on February 3, 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "frenzy" of defense industry mergers that the US experienced after 1986 was encouraged when in autumn 1993, Perry and his boss <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a> invited two dozen industry executives to a dinner "in the secretary's dining room next to his office". The two Secretaries urged their guests to combine into a few, larger companies because Pentagon budget cuts would endanger at least half of the contractors represented there. The event would come to be known as "the last supper".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tirpak98_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tirpak98-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kelley95_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelley95-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wbur1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbur1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Defense">Secretary of Defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secretary of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry's boss as Undersecretary, <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a>, was not a good fit for the job and within a year tendered his resignation. Perry succeeded him after a two-month search.<sup id="cite_ref-vote_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vote-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day of his confirmation hearing, Perry was confirmed by a unanimous (97-0) vote to become Defense Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-vote_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vote-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He entered office with broad <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> experience, both in industry and government and with an understanding of the challenges that he faced. A hands-on manager, he paid attention both to internal operations in the Pentagon and to international security issues. He worked closely with his deputy secretaries (<a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a>, 1994–95, and <a href="/wiki/John_P._White" title="John P. White">John P. White</a>, 1995–97), and he met regularly with the service secretaries, keeping them informed and seeking their advice on issues. He described his style as "management by walking around."<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry adopted "preventive defense" as his guide to national security policy in the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post-Cold War world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-defense.gov_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense.gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the United States had relied on deterrence rather than prevention as the central principle of its security strategy. Perry outlined three basic tenets of a preventive strategy: keep threats from emerging; deter those that actually emerged; and if prevention and deterrence failed, defeat the threat with military force.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practical terms this strategy relied on threat reduction programs (reducing the nuclear complex of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>), <a href="/wiki/Counter-proliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-proliferation">counter-proliferation</a> efforts, the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> and expansion of the alliance, and the maintenance of military forces and weapon systems ready to fight if necessary. To carry out this strategy, Perry thought it necessary to maintain a modern, ready military force, capable of fighting two major regional wars at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_budget">Defense budget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defense budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Perry_shortly_after_arriving_at_Kigali_Airport_in_Rwanda,_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/William_Perry_shortly_after_arriving_at_Kigali_Airport_in_Rwanda%2C_1994.jpg/220px-William_Perry_shortly_after_arriving_at_Kigali_Airport_in_Rwanda%2C_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/William_Perry_shortly_after_arriving_at_Kigali_Airport_in_Rwanda%2C_1994.jpg/330px-William_Perry_shortly_after_arriving_at_Kigali_Airport_in_Rwanda%2C_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/William_Perry_shortly_after_arriving_at_Kigali_Airport_in_Rwanda%2C_1994.jpg/440px-William_Perry_shortly_after_arriving_at_Kigali_Airport_in_Rwanda%2C_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>Perry in Rwanda, 1994.</figcaption></figure> <p>The formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States" title="Military budget of the United States">Defense budget</a> and shepherding it through Congress was one of Perry's most important duties. The problem of how to deal with a large projected Defense budget shortfall from 1995 to 2000, an issue that weakened Perry's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a> and contributed to his resignation, persisted when Perry took office.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately on presenting his 1995 budget request, which he termed "a post-Cold War budget," Perry stated that Defense required a few more years of downsizing and that its infrastructure needed streamlining as well. The proposal, he said, maintained a ready-to-fight force, redirected a modernization program (including a strong research and development program), initiated a program to do business differently (acquisition reform), and reinvested defense dollars in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry asked for $252.2 billion for <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">FY</a> 1995, including funds for numerous weapon systems, such as a new <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Aegis_combat_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegis combat system">Aegis cruisers</a>, and six <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 cargo aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The budget projected a further cut of 85,500 in active duty military personnel, leaving a force of 1.52 million.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately Congress provided $253.9 billion TOA, about $2 billion more than in FY 1994, but actually a 1.2% cut in inflation-adjusted growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1995, Perry asked for $246 billion for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> for FY 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal became entangled in the controversy during 1995 over the House Republicans' <a href="/wiki/Contract_with_America" title="Contract with America">Contract with America</a>, their efforts to spend more on defense than the administration wanted, and the continuing need for deficit reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry cautioned Congress in September of the possibility that President Clinton would <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> the FY 1996 Defense budget bill because Congress had added $7 billion in overall spending, mainly for weapon systems that the Defense Department did not want, and because of restrictions on contingency operations Congress had put in the bill. Three months later he recommended that the president veto the bill. When Congress and the administration finally settled on a budget compromise midway through FY 1996, DoD received $254.4 billion TOA, slightly more than in FY 1995, but in terms of real growth a 2% cut.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">national missile defense system</a> figured prominently in the budget struggles Perry experienced. Aspin had declared an end to the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> program, but long-standing supporters both inside and outside of Congress called for its resurrection, especially when the Defense budget came up. Perry rejected calls for revival of SDI, arguing that the money would be better spent on battlefield antimissile defenses and force modernization, that the United States at the moment did not face a real threat, and that if the system were built and deployed it would endanger the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Reduction_Talks" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Arms Reduction Talks">Strategic Arms Reduction Talks</a> with the Russians. The secretary was willing to continue funding development work on a national system, so that if a need emerged the United States could build and deploy it in three years. President Clinton signed the FY 1996 Defense bill early in 1996 only after Congress agreed to delete funding for a national missile defense system.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before he introduced his FY 1997 budget request in March 1996, Perry warned that the United States might have to give up the strategy of preparing for two major regional conflicts if the armed forces suffered further reductions. The Five-Year Modernization Plan Perry introduced in March 1996 reflected his basic assumptions that the Defense budget would not decline in FY 1997 and would grow thereafter; that DoD would realize significant savings from infrastructure cuts, most importantly base closings; and that other savings would come by contracting out many support activities and reforming the defense acquisition system.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For FY 1997 the Clinton administration requested a DoD appropriation of $242.6 billion, about 6% less in inflation-adjusted dollars than the FY 1996 budget. The budget proposal delayed modernization for another year, even though the administration earlier had said it would recommend increased funding for new weapons and equipment for FY 1997. The proposal included advance funding for contingency military operations, which had been financed in previous years through supplemental appropriations. Modest real growth in the Defense budget would not begin until FY 2000 under DoD's six-year projections. The procurement budget would increase during the period from $38.9 billion (FY 1997) to $60.1 billion (FY 2001). For FY 1997 Congress eventually provided $244 billion TOA, including funds for some weapon systems not wanted by the Clinton administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he had not thought so earlier, by the end of his tenure in early 1997 Perry believed it possible to modernize the <a href="/wiki/U.S._armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. armed forces">U.S. armed forces</a> within a balanced federal budget. Perry argued for the current force level of just under 1.5 million as the minimum needed by the United States to maintain its global role. Further reductions in the Defense budget after 1997 would require cuts in the force structure and make it impossible for the United States to remain a global power.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streamlining_the_military_infrastructure">Streamlining the military infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Streamlining the military infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry devoted much time to restructuring defense acquisition policy and procedure, pursuing measures on acquisition reform begun when he was deputy secretary. Six days after he became secretary Perry released a document that laid out a variety of proposed acquisition procedure changes, including simplification of purchases under $100,000; maximum reliance on existing commercial products; conforming military contracts, bidding, accounting, and other business procedures to commercial practices when possible; eliminating outdated regulations that delayed purchases; and announcing military purchase requirements on data interchanges normally used by private business to increase vendor competition. </p><p>In June 1994 the secretary signed a directive ordering the armed forces to buy products and components to the extent possible from <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">commercial off-the-shelf</a> sources (his phrase was "commercial state-of-the-art technology"),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than from defense contractors, signaling a major departure from the traditional "milspec" over 30,000 military specifications and standards that actually inflated the cost of military items.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1996 Perry approved a new DoD comprehensive acquisition policy that emphasized commercial practices and products. Program managers and other acquisition officials would have the power to use their professional judgment in purchasing. The plan canceled more than 30 separate acquisition policy memoranda and report formats and replaced existing policy documents with new ones that were about 90% shorter. Perry considered these reforms one of his most important accomplishments, and saw savings generated by the new practices as part of the key to adequate funding of the military in an era of continuing tight budgets. </p><p>A token of the Perry agenda's power is the 1995 merger between <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a>. The resulting company, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, is still as of 2024 the largest defense contractor on the planet. Another token is the third-ranked <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> company, which was formed in 1994 when <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">Northrop Corporation</a> purchased <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman Corporation">Grumman Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wall1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a further effort to save money Perry resorted to base closures and realignments. In May 1994 he and General <a href="/wiki/John_M._Shalikashvili" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Shalikashvili">John M. Shalikashvili</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, announced that Defense would go forward, as required by law, with a 1995 round of base closings. In doing so Defense would consider the economic impact on the affected communities and the capacity to manage the reuse of closed facilities,<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in March 1995 Perry released DoD's 1995 <a href="/wiki/Base_realignment_and_closure" class="mw-redirect" title="Base realignment and closure">base realignment and closure</a> (BRAC) plan, recommending 146 actions. He estimated that implementing BRAC 95 would bring one-time costs of $3.8 billion and net savings of $4 billion within a six-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of his appointment it was not expected that Perry would involve himself aggressively in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>. He quickly belied this impression. Within days of taking office he left <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> on his first trip abroad to confer with European defense ministers. In April 1994 the <i>Economist</i>, in an article entitled "Perrypatetic," observed: "The man who has started to sound like a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">secretary of state</a> is in fact the defense secretary, William Perry. ... He is popping up in public all over the place and moving into the strategy business in a big way." In fact, Perry traveled abroad in his three-year tenure more than any previous secretary. Unlike most of his predecessors, Perry paid attention to the other nations in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, hosting the first Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas at <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, in 1995 and attending the second conference in 1996 in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. His extensive travel matched his direct style. In his travels, he emphasized personal contact with rank and file members of the armed forces. His frequent trips also reflected the demands of the large number of foreign crises that occurred during his term, including several requiring the deployment of U.S. forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NATO">NATO</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: NATO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Perry_-_Kenneth_Bacon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/William_Perry_-_Kenneth_Bacon.JPG/170px-William_Perry_-_Kenneth_Bacon.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/William_Perry_-_Kenneth_Bacon.JPG/255px-William_Perry_-_Kenneth_Bacon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/William_Perry_-_Kenneth_Bacon.JPG/340px-William_Perry_-_Kenneth_Bacon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Perry and Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bacon" title="Kenneth Bacon">Kenneth Bacon</a> and Linda Kozaryn, American Forces Press Service reporter, during a flight to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>Perry strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>. He made major efforts to promote its <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace Program</a>, which the Clinton administration saw as a way to link NATO with the new <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, including Russia, and as a compromise between the wishes of many of the Eastern European countries to become full NATO members and Russia's determined opposition. Individual nations could join the Partnership for Peace under separate agreements with NATO, and many did so, enabling them to participate in NATO joint training and military exercises without becoming formal members of the alliance. Perry conferred several times with Russian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a> in an effort to allay Russia's worries about and secure its membership in the Partnership for Peace. The issue remained outstanding when Perry left office in early 1997, by which time NATO had developed tentative plans to admit a few former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> members during the summer of 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although he recognized that the reform movement in Russia might not succeed, Perry did everything he could to improve relations with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. He stressed the need for continuing military cooperation with and aid to the states of the former Soviet Union to facilitate destruction of their <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. He used the <a href="/wiki/Nunn-Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction">Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> Act of 1992 (the Nunn-Lugar program), which provided funds for the dismantling of nuclear weapons in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, to diminish the nuclear threat. He urged Congress to continue the threat reduction program, defending it against claims that in reality it provided foreign aid to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>. By June 1996 when Perry traveled to Ukraine to observe the completion of that country's transfer of nuclear warheads to Russia under the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum_on_Security_Assurances" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances">Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances</a>, the only former Soviet missiles still outside of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> were in Belarus. Perry testified in favor of U.S. ratification of the <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a> treaty, completed in 1996; in October 1996 he spoke to a session of the Russian <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> in Moscow, urging its members to ratify the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, like former defense secretary <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> a decade earlier, Perry endeavored to improve relations with both the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. He was the first secretary of defense to visit China after the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>, when PRC authorities forcibly crushed a dissident movement. While not ignoring long-standing problems such as the PRC's weapons sales abroad and its <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the People's Republic of China">human rights</a> abuses, he believed that the U.S. and the PRC should cooperate militarily. He made some progress, although when China <a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">threatened Taiwan</a> just before the latter's <a href="/wiki/1996_ROC_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 ROC presidential election">presidential election in March 1996</a>, the United States sent two aircraft carrier task forces to the area to counter the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 a young girl was raped by three U.S. servicemen stationed in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa, Japan">Okinawa, Japan</a>. The crime led to demands that the United States diminish its military presence on the island. Late in 1996, the United States agreed to vacate 20% of the land it used on Okinawa and to close some military facilities, including <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Futenma" title="Marine Corps Air Station Futenma">Marine Corps Air Station Futenma</a>. The Japanese agreed that the 28,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">United States Forces Japan</a> troops stationed on Okinawa could remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnian_War">Bosnian War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bosnian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A serious ongoing international crisis was in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>. When Perry took over in 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Serb</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">besieging Sarajevo</a>, the Bosnian capital, but the Serbs were forced to draw back in face of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> ultimatum and warning of airstrikes. Shortly thereafter the Serbs threatened to overrun the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Muslim">Bosnian Muslim</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Gora%C5%BEde" title="Goražde">Goražde</a> in eastern Bosnia. Perry at first ruled out U.S. military action, but in April 1994 U.S. fighter planes participated in UN airstrikes at Goražde, causing the Bosnian Serbs to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a major statement on Bosnia in June 1994, Perry attempted to clarify U.S. policy there, declaring that the conflict did involve U.S. national interests, humanitarian and otherwise, but not "supreme" interests. To limit the spread of violence in Bosnia, the United States had committed air power under NATO to stop the bombardment of Bosnian cities, provide air support for UN troops, and carry out humanitarian missions. Perry and the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> resisted congressional pressures to lift an arms embargo imposed earlier by the United Nations on all sides in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. During 1994–95 some senators, including Republican leader <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>, wanted the embargo against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> lifted to enable them to resist the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a> more effectively. Perry thought this might provoke Serb attacks and perhaps force the commitment of U.S. ground troops. In August 1995 Clinton vetoed legislation to lift the arms embargo. (In fact, the Bosnian Muslims had been receiving arms from outside sources.) Meanwhile, although it had stated consistently that it would not send U.S. ground forces to Bosnia, in December 1994 the Clinton administration expressed willingness to commit troops to help rescue UN peacekeepers in Bosnia if they were withdrawn. In May 1995, after the Bosnian Serbs had taken about 3,000 peacekeepers hostage, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> resolved to provide a larger and better-equipped UN force.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applying strong pressure, in November 1995 the United States persuaded the presidents of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>, Bosnia, and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> to attend a conference in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>, that after much contention produced a peace agreement, formally signed in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in mid-December. It provided for the cessation of hostilities, withdrawal of the combatants to specified lines, creation of a separation zone, and the stationing in Bosnia of a <a href="/wiki/IFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="IFOR">Peace Implementation Force (IFOR)</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a>, with Perry participating, had decided in September 1995 to develop a NATO-led force to implement any peace agreement for Bosnia, setting the force size at 60,000 troops, including 20,000 from the United States. In congressional testimony in November, Perry explained why U.S. troops should go to Bosnia: The war threatened vital U.S. political, economic, and security interests in Europe; there was a real opportunity to stop the bloodshed; the United States was the only nation that could lead a NATO force to implement the peace, and the risks to the United States of allowing the war to continue were greater than the risks of the planned military operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first U.S. troops moved into Bosnia in early December 1995, and by late January 1996, the full complement of 20,000 had been deployed. Although Perry had said earlier that they would leave Bosnia within a year, in June 1996 he hinted at a longer stay if NATO decided the peace in Bosnia would not hold without them. The secretary agreed to a study proposed in September 1996 by NATO defense ministers for a follow-on force to replace IFOR. Finally in November 1996, after the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>, Clinton announced, with Perry's support, that the United States would provide 8,500 troops to a NATO follow-on force. The U.S. force would be gradually reduced in 1997 and 1998 and completely withdrawn by June 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haitian_Crisis">Haitian Crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Haitian Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry also inherited from Aspin the problem of what to do about <a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haïti">Haïti</a>, where a military <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">junta</a> continued to refuse to reinstate the deposed president, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>. In the spring of 1994, debate persisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> on whether to intervene militarily to oust <a href="/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras">Raoul Cédras</a>, the military leader, and restore Aristide to power. President Clinton said that the United States would not rule out the use of military force and also suggested that military teams to train local security and police forces might be sent to Haïti. In the meantime, large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> fled from Haïti in boats, hoping to gain admittance to the United States. U.S. vessels intercepted most of them at sea and took them to the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of continuing pressure and obvious preparations in the United States for an invasion of Haïti, the junta refused to yield. On September 19, 1994, just after former President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> negotiated an agreement, the United States sent in military forces with UN approval. Haïti's <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> leaders, including Cédras, agreed to step down by October 15 so that Aristide could return to the presidency. By the end of September, 19,600 U.S. troops were in Haïti as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a>. At the end of March 1995, a UN commander took over, and the United States provided 2,400 of the 6,000-man UN force that would remain in Haïti until February 1996. Given the opposition to the mission when it began, the primary U.S. concern was to do its limited job and avoid casualties among its forces. With the final withdrawal of U.S. troops, and Aristide's duly elected successor installed in office in February 1996, the Pentagon and the Clinton administration could label the Haitian operation a success up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> posed another serious problem for Perry, who backed the administration's policy of pressuring <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>'s Communist regime to allow monitoring of its nuclear facilities by the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA). Between February and October 1994 the United States increased its pressures on North Korea. Perry warned in March that the United States would not permit the development of an arsenal of nuclear weapons. War was not imminent, he said, but he indicated that he had ordered military preparations for a possible conflict. Soon thereafter Perry stated that the United States would propose UN economic sanctions if North Korea did not allow international inspection of its planned withdrawal of spent fuel from a nuclear reactor fuel containing sufficient plutonium to produce four or five nuclear weapons. North Korea began removing the nuclear fuel from the <a href="/wiki/Yongbyon_nuclear_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon nuclear facility">Yongbyon nuclear facility</a> in May 1994 without granting the IAEA inspection privileges, and later said it withdraw from the IAEA and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry offered three options to Clinton: <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">sanctions against North Korea</a> through the United Nations, a limited <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">F-117</a> air strike on the Yongbyon facility, or a massive military buildup in preparation for full-scale war with North Korea. Under the belief that all three options would lead to war, Clinton leaned towards the military buildup option before negotiations between former US President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and Kim mediated the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 21, 1994, the United States and North Korea signed the <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a> after lengthy negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva, Switzerland</a>, assisted again by former President Carter. The United States, Japan, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and other regional allies promised to provide North Korea with two <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water nuclear reactors</a>, at an eventual cost of $4 billion, to replace existing or partially constructed facilities that could produce <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> for nuclear weapons. North Korea then agreed to open its nuclear facilities to international inspection, and the United States pledged to lift trade restrictions and provide <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil" title="Heavy fuel oil">heavy fuel oil</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electric power generation</a>. Perry considered this agreement better than risking a war in Korea and a continuation of North Korea's nuclear program. He promised that he would ask Congress for money to build up <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Korea" title="United States Forces Korea">U.S. forces in South Korea</a> if the agreement broke down. Again a critical situation had moderated, but implementing the agreement proved difficult. By the end of Perry's term, some issues remained outstanding, and tension between the two Koreas flared up from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his tenure, Clinton appointed Perry as North Korean policy coordinator in 1998, where he recommended continued diplomatic engagement with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>'s government.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Middle_East">The Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> continued to have conflict, with periodic provocative moves by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> triggering U.S. military action. After the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, acting in accord with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_688" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 688">United Nations Security Council Resolution 688</a>, the United States organized a coalition to enforce <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">no-fly zones</a> in Iraq, north of <a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_north" title="36th parallel north">36°</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/32nd_parallel_north" title="32nd parallel north">32°</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1994_Black_Hawk_shootdown_incident" title="1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident">a tragic accident in April 1994</a> two U.S. Air Force <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15</a> aircraft, operating in the no-fly zone north of the <a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_north" title="36th parallel north">36th parallel</a> in Iraq, shot down two U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/UH-60_Black_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-60 Black Hawk">UH-60 Black Hawk</a> helicopters after misidentifying them as Iraqi. This incident, with its high death toll, highlighted dramatically the complexities in dealing with Iraq in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Aftermath of the Gulf War">aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War</a>. Further, in October 1994, when several elite <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> divisions began to move toward the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraq–Kuwait border</a>, the United States mobilized ground, air, and naval forces in the area to counter the threat. Perry warned Iraq that the U.S. forces would take action if it did not move its <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a> units north of the 32nd parallel. Subsequently, the UN Security Council passed a resolution requiring Iraq to pull its troops back at least 150 miles from Kuwait's border.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, too, behaved aggressively, placing at least 6,000 troops in March 1995 on three islands at the mouth of the Persian Gulf claimed by both Iran and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. Perry stated that the Iranian moves threatened shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>, a waterway on which moved a significant part of the world's oil production. The United States worked with its allies in the Persian Gulf area to bolster their capacity to defend themselves and to use their collective strength through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>. Most important, in Perry's judgment, was the determination of the United States to maintain a strong regional defense capability with aircraft and naval ships in the area, prepositioned equipment, standing operational plans, and access agreements with the Persian Gulf partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Provocative moves again by Iraq forced the United States to take strong action. When Saddam Hussein intervened in September 1996 by sending some 40,000 troops to assist one side in a dispute between two <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurdish</a> factions in northern Iraq, he demonstrated that he was not deterred by a U.S. warning against using military force. Perry made clear that while no significant U.S. interests were involved in the factional conflict, maintaining stability in the region as a whole was vital to U.S. security and there would be a U.S. reaction. On both September 2 and 3, U.S. aircraft attacked Iraqi fixed <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile (SAM)</a> sites and air defense control facilities in the south, because, Perry explained, the United States saw the principal threat from Iraq to be against Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another tragic incident on June 25, 1996, revealed the continuing tension in the Middle East and the dangers involved in the U.S. military presence. Terrorists exploded a <a href="/wiki/Truck_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck bomb">truck bomb</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Khobar Towers">Khobar Towers</a> apartment complex housing <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> personnel in <a href="/wiki/Dhahran,_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhahran, Saudi Arabia">Dhahran, Saudi Arabia</a>, killing 19 and wounding 500. In September 1996 an investigative panel set up by Perry recommended vigorous measures to deter, prevent, or mitigate the effects of future terrorist acts against U.S. personnel overseas, and further, that a solitary DoD element have responsibility for force protection. The panel found that the unit attacked at Dhahran had not taken every precaution it might have to protect the forces at Khobar Towers. Eventually, the Defense Department moved units from Dhahran to more remote areas in Saudi Arabia to provide better protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somalia">Somalia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Somalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gothic_Serpent" title="Operation Gothic Serpent">U.S. involvement in Somalia</a>, a problem during Aspin's tenure, ended in 1994. Under the protection of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> on ships offshore, the last U.S. forces left Somalia before the end of March, meeting a deadline set earlier by President Clinton. Later, in February 1995, more than 7,000 U.S. troops assisted in removing the remaining UN peacekeepers and weapons from Somalia in a markedly successful operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rwanda">Rwanda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rwanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In another mission in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> in 1994, the United States became involved in humanitarian efforts in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda Civil War">civil war</a> between two rival ethnic groups, the <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>, resulted in widespread death and destruction and the flight of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Rwanda into neighboring countries, including <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>. Although not part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_Uganda%E2%80%93Rwanda" title="United Nations Observer Mission Uganda–Rwanda">UN peacekeeping operation in Rwanda</a>, the United States provided humanitarian aid in the form of purified water, medicine, site sanitation, and other means. In July the Pentagon sent in aircraft and about 3,000 troops, most of them to Zaire. The U.S. forces also took control of and rebuilt the airport at <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, Rwanda's capital, to aid in the distribution of food, medicine, and other supplies. The lack of a U.S. response to the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> was later considered a major <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> failure of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Clinton administration">Bill Clinton administration</a> by President Clinton<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was due to fear of repeating the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">Battle of Mogadishu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accomplishments_and_resignation">Accomplishments and resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Accomplishments and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1996, Perry talked about experiences over the past year in which he never thought a Secretary of Defense would be involved. At the top of the list was witnessing participation of a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a> brigade in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> division in the Bosnian peacekeeping operation. The others—Dayton, Ohio, becoming synonymous with peace in the Balkans; helping the Russian defense minister blow up a <a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman missile silo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>; watching United States and Russian troops training together in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>; welcoming former Warsaw Pact troops in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>; operating a school at <a href="/wiki/Garmisch,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Garmisch, Germany">Garmisch, Germany</a>, to teach former Soviet and East European military officers about democracy, budgeting, and testifying to a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>; dismantling the military specifications system for acquisition; cutting the ear off a pig in Kazakhstan, and eating rendered <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Fire-bellied_Toad" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Fire-bellied Toad">Manchurian toad</a> fat in China. These things, Perry said, demonstrate "just how much the world has changed, just how much our security has changed, just how much the Department of Defense has changed, and just how much my job has changed."<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after <a href="/wiki/1996_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 U.S. presidential election">President Clinton's reelection in November 1996</a>, Perry made known his decision to step down as secretary. He spoke of his growing frustration over working with a Congress so <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">partisan</a> that it was harming the military establishment, and said that he did not think the results of the 1996 congressional election would decrease the partisanship. He later explained that his decision to retire was "largely due to the constant strain of sending U.S. military personnel on life-threatening missions."<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he left the Pentagon, Perry listed what he thought were his most important accomplishments: establishing effective working relationships with U.S. military leaders; improving the lot of the military, especially enlisted men and women; managing the military drawdown; instituting important acquisition reforms; developing close relationships with many foreign defense ministers; effectively employing military strength and resources in Bosnia, Haiti, Korea, and the Persian Gulf area; dramatically reducing the nuclear legacy of the Cold War; and promoting the Partnership for Peace within NATO. His disappointments included failure to obtain Russian ratification of the <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a> treaty; slowness in securing increases in the budget for weapon systems modernization; and the faulty perceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War illness syndrome</a> held by some of the media and much of the public. At a ceremony for Perry in January 1997 General Shalikashvili noted the departing secretary's relationship with the troops. "Surely," Shalikashvili said, "Bill Perry has been the GI's secretary of defense. When asked his greatest accomplishment as secretary, Bill Perry didn't name an operation or a weapons system. He said that his greatest accomplishment was his very strong bond with our men and women in uniform."<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry's career in the Department of Defense actually spanned eight years of profound changes—four years as Undersecretary for Research and Engineering in 1977 to 1981, a year as Deputy Secretary from 1993 to 1994, and three years as Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia_and_corporate_boards">Academia and corporate boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Academia and corporate boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After he left the Pentagon, Perry returned to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> to join the board of Hambrecht and Quist as a senior adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_080612-F-6684S-293.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Defense.gov_photo_essay_080612-F-6684S-293.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_080612-F-6684S-293.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Defense.gov_photo_essay_080612-F-6684S-293.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_080612-F-6684S-293.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Defense.gov_photo_essay_080612-F-6684S-293.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_080612-F-6684S-293.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4030" data-file-height="2693" /></a><figcaption>Perry at the National Defense University graduation on Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C., on June 12, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perry rejoined the faculty at Stanford University, becoming a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Spogli_Institute_for_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies">Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies</a>, co-director of the Preventive Defense Project at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Center_for_International_Security_and_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation">Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation</a>, and the Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor (emeritus) at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Engineering" title="Stanford University School of Engineering">Stanford's School of Engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Perry was awarded the <a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Fleet_Award" title="James A. Van Fleet Award">James A. Van Fleet Award</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Society" title="The Korea Society">The Korea Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry sits on the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_of_California" title="Commonwealth Club of California">Commonwealth Club of California</a>. Perry currently sits on the board of directors for <a href="/wiki/Xyleco" title="Xyleco">Xyleco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry joined the financial board of the Thailand-based manufacturing company, Fabrinet in 2008. He was a board member of <a href="/wiki/Theranos" title="Theranos">Theranos</a>, a Silicon Valley biotech company which defrauded more than $700 million from its investors before it collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-BadBlood_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BadBlood-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 17, 2006, Perry gave the featured commencement speech to engineering and science graduates at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Perry appeared as an important and influential person in the development of Silicon Valley, in the PBS documentary, <i>Silicon Valley: 100 Year Renaissance</i> (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 16, 2008, Perry was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award" title="Sylvanus Thayer Award">Sylvanus Thayer Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_to_eliminate_nuclear_weapons">Work to eliminate nuclear weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Work to eliminate nuclear weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry is a founding board member of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a>, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization working to reduce the threat of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. He currently has an emeritus status on the board. Perry is an advisory board member for the <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_a_Secure_America" title="Partnership for a Secure America">Partnership for a Secure America</a>, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. Perry is currently chair of the Board of Sponsors for the <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a> and frequently speaks at <i>Bulletin</i> events. He is a Member of the Supervisory Council of the <a href="/wiki/International_Luxembourg_Forum_on_Preventing_Nuclear_Catastrophe" title="International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe">International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe</a>. Perry is also a member of the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_a_New_American_Security" title="Center for a New American Security">Center for a New American Security</a>, a Washington, DC–based think tank that specializes in U.S. national security issues. Perry is also on the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/Truman_National_Security_Project" title="Truman National Security Project">Truman National Security Project</a>, a progressive leadership institute that trains the next generation of foreign policy and national security leaders. </p><p>In March 2006, he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a>, a group formed to give advice on the U.S. government's Iraq policy. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_(13758070063)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Former_U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_%2813758070063%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Former_U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_%2813758070063%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Former_U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_%2813758070063%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Former_U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_%2813758070063%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Former_U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_%2813758070063%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Former_U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_William_Perry_%2813758070063%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Perry at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2007, Secretary Perry joined three other eminent statesmen, former Secretaries of State <a href="/wiki/George_P._Shultz" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Shultz">George P. Shultz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, and former Senator <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a> in calling for the United States to take the lead in reducing and eliminating nuclear weapons. Their op-ed, "A World Free of Nuclear Weapons", published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>, reverberated throughout the world, and is one of the key factors that has convinced political leaders and experts internationally that the conditions are in place to achieve that goal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Big claim to make with no proof to back it up. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The four men published four subsequent op-eds in the <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, including one on March 5, 2013: "Next Steps in Reducing Nuclear Risks: The Pace of Non-Proliferation Work Today Doesn't Match the Urgency of the Threat". They subsequently created the Nuclear Security Project to galvanize global action to reduce urgent nuclear dangers and build support for their vision and the steps to achieve them. The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a> serves as coordinator of the NSP, in conjunction with Stanford University's Hoover Institution. In 2010, the four produced the documentary <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Tipping_Point" title="Nuclear Tipping Point">Nuclear Tipping Point</a>. The film is introduced by General <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> and includes interviews with California Governor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> and former Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. </p><p>In 2011, Perry joined a team of former government officials from various countries, formed under the auspices of the Governor of Hiroshima Prefecture <a href="/wiki/Hidehiko_Yuzaki" title="Hidehiko Yuzaki">Hidehiko Yuzaki</a> to prepare a plan for the total <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of nuclear weapons">abolition of nuclear weapons</a>. This project is titled <i>Hiroshima for Global Peace</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Perry founded the William J. Perry Project<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to seek to promote greater public awareness about nuclear weapons and engage more people in acting to mitigate the growing threat they pose to humanity. The Project is a nonprofit venture supported with funds raised from private individuals and is sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PerryProject_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerryProject-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Perry published a memoir, <i>My Journey at the Nuclear Brink,</i> (Stanford Univ. Press), with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/George_P._Shultz" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Shultz">George P. Shultz</a>. The memoir describes coming of age at the dawn of the nuclear age, and his later roles in managing the nuclear threat.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He warned that: "Today, the danger of some sort of a nuclear catastrophe is greater than it was during the Cold War and most people are blissfully unaware of this danger.”<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 30, 2016, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> published a Perry opinion editorial advocating, " ... the United States can safely phase out its land-based <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile</a> (ICBM) force ... ".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry believes that ICBM's are turning more into liabilities than assets. Perry says it would save "considerable cost" and would prevent <a href="/wiki/Accidental_nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Accidental nuclear war">accidental nuclear war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regards to an accidental nuclear war, Perry has experienced a false alarm for an incoming missile which later turned out to be a computer error. Perry's experience was 40 years ago but our technology is still not perfect with the recent false alarm in <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">2018 Hawaii false missile alert</a>. Perry says the major problem with ICBM's are the "non-recall" ability which if these missiles are sent and it turns out to be a false alarm then there's no turning back. </p><p>Perry is cited by the website of Los Angeles Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ted_Lieu" title="Ted Lieu">Ted Lieu</a> for supporting legislation proposed by Lieu and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a>, Democrat from Massachusetts, that would limit President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and future presidents' authority to launch a nuclear first strike against another country by requiring them to first get approval from Congress. The following quotation is attributed to Perry in Congressman Lieu's website: "During my period as Secretary of Defense, I never confronted a situation, or could even imagine a situation, in which I would recommend that the President make a first strike with nuclear weapons—understanding that such an action, whatever the provocation, would likely bring about the end of civilization. I believe that the legislation proposed by Congressman Lieu and Senator Markey recognizes that terrible reality. Certainly, a decision that momentous for all of civilization should have the kind of checks and balances on Executive powers called for by our Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry was profiled in the <a href="/wiki/Radiolab" title="Radiolab">Radiolab</a> episode <a href="/wiki/List_of_Radiolab_episodes#Season_15_(2017)" title="List of Radiolab episodes">Nukes</a> in 2017. He argued for the need for checks and balances for a nuclear strike by the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Tom Collina of the <a href="/wiki/Ploughshares_Fund" title="Ploughshares Fund">Ploughshares Fund</a>, Perry wrote the book <i>The Button: The New Nuclear Arms Race and Presidential Power from Truman to Trump</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book concludes with a ten-point plan for nuclear weapons safety: </p> <ol><li>End presidential sole nuclear authority.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prohibit launch on warning.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_first_use" title="No first use">Prohibit first use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Retire all <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">ICBMs</a> and scale back the nuclear rebuild.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Save <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> and go farther.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Limit <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">strategic missile defenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Don't wait for <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Engage diplomatically with <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bring the bomb into the new mass movement.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elect a committed <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_political_activities">Other political activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other political activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry, along with all other living former secretaries of defense, ten in total, published a <i>Washington Post</i> op-ed piece in January 2021 telling President Donald Trump not to involve the military in determining the outcome of the 2020 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, with Distinction, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-stanfordalumni_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanfordalumni-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a>, 1996 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WMP19970140139">Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 grudnia 1996 r. o nadaniu orderu.</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Order_of_King_Dmitar_Zvonimir" title="Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir">Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir</a> 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a>, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-stanfordalumni_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanfordalumni-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordon, Order of the Rising Sun</a>, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-stanfordalumni_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanfordalumni-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ordre_National_du_Merite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre National du Merite">Ordre National du Merite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_and_China_relations_1995-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States and China relations 1995-1997">Timeline of United States and China relations 1995–1997</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M.E. Sarotte. 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/isec_a_00353">How to Enlarge NATO: The Debate inside the Clinton Administration, 1993–95</a>." International Security, Volume 44, Issue 1</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPerry2015" class="citation book cs1">Perry, William J. (2015). <i>My Journey at the Nuclear Brink</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Journey+at+the+Nuclear+Brink&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+J.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_William_J._Perry_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571282/william-j-perry/">"William J. 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New York: Ecco. pp. 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199850-8"><bdi>978-0-06-199850-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012009517">2012009517</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1244862785">1244862785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impossible+State%3A+North+Korea%2C+Past+and+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=286-287&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1244862785&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012009517&rft.isbn=978-0-06-199850-8&rft.aulast=Cha&rft.aufirst=Victor+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimpossiblestaten0000chav_j2c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+J.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/dprkchron">"Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy | Arms Control Association"</a>. <i>www.armscontrol.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Collina (June 2020), <i>The Button: The new nuclear arms race and presidential power from Truman to Trump</i>, <a href="/wiki/BenBella_Books" title="BenBella Books">BenBella Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102046116" class="extiw" title="d:Q102046116">Q102046116</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Button%3A+The+new+nuclear+arms+race+and+presidential+power+from+Truman+to+Trump&rft.pub=BenBella+Books&rft.date=2020-06&rft.au=William+Perry&rft.au=Tom+Z.+Collina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+J.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 208-209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 209-210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 210-213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp 213-214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 214-215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp.215-216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 216-217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 217-218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 218ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/former-defense-secretaries-rebuke-trump-election/2021/01/03/1c708f64-4de5-11eb-b2e8-3339e73d9da2_story.html">"All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. January 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=All+10+living+former+defense+secretaries%3A+Involving+the+military+in+election+disputes+would+cross+into+dangerous+territory&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2Fformer-defense-secretaries-rebuke-trump-election%2F2021%2F01%2F03%2F1c708f64-4de5-11eb-b2e8-3339e73d9da2_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+J.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanfordalumni-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanfordalumni_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanfordalumni_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanfordalumni_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanfordalumni.org/learningtravel/travelstudy/tsFacultyDetails.html?content-inst-id=114394&content_instance_id=114394">Perry bio</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">116 - 3.9.1998 Narodne novine (Croatian)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/269276.html">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spoke.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spoke.com/info/p6uhiWc/WilliamPerry">Perry bio</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571282/william-j-perry/"><i>William J. Perry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" title="Office of the Secretary of Defense">Office of the Secretary of Defense</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+J.+Perry&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.defense.gov%2FMultimedia%2FBiographies%2FArticle-View%2FArticle%2F571282%2Fwilliam-j-perry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+J.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603194052/http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/perry.htm">DoD biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 3 June 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=89256">William J. Perry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Perry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/William_J._Perry" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/William J. 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Currie">Malcolm R. Currie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Defense_Research_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Defense Research and Engineering">Director of Defense Research and Engineering</a> </b><br />April 11, 1977 – October 21, 1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_D._DeLauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard D. DeLauer (page does not exist)">Richard D. DeLauer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Atwood_Jr." title="Donald J. Atwood Jr.">Donald J. Atwood Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">United States Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> </b><br />January 21, 1993 – February 3, 1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">U.S. Secretary of Defense</a><br /><small>Served under: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></small> </b><br />February 3, 1994 – January 23, 1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary">Hazel R. O'Leary</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">as Former US Cabinet Member</span></i> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Robert Rubin</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Lee H. Hamilton">Lee H. Hamilton</a> (co-chair)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(American_politician)" title="Alan Simpson (American politician)">Alan Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resigned prior<br />to final report</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecDef" title="Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecDef" title="Template talk:USSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretaries of defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Aspin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">R. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Hagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Mattis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Deputy_Secretaries_of_Defense" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USDepSecDef" title="Template:USDepSecDef"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USDepSecDef" title="Template talk:USDepSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USDepSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USDepSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Deputy_Secretaries_of_Defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chapman_Foster" title="William Chapman Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_M._Kyes" title="Roger M. Kyes">Kyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_B._Robertson_Jr." title="Reuben B. Robertson Jr.">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Quarles" title="Donald A. Quarles">Quarles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Douglas_Jr." title="James H. Douglas Jr.">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Gilpatric" title="Roswell Gilpatric">Gilpatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Nitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellsworth" title="Robert Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr." title="W. Graham Claytor Jr.">Claytor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Paul_Thayer" title="W. Paul Thayer">Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_IV" title="William Howard Taft IV">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Atwood_Jr." title="Donald J. Atwood Jr.">Atwood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._White" title="John P. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamre" title="John Hamre">Hamre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_de_Leon" title="Rudy de Leon">de Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._England" title="Gordon R. England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Lynn_III" title="William J. Lynn III">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Work" title="Robert O. Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_M._Shanahan" title="Patrick M. Shanahan">Shanahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Norquist" title="David Norquist">Norquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hicks" title="Kathleen Hicks">Hicks</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (1993–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Robert Rubin</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William J. Perry</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Espy" title="Mike Espy">Mike Espy</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Dan Glickman</a> (1995–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Ron Brown</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Mickey Kantor</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (1997–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2000–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Robert Reich</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Herman" title="Alexis Herman">Alexis Herman</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna Shalala</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cisneros" title="Henry Cisneros">Henry Cisneros</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_E._Slater" title="Rodney E. Slater">Rodney E. Slater</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary">Hazel R. O'Leary</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Riley" title="Richard Riley">Richard Riley</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Brown" title="Jesse Brown">Jesse Brown</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">Togo D. West Jr.</a> (1998–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Browner" title="Carol Browner">Carol Browner</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice Rivlin</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Raines" title="Franklin Raines">Franklin Raines</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Mickey Kantor</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Barshefsky" title="Charlene Barshefsky">Charlene Barshefsky</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Tyson" title="Laura Tyson">Laura Tyson</a> (1993–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> (1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Neil_Baily" title="Martin Neil Baily">Martin Neil Baily</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lader" title="Philip Lader">Philip Lader</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aida_%C3%81lvarez" title="Aida Álvarez">Aida Álvarez</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Witt" title="James Lee Witt">James Lee Witt</a> (1993–2001)*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_P._Brown" title="Lee P. Brown">Lee P. Brown</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_McCaffrey" title="Barry McCaffrey">Barry McCaffrey</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mack_McLarty" title="Mack McLarty">Mack McLarty</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bowles" title="Erskine Bowles">Erskine Bowles</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Podesta" title="John Podesta">John Podesta</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* <i>took office in 1993, raised to cabinet-rank in 1996</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539791#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539791#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539791#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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