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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>As a game</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_game-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a game subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Roda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batizado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batizado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Batizado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batizado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chamada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volta_ao_mundo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volta_ao_mundo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Volta ao mundo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volta_ao_mundo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malícia_(malice)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malícia_(malice)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span><i>Malícia</i> (malice)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malícia_(malice)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malandragem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malandragem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Malandragem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malandragem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Spirituality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spirituality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bantu_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bantu_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bantu culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bantu_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inverted_worldview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inverted_worldview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Inverted worldview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inverted_worldview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandinga_(magic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandinga_(magic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span><i>Mandinga</i> (magic)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandinga_(magic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capoeira_Angola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capoeira_Angola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Capoeira Angola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capoeira_Angola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capoeira_Regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capoeira_Regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Capoeira Regional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capoeira_Regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capoeira_carioca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capoeira_carioca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Capoeira carioca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capoeira_carioca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capoeira_Contemporânea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capoeira_Contemporânea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Capoeira Contemporânea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capoeira_Contemporânea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ranks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ranks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ranks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazilian_Capoeira_Confederation_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_Capoeira_Confederation_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Brazilian Capoeira Confederation system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_Capoeira_Confederation_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children's_system_(3_to_14_years)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_system_(3_to_14_years)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Children's system (3 to 14 years)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_system_(3_to_14_years)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_system_(above_15)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_system_(above_15)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Adult system (above 15)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_system_(above_15)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instructors'_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instructors'_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Instructors' system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instructors'_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ABADÁ_-_Capoeira_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ABADÁ_-_Capoeira_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>ABADÁ - Capoeira system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ABADÁ_-_Capoeira_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_Graduation_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_Graduation_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Adult Graduation System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_Graduation_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Related activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samba_de_roda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samba_de_roda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Samba de roda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samba_de_roda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maculelê" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maculelê"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Maculelê</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maculelê-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puxada_de_rede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puxada_de_rede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Puxada de rede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puxada_de_rede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_capoeira_and_MMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_capoeira_and_MMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Combat capoeira and MMA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_capoeira_and_MMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable practitioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Capoeira</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كابويرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كابويرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%A7%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Քափոէյրա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քափոէյրա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapoeyra" title="Kapoeyra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kapoeyra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="কাপুয়েরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাপুয়েরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Капоейра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Капоейра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كاپويرا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاپويرا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Καποέιρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καποέιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapoejro" title="Kapoejro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kapoejro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کاپوئرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاپوئرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC" title="카포에이라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카포에이라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Կապոեյրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապոեյրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94" title="קפוארה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קפוארה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კაპოეირა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაპოეირა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Капоэйра – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Капоэйра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapueira" title="Kapueira – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kapueira" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapueira" title="Kapueira – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kapueira" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Капуера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Капуера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1" title="കാപൊവേറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാപൊവേറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კაპოეირა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კაპოეირა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كابويرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كابويرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9" title="カポエイラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カポエイラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Капоэйра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Капоэйра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Капуера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Капуера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="கபோய்ரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கபோய்ரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapoeira" title="Kapoeira – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kapoeira" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="กาโปเอย์รา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาโปเอย์รา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Капоейра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Капоейра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Capoeira" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B3%A2%E8%80%B6%E6%8B%89" title="卡波耶拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡波耶拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%B0%E8%88%9E" title="巴西戰舞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴西戰舞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B3%A2%E8%80%B6%E6%8B%89" title="卡波耶拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡波耶拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Afro-Brazilian martial art</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Capoeira</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugendasroda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rugendasroda.jpg/250px-Rugendasroda.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rugendasroda.jpg/375px-Rugendasroda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rugendasroda.jpg/500px-Rugendasroda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Capoeira or the Dance of War</i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Johann Moritz Rugendas</a>, 1825, published in 1835</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Jogo de angola</i><br /><i>Jogo de capoeira</i><br />Capoeiragem</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kicks</a>, evasions, <a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">takedowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">handstands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrobatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrobatic">acrobatics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hardness</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Full-contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-contact">Full-contact</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date of formation</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown, first mention in 1789</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Famous practitioners</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="#Notable_practitioners">notable practitioners</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parenthood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Engolo" title="Engolo">Engolo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ancestor arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Engolo" title="Engolo">Engolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batuque_(Brazil)" title="Batuque (Brazil)">batuque</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Moraingy" title="Moraingy">moraingy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção200255_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção200255-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">savate</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chausson/Savate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chausson/Savate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Danmy%C3%A9" title="Danmyé">Danmyé</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Knocking_and_kicking" title="Knocking and kicking">knocking and kicking</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breakdancing</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glade_(geography)" title="Glade (geography)">Forest clearing</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção200297_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção200297-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Capoeira</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[kapuˈe(j)ɾɐ]</a></span>) is an Afro-Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">game</a> that includes elements of dance, <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_music" title="Capoeira music">music</a> and spirituality. </p><p>It is known for its acrobatic and complex maneuvers, often involving hands on the ground and inverted kicks. It emphasizes flowing movements rather than fixed stances; the <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_capoeira_techniques#Ginga" title="List of capoeira techniques">ginga</a></i>, a rocking step, is usually the focal point of the technique. Though often said to be a martial art disguised as a dance,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> capoeira served not only as a form of self defense, but also as a way to maintain spirituality and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capoeira has been practiced among Black Brazilians <a href="/wiki/History_of_capoeira" title="History of capoeira">for centuries</a>. The date of its creation is unknown, but it was first mentioned in a judicial document under the name C<i>apoeiragem</i> in <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>, as "the gravest of crimes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, a street fighting style called <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_carioca" title="Capoeira carioca">capoeira carioca</a> was developed. It was repeatedly outlawed and its performers persecuted,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was declared totally illegal and banned in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Bimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Bimba">Mestre Bimba</a> reformed <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_Angola" title="Capoeira Angola">traditional capoeira</a> and incorporated elements of <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jiujitsu</a>, gymnastics, and sports.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the government viewed capoeira as a socially acceptable sport. In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Pastinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Pastinha">Mestre Pastinha</a> later founded his school where he cultivated the traditional <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_Angola" title="Capoeira Angola">capoeira Angola</a>, distinguishing it from reformed capoeira as the Brazilians' national sport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008178_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008178-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, trailblazers such as <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Acordeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Acordeon">Mestre Acordeon</a> started bringing capoeira to the US and Europe, helping the art become internationally recognized and practiced. On 26 November 2014, capoeira was granted a special protected status as <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martial arts from the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> similar to capoeira include <i><a href="/wiki/Knocking_and_kicking" title="Knocking and kicking">knocking and kicking</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Islands" title="Sea Islands">Sea Islands</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ladja_(martial_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladja (martial art)">ladya</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, both of which likely originate from <a href="/wiki/Engolo" title="Engolo">Engolo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past, many participants used the name <i>angola</i> or the term <i>brincar de angola</i> ("playing angola") for this art.<sup id="cite_ref-noronha_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noronha-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In police documents, capoeira was known as <i>capoeiragem</i>, with a practitioner being called <i>capoeira</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008154_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008154-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, the art became known as capoeira with a practitioner being called a <i>capoeirista</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cho_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a narrower sense, capoeiragem meant a set of fighting skills. The term <i>jogo de capoeira</i> (capoeira game) is used to describe the art in the performative context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008154_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008154-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although debated, the most widely accepted origin of the word <i>capoeira</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a> words <i>ka'a</i> ("forest") <i>paũ</i> ("round"),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the areas of low vegetation in the Brazilian interior where fugitive slaves would hide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_capoeira" title="History of capoeira">History of capoeira</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapoeiraEarle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CapoeiraEarle.JPG/220px-CapoeiraEarle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CapoeiraEarle.JPG/330px-CapoeiraEarle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CapoeiraEarle.JPG/440px-CapoeiraEarle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><i>Negroes fighting</i> by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Earle" title="Augustus Earle">Augustus Earle</a>, c. <a href="/wiki/1824" title="1824">1824</a>. Painting depicting an illegal capoeira-like game in Rio de Janeiro.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San-Salvador,_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/San-Salvador%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg/220px-San-Salvador%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/San-Salvador%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg/330px-San-Salvador%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/San-Salvador%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg/440px-San-Salvador%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2726" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption><i>San Salvador</i>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Rugendas</a>. "The scene is set in a clearing surrounded by tropical vegetation and palm trees, corresponding precisely to the space called <i>capoeira</i> in Brazil."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção200298_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção200298-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, there is one thing that nobody doubts: the ones to teach capoeira to us were the negro slaves that were brought from Angola.<sup id="cite_ref-Pastinha_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pastinha-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Pastinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Pastinha">Mestre Pastinha</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the past, some participants used the name <i>angola</i> or the term <i>brincar de angola</i> ("playing angola") for this art.<sup id="cite_ref-noronha_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noronha-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In formal documents, capoeira was known as "capoeiragem", with a practitioner being known as a "capoeira". Gradually, the art became known as capoeira with a practitioner being called a capoeirista.<sup id="cite_ref-Cho_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capoeira first appeared among <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Africans in Brazil</a>, during the early <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial period</a>. According to the old capoeira mestres and tradition within the community, capoeira originates from <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pastinha_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pastinha-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002156_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002156-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the origin of capoeira is not entirely clear, many studies have supported the oral tradition, identifying <a href="/wiki/Engolo" title="Engolo">engolo</a> as an ancestral art and locating the <a href="/wiki/Cunene_Province" title="Cunene Province">Cunene region</a> as its birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Assunção_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assunção-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008206–207_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008206–207-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, some authors believe there were more ancestors besides engolo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção200253_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção200253-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at the core of capoeira we find techniques developed in engolo, including <a href="/wiki/Crescent_kick" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescent kick">crescent kicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Push_Kick" class="mw-redirect" title="Push Kick">push kicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">sweeps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">handstands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_(gymnastics)" title="Cartwheel (gymnastics)">cartwheels</a>, evasions and even the iconic <i><a href="/wiki/Meia_lua_de_compasso" title="Meia lua de compasso">Meia lua de compasso</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_kick_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpion kick (martial arts)">scorpion kick</a> and <a href="/wiki/L-kick" class="mw-redirect" title="L-kick">L-kick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Assunção_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assunção-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008219–224_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008219–224-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The street capoeira in 19th-century Rio was very violent and far from the original art. This <a href="/wiki/Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">street-fighting</a> <i>capoeiragem</i> was mix of five fighting techniques: foot kicks, head butts, hand blows, <a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">knife fight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">stick-fighting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção200283_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção200283-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only the first of them arguably originates from Angolan art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008209_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008209-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That now extinct version of capoeira was called <i>capoeira carioca</i> (meaning of Rio de Janeiro).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern capoeira comes from <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, and was codified by <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Bimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Bimba">mestre Bimba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Pastinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Pastinha">mestre Pastinha</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_regional" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoeira regional">regional</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoeira angola">angola</a></i> style. Despite their significant differences, both mestres introduced major innovations — they moved training and <i><a href="/wiki/Roda_(formation)" title="Roda (formation)">rodas</a></i> away from the street, instituted the <i>academia</i>, prescribed uniforms, started to teach <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">women</a> and presented capoeira to a broader audiences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_capoeira_techniques" title="List of capoeira techniques">List of capoeira techniques</a></div> <p>Capoeira is a fast and versatile <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a> that is historically focused on fighting when outnumbered or at a technological disadvantage. The style emphasizes using the lower body to kick, sweep and take down their aggressors, using the upper body to assist those movements and occasionally attack as well. It features a series of complex positions and body postures that are meant to get chained in an uninterrupted flow, to strike, dodge and move without breaking motion, conferring the style with a characteristic unpredictability and versatility. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginga_de_dos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ginga_de_dos.gif/220px-Ginga_de_dos.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ginga_de_dos.gif/330px-Ginga_de_dos.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Ginga_de_dos.gif 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Simple animation depicting part of the <i>ginga</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(capoeira)" title="Ginga (capoeira)">ginga</a></i> (literally: rocking back and forth; to swing) is the fundamental movement in capoeira, important both for attack and defense purposes. It has two main objectives. One is to keep the capoeirista in a state of constant motion, preventing them from being a still and easy target. The other, using also fakes and feints, is to mislead, fool or trick the opponent, leaving them open for an attack or a counter-attack. </p><p>The attacks in the capoeira should be done when opportunity arises, and though they can be preceded by feints or pokes, they must be precise and decisive, like a direct kick to the head, face or a vital body part, or a strong takedown. Most capoeira attacks are made with the legs, like direct or swirling kicks, rasteiras (leg sweeps), <a href="/wiki/List_of_capoeira_techniques#Tesoura" title="List of capoeira techniques">tesouras</a> or knee strikes. Elbow strikes, punches and other forms of takedowns complete the main list. The head strike is a very important counter-attack move. </p><p>The defense is based on the principle of non-resistance, meaning avoiding an attack using evasive moves instead of blocking it. Avoids are called <i>esquivas</i>, which depend on the direction of the attack and intention of the defender, and can be done standing or with a hand leaning on the floor. A block should only be made when the <i>esquiva</i> is completely non-viable. This fighting strategy allows quick and unpredictable counterattacks, the ability to focus on more than one adversary and to face empty-handed an armed adversary. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auangole.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Auangole.gif/220px-Auangole.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Auangole.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption>A capoeira movement (Aú Fechado) (click for animation)</figcaption></figure> <p>A series of rolls and acrobatics (like the <a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_(Capoeira)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartwheel (Capoeira)">cartwheels</a> called <a href="/wiki/A%C3%BA" title="Aú">aú</a> or the transitional position called negativa) allows the capoeirista to quickly overcome a takedown or a loss of balance, and to position themselves around the aggressor to lay up for an attack. It is this combination of attacks, defense and mobility that gives capoeira its perceived "fluidity" and choreography-like style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons">Weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_carioca" title="Capoeira carioca">Capoeira carioca</a></div> <p>Through most of its history in Brazil, capoeira commonly featured weapons and weapon training, given its <a href="/wiki/Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">street fighting</a> nature. Capoeiristas usually carried knives and bladed weapons with them, and the <a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">berimbau</a> could be used to conceal those inside, or even to turn itself into a weapon by attaching a blade to its tip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The knife or razor was used in street <i>rodas</i> and/or against openly hostile opponents, and would be drawn quickly to stab or slash. Other hiding places for the weapons included hats and <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrellas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mestre Bimba included in his teachings a <i>curso de especialização</i> or "specialization course", in which the pupils would be taught defenses against knives and guns, as well as the usage of knife, <a href="/wiki/Straight_razor" title="Straight razor">straight razor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">club</a>, <i>chanfolo</i> (double-edged <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a>), <i>facão</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fac%C3%B3n" title="Facón">facón</a> or <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machete</a>) and <i>tira-teima</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cane_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane sword">cane sword</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Roots_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roots-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon graduating, pupils were given a red scarf, which marked their specialty. This course was scarcely used, and ceased after some time. A more common custom practised by Bimba and his students, however, was to furtively hand a weapon to a player before a <i>jogo</i> for them to use it to attack their opponent on Bimba's sign, with the other player's duty being to disarm them.<sup id="cite_ref-Roots_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roots-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This weapon training is almost completely absent in current capoeira teachings, but some groups still practice the use of razors for ceremonial usage in the <i>rodas</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_game">As a game</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As a game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capoeira_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Capoeira_Dance.jpg/220px-Capoeira_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Capoeira_Dance.jpg/330px-Capoeira_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Capoeira_Dance.jpg/440px-Capoeira_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Capoeiristas outside</figcaption></figure> <p>In Bantu culture, the <a href="/wiki/Nkumbi_language" title="Nkumbi language">Nkhumbi</a> term <i>ochimama</i> encapsulates the overlapping meanings of game, dance, and tradition. This overlap is also found in Afro-Brazilian folklore, where many similar forms of expression are called <i>brincadeiras</i> (games).<sup id="cite_ref-Assunção_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assunção-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have interpreted capoeira as a way of concealing martial arts within dance movements. However, research from Angola suggests that the relationship between game, fight, and dance may be even deeper. These scholars propose that the ambivalence between these three elements is a fundamental aspect of the ancestral grammar shared by <a href="/wiki/Engolo" title="Engolo">engolo</a> and capoeira.<sup id="cite_ref-Assunção_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assunção-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Playing capoeira is both a game and a method of practicing the application of capoeira movements in simulated combat. It can be played anywhere, but it's usually done in a <i>roda</i>. During the game most capoeira moves are used, but capoeiristas usually avoid punches or elbow strikes unless it's a very aggressive game.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game does not focus on knocking down or defeating opponents, but rather on body dialogue and highlighting skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roda">Roda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roda_(formation)" title="Roda (formation)">Roda (formation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roda_de_capoeira1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roda_de_capoeira1.jpg/220px-Roda_de_capoeira1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roda_de_capoeira1.jpg/330px-Roda_de_capoeira1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roda_de_capoeira1.jpg/440px-Roda_de_capoeira1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Capoeiristas in a <i>roda</i> (<a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, Brazil)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Roda_(formation)" title="Roda (formation)">roda</a></i> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈʁodɐ]</a></span>) is a circle formed by capoeiristas and capoeira musical instruments, where every participant sings the typical songs and claps their hands following the music. Two <i>capoeiristas</i> enter the <i>roda</i> and play the game according to the style required by the musical rhythm. The game finishes when one of the musicians holding a <a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">berimbau</a> determines it, when one of the <i>capoeiristas</i> decides to leave or call the end of the game, or when another capoeirista interrupts the game to start playing, either with one of the current players or with another <i>capoeirista</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a <i>roda</i> every cultural aspect of capoeira is present, not only the martial side. Aerial acrobatics are common in a presentation <i>roda</i>, while not seen as often in a more serious one. Takedowns, on the other hand, are common in a serious <i>roda</i> but rarely seen in presentations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batizado">Batizado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Batizado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batizado" title="Batizado">Batizado</a></div> <p>The batizado (lit. baptism) is a ceremonial <i>roda</i> where new students will get recognized as capoeiristas and earn their first graduation. Also more experienced students may go up in rank, depending on their skills and capoeira culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Downing_1996_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downing_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mestre Bimba's Capoeira Regional, batizado was the first time a new student would play capoeira following the sound of the berimbau.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students enter the <i>roda</i> against a high-ranked capoeirista (such as a teacher or master) and normally the game ends with the student being taken down. In some cases the more experienced capoeirista can judge the takedown unnecessary. Following the batizado the new graduation, generally in the form of a cord, is given.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the batizado is the moment when the new practitioner gets or formalizes their <i>apelido</i> (nickname). This tradition was created back when capoeira practice was considered a crime. To avoid having problems with the law, capoeiristas would present themselves in the capoeira community only by their nicknames.<sup id="cite_ref-ReVista_2021_m217_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReVista_2021_m217-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamada">Chamada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chamada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Chamada</i> means 'call' and can happen at any time during a <i>roda</i> where the rhythm <i>angola</i> is being played. It happens when one player, usually the more advanced one, calls their opponent to a dance-like ritual. The opponent then approaches the caller and meets them to walk side by side. After it both resume normal play.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it may seem like a break time or a dance, the <i>chamada</i> is actually both a trap and a test, as the caller is just watching to see if the opponent will let his guard down so she can perform a takedown or a strike. It is a critical situation, because both players are vulnerable due to the close proximity and potential for a surprise attack. It's also a tool for experienced practitioners and masters of the art to test a student's awareness and demonstrate when the student left herself open to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-womenfitness.net_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenfitness.net-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the <i>chamada</i> can result in a highly developed sense of awareness and helps practitioners learn the subtleties of anticipating another person's hidden intentions. The <i>chamada</i> can be very simple, consisting solely of the basic elements, or the ritual can be quite elaborate including a competitive dialogue of trickery, or even theatric embellishments.<sup id="cite_ref-womenfitness.net_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenfitness.net-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volta_ao_mundo">Volta ao mundo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Volta ao mundo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Volta ao mundo</b> means <i>around the world</i>. </p><p>The <i>volta ao mundo</i> takes place after an exchange of movements has reached a conclusion, or after there has been a disruption in the harmony of the game. In either of these situations, one player will begin walking around the perimeter of the circle counter-clockwise, and the other player will join the <i>volta ao mundo</i> in the opposite part of the roda, before returning to the normal game.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_music" title="Capoeira music">Capoeira music</a></div> <p>Music is integral to capoeira. It sets the tempo and style of game that is to be played within the roda. Typically the music is formed by <a href="/wiki/Musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments">instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">singing</a>. Rhythms (<a href="/wiki/Capoeira_toques" title="Capoeira toques">toques</a>), controlled by a typical instrument called <a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">berimbau</a>, differ from very slow to very fast, depending on the style of the roda.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg/220px-Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg/330px-Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg/440px-Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>A capoeira bateria showing three <a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">berimbaus</a> a reco- reco and a <a href="/wiki/Pandeiro" title="Pandeiro">pandeiro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Capoeira instruments are disposed in a row called <a href="/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria">bateria</a>. It is traditionally formed by three <a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">berimbaus</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Pandeiro" title="Pandeiro">pandeiros</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Atabaque" title="Atabaque">atabaques</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">agogô</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Ganz%C3%A1" title="Ganzá">ganzá</a>, but this format may vary depending on the capoeira group's traditions or the roda style.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The berimbau is the leading instrument, determining the tempo and style of the music and game played. Two low-pitch berimbaus (called berra-boi and médio) form the base and a high-pitch berimbau (called viola) makes variations and improvisations. The other instruments must follow the berimbau's rhythm, free to vary and improvise a little, depending upon the capoeira group's musical style.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the capoeiristas change their playing style significantly following the <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_toques" title="Capoeira toques">toque</a> of the berimbau, which sets the game's speed, style and aggressiveness, it is truly the music that drives a capoeira game.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the songs are sung in a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> format while others are in the form of a narrative. Capoeiristas sing about a wide variety of subjects. Some songs are about history or stories of famous capoeiristas. Other songs attempt to inspire players to play better. Some songs are about what is going on within the roda. Sometimes the songs are about life or love lost. Others have lighthearted and playful lyrics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are four basic kinds of songs in capoeira, the <i>Ladaínha</i>, <i>Chula</i>, <i>Corrido</i> and <i>Quadra</i>. The <b>Ladaínha</b> is a narrative solo sung only at the beginning of a roda, often by a <i>mestre</i> (master) or most respected capoeirista present. The solo is followed by a <i>louvação</i>, a call and response pattern that usually thanks God and one's master, among other things. Each call is usually repeated word-for-word by the responders. The <b>Chula</b> is a song where the singer part is much bigger than the chorus response, usually eight singer verses for one chorus response, but the proportion may vary. The <b>Corrido</b> is a song where the singer part and the chorus response are equal, normally two verses by two responses. Finally, the <b>Quadra</b> is a song where the same verse is repeated four times, either three singer verses followed by one chorus response, or one verse and one response.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Capoeira songs can talk about virtually anything, being it about a historical fact, a famous capoeirista, trivial life facts, hidden messages for players, anything. Improvisation is very important also, while singing a song the main singer can change the music's lyrics, telling something that's happening in or outside the roda.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malícia_(malice)"><span id="Mal.C3.ADcia_.28malice.29"></span><i>Malícia</i> (malice)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malícia (malice)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The capoeirista resorts to an endless number of tricks to confuse and distract his opponent. He pretends to step back but he returns quickly; jumps from side to side; lies down and gets up; advances and retreats; pretends not to see the opponent to deceive him; turns in all directions; and shrinks in a cunning and bewildering <i>ginga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008166_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008166-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Pastinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Pastinha">Mestre Pastinha</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_Jogo_da_capoeira,_Di%C3%A1rio_Nacional,_1927.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/O_Jogo_da_capoeira%2C_Di%C3%A1rio_Nacional%2C_1927.png/220px-O_Jogo_da_capoeira%2C_Di%C3%A1rio_Nacional%2C_1927.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/O_Jogo_da_capoeira%2C_Di%C3%A1rio_Nacional%2C_1927.png/330px-O_Jogo_da_capoeira%2C_Di%C3%A1rio_Nacional%2C_1927.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/O_Jogo_da_capoeira%2C_Di%C3%A1rio_Nacional%2C_1927.png/440px-O_Jogo_da_capoeira%2C_Di%C3%A1rio_Nacional%2C_1927.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption><i>Diário Nacional</i>, from 1927, shows a drawing of a sailor tripping a policeman, while another figure is already on the ground.</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic term of capoeira philosophy is <i>malícia</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malice" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:malice">malice</a>). One aspect of <i>malicia</i> consists of deceiving the opponent into thinking that you are going to execute a certain move when in fact you are going to do something completely different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200733_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200733-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an example of <i>malicia</i> of <a href="/wiki/Besouro" class="mw-redirect" title="Besouro">Besouro</a> who once fell to the ground during a game, crying like a woman and begging for mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008167_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008167-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mestre <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pequeno" class="mw-redirect" title="João Pequeno">João Pequeno</a> claimed that he teaches his students how to play capoeira, but they should learn <i>malícia</i> for themselves since it cannot be taught.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008172_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008172-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of <i>malícia</i> in capoeira has expanded over time to cunning, suspicion, alertness, readiness, flexibility, and adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008166_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008166-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basically, it is the capacity to understand someone's intentions and making use of this understanding to misdirect someone as to your next move.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the contemporary capoeira, this is done good-naturedly, contrary to what the word may suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Capoeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nestor Capoeira (page does not exist)">Nestor Capoeira</a> explicated malícia as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think <i>malícia</i> is not only to feign, to pretend that you are going to deliver a certain blow and do something else, but a system of signs and signals. It is as if you were casting a spell or a charm in order to build a specific reality, a seductive reality, during the game and also outside the <i>roda</i> in day-to-day life and in any type of struggle or combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200249_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200249-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gregory Downey explains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Malícia</i>, not coincidentally, is the quality, or constellation of qualities, that the ideal capoeirista should most evidence in his or her everyday life: a combination of wariness, quick wit, savvy, unpredictability, opportunism, playfulness, viciousness, and a talent for deception. The ability to fool, distract, and deceive the opponent is the key to success. The basic movement in capoeira, the ginga, is a constant fluid movement backward and forward, and a good capoeirista will use malícia in the ginga to deceive his opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008166_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008166-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(capoeira)" title="Ginga (capoeira)">ginga</a></i> is the first principle of capoeira and the embodiment of malice. The continuous, ceaseless bodily motion, known as <i>gingar</i>, is the principle that creates deception or trickery, catching the opponent off guard. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAn%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Bênção">bênção</a></i> kick, ironically named, reflects another form of malícia. Slave owners would gather slaves in the morning, often on Sundays, to offer blessings, despite their mistreatment. In a deceptive twist, <i>bênção</i> appears as a blessing but swiftly becomes an attack on the opponent's belly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008167_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008167-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malandragem">Malandragem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Malandragem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></i> is a word that comes from <i>malandro</i>, a man who used <a href="/wiki/Street_smarts" class="mw-redirect" title="Street smarts">street smarts</a> to make a living. In the 19th century, capoeira was quite similar to the type of urban person who was a constant source of trouble — the <i>malandro</i> (punk).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008169_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008169-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, the capoeirista was a <i>malandro</i> (a rogue) and a criminal, expert in the use of kicks (<i>golpes</i>), sweeps (<i>rasteiras</i>) and head-butts (<i>cabeçadas</i>), as well in the use of blade weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200711_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200711-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In capoeira, <i>malandragem</i> is the ability to quickly understand an opponent's intentions, and during a fight or a game, fool, trick and deceive him.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular Brazilian saying, "<i>Malandro demais se atrapalha</i>" means that when one tries to be too clever or smart, instead of confusing his opponent, he confuses himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200733_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200733-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spirituality in capoeira is shaped under the influence of various African beliefs. Some important concepts of <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">candomblé</a>, such as <i>dendé</i> and <i>axé</i>, which refer to different conceptions of energy, have become common among capoeiristas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarela2017102_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarela2017102-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bantu_culture">Bantu culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bantu culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divination_Ceremony_and_Dance,_Brazil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Divination_Ceremony_and_Dance%2C_Brazil.JPG/220px-Divination_Ceremony_and_Dance%2C_Brazil.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Divination_Ceremony_and_Dance%2C_Brazil.JPG/330px-Divination_Ceremony_and_Dance%2C_Brazil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Divination_Ceremony_and_Dance%2C_Brazil.JPG/440px-Divination_Ceremony_and_Dance%2C_Brazil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><i>Divination Ceremony and Dance, Brazil</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Wagenaer" title="Zacharias Wagenaer">Zacharias Wagener</a>, <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dr Maya Talmon-Chvaicer suggests that capoeira should be explained in <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> terms. For the African slaves, capoeira was a social expression that incorporated all the basic African elements: circle, dance, music, rituals and symbols. It also contains all the ingredients of a game from the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongolese</a> perspective: a means to train and prepare for life, providing the experience needed to strengthen the body and the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008175–176_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008175–176-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> culture, <i><a href="/wiki/Roda_(formation)" title="Roda (formation)">the circle</a></i> carries profound symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmon-Chvaicer_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmon-Chvaicer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dancing in a circle holds significance, representing protection and strength, symbolizing the bond with the spirit world, life, and the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmon-Chvaicer_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmon-Chvaicer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major means of communication with the ancestors is music. Musical instruments play a pivotal role in bridging the realms of the living, the deceased, and the gods. This explains why African dances customarily commence by paying homage to the primary instrument, often through kneeling or bowing before it. This practice of appeasement and seeking divine assistance from the gods is mirrored in the capoeira tradition of kneeling before the <i><a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">berimbau</a></i> during the <i><a href="/wiki/Ladainha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladainha">ladainha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmon-Chvaicer_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmon-Chvaicer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African martial arts naturally take the form of <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>. In Bantu culture, dance is an integral part of daily life, encompassing song, music, movements, and rituals. This holistic view applies to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, where dance is intricately linked to song, music, and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmon-Chvaicer_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmon-Chvaicer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inverted_worldview">Inverted worldview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Inverted worldview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalunga_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga line">Kalunga line</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Bantu religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalunga_(Kongo_religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga (Kongo religion)">kalûnga</a> represents the idea that, in the realm of the living everything is reversed from the realm of the ancestors. Where men walk on their feet, the spirits <a href="/wiki/Hand_walking" title="Hand walking">walk on their hands</a>; where men reach their peak physical abilities, the ancestors reach their peak spirituality. Inhabitants of the ancestral realm are inverted compared to us, as viewed from our mirrored perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Kambon_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kambon-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this particular worldview, practitioners of African martial arts deliberately invert themselves upside down to emulate the ancestors, and to draw strength and power from the ancestral realm.<sup id="cite_ref-Kambon_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kambon-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi20083_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi20083-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the capoeira ritual is performing the "au" at the beginning of the game. This act symbolizes a profound transition in <a href="/wiki/Kongolese_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongolese religion">Kongolese religion</a>, where touching the ground with hands while feet are up in the air signifies the player crosses over to other worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008144_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008144-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capoeira has been additionally shaped by the cosmic worldview of <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">candomblé</a>, an Afro-Brazilian religion that has engaged with various manifestations of natural energies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200219_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200219-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capoeira player in past usually had his <i><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">orixá</a></i> or <i>santo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogum</a> (the Warrior) or <a href="/wiki/Oshosi" title="Oshosi">Oxóssi</a> (the Hunter).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200261_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200261-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandinga_(magic)"><span id="Mandinga_.28magic.29"></span><i>Mandinga</i> (magic)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mandinga (magic)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Capoeira is slave <i>mandinga</i>, desirous of freedom. </p><p>Its principles have no method, </p><p> its aim is inconceivable even to the wisest of the mestres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002108_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002108-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Pastinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Pastinha">Mestre Pastinha</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Capoeira holds a core of <i>mandinga</i>, which can be translated as a <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, sorcery, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandinga suggests an understanding of fundamental natural forces and their utilization through magic rituals to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200733_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200733-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, capoeiristas used protective <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> and performed specific rituals to ensure their safety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Same players "do their mandinga" before the game by drawing magical symbols on the ground with their fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200278_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200278-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some magic elements in capoeira are clear and familiar, while others have become obscure over time. Folklorist <a href="/wiki/Edison_Carneiro" title="Edison Carneiro">Edison Carneiro</a> noted that the <i><a href="/wiki/Ladainha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladainha">ladainha</a></i>, sung before entering the capoeira circle, invokes the gods, adding a touch of mysticism to the ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008127–128_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008127–128-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actions like touching the ground symbolize drawing signs in the dust, and gestures such as kissing hands, crossing oneself, and prayer are reminders of long-forgotten traditions, the Bantus' prayer for divine blessings, aid, and bravery in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008127–128_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008127–128-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mandinga is also a certain esthetic, where the game is expressive and sometimes theatrical, especially in the Angola style. An advanced capoeira player is sometimes referred to as a <i>mandingueiro</i>, someone who embodies <i>mandinga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarela2017106_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarela2017106-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The roots of the term <i>mandingueiro</i> would be a person who had the magic ability to avoid harm due to protection from the <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orixás</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternately the word <i>mandinga</i> originates from the name of <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka people</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is a task, and a lonely one, to find and develop your own style, breaking with the “correct” way of playing that you learned from your teacher, who many times presents himself as “owner of the truth.” But this can be done after one has experience and an idea of what capoeira is … maybe after ten or fifteen years of practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002226_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002226-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Capoeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nestor Capoeira (page does not exist)">Nestor Capoeira</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Determining styles in capoeira is difficult, since there was never a unity in the original capoeira, or a teaching method before the decade of 1920. However, a division between two styles and a sub-style is widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capoeira_Angola">Capoeira Angola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Capoeira Angola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_Angola" title="Capoeira Angola">Capoeira Angola</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roda_de_Capoeira_Angola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Roda_de_Capoeira_Angola.jpg/220px-Roda_de_Capoeira_Angola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Roda_de_Capoeira_Angola.jpg/330px-Roda_de_Capoeira_Angola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Roda_de_Capoeira_Angola.jpg/440px-Roda_de_Capoeira_Angola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Capoeira Angola roda.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_de_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoeira de Angola">Capoeira de Angola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angolan</a> capoeira) is the traditional style of capoeira. However, it can refer to two things: </p> <ul><li>the popular <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahian</a> capoeira prior to codification in 20th century</li> <li>the contemporary style of capoeira codified by <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Pastinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Pastinha">Mestre Pastinha</a>, based on an older one</li></ul> <p>The ideal of capoeira Angola is to maintain capoeira as close to its roots as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Pastinha strove to preserve the original Angolan art, he nevertheless introduced significant changes to capoeira practice of his time. He forbid weapon and violent moves, prescribed uniforms, moved training away from the street into the <i>academia</i>, and started to teach <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002164_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002164-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capoeira Angola is characterized by being strategic, with sneaking movements executed standing or near the floor depending on the situation to face, it values the traditions of <i>malícia</i>, <i>malandragem</i> and unpredictability of the original capoeira.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anthropologist Alejandro Frigerio defines capoeira Angola as <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, versus <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_Regional" title="Capoeira Regional">capoeira Regional</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a>. He emphasizes the following characteristics of contemporary capoeira Angola, namely: cunning, complementation (of the two players" movements), a low game, the absence of violence, beautiful movements (according to a "black aesthetic"), slow music and the importance of ritual and theatricality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002198_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002198-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike many other capoeira groups that play <a href="/wiki/Barefoot" title="Barefoot">barefoot</a>, <i>angoleiros</i> always train with <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoes</a>. When it comes to the color of the uniforms, there is a lack of uniformity within the style. Although mestre Pastinha at his academy required students to wear yellow and black jerseys, some of his successors have adopted white only uniforms within their schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002201_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002201-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capoeira_Regional">Capoeira Regional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Capoeira Regional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_Regional" title="Capoeira Regional">Capoeira Regional</a></div> <p>Capoeira Regional began to take form in the 1920s, when <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Bimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Bimba">Mestre Bimba</a> met his future student, José Cisnando Lima. Both believed that capoeira was losing its martial side and concluded there was a need to re-strengthen and structure it. Bimba created his <i>sequências de ensino</i> (teaching combinations) and created capoeira's first teaching method. Advised by Cisnando, Bimba decided to call his style <i>Luta Regional Baiana</i>, as capoeira was still illegal at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2007233–235_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007233–235-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The base of capoeira regional is the original capoeira without many of the aspects that were impractical in a real fight, with less subterfuge and more objectivity. Training focuses mainly on attack, dodging and counter-attack, giving high importance to precision and discipline. Bimba also added a few moves from other arts, notably the <i>batuque</i>, an old street fight game invented by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of jumps or aerial acrobatics stay to a minimum, since one of its foundations is always keeping at least one hand or foot firmly attached to the ground. </p><p><i>Capoeira Regional</i> also introduced the first ranking method in capoeira. <i>Regional</i> had three levels: <i>calouro</i> (freshman), <i>formado</i> (graduated) and <i>formado especializado</i> (specialist). After 1964, when a student completed a course, a special celebration ceremony occurred, ending with the teacher tying a silk scarf around the capoeirista's neck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2007234_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007234-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditions of <i>roda</i> and capoeira game were kept, being used to put into use what was learned during training. The disposition of musical instruments, however, was changed, being made by a single berimbau and two pandeiros.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Luta Regional Baiana</i> soon became popular, finally changing capoeira's bad image. Mestre Bimba made many presentations of his new style, but the best known was the one made at 1953 to Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>, where the president would say: "<i>A Capoeira é o único esporte verdadeiramente nacional</i>" (Capoeira is the only truly national sport).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capoeira_carioca">Capoeira carioca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Capoeira carioca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_carioca" title="Capoeira carioca">Capoeira carioca</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_carioca" title="Capoeira carioca">Capoeira carioca</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">street fighting</a> version of capoeira that existed in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> during the 19th century, used by gangs. In capoeira carioca, all available means were used, including various types of weapons, such as <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straight_razor" title="Straight razor">straight razors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">clubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machetes</a>. Capoeira from this period is also known as <i>capoeiragem</i>. The widespread violent capoeira practice in Rio led to a nationwide ban on capoeira. After the ban in <a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a> and the subsequent mass arrests of capoeira gang members, this version of capoeira is generally extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer200887_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer200887-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main reformators and proponents of this fighting-oriented capoeira were <a href="/wiki/Agenor_Moreira_Sampaio" title="Agenor Moreira Sampaio">Mestre Sinhozinho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anibal_Burlamaqui" title="Anibal Burlamaqui">Mestre Zuma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capoeira_Contemporânea"><span id="Capoeira_Contempor.C3.A2nea"></span>Capoeira Contemporânea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Capoeira Contemporânea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm/220px--V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="Vídeo_Agência_Nacional_40.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm/V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm/V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm/V%C3%ADdeo_Ag%C3%AAncia_Nacional_40.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>The 1975 Capoeira Cup</figcaption></figure> <p>Capoeira flourished in the city of São Paulo since the 1960s. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestre_Suassuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mestre Suassuna (page does not exist)">Mestre Suassuna</a> was prominent figure throughout this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002227_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002227-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Canjiquinha" title="Mestre Canjiquinha">Mestre Canjiquinha</a> played important role in shaping the capoeira style that began to emerge in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> during the 1960s. This evolving style, which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, drew from both Regional and Angola styles while maintaining its distinct characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of modern practitioners affirm to be neither Angola nor Regional, emphasizing that "there is only one capoeira".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002199_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002199-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This new capoeira incorporated not only <a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">berimbaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandeiro" title="Pandeiro">pandeiros</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Atabaque" title="Atabaque">atabaque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">agogô</a> into its musical ensemble. In contrast to Bimba's preference for quadras, these modern <i>rodas</i> typically commenced with <a href="/wiki/Ladainha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladainha">ladainhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The games in these <i>rodas</i> often featured a fast and upright style, even though they might start with an Angola toque and a slower game.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays the label <i>Contemporânea</i> applies to any capoeira group who don't follow Regional or Angola styles, even the ones who mix capoeira with other martial arts. Some notable groups whose style cannot be described as either Angola or Regional but rather "a style of their own", include Senzala de Santos, Cordão de Ouro and Abada. In the case of Cordão de Ouro, the style may be described as "Miudinho", a low and fast-paced game, while in Senzala de Santos the style may described simply as "Senzala de Santos", an elegant, playful combination of Angola and Regional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks">Ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its origin, capoeira never had unity or a general agreement. Ranking or graduating system follows the same path, as there never existed a ranking system accepted by most of the masters. That means graduation style varies depending on the group's traditions. The most common modern system uses colored ropes, called <i>corda</i> or <i>cordão</i>, tied around the waist. Some masters use different systems, or even no system at all.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a substantial number of groups (mainly of the Angola school) there is no visible ranking system. There can still be several ranks: student, treinel, professor, contra-mestre and mestre, but often no cordas (belts).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many entities (leagues, federations and association) with their own graduation system. The most usual is the system of the <i>Confederação Brasileira de Capoeira</i> (Brazilian Capoeira Confederation), which adopts ropes using the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian flag">Brazilian flag</a>, green, yellow, blue and white.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i>Confederação Brasileira de Capoeira</i> is not widely accepted as the capoeira's main representative.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_Capoeira_Confederation_system">Brazilian Capoeira Confederation system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Brazilian Capoeira Confederation system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children's_system_(3_to_14_years)"><span id="Children.27s_system_.283_to_14_years.29"></span>Children's system (3 to 14 years)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Children's system (3 to 14 years)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1st stage: <i>Iniciante</i> (Beginner) - No color</li> <li>2nd stage: <i>Batizado</i> (Baptized) - Green/Light Grey</li> <li>3rd stage: <i>Graduado</i> (Graduated) - Yellow/Light Grey</li> <li>4th stage: <i>Adaptado</i> (Adept) - Blue/Light Grey</li> <li>5th stage: <i>Intermediário</i> (Intermediary) - Green/YellowLight Grey</li> <li>6th stage: <i>Avançado</i> (Advanced) - Green/Blue/Light Grey</li> <li>7th stage: <i>Estagiário</i> (Trainee) - Yellow/Green/Blue/Light Grey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adult_system_(above_15)"><span id="Adult_system_.28above_15.29"></span>Adult system (above 15)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Adult system (above 15)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>8th stage: <i>Iniciante</i> (Beginner) - No color</li> <li>9th stage: <i>Batizado</i> (Baptized) - Green</li> <li>10th stage: <i>Graduado</i> (Graduated) - Yellow</li> <li>11th stage: <i>Adaptado</i> (Adept) - Blue</li> <li>12th stage: <i>Intermediário</i> (Intermediary) - Green</li> <li>13th stage: <i>Avançado</i> (Advanced) - Green/Blue</li> <li>14th stage: <i>Estagiário</i> (Trainee) - Yellow/Blue</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instructors'_system"><span id="Instructors.27_system"></span>Instructors' system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Instructors' system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>15th stage: <i>Formado</i> (Graduated) - Yellow/Green/Blue</li> <li>16th stage: <i>Monitor</i> (Monitor) - White/Green</li> <li>17th stage: <i>Instrutor</i> (Instructor) - White/Yellow</li> <li>18th stage: <i>Contramestre</i> (Foreman) - White/Blue</li> <li>19th stage: <i>Mestre</i> (Master) - White</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ABADÁ_-_Capoeira_system"><span id="ABAD.C3.81_-_Capoeira_system"></span>ABADÁ - Capoeira system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: ABADÁ - Capoeira system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Capoeira schools use a system taken from Abadá-Capoeira. </p><p>ABADÁ has a graduated cord system using colors that refer symbolically to nature and reflect the level of practice. The cord system does not so much reflect the practitioner's level of skill as much as their progress on their individual path as a member of the ABADÁ community. The cord system as outlined by Arte Capoeira Center – ABADÁ Capoeira is as follows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_Graduation_System">Adult Graduation System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Adult Graduation System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title/Level </th> <th> </th> <th>Cord Color </th> <th>Basic Responsibilities </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Beginner</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Crua_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Corda_Crua_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Crua_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Corda_Crua_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Crua_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Corda_Crua_-_Capoeira.png/439px-Corda_Crua_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Crua</i> <p>(Natural Cord) </p> </td> <td>natural cord student </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Student</b> <p><b>Aluno/a</b> </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Amarela_e_Crua_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Corda_Amarela_e_Crua_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Amarela_e_Crua_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Corda_Amarela_e_Crua_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Amarela_e_Crua_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Corda_Amarela_e_Crua_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Amarela_e_Crua_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Crua-Amarela</i> <p>(Natural-Yellow Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>transformation</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Amarela_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Corda_Amarela_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Amarela_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Corda_Amarela_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Amarela_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Corda_Amarela_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Amarela_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Amarela</i> <p>(Yellow Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>The Gold</i> <p>The yellow cord signifies the value of apprenticeship. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Amarela_e_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Corda_Amarela_e_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Amarela_e_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Corda_Amarela_e_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Amarela_e_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Corda_Amarela_e_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Amarela_e_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Amarela-Laranja</i> <p>(Yellow-Orange Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>transformation</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Corda_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Corda_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Corda_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Laranja_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Laranja</i> </td> <td><i>The Sun</i> <p>The orange cord reflects the awakening of the apprentice's consciousness. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Laranja_e_Azul_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Corda_Laranja_e_Azul_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Laranja_e_Azul_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Corda_Laranja_e_Azul_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Laranja_e_Azul_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Corda_Laranja_e_Azul_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Laranja_e_Azul_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Laranja-Azul</i> <p>(Orange-Blue Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>transformation</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Graduado/a</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Azul_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Corda_Azul_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Azul_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Corda_Azul_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Azul_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Corda_Azul_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Azul_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Azul</i> <p>(Blue Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>The Sea</i> <p>The blue cord indicates the apprentice's awareness of the immense path ahead. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Azul_e_Verde_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corda_Azul_e_Verde_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Azul_e_Verde_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corda_Azul_e_Verde_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Azul_e_Verde_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corda_Azul_e_Verde_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Azul_e_Verde_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Azul-Verde</i> <p>(Blue-Green Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>transformation</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Verde_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Corda_Verde_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Verde_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Corda_Verde_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Verde_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Corda_Verde_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Verde_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Verde</i> <p>(Green Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>The Forest—the world’s lungs</i> <p>The green cord signifies the consolidation of apprenticeship. It provides the base on which ABADÁ-Capoeira is built. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Verde_e_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Corda_Verde_e_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Verde_e_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Corda_Verde_e_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Verde_e_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Corda_Verde_e_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Verde_e_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Verde-Roxa</i> <p>(Green-Purple Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>transformation</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Instrutor/a</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Corda_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Corda_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Corda_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Roxa_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Roxa</i> <p>(Purple Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>The Amethyst</i> <p>The purple cord signals that the capoeirista has begun to overcome the physical, psychological, and spiritual pain of learning capoeira and defending its ideals. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Roxa_e_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Corda_Roxa_e_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Roxa_e_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Corda_Roxa_e_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Roxa_e_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Corda_Roxa_e_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Roxa_e_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Roxa-Marrom</i> <p>(Purple-Brown Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>transformation</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Professor/a</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Corda_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Corda_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Corda_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Marrom_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Marrom</i> <p>(Brown Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>The Chameleon</i> <p>The brown cord represents the constant transformation that characterizes the group's style. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Marrom_e_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Corda_Marrom_e_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Marrom_e_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Corda_Marrom_e_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Marrom_e_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Corda_Marrom_e_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Marrom_e_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Marrom-Vermelha</i> <p>(Brown-Red Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>transformation</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mestrando/a</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Corda_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Corda_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Corda_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Vermelha_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Vermelha</i> <p>(Red Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>The Ruby</i> <p>The red cord symbolizes justice. At this level, the capoeirista acquires an understanding of responsibility; he or she is expected to strive for justice in conducting his work and making her decisions. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mestre</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Vermelha_e_Branca_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Corda_Vermelha_e_Branca_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Vermelha_e_Branca_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Corda_Vermelha_e_Branca_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Vermelha_e_Branca_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Corda_Vermelha_e_Branca_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Vermelha_e_Branca_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Vermelha-Branca</i> <p>(Red-White Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>transformation</i> <p>In this graduation the Capoeirista tries to develop their potential in order to concentrate and maintain ABADÁ's ideals. It is a phase of transformation, because the Mestre is preparing to obtain the highest graduation in ABADÁ's system. In order to achieve Grão-Mestre, it is necessary to make decisions with precision, honesty and above all with wisdom and impartiality. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mestre</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corda_Branca_-_Capoeira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Corda_Branca_-_Capoeira.png/220px-Corda_Branca_-_Capoeira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Corda_Branca_-_Capoeira.png/330px-Corda_Branca_-_Capoeira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Corda_Branca_-_Capoeira.png/440px-Corda_Branca_-_Capoeira.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Corda Branca</i> <p>(White Cord) </p> </td> <td><i>The Diamond</i> <p>The "Diamond" is the hardest and most resilient mineral. It reflects all colors and all colors are united in white. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_activities">Related activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Related activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though those activities are strongly associated with capoeira, they have different meanings and origins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samba_de_roda">Samba de roda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Samba de roda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samba_de_roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de roda">Samba de roda</a></div> <p>Performed by many capoeira groups, <a href="/wiki/Samba_de_roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de roda">samba de roda</a> is a traditional Brazilian dance and musical form that has been associated with capoeira for many decades. The orchestra is composed by <i>pandeiro</i>, <i>atabaque</i>, <i>berimbau-viola</i> (high pitch berimbau), <a href="/wiki/Chocalho" title="Chocalho">chocalho</a>, accompanied by singing and clapping. <i>Samba de roda</i> is considered one of the primitive forms of modern Samba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maculelê"><span id="Maculel.C3.AA"></span>Maculelê</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Maculelê"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maculel%C3%AA_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maculelê (dance)">Maculelê (dance)</a></div> <p>Originally the <i>Maculelê</i> is believed to have been an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous</a> armed fighting style, using two sticks or a machete. Nowadays it's a folkloric dance practiced with heavy Brazilian percussion. Many capoeira groups include <i>Maculelê</i> in their presentations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puxada_de_rede">Puxada de rede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Puxada de rede"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puxada_de_rede" class="mw-redirect" title="Puxada de rede">Puxada de rede</a></div> <p><i>Puxada de Rede</i> is a Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">folkloric</a> theatrical play, seen in many capoeira performances. It is based on a traditional Brazilian legend involving the loss of a fisherman in a seafaring accident. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combat_capoeira_and_MMA">Combat capoeira and MMA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Combat capoeira and MMA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think beating (<i>pancadaria</i>) is good. I learned capoeira being beaten up and I like a rough game, heavy game. Sometimes, when I receive a kick that breaks my mouth, my nose, I even like it because I am learning. Beating is important in capoeira. <i>Pancadaria</i> is not violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nanico, the boxer and capoeira teacher</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famous_Meia_Lua_de_Compasso.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Famous_Meia_Lua_de_Compasso.gif/220px-Famous_Meia_Lua_de_Compasso.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Famous_Meia_Lua_de_Compasso.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>Professor Barrãozinho from Axé Capoeira performing a <i><a href="/wiki/Meia_lua_de_compasso" title="Meia lua de compasso">meia-lua de compasso</a></i> against Keegan Marshall.</figcaption></figure> <p>Combat capoeira, often referred to as rough capoeira (<i>capoeira dura</i>), places a primary emphasis on combat. It is commonly observed in <a href="/wiki/Boxing_ring" title="Boxing ring">ring</a> competitions and street <i>rodas</i>, and sometimes even in graduations within certain groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several capoeira fighters have gained national reputation, including Mestre King Kong from <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestre_Maur%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mestre Maurão (page does not exist)">Mestre Maurão</a> from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, and King from <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> (formerly associated with Abadá). They advocate for capoeiristas to be skilled in playing intense games to ensure that the art retains its combat effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capoeira fights have, on occasion, resulted in severe injuries and even fatalities, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most suitable context for combat-focused capoeira appears to be the ring, where predetermined fighting rules provide clarity. In the tradition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_da_Silva_Ciriaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco da Silva Ciriaco (page does not exist)">Ciriaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Sinhozinho" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Sinhozinho">Sinhozinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_dos_Reis_Machado" title="Manuel dos Reis Machado">Bimba</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Em%C3%ADdio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Emídio (page does not exist)">Arthur Emídio</a>, contemporary capoeira fighters have expanded their training by incorporating various martial arts disciplines, including <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">ju-jitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> champions like <a href="/wiki/Marco_Ruas" title="Marco Ruas">Marco Ruas</a> acknowledge the significance of capoeira in their training. The use of capoeira techniques in free-style competitions shows to what extent the art still provides essential fighting skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_practitioners">Notable practitioners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notable practitioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For full the list, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Capoeira_practitioners" title="Category:Capoeira practitioners">Category:Capoeira practitioners</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besouro_Mangang%C3%A1" title="Besouro Mangangá">Besouro Mangangá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anibal_Burlamaqui" title="Anibal Burlamaqui">Anibal Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Sinhozinho" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Sinhozinho">Mestre Sinhozinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Bimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Bimba">Mestre Bimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Pastinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Pastinha">Mestre Pastinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Waldemar" title="Mestre Waldemar">Mestre Waldemar</a></li> <li>Mestre Gato Preto</li> <li>Mestre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobrinha_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobrinha Verde (page does not exist)">Cobrinha Verde</a></li> <li>Mestre <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Grande" title="João Grande">João Grande</a></li> <li>Mestre <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pereira_dos_Santos" title="João Pereira dos Santos">João Pereira dos Santos</a></li> <li>Mestre <a href="/wiki/Norival_Moreira_de_Oliveira" title="Norival Moreira de Oliveira">Norival Moreira de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Moraes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre Moraes">Mestre Moraes</a></li> <li>Mestre <a href="/wiki/Cobra_Mansa" title="Cobra Mansa">Cobra Mansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_dos_Santos" title="Junior dos Santos">Junior dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Dacascos" title="Mark Dacascos">Mark Dacascos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Silva" title="Anderson Silva">Anderson Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateef_Crowder_dos_Santos" title="Lateef Crowder dos Santos">Lateef Crowder dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Aldo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Aldo">Jose Aldo</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capoeira" title="History of capoeira">History of capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_in_popular_culture" title="Capoeira in popular culture">Capoeira in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engolo" title="Engolo">Engolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_Angola" title="Capoeira Angola">Capoeira Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_carioca" title="Capoeira carioca">Capoeira carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraingy" title="Moraingy">Moraingy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAssunção2002" class="citation book cs1">Assunção, Matthias Röhrig (2002). <a href="/wiki/Capoeira:_The_History_of_an_Afro-Brazilian_Martial_Art" title="Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art"><i>Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8086-6"><bdi>978-0-7146-8086-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capoeira%3A+The+History+of+an+Afro-Brazilian+Martial+Art&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8086-6&rft.aulast=Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R%C3%B6hrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapoeira2002" class="citation book cs1">Capoeira, Nestor (2002). <i>Capoeira: Roots of the Dance-Fight-Game</i>. Blue Snake Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58394-637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58394-637-4"><bdi>978-1-58394-637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capoeira%3A+Roots+of+the+Dance-Fight-Game&rft.pub=Blue+Snake+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58394-637-4&rft.aulast=Capoeira&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapoeira2003" class="citation book cs1">Capoeira, Nestor (2003). <i>The Little Capoeira Book</i>. Translated by Ladd, Alex. North Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-440-2"><bdi>978-1-55643-440-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Capoeira+Book&rft.pub=North+Atlantic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-440-2&rft.aulast=Capoeira&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapoeira2007" class="citation book cs1">Capoeira, Nestor (2007). <i>The Little Capoeira Book</i>. Blue Snake Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583941980" title="Special:BookSources/9781583941980"><bdi>9781583941980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Capoeira+Book&rft.pub=Blue+Snake+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781583941980&rft.aulast=Capoeira&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesch-Obi2008" class="citation book cs1">Desch-Obi, Thomas J. (2008). <i>Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Art Traditions in the Atlantic World</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-718-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-718-4"><bdi>978-1-57003-718-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Honor%3A+The+History+of+African+Martial+Art+Traditions+in+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-718-4&rft.aulast=Desch-Obi&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmon-Chvaicer2008" class="citation book cs1">Talmon-Chvaicer, Maya (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405595467"><i>The Hidden History of Capoeira: A Collision of Cultures in the Brazilian Battle Dance</i></a></span>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71723-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71723-7"><bdi>978-0-292-71723-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+History+of+Capoeira%3A+A+Collision+of+Cultures+in+the+Brazilian+Battle+Dance&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71723-7&rft.aulast=Talmon-Chvaicer&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116405595467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Gerard (2007). <i>Capoeira: The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace</i>. Vol. 2. Berkeley, CA: Blue Snake Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583941836" title="Special:BookSources/9781583941836"><bdi>9781583941836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capoeira%3A+The+Jogo+de+Angola+from+Luanda+to+Cyberspace&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Blue+Snake+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781583941836&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarela2017" class="citation book cs1">Varela, Sergio González (2017). <i>Power in Practice: The Pragmatic Anthropology of Afro-Brazilian Capoeira</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785336355" title="Special:BookSources/9781785336355"><bdi>9781785336355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+Practice%3A+The+Pragmatic+Anthropology+of+Afro-Brazilian+Capoeira&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781785336355&rft.aulast=Varela&rft.aufirst=Sergio+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção200255-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção200255_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssunção2002">Assunção 2002</a>, pp. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chausson/Savate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chausson/Savate_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efdeportes.com/efd158/o-chausson-savate-influenciou-a-capoeira.htm">O 'Chausson/Savate' influenciou a capoeira?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1AGqA1S-lAC&dq=capoeira+breakdancing&pg=PA165">Capoeira: The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace, Volume Two, pp. 165</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção200297-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção200297_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssunção2002">Assunção 2002</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyPyrah2007" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Sam; Pyrah, Sam (17 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/mar/17/healthandwellbeing.features4">"All you need to know about: capoeira"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002235540/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/mar/17/healthandwellbeing.features4">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=All+you+need+to+know+about%3A+capoeira&rft.date=2007-03-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Pyrah%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2007%2Fmar%2F17%2Fhealthandwellbeing.features4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Willson, Margaret (March 2001). "Designs of Deception: Concepts of Consciousness, Spirituality and Survival in Capoeira Angola in Salvador, Brazil". <i>Anthropology of Consciousness</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fac.2001.12.1.19">10.1525/ac.2001.12.1.19</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+of+Consciousness&rft.atitle=Designs+of+Deception%3A+Concepts+of+Consciousness%2C+Spirituality+and+Survival+in+Capoeira+Angola+in+Salvador%2C+Brazil&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fac.2001.12.1.19&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi2008163_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesch-Obi2008">Desch-Obi 2008</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, J. Lowell (1992). <i>Ring of Liberation: Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian Capoeira</i>. 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(September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roots-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roots_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roots_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapoeira2012" class="citation book cs1">Capoeira, Nestor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBW0ywmtmpAC"><i>Capoeira: Roots of the Dance-Fight-Game</i></a>. 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Sport in Society, 7(1), 49–68. doi:10.1080/1461098042000220182 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kambon-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kambon_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kambon_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326942344_AfrikanBlack_Combat_Forms_Hidden_in_Plain_Sight_EngoloCapoeira_Knocking-and-Kicking_and_Asafo_Flag_Dancing">Obadele Bakari Kambon, Afrikan=Black Combat Forms Hidden in Plain Sight: Engolo/Capoeira, Knocking-and-Kicking and Asafo Flag Dancing</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi20083-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi20083_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesch-Obi2008">Desch-Obi 2008</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008144-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008144_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalmon-Chvaicer2008">Talmon-Chvaicer 2008</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200219-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200219_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapoeira2002">Capoeira 2002</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200261-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200261_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapoeira2002">Capoeira 2002</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002108-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002108_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapoeira2002">Capoeira 2002</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mandinga#Noun">"Mandinga"</a>. 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandinga&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fmandinga%23Noun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira200278-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira200278_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapoeira2002">Capoeira 2002</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008127–128-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008127–128_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer2008127–128_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalmon-Chvaicer2008">Talmon-Chvaicer 2008</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarela2017106-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarela2017106_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarela2017">Varela 2017</a>, pp. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"O Fio Da Navalha", ESPN Brasil documentary, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002226-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002226_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapoeira2002">Capoeira 2002</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002164-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002164_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssunção2002">Assunção 2002</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002198-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002198_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssunção2002">Assunção 2002</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002201-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002201_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssunção2002">Assunção 2002</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007233–235-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2007233–235_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2007">Taylor 2007</a>, pp. 233–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthias Röhrig Assunção, <i>Capoeira: A History of a Brazilian Martial Art</i> (London: Psychology/Routledge, 2005), 133–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714650315" title="Special:BookSources/0714650315">0714650315</a>, 9780714650319; Aniefre Essien, <i>Capoeira Beyond Brazil: From a Slave Tradition to an International Way of Life</i> (Berkeley CA: Blue Snake Books, 2008), 6–8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1583942556" title="Special:BookSources/1583942556">1583942556</a>, 9781583942550</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://capoeira-connection.com/capoeira/2012/01/i-challenged-all-the-tough-guys-mestre-bimba-1973/">"I challenged all the tough guys" – Mestre Bimba, 1973</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192413/http://capoeira-connection.com/capoeira/2012/01/i-challenged-all-the-tough-guys-mestre-bimba-1973/">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>capoeira-connection.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007234-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2007234_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2007">Taylor 2007</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampos2009" class="citation cs2">Campos, Hellio (2009), "Capoeira Regional", <i>Capoeira Regional: A escola de Mestre Bimba</i>, EDUFBA, pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>69, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7476%2F9788523217273.0007">10.7476/9788523217273.0007</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788523217273" title="Special:BookSources/9788523217273"><bdi>9788523217273</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capoeira+Regional&rft.btitle=Capoeira+Regional%3A+A+escola+de+Mestre+Bimba&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=EDUFBA&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7476%2F9788523217273.0007&rft.isbn=9788523217273&rft.aulast=Campos&rft.aufirst=Hellio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer200887-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmon-Chvaicer200887_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalmon-Chvaicer2008">Talmon-Chvaicer 2008</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002227-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapoeira2002227_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapoeira2002">Capoeira 2002</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002194_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssunção2002">Assunção 2002</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002199-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002199_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssunção2002">Assunção 2002</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528200010/http://www.capoeira-world.com/about-capoeira/capoeira-ranking/">"Capoeira Ranking- Capoeira Cord System"</a>. <i>Capoeira-World.com</i>. 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capoeira-World.com&rft.atitle=Capoeira+Ranking-+Capoeira+Cord+System&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capoeira-world.com%2Fabout-capoeira%2Fcapoeira-ranking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/indiana/districts/m-s-d-steuben-county/angola-high-school-7422">"Angola High School"</a>. <i>U.S. News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News&rft.atitle=Angola+High+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-high-schools%2Findiana%2Fdistricts%2Fm-s-d-steuben-county%2Fangola-high-school-7422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbcapoeira.com.br/conteudo/biblioteca/quadro-de-graduacao">"CBC - CONFEDERAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE CAPOEIRA"</a>. <i>www.cbcapoeira.com.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbcapoeira.com.br&rft.atitle=CBC+-+CONFEDERA%C3%87%C3%83O+BRASILEIRA+DE+CAPOEIRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbcapoeira.com.br%2Fconteudo%2Fbiblioteca%2Fquadro-de-graduacao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getintomartialarts.com/martialarttypes/capoeira/">"Capoeira (General Knowledge)"</a>. <i>Capoeira Mata Um</i> (in Greek)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capoeira+Mata+Um&rft.atitle=Capoeira+%28General+Knowledge%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetintomartialarts.com%2Fmartialarttypes%2Fcapoeira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssunção2002195_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssunção2002">Assunção 2002</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmeida1986" class="citation book cs1">Almeida, Bira "Mestre Acordeon" (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capoeirabrazilia0000alme"><i>Capoeira: A Brazilian Art Form</i></a></span>. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938190-30-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938190-30-1"><bdi>978-0-938190-30-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capoeira%3A+A+Brazilian+Art+Form&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-938190-30-1&rft.aulast=Almeida&rft.aufirst=Bira+%22Mestre+Acordeon%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapoeirabrazilia0000alme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney2005" class="citation book cs1">Downey, Greg (2005). <i>Learning Capoeira: Lessons in Cunning from an Afro-Brazilian Art</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195176988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195176988"><bdi>978-0195176988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+Capoeira%3A+Lessons+in+Cunning+from+an+Afro-Brazilian+Art&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195176988&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Paul H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262415044">"Intracultural and Intercultural Dynamics of Capoeira"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Global Ethnographic</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Ethnographic&rft.atitle=Intracultural+and+Intercultural+Dynamics+of+Capoeira&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262415044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrell2005" class="citation book cs1">Merrell, Floyd (2005). <i>Capoeira and Candomblé: Conformity and Resistance in Brazil</i>. Princeton: Markus Wiener. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-349-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-349-4"><bdi>978-1-55876-349-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capoeira+and+Candombl%C3%A9%3A+Conformity+and+Resistance+in+Brazil&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-349-4&rft.aulast=Merrell&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensDelamont2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stephens, Neil; Delamont, Sara (2006). "Balancing the <i>Berimbau</i> Embodied Ethnographic Understanding". <i>Qualitative Inquiry</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">316–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077800405284370">10.1177/1077800405284370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143105472">143105472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Balancing+the+Berimbau+Embodied+Ethnographic+Understanding&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1077800405284370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143105472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Delamont%2C+Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapoeira" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capoeira" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:capoeira">capoeira</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dendearts.com/list-of-fundamental-capoeira-movements/">List of fundamental capoeira movements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capoeira" title="Template:Capoeira"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capoeira" title="Template talk:Capoeira"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capoeira" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capoeira"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capoeira284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capoeira</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_capoeira" title="History of capoeira">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engolo" title="Engolo">Engolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_Angola" title="Capoeira Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_carioca" title="Capoeira carioca">Carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_Regional" title="Capoeira Regional">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capoeira_Contempor%C3%A2nea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capoeira Contemporânea (page does not exist)">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_music" title="Capoeira music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria">Bateria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atabaque" title="Atabaque">Atabaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">Berimbau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_toques" title="Capoeira toques">Toques</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoeira songs">Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mestre_(title)" title="Mestre (title)">Mestres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Ferreira_Pastinha" title="Vicente Ferreira Pastinha">Pastinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besouro_Mangang%C3%A1" title="Besouro Mangangá">Besouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenor_Moreira_Sampaio" title="Agenor Moreira Sampaio">Sinhozinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anibal_Burlamaqui" title="Anibal Burlamaqui">Zuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_dos_Reis_Machado" title="Manuel dos Reis Machado">Bimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Noronha" title="Mestre Noronha">Noronha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobrinha_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobrinha Verde (page does not exist)">Cobrinha Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camafeu_de_Ox%C3%B3ssi" title="Camafeu de Oxóssi">Camafeu de Oxóssi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Waldemar" title="Mestre Waldemar">Waldemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pereira_dos_Santos" title="João Pereira dos Santos">João Pequeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Canjiquinha" title="Mestre Canjiquinha">Canjiquinha</a></li> <li>Gato Preto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Leopoldina" title="Mestre Leopoldina">Leopoldina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Grande" title="João Grande">João Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinaldo_Ramos_Suassuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinaldo Ramos Suassuna (page does not exist)">Suassuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bira_Almeida" title="Bira Almeida">Acordeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Moraes_Trindade" title="Pedro Moraes Trindade">Moraes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelon_Vieira" title="Jelon Vieira">Jelon Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9zio_Feliciano_Pe%C3%A7anha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinézio Feliciano Peçanha">Cobra Mansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_%22Barr%C3%A3o%22_DaSilva" title="Marcos "Barrão" DaSilva">Barrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9_de_Chumbo" title="Pé de Chumbo">Pé de Chumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amen_Santo" title="Amen Santo">Amen Santo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capoeira_techniques" title="List of capoeira techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(capoeira)" title="Ginga (capoeira)">Ginga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativa" title="Negativa">Negativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%BA" title="Aú">Aú</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_kick" title="Cartwheel kick">Aú batido</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAn%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Bênção">Chapa de frente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapa_de_costas" title="Chapa de costas">Chapa de costas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabo_de_arraia" title="Rabo de arraia">Rabo de arraia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meia_lua_de_compasso" title="Meia lua de compasso">Meia lua de compasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_kick_(capoeira)" title="Scorpion kick (capoeira)">Scorpion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meia_lua_de_frente" title="Meia lua de frente">Meia lua de frente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armada_(capoeira)" title="Armada (capoeira)">Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queixada" title="Queixada">Queixada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martelo" title="Martelo">Martelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasteira" title="Rasteira">Rasteira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabe%C3%A7ada" title="Cabeçada">Headbutt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups and<br /> foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Senzala" title="Grupo Senzala">Senzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Ax%C3%A9_Capoeira" title="Grupo Axé Capoeira">Axé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Capoeira_Angola_Foundation" title="International Capoeira Angola Foundation">FICA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_Capoeira_Angola_Pelorinho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo Capoeira Angola Pelorinho (page does not exist)">GCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABAD%C3%81-Capoeira" title="ABADÁ-Capoeira">Abadá</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cord%C3%A3o_de_Ouro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordão de Ouro (page does not exist)">Cordão de Ouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Candeias" title="Grupo Candeias">Candeias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Capoeira_Brasil" title="Grupo Capoeira Brasil">Capoeira Brasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira_in_popular_culture" title="Capoeira in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roda_(formation)" title="Roda (formation)">Roda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jogo_de_dentro" title="Jogo de dentro">Jogo de dentro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batizado" title="Batizado">Batizado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuque_(Brazil)" title="Batuque (Brazil)">Batuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maculel%C3%AA_(stick_dance)" title="Maculelê (stick dance)">Maculelê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocking_and_kicking" title="Knocking and kicking">Knocking and kicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmy%C3%A9" title="Danmyé">Ladja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Capoeira" title="Category:Capoeira">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts468" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classification468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_games468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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